`8YpT BoO` @o! #@%`+/3@5`79=?A C@EGIKMOQ S@U`Y[_a ce`gimoqs@u`wy{} @` @ ` @ ` @ ` @ ` ǀ ɠ @ ` ׀ ٠  @` @`!Aa   !Aa!!#A%a')+-/1!3A5a79;=?A!CAEaGIKMOQ!SAUaWY[]_a!cAeagikmoq!sAuawy{}!Aa!Aa!Aa!Aa!Aaǁɡ!Aaׁ١!Aa!Aa " B b  !"!B!b!!!!!"!""#B"%b"'")"+"-"/#1"#3B#5b#7#9#;#=#?$A"$CB$Eb$G$I$K$M$O%Q"%SB%Ub%W%Y%[%]%_&a"&cB&eb&g&i&k&m&o'q"'sB'ub'w'y'{'}'("(B(b((((()")B)b)))))*"*B*b*****+"+B+b+++++,",B,b,ǂ,ɢ,,,-"-B-b-ׂ-٢---.".B.b....."/B/b/////0#0C0c00 0 0 01#1C11111O` @o! #@%`+/3@5`79=?A C@EGIKMOQ S@U`Y[_a ce`gimoqs@u`wy{} @` @ ` @ ` @ ` @ ` ǀ ɠ @ ` ׀ ٠  @` @`!Aa   !Aa!!#A%a')+-/1!3A5a79;=?A!CAEaGIKMOQ!SAUaWY[]_a!cAeagikmoq!sAuawy{}!Aa!Aa!Aa!Aa!Aaǁɡ!Aaׁ١!Aa!Aa " B b  !"!B!b!!!!!"!""#B"%b"'")"+"-"/#1"#3B#5b#7#9#;#=#?$A"$CB$Eb$G$I$K$M$O%Q"%SB%Ub%W%Y%[%]%_&a"&cB&eb&g&i&k&m&o'q"'sB'ub'w'y'{'}'("(B(b((((()")B)b)))))*"*B*b*****+"+B+b+++++,",B,b,ǂ,ɢ,,,-"-B-b-ׂ-٢---.".B.b....."/B/b/////0#0C0c00 0 0 01#1C11111PROGRAMS t CODE1 t :;CODE2 t ; CODE3 t <['CODE4 t FCODE5 t NGCODE6 t PCODE7 t WCODE8 t ]ECODE9 t dCODEA t kDATA t r DESKTOP INF;t ST_NEWS PRG&t pREAD_ME TXTt .  t..  tPROTECT BASt PROTECT S t #RAMCOPY BASt RASTER S t RASTER TOSt VERTRASTS t VERTRASTTOSt BOOT ASMt BOOT PRGt 'QDEEPDISKBASt )$ NEW_ICON t ,VDU_2_2 BASt 1"VDU_2_3 BAS t f$GfABASICbnnnnnnvj"******.VVVVCHOICEAPOINTERTIZPRGACOPYBUFSECSYNCGAP1GAP2GAP31GAP32GAP4GAP5KBCZRONROFFPRGPOINTERPROTECTINITDISPATCHREADWRITERDTRKMKTRKWRTRKSHOWTRKTESTWHILETHE TRACK 41 PROTECTOR i(C) 1987 by Claus Brod ,  Am Felsenkeller 2 & D-8772 Marktheidenfeld . Tel. (West Germany) 09391-3206  CLast update 28.9.87 8Installs a copy protection on a blank disk (track 41) "Written exclusively for STNEWS  n ,EBX pFEBX qFMFaMFFqF************ 0****dispatch: shows menu and waits for choice ************ +FFFYF.Y`! ""THE TRACK 41 PROTECTOR"Fr(Y`! "(C) 1987 by Claus BrodFO Y`!  "(0) ExitFu0Y`!@ "(1) Read Track 41 & CheckF*Y`!` "(2) Write Track 41F ,Y`! "(3) Show Track BufferFF E^ F!04F E5 FwL!!F  F.F *************** <****** read: inputs password, reads track 41 into buffer &****** and looks for password *************** +FF" Read Track 41"F=`Copyright string"FWEz !B F Mz FB EC@ F #LF Copyright message not foundF #zFy*"Copyright message found at offset "F F"a F.F" "************** 4***** rdtrk: Reads track 41 from disk into buffer (***** (pointed to by pointer%) ************** o + F,"Ez F  start of machine code !F mode 0 (read track) :@!F pointer to buffer (at least 7K please!) |F@ call mcode o.F ************* J***** write: creates & writes track 41 from buffer including a password ************* +F!F"Write Track 41"Fh=`Copyright string"F0 M F Mz F,.F ************** i:****** wrtrk: writes track 41 from buffer pointed to by ****** pointer% a************** o + F"Ez Ft start of machine code "!F mode 1 (write track) 8@!F start of buffer containing track data |F@ call mcode t.F *************** >****** mktrk: constructs 9-sector track 41 with password c$ *************** + Fg0EBu Bu Bu F sync bytes t(E !BK F sector data "Ep!B F gap1 rE@!B F gap2 "E0!B F gap31  EF gap32 " E !B F gap4 " E/  !B F gap5 .! EB$ Bu F syncs into gap1 , Password is "F print password again &!  EF password to gap1 a EF start of buf$ )EGF0EB~ B$ B B B F"start of sector, address header EBw F checksum sE B{ F gap before data and data mark EBw  F (sector data and checksum and end gap p (FBE F gaps to track end .F ********************** ,***** init: reads machine code into prg$ a********************** n+FaRFzFQFz *\Z*FEB5&h Fe*,FB.F ********************** n.****** showtrk: Shows buf$ in hex and ASCII :****** press any key to stop then 'X' to exit e******* any other key continues ********************** e+FFD"9Show Track Buffer - press any key to stop, then X to exit"F,EG6 HFhEF5 En Fr+6 Ff E0F+F$"" "F,EGpFEn7?@@ Fh ,&6 F E0F  FEWFE5&h F ,txF,EB5&h F0 ,F E.F F +F  "F EF ,SF6 E^ F F ,Z XF +FF.F ********************** e* machine code data ********************** e|F0$60,16,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 *0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,48,E7,FF,FE,42,80,61,0 00,AE,45,FA,FF,E6,24,80,45,FA,FF,E4,34,BC,0,0 ,2C,3A,FF,D0,50,F9,0,0,4,3E,BC,BC,0,0,0,0 0*67,0,0,A4,BC,BC,0,0,0,1,67,0,0,E0,51,F9 00,0,4,3E,45,FA,FF,B4,20,12,61,72,4C,DF,7F,FF .4E,75,32,3C,0,1E,61,A,33,C7,0,FF,86,4,32,3C 00,1E,51,C9,FF,FE,4E,75,32,3C,0,FA,51,C9,FF,FE (22,3C,0,4,0,0,8,39,0,5,0,FF,FA,1,67,C 053,81,66,F2,1E,3C,0,D0,61,40,4E,75,33,FC,1,80 .0,FF,86,6,32,3C,0,1E,61,C8,30,39,0,FF,86,4 8032,3C,0,1E,60,BC,13,C7,0,FF,86,D,E0,8F,13,C7 .0,FF,86,B,E0,8F,13,C7,0,FF,86,9,4E,75,2F,0 703F,3C,0,20,4E,41,5C,8F,4E,75,1E,3C,0,D0,61,82 .32,3C,0,FA,60,8C,38,3C,0,2,61,0,0,D6,38,3C 8*0,29,61,0,0,92,61,C,38,3C,0,0,61,0,0,C4 .60,0,FF,4C,2E,3A,FF,0,61,AC,61,0,0,9C,3E,3C ,0,E,61,0,FF,4E,33,FC,0,80,0,FF,86,6,3E,3C .0,E0,61,0,FF,3E,61,0,FF,50,4E,75,38,3C,0,2 ,61,0,0,90,38,3C,0,29,61,4C,61,C,38,3C,0,0 .61,0,0,80,60,0,FF,8,2E,3A,FE,BC,61,0,FF,68 ,33,FC,1,90,0,FF,86,6,33,FC,0,90,0,FF,86,6 .33,FC,1,90,0,FF,86,6,3E,3C,0,1F,61,0,FE,F4 .33,FC,1,80,0,FF,86,6,3E,3C,0,F0,61,0,FE,E4 .61,0,FE,F6,4E,75,33,FC,0,86,0,FF,86,6,3E,4 .61,0,FE,D0,33,FC,0,80,0,FF,86,6,3E,3C,0,11 .61,0,FE,C0,60,0,FE,D2,33,FC,0,90,0,FF,86,6 ,33,FC,1,90,0,FF,86,6,33,FC,0,90,0,FF,86,6 04E,75,48,E7,FF,FE,3E,4,66,14,33,FC,0,80,0,FF *86,6,32,39,0,FF,86,4,8,1,0,7,66,F4,A,7 ,*0,7,CE,3C,0,7,40,E7,0,7C,7,0,13,FC,0,E ,,0,FF,88,0,10,39,0,FF,88,0,C0,3C,0,F8,8E,0 .13,C7,0,FF,88,2,46,DF,4C,DF,7F,FF,4E,75,0,0 * -**" "%$&%+0************************* * Track 41 Protector * Machine code routine for * protecting track 41 * * Reads and writes track 41 into or from buffer * (C) 1987 by Claus Brod * Am Felsenkeller 2 * D-8772 Marktheidenfeld * Tel. (West Germany) 09391/3206 * ************************** ************************* * Some definitions for the long way home ************************* mfp = $fffa01 * Address of MFP68901 for polling daccess= $ff8604 * DMA-Controller, FDC access or sector counter dmode = $ff8606 * DMA-Controller, DMA mode dlow = $ff860d * DMA-Controller, start of transfer, lowbyte dmid = $ff860b * DMA-Controller, start of transfer, midbyte dhigh = $ff8609 * DMA-Controller, start of transfer, highbyte time = $40000 * Timeout constant snd = $ff8800 * Address of sound chip sndwrt = $ff8802 * I/O of sound chip ************************* * Jump into the unknown... ************************* bra main * Jump to program start ************************* * I/O field for parameter passing ************************* mode: .dc.l 0 * 0 = read track 41 into buffer * * 1 = write track 41 from buffer buf: .dc.l 0 * buffer address stk: .dc.l 0 * buffer for stackpointer *************************** * main routine; inits and dispatches *************************** main: movem.l d0-d7/a0-a6,-(sp) * hide them away! clr.l d0 * user stack becomes supervisor stack bsr super * supervisor mode on lea stk(pc),a2 * address of stackpointer buffer move.l d0,(a2) * save stackpointer move.l mode(pc),d6 * get mode st $43e * block disk VBL cmp.l #0,d6 * read track? beq rdtrack * yessir cmp.l #1,d6 * write track? beq wrtrack * yesma'am exitus: sf $43e * free disk VBL lea stk(pc),a2 * address of stackpointer buffer move.l (a2),d0 * get old stackpointer bsr super * supervisor mode off movem.l (sp)+,d0-d7/a0-a6 * get registers rts * and exit ****************************** * wrfdc: send d7.b to controller ****************************** wrfdc: move.w #30,d1 * counter is 30 bsr as_time_goes_by * time flies... move.w d7,daccess * d7 into access register of DMA chip move.w #30,d1 * counter is 30 ****************************** * as_time_goes_by: loop with d1 iterations ****************************** as_time_goes_by: dbf d1,as_time_goes_by * Looping (huiii...) rts * back to the future ****************************** * wait_until_dawn : waits for FDC IRQ ****************************** wait_until_dawn: move.w #250,d1 * wait for BUSY wt: dbra d1,wt move.l #time,d1 * timeout constant poll: btst #5,mfp * IRQ on MFP? beq ready * yes, command is executed subq.l #1,d1 * timeout counter shrinks bne poll * ready already? bsr irq * interrupt controller rts * go to Hollywood *************************** * DMA transfer or FDC ready *************************** ready: move.w #$180,dmode * command register move.w #30,d1 * wait bsr as_time_goes_by move.w daccess,d0 * read FDC status move.w #30,d1 * wait bra as_time_goes_by **************************** * dma: set DMA;IN: d7 start address **************************** dma: move.b d7,dlow * lowbyte lsr.l #8,d7 * shift one byte move.b d7,dmid * midbyte lsr.l #8,d7 * shift one byte move.b d7,dhigh * highbyte rts ***************************** * super: switches from usermode to * supervisormode and vice versa * d0: stackpointer **************************** super: move.l d0,-(sp) * stackpointer to stack move.w #$20,-(sp) * SUPER trap #1 * in GEMDOS addq.l #6,sp * correct stack rts ************************** * irq: interrupts the controller ************************** irq: move.b #$D0,d7 * FORCE IRQ bsr wrfdc * d7 to FDC move.w #250,d1 * 250 loops bra as_time_goes_by * patience! ***************************** * rdtrack: read track 41, side 0 on drive A ***************************** rdtrack: move.w #2,d4 * select drive A, side 0 bsr do_select * select routine move.w #41,d4 * track 41 bsr seek_it * go for it! bsr rdtrk * read track move.w #0,d4 * deselect drive A bsr do_select bra exitus * and back to mothership ***************************** * rdtrk: read track; IN: d4 track to read ***************************** rdtrk: move.l buf(pc),d7 * address of track buffer bsr dma * init DMA bsr toggle * clear DMA status move.w #14,d7 * 14 sectors bsr wrfdc * d7 to FDC move.w #$80,dmode * command register move.w #$E0,d7 * ReadTrack command bsr wrfdc * d7 to FDC bsr wait_until_dawn * wait for command to terminate rts ***************************** * wrtrack: write track 41, side 0 on drive A ***************************** wrtrack: move.w #2,d4 * drive A, side 0 bsr do_select * select it move.w #41,d4 * track 41 bsr seek_it * go for it! bsr wrtrk * write track from buffer move.w #0,d4 * deselect drives bsr do_select bra exitus * don't leave me this way... ***************************** * wrtrk: write track; IN: d4 track no ***************************** wrtrk: move.l buf(pc),d7 * track buffer address to d7 bsr dma * init DMA move.w #$190,dmode * toggle read/write line move.w #$90,dmode * clears DMA status move.w #$190,dmode * select sector counter of DMA chip move.w #$1F,d7 * 31 sectors bsr wrfdc * d7 to FDC move.w #$180,dmode * select command register move.w #$F0,d7 * WriteTrack command bsr wrfdc * d7 to FDC bsr wait_until_dawn * wait for command to terminate rts ***************************** * seek_it : seek track in d4 ***************************** seek_it: move.w #$86,dmode * select data register move.w d4,d7 * get track number bsr wrfdc * d7 to FDC move.w #$80,dmode * command register move.w #17,d7 * seek command for 3ms step rate bsr wrfdc * d7 to FDC bra wait_until_dawn * wait for FDC **************************** * toggle: toggles R/W-line of the DMA chip, * thereby clearing DMA status **************************** toggle: move.w #$90,dmode move.w #$190,dmode move.w #$90,dmode * select DMA sector register rts ***************************** * do_select; IN: d4 drive number (2 for A, 4 for B, side no in bit 0) ***************************** do_select: movem.l d0-d7/a0-a6,-(sp) * save registers move.w d4,d7 * get drive number bne mach_mal * if not zero, go to start move.w #$80,dmode * status register motor: move.w daccess,d1 * read FDC status btst #7,d1 * motor still running? bne motor * yessir mach_mal: eor.b #7,d7 * invert bits and.b #7,d7 * and mask them move.w sr,-(sp) * save status (not necessary here) or.w #$700,sr * switch off interrupts move.b #14,snd * select port A register move.b snd,d0 * read port A and.b #$f8,d0 * mask the lower three bits or.b d0,d7 * set new side/drive move.b d7,sndwrt * in port A move.w (sp)+,sr * get status back (not necessary) movem.l (sp)+,d0-d7/a0-a6 * get registers rts * and leave me alone GfABASIC ......RRRX 0@DDDDDDXXXXTURENABUFSPNAMELKE.EBESTAATEINDEBESTAATLEZENCOPYNO_WAY DIR_EXIST ramcopy  aYF F & Ramcopy v1.0 By Stefan PosthumaFn" Created by Digital InsanityFoF. X @F need about 40000 bytes (" Sorry, not enough free memory....FF" Press a key....Faa FYF"`F" F"EFMFX check for ramdisk.inf ,Ez F 32000 bytes buffer for copy X FF  while not EOF ,MFz read next filename from ramdisk.inf  F  file exists? fMF yes, copy it i F_F8MFF& Press a key....Faa FjFzXFYF `F back to the desktop  +FFEa:\auto\ramdisk.infF ` FEa:\ramdisk.infFi ` FEF,' ramdisk.inf does not exist. No copy...F F F atF ,& Found ramdisk.inf....copy files (Y/N)FF F&Ea Fa r\\Ff2 \Fe user pressed N, exit program YF"`F" F 7i!M!F open ramdisk.inf d F.F +FMEF rM FF End-Of-File EFEF bF:=`M!FF get filename : @Ff create folder E=@6  F  Creating folder ""..."F g# F0M! F check if folder already exists m Fc no fBF create it  Fit already exists!FoEF Fg# F Fd done!FEF F bFEA:\Fi add pathname e Checking ""F$  F check if file exists eEF$YH! "it does not exist!Fr F F FE.F  +FF 7i!M!F6EsM F determine length of the file to be copied 4  F not enough memory in ramdisk? (YH! "no way, file too large!F cFwYH! " copying...."Ft7o!M!d:=@6  FczF:M!z !zzFF read 32000 bytes from original file ,M!z !zzFF write them to ramdisk 1!zFMc6F M!z !F read remainder mM!z !F  write it i8MF done!F F8MF_.F F +! FhFE0 F0P!z F create disk transfer buffer 4E!z ! F search for filename .F`^abc;advanced raster interrupt programming ;by UDO from TEX ;This source is for K-SEKA 1.5 x: move.l #0,-(sp) ;supervisor on move.w #$20,-(sp) trap #1 addq.l #6,sp move.l d0,savereg move.l #$78000,a7 line_a $a ;mouse off move.w #4,-(sp) ;get old resolution trap #14 addq.l #2,sp move.w d0,oldrez move.l #$ff8240,a0 ;save old palette move.l #oldpal,a1 movem.l (a0),d0-d7 movem.l d0-d7,(a1) bsr prepare ;prepare screen bsr hblon ;switch hbl on bsr sub1 ;wait on 'ESC' bsr hbloff ;switch hbl off goon: move.l #oldpal,a0 ;set palette move.l #$ff8240,a1 movem.l (a0),d0-d7 movem.l d0-d7,(a1) move.w oldrez,-(sp) ;set resolution move.l #-1,-(sp) move.l #-1,-(sp) move.w #5,-(sp) trap #14 add.l #12,sp line_a $9 ;mouse on move.l savereg,-(sp) ;supervisor off move.w #$20,-(sp) trap #1 addq.l #6,sp clr.l -(sp) ;terminate trap #1 oldrez: dc.w 0 savereg: dc.l 0 oldpal: blk.w 16,0 ;----------------------------- hblon: move.l $120.w,oldtb ;save all registers move.l $118.w,oldkey move.l $118.w,newkey2+2 move.l $70.w,old4 move.l $70.w,new4b+2 move.b $fffa07,old07 move.b $fffa09,old09 move.b $fffa0b,old0b move.b $fffa0d,old0d move.b $fffa0f,old0f move.b $fffa11,old11 move.b $fffa13,old13 move.b $fffa15,old15 move.b $fffa1b,old1b move.b $fffa21,old21 move.l #contr,a0 and.b #$df,$fffa09 and.b #$fe,$fffa07 move.b (a0)+,d0 cmp.b #21,d0 bne noinst move.l #newtb,$120.w ;install new vectors move.l #new4,$70.w move.l #newkey,$118.w or.b #1,$fffa07 ;allow timer b interrupt or.b #1,$fffa13 noinst: rts hbloff: move.w sr,-(sp) move.w #$2700,sr move.b contr+1,d0 cmp.b #4,d0 bne noex move.b old07,$fffa07 ;restore all registers move.b old09,$fffa09 move.b old0b,$fffa0b move.b old0d,$fffa0d move.b old0f,$fffa0f move.b old11,$fffa11 move.b old13,$fffa13 move.b old15,$fffa15 move.b old1b,$fffa1b move.b old21,$fffa21 move.l oldtb,$120.w ;restore vectors move.l oldkey,$118.w move.l old4,$70.w noex: move.w (sp)+,sr rts old4: dc.l 0 oldtb: dc.l 0 oldkey: dc.l 0 old07: dc.b 0 old09: dc.b 0 old0b: dc.b 0 old0d: dc.b 0 old0f: dc.b 0 old11: dc.b 0 old13: dc.b 0 old15: dc.b 0 old1b: dc.b 0 old21: dc.b 0 new4: ;new level 4 interrupt movem.l d0-d7,-(sp) move.b #0,$fffa1b ;stop timer move.b distanz,$fffa21 ;set data register move.b #8,$fffa1b ;start timer movem.l palette,d0-d7 ;set first palette movem.l d0-d7,$ff8240 move.l palstart,pal ;set start values move.l disstart,dis addq.l #1,dis add.l #32,pal movem.l (sp)+,d0-d7 new4b: jmp $000000 newkey: ;keyboard don't disturb!!! move.w #$2500,sr newkey2: jmp $000000 newtb: clr.b $fffa1b ;timer stop movem.l d0/d3-d7/a0-a6,-(sp) move.l dis,a0 move.w #$fa21,a4 move.b (a0)+,(a4) ;set next distance move.b #8,-6(a4) move.l a0,dis move.l pal,a6 ;prepare palette movem.l 2(a6),d4-d7/a0-a2 move.w #$8240,a5 move.w 30(a6),d3 move.b (a4),d0 ;wait on next right border wait: cmp.b (a4),d0 beq wait movem.l d4-d7/a0-a2,2(a5) ;fill registers as fast as you can move.w d3,30(a5) move.w (a6),(a5) add.l #32,pal movem.l (sp)+,d0/d3-d7/a0-a6 bclr #0,$fffa0f ;end of interrupt rte palstart: dc.l palette disstart: dc.l distanz contr: dc.b 21,4,15,06 pal: dc.l 0 dis: dc.l 0 distanz: dc.b 19,20,20,20,20,20,20,20,240 even palette: dc.w $000,$001,$002,$003,$004,$005,$006,$007 ;0 dc.w $010,$011,$012,$013,$014,$015,$016,$017 dc.w $020,$021,$022,$023,$024,$025,$026,$027 ;1 dc.w $030,$031,$032,$033,$034,$035,$036,$037 dc.w $040,$041,$042,$043,$044,$045,$046,$047 ;2 dc.w $050,$051,$052,$053,$054,$055,$056,$057 dc.w $060,$061,$062,$063,$064,$065,$066,$067 ;3 dc.w $070,$071,$072,$073,$074,$075,$076,$077 dc.w $700,$701,$702,$703,$704,$705,$706,$707 ;4 dc.w $710,$711,$712,$713,$714,$715,$716,$717 dc.w $720,$721,$722,$723,$724,$725,$726,$727 ;5 dc.w $730,$731,$732,$733,$734,$735,$736,$737 dc.w $740,$741,$742,$743,$744,$745,$746,$747 ;6 dc.w $750,$751,$752,$753,$754,$755,$756,$757 dc.w $760,$761,$762,$763,$764,$765,$766,$767 ;7 dc.w $770,$771,$772,$773,$774,$775,$776,$777 dc.w $000,$700,$730,$750,$770,$470,$070,$075 ;8 dc.w $077,$057,$027,$007,$507,$707,$704,$777 ;----------------------------- prepare: move.w #0,-(sp) ;set low res move.l #-1,-(sp) move.l #-1,-(sp) move.w #5,-(sp) trap #14 add.l #12,sp move.l $44e,a1 ;get screenaddress move.l #data,a0 move.w #199,d0 loop: ;fill screen movem.l (a0),d1-d7/a2-a4 movem.l d1-d7/a2-a4,(a1) movem.l 40(a0),d1-d7/a2-a4 movem.l d1-d7/a2-a4,40(a1) movem.l 80(a0),d1-d7/a2-a4 movem.l d1-d7/a2-a4,80(a1) movem.l 120(a0),d1-d7/a2-a4 movem.l d1-d7/a2-a4,120(a1) add.l #160,a1 dbf d0,loop rts data: ;fill pattern dc.w $0000,$0000,$0000,$0000,$0FFF,$0000,$0000,$0000 dc.w $FF00,$00FF,$0000,$0000,$000F,$FFFF,$0000,$0000 dc.w $FFFF,$FFFF,$0000,$0000,$0000,$0000,$FFFF,$0000 dc.w $0FFF,$0000,$FFFF,$0000,$FF00,$00FF,$FFFF,$0000 dc.w $000F,$FFFF,$FFFF,$0000,$FFFF,$FFFF,$FFFF,$0000 dc.w $0000,$0000,$0000,$FFFF,$0FFF,$0000,$0000,$FFFF dc.w $FF00,$00FF,$0000,$FFFF,$000F,$FFFF,$0000,$FFFF dc.w $FFFF,$FFFF,$0000,$FFFF,$0000,$0000,$FFFF,$FFFF dc.w $0FFF,$0000,$FFFF,$FFFF,$FF00,$00FF,$FFFF,$FFFF dc.w $000F,$FFFF,$FFFF,$FFFF,$FFFF,$FFFF,$FFFF,$FFFF ;----------------------------- sub1: ;wait on 'ESC' move.w #7,-(sp) trap #1 addq.l #2,sp swap d0 cmp.b #1,d0 bne sub1 rts `X/<?< NA\#.| ?<NNT3 |@"|LHaavaaD |"|@LH?9/DDDDP Z Z l BOOTCHECKBUFFERDUMMYASECSPTSIDTPSSTCXPBLABEL1CHECK"DDT - Deep Disk Tester Rev.1.0  DDProgram design, development and programming by Richard Karsmakers HIdea by Mr. I-forgot-his-name (in Veldhoven), but not mine anyway... Sunday, July 19th 1987 s r<)!*Please insert disk|to be tested|in Drive A!!OK!Fs !JRead bootsector of disk to analyse the number of sides, tracks, sectors  eE F'For bootsector E F%For check-sector "* F,Wrong byte arrays 8E!z !!!!!! FRead bootsector s ^ F!0Error occured? 0)!An error occured!|Test aborted!!!Oh!FF! F! !BE7?@ @ #7?@(@ FSectors on disk DE7?@H@ #7?@P@ FSectors per track 8E7?@X@ #7?@`@ FSides s"E# F #Tracks per side  YF0+The disk has the following characteristics:F$Total number of sectors : "Fc$Sectors per track : "Fc$Number of sides : "Fc$Nunber of tracks per side: "Fc 0The actual reading/checking takes place here t ha(EGF&Sides k"aEGF$Tracks per side e"aEGF$Sectors per track e6Testing side: "" , track: "" , sector: "F"MF `FG `FG `FG The check routine  h+FaRead in sector "*E!z !!!!!! Fa a F!<Read error on side: "" , track: "" , sector: "Fr-Fa FBuffer contents EFInvert bits b< EG6 F"! ! EB7?@ @  F b FEWrite sector back *E!z !!!!!! Fs b F!<Write error on side: "" , track: "" , sector: "F-Fi FRead it again *E!z !!!!!! Fa cX F!<Read error on side: "" , track: "" , sector: "Fr-Fa FInvert bits c EG6 F"! ! EB7?@ @  F cv FE0Check if buffer$ is still equal to the sector  EFJ !Fd( EG6 F d?@ @ ?@ @ F E F4 FE F c FFaulty bits? e d F <Byte faulty on side: "" , track: "" , sector: "Fd EG F" Faulty byte #" ": " F d F -F FWrite sector back *E!z !!!!!! F eN F!<Write error on side: "" , track: "" , sector: "F F|F.FeTaJ.  t,..  tGEMSTARTPRGt -NEW_ICONICNt /`rAl BgHz~?<=NAPJ@jHz{?< NA\?<NAT`K:Hz/<@??<?NA JkrAB(??<>NAXB?< NA\Ot#,*|:<JgXQHy;?< NA\`(E**EV$/?< NA\OABg/?<1NABgNAp,g4A& PB y,C"C #, h h$h C"Nu o Pf#, zCfHy?<NA\?<'Hz?<NNAPJ@fjKB@|ߐ<A??<NAXRI:<?JgQ:<? $\gQRBHyJ?<;NA\ o PgTgf zR->+}R7z6R?kR;7or+ڲu}dmGfABASIC(!!!"4"4"4"4"4"4"H"P"P"P"PDISKACMINUTECOUNTER STARTTIMEOSWPBPADBUFDUMMYDEVNONORMEXECEXEDEXECFLAGATARICURVIRKEYFREEZERSAFEIMMUTIMEMINUTESECONDCOUNTERXTHE_ENDAGAINCANCELWIDEROUTOFIMMUNIZEREPAIR"VDU - Virus Destruction Utility " Written by Richard Karsmakers  December 18th 1987 c *Version 2.2 update on Januari 20th 1988  (This program is Public Domain and may (be copied freely to anyone you want, 8"but in the original form only! B *** Variable initialisation  E9FGet start time ,E4@ FGet operating system address " 2 pFaNormal ST? $E  F Write-protect status  F MEGA ST? $E F Write-protect status  F.E@ F BIOS 'Get_bpb' pointer address *E@ F _Drvbits, drives attached rE FDisk buffer i *** Startup sequence f )!oTHE VIRUS DESTRUCTION UTILITY|V.2.2GB by Richard Karsmakers|Thanks to Frank Lemmen and| STRIKE-a-LIGHT!!OK|More|Cancel!F ,FR^)!LThis is version 2.2!|Recognizes '1st Freezer' disks|and non-exec boot stuff.!!OK!F `)!NIt also recognizes|many auto-booting programs and|'Aladin'-and MS-DOS disks...!!OK!FZ)!HAdditional ideas by:| Math Claessens| W.F. Kilwinger| Eerk Hofmeester!!OK!FX)!GAdditional thanx to:| Marcel van Valen| Frank Lemmen| STRIKE-a-LIGHT!!OK!FR)!AYou computer should be|turned off/on before|running this utility!!!OK!FR)!@When a virus is recognized,|it will be eliminated|automatically!!!OK!F>)!,Cases of doubt will be|recognized as well...!!OK!Ft)!pIn '100% Safe' cases, it is|possible to immunize the disk|so that it cannot be infected|by the current ST virus.!!OK!FMx)!fIf you have an auto-boot|program that this version does|not recognize, please|contact me at 'ST NEWS'!!!OK!FF)!5An 'ST NEWS' production|for Atari ST Public Domain...!!OK!FL)!;ST NEWS|Kievitstraat 50|NL-5702 LE Helmond|The Netherlands!!OK!F`)!N(Don't forget to enclose|reply postage or|Int. Reply Coupons so|I can answer!)!!OK!Ft F @F0F F *** Get drive to check s 8)!%DRIVE SELECTION|Which drive to check?!!A|B!Fe EF   Ep4 FrGet active drives . &6 Fe RAM-and/or harddisks attached EF& 0FOnly drive A or A+B attached EF F 6*** Check if computer is infected by current virus l "E4 F Get 'Bpb_get' pointer e  NFPointer to RAM? t6  J4 | F Virus recognition e^)!JRED ALERT|Waddowegot here?!?|Your computer is already|infected by a virus!!!Shit!F F F FF *** Read bootsector  "E!z !!!!!! F   F!b)!PSYSTEM ERROR|An error occured during|boot sector read....|Is the disk formatted?!!OK!F -FA Fn **** Check executability of boot sector  & E3z  FBuffer checksum t!z !!! Fa" E3z  FNew checksum $   FCompare both checksums " EFThe same? Then executable m  FT EF F "*** Check for Atari bootsector m ^  3z @p3z   3z  6E4z @ фFc EF  Fz EF F *** Check for current virus  F  3z @p4z t 4z ` |F EF  Fz EF F *** Check for key setting    j3z   FnEF  tFzEF F $*** Check for "1st Freezer" disks  &  ?@uu@` freezerFEF  FEF F *** Check 100% safe  &  02z 3z FEF  :FzEF F *** Check if 'immunized'    3z @pFeEF  FzEF F ,*** Check for known auto-booting programs  * Aladin Disks h & F?@@@ ALADINF2@)!/DIAGNOSIS|This is an 'Aladin' disk!|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Terrorpods disk A  8 4z 00 \c4z p CFtV)!EDIAGNOSIS|This is Disk A of Psygnosis'|'Terrorpods' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Barbarian disk A i 8 4z 00 94z p bF V)!DDIAGNOSIS|This is Disk A of Psygnosis'|'Barbarian' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F!-FD F * Sentinel I * F?@11@   TFINAL.BINFMJ)!9DIAGNOSIS|This is Firebird's|'Sentinel' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Tai Pan  H ?@!!@ READER.S?@q@ CRUNCH.SFF)!5DIAGNOSIS|This is Ocean's|'Tai Pan' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Airball  8 4z 00 8Nu4z p ApF!J)!9DIAGNOSIS|This is Microdeal's|'Airball' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Backlash  8 44z 00 GD4z p ŀFJ)!8DIAGNOSIS|This is Novagen's|'Backlash' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!FS-FD F * MS DOS Disks   3z k4F 6 ?@@ IBMF MS-DOS Version 3.30 disk L)!;DIAGNOSIS|This is a disk for|MS-DOS Version 3.30.|It is OK!!!OK!F-FD FB ?@@ MSDOS3.2FsMS-DOS Version 3.20 disk L)!;DIAGNOSIS|This is a disk for|MS-DOS Version 3.20.|It is OK!!!OK!F-FD F F L* Programs to add: Deep Space Disk A, Arena Disk A, Brataccas, Starglider D Sapiens, Goldrunner, Obliterator, B.I.G. Demo, D Karate Kid II, Jupiter Probe, Space Shuttle II 2 Guus Surtel Bootsector disk r $*** Display results of the check e , FyAtari bootsector? e@)!/DIAGNOSIS|This disk is OK!|(and already immune)!!OK!F-FT F$ Fifirst two bytes zero? F)!+DIAGNOSIS|This disk is OK!|(but not immune)!! OK|Immunize!F FiMF F-F F, ` FVirus present and key set? n)!XRED ALERT DIAGNOSIS|Watch it! This disk is|not only infected but|the 'key' is also set!!!!Repair!!FMFW-FW F6 (  FNon-executable infected boot sector? r)!VALERT DIAGNOSIS|The virus is on the disk|all right, but is not|executable...(harmless)!! Repair|Cancel!F FrMF F-F F*  FrVirus bootsector executable? @)!*RED ALERT DIAGNOSIS|This disk is infected!!!Repair!!FMFT-FT F2 < F1st Freezer disk and executable o^)!LDIAGNOSIS|This is a '1st Freezer' disk!|This disk is executable but|it's OK!!!OK!F-FT F6 FS1st Freezer disk but not executable (?!) j)!YDIAGNOSIS|This is a '1st Freezer' disk,|but it's not executable?!?!|(Disk is OK, however)!!OK!F-FT F*  FiExecutable sector? Warning! z)!]ALERT DIAGNOSIS|This disk is executable!|Might be an auto-boot program|or an unknown virus...!! Repair|Cancel!FO FiMF F-F F Fs Disk immune zF)!5DIAGNOSIS|This disk is OK!|(it was immunized already)!!OK!F-FT Fh)!iThis disk is non-executable|but I cannot call it 100%|safe...There's something|written on the bootsector!!! Repair|Cancel!Fe FiMF F-F F F|F8)!"INPUT|Should I check another disk?!!YES|NO!F0 ZF RFE#9 HFaEpFE#p FEA 'A B F EA F'L)!This session took |and  viruses were destroyed.!!OK!FP)!?If you meet the guy who|made the virus, tell him|to f.ck off!!!!!OK!F)!pSpecial remark from Eerk of|STRIKE-a-LIGHT: Virus makers|are completely ignorant of all|sense of responsibility!!!OK!FF+FS |FlDrive A or B? e|F: x2 F?Check if disk is write protected b)!ISYSTEM MESSAGE|Please remove write-protect|so that I can repair|the disk!!! OK|Cancel!Fe nF -F F-F F F *** Clear virus  >#z !@pFClear 2nd and 3rd byte (key) and immunize <(EGFdErase irrelevant bootsector data #z  !F F  (*** Write bootsector back (repaired) v "E!z !!!!!! F  F!8)!'SYSTEM ERROR|Error writing boot sector!!!OK!F Fr4FF F|FF.F+FF FwDrive A or B? c|F: 2 F?Check if disk is write protected d)!KSYSTEM MESSAGE|Please remove write-protect|so that I can immunize|the disk!!! OK|Cancel!Fb F -F F-F F F F*** POKE bytes that virus uses to recognize if it's already present  #z !@pFa (*** Write bootsector back (repaired) o "E!z !!!!!! F   F!8)!'SYSTEM ERROR|Error writing boot sector!!!OK!F F|FE.FX@: _ rSaS` "y 9op$|Q$y29SA,JQ" ¼g*J29ySAQBBB$N&y(M`,a2JAlDA` 7 TBadQ`7 aTQTBymNuBJ20g 20g 20HRC`(A0VC<fDy29Nuм}m|mNu y"y(|*|,<.<(<$IP$< <L"<&LF*g*(g*(g *(g@ g gҔ g gQ$<||nnQ^PQ>Nu o <NLJHFDB@><:86420.,*(&$"  PQZNu o <~zvrnjfb^ZVRNJFB>:62.*&" |xtplhd`\XTPLHD@<840,($  QNu 01B!P0!g1WbGej  b  P  &  ;          M ^&  !C) #;,. $R1  6 F.$U+g .` . ) .  .0 . . . . .+GA$ )' !7*,"% A2/ 4  ?S$z b *  & ;      [ B8 !*; #8;- $V;1#6 D.$U+j  m  K  0  1   !    "0! M{& 4C) 1;, . $V 1  6 F. 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Diskr.0 SpecialOSiskorTARrintershateatureroblemsithhe screen-dump.ncludingnccessoryonstallherinter,4 otherewccesories,ndnutofolderonstallatendime. Diskr.1-1B/W] SYNTHAMPLE.heicestiecefusic,ombinedithreat artwork.EGAROIDSryohootheeteors.ORNOW  Diskr.1-2C]YNTHAMPLE. Diskr.1-3C]YNTHAMPLE. Diskr.1-4B/W]YNTHAMPLE. Diskr.2 AstonishingDemos.rawourwnhapendettotate,r growmallerrigger.OBANGeryiceoardgame.IORITME (underEM)nduchore. Diskr.4 Aiskilledithiceames:LACKJACK,OOL,AHTZEE,LIZA, HYPNOSE,ORTUNECOOKIE,TBATTLE,CQUIZ,IGITolayigital music,layIANOnheT,INOS-Dazeaccessory). Diskr.5B/W][C] Manyewraphicemosndames..g.INICAD,elloneersion ofNAKE,THDIM,EXACOLOR,EOFUN,OPCORN,UPERBOX,uper- fastIFE,WOGAME,OTATION,ndeveralRACTALrograms.  Diskr.6 Manytilities:AMDISKhaturviveseset,NTRAMDISKnew version;AMdiskhataneemovedgain),EMPLEMON (professionalonitor/debugger),ISKDIAGNOSE,opyrograms, sectorditor,emoryditors,ormatrograms. Diskr.7 Printertilities:5ifferentRINTERDRIVERSorSTORDoe ableorinthingsecently.ENSITYoruper-high-res screendumps.OBZKEY,efineourwneyboard.ACC),RINTDIR. Diskr.8H] Wordrocessor,isktilityndommandlineditorsACC, convertershatransferSCIIoIRSTORDndiceersa, SPRITEDITOR,ROWSEoooktiles,TEDT,CCLOADnd others. Diskr.9 RealI-59alculator,KASTENdatabasenderEM),ASH, EZSQUEEZileruncher,ICSWITCH/PIXLATEranferourwn picturesromresoes,OWEDITditor,LIDESEToakeour ownlideshows. Diskr.0H] SIMPLERAW:implerawingrogram.onverterorEO-orEGAS lowesoighes. Diskr.1 STPEECHetourTpeak.ASTERMIND,eursspelDutch), Panicpacehoot'empame,EVERSI.ACC),tarattleC] nicehoot'empithicesprites'ndUJIBOINK:eautiful demo. Diskr.2 UNIX-shelllsccessorie,Triter:ekstverwerker,LASHatch programmavanNTIC)HORTERM:ommunicatieet200f00aud K-RAMeset,I,rinterdriversSTordlus,a.oorL-10, SMM804itizen20Danasonic092 Diskr.3H] ARC:HEileompressiontilitycompatibleithS-DOSRC), makesileshorteronveragef0%.iskditor,ormat programs.IBBLE:opyrogram. Diskr.4H] UNITERM,heestommunicationrogram,PLITCOModemrogram forplitaudrate200/75,RBITalculatesatteliteracks.  Diskr.5H] FACENIMATOR,fAasicrogramohangeacendeach comicalffects,ALEKSameromheacIntoshnowven faster),IABLOC],PEAKadditionoSTpeech"nisk21; textsreoweadndpoken),EVERSI. Diskr.6 MFMovingigures,niquerogramithhichouanake cartoonn/W,LDICADprogramoakelectronicrints), MOBZPLOT3Dipslayformulas),IGMOUTHmanyokes). Diskr.7H] Diskditor,rinterutilitiesorheEC5,P6nd7.ew versionfNITERM. Diskr.8H] MIDIoftware:Z-VOICEndZATCH.IMPLEOURfourn row),INDOWALLdifficultREAKOUTame). Diskr.9B/W] ThertiST,agnificentrawingrogramoronochromeonitors. Madeyaster-programmertefanosthuma. Diskr.0C][1M][H] TAURISTiceame! Diskr.1C] Dasrosseeutcheallerspeilersion.ermananualnisk. Diskr.2B/W] SeeTC9. Diskr.3B/W] Games:atience,thello,emory,appy,rashdesk. Diskr.4B/W] Miscellaneous:ppleImulatorB/W],tari00mulator, Andromedadrawingrogram,B/W]),unkplot,ombined.ACC Diskr.5B/W][H] AdressGermanatabaseorddresses),nhoud,ika,ntramdisk newestersion. Diskr.6B/W][H] SeeTC0 Diskr.7H] Utilities:.g.obzcopy,iskspy,rotect.acc,scramble, Flaxcopy,arrel,Side Diskr.8B/W][C][H] SeeAS4. Diskr.9B/W][C][H] MOLEKUEL,LITE.BBS,TIALI *ORROGRAMMERS Diskr.°1 RSICOMMAND,eryxtensiveommandlinenterpreter,EMACSnd UEMACStwoersionsfheicromacsditor),anyamplesf Crograms,ftenithlearomments). Diskr.°2/032iskettes) FORTH.xtensiveersionfhiseryastrogramminganguage. Suppliedithlearermanxplanation. Diskr.°4H] XLISPersion.17.igh-levelrogramminganguagehatssed forrtificialntelligenceorxample.ithxtensiveEnglish) instructions. Diskr.°5D][H] FORTH.xtensive,astrogramminganguageithxplanationn German. Diskr.°6H] TOYROLOG,ithermanxplanationndanyxamples. Diskr.°7 ASM68K8000ssembler,Commandlinerogrammer'selp,any- sourcesmongsthichEMrogramsndccessories. Diskr.°8H] PROFESSIONALEM.4ssuesfhisourse.hexecutionfEM isxplainedor-programmers.ncludingEMuickeference guide. Diskr.°9 ST-BASICources,FA-BASICourcesnT-LOGOources Diskr.±0H] Reset-resistantAMDISK,rogramhatoadsilesnt automaticallyntartupfodula-2:ssembleristingsGST format),onversionoodula-2odeines,itanipulation modules,ommandlinenterpreter,SER/SUPERVISORndBIOS module.ncludingxplanation. Diskr.±1H] DIRPRINT,rintistfirectory,ICELISTeneratedeadexts, pageumber,tc.orextiles,rinterpoolers.ACC),n Modula-2,ithxplanationndource. Diskr.±2D]±2-1n±2-2noubleidedisk Diskr.±2-1 Modulaodulesynamicalrrays,ist,ESShell,tack, screen,ommand0.35,lock. Diskr.±2-2H] Modulaodules:BIOS,oncurrentrocessing,torage,ebug.  Diskr.±3D]±3-1n±3-2noubleidedisk Diskr.±3-1H] ORBITompletelyrittennodula-2,ithxplanationnd source. Diskr.±3-2 Reset-resistantAMDISK,utocopy,IFEithource,odula modules:ITStreams,uffman,yTerminal,ileSelecktor,indows. Diskr.±4 Modulaources:HUTDOWN,TACK,TORAGERAPHANDLER,INDOWS Diskr.±5 Modulaources:ESnterface,ACKP,ITHANDLERS,UNCTION KEY,NSTALLIME,NTERVALS,ISTANDLER,ARALLEL,PEAK Diskr.±6 Modulaources:IGDISK,ULLSPUL,ENUTEST Diskr.±7 Modulaources:EMDEM,EMDOS,ETSSIM,ETERING Diskr.±8 XEMACSditorithources. Diskr.±9 MicrognuemacsndEMAIL Diskr.²0 CourcesfhertificialntelligenceanguageLISP Diskr.²1 Programmer'stilities:SSEMBLER,AKE,ATHLIB,ASCALHELL, PCOMMAND,LI,REF Diskr.²2 Compiler. Diskr.²3 C-sourcesfheINUperatingystembasednNIX) Diskr.²4 Modulaources:MULTI,NET,NETMIDI,UTOTART Diskr.²5 Modulaources:ONTEXTModuladitor),ILETRANSFER,ewRC Shell,ROCEDEX,LOCANNER,woAMccessories Diskr.²6D] CLIPSGeneralurposeXPERTystem) Diskr.²7D] C-sourcesfLIPSithXPERTystemfisk26. Diskr.²8 Over00ifferentfAasicources. Diskr.²9B/W] OMIKRONrograms:ALAXY,AZIACS,UADRAT,PRENGM Diskr.³9B/W] OMIKRONrograms:EMDEMO,ELECT,POOLERDndINDOWS *ICTUREHOWS  Diskr.ð1D][C][1M] 3Dhow.oadheicturesnamdisk.IPCORDlethe paratropperand),ELESTstrategicalame). Diskr.ð2C] ACTIVISIONEMO Diskr.ð3C] EFFETSEMO Diskr.ð4C] DIGI-SHOW.igitizedictureonvertedntoeochromerawings. Diskr.ð5D][C][1M] BOUNCINGALL.allouncesnirror.antasticnimation. Diskr.ð6D][C] DEGAS-PICTURES. Diskr.ð7D][C] NEOCHROME-PICTURES.  Diskr.ð8D][C] EFFETS:ewictures,INDPICupo0indowsimultaneiously onhecreen),OINK,OUNCE.  Diskr.ð9C] RANDOMIZEICTUREHOW. Diskr.ñ0B/W] HI-RESICTURES.0EGAS-drawings. Diskr.ñ1D][B/W][1M] SOMBRERO.heell-knownhree-dimensionalatorm,utnhe STustittleitifferent.....lso:TPATRgraphicemo). Diskr.ñ2D][C][1M] WAVEROLOR-SHOW Diskr.ñ3C] NEOLIDESHOWincludingndaptedersionfheellnown bird). Diskr.ñ4YNTHAMPLE. Diskr.ñ5C] Shinyubbles. Diskr.ñ6D][B/W][1M] CALIFORNIAEACHIRLS Diskr.ñ7B/W] STADemo. Diskr.ñ8C] BluearIIemo. Diskr.ñ9D][1M][D] Aladinemo. Diskr.ò01M][B/W] FARMSONGNE. Diskr.ò1C] GREMLINS,EXEMOI,ISSEMO Diskr.ò2D][C] MRTemomadeithRTcanner) Diskr.ò3B/W]C] AXISemo. Diskr.ò4D][C][1M] CyberscapeCyberstudio/CADD.0emo). Diskr.ò5D][C] AmigaicturesnheT. *IGITALECORDINGSFIGHUALITY  Diskr.İ1D][1M] OXYGEN. Diskr.İ2D][1M] FOREIGNFFAIR.  Diskr.İ3D][1M] NIGHTHIFT.oueedAMPLE_3orhisne. Diskr.İ4D][1M] WHENHEOING.oueedAMPLE_3orhisne. Diskr.İ5D][1M] THEIXX. Remark:AMPLE_3aneoundnisk6. *P/MISKS  Diskr.Ű1H] CP/MMULATOR.heatestersion.uppliedithxplanationnd severaltilities. Diskr.Ű2H] CP/MTILITIES.ontainstilitiesikeIP,DTZ,ALK,tc. *IVERSE Diskr.ư1D]ewelease!1.26) ARKEYEMO.heADackagehatssedyrchitects. CompletelyunctionalnlyheAVEunctionaseenurned off. Diskr.ư2/03F1nwoisks)  Diskr.ư7C] TECHMATEHESSWorking)emofewnderytronghess program.oesn'tlaytulltrengthet. Diskr.ư8 Seeβ.1 Diskr.ư9 Pojecta/facturaemo. Diskr.Ʊ0 Seeر9 Diskr.Ʊ1 Seeر91 Diskr.Ʊ2D] Discarded Diskr.Ʊ3D] Discarded Diskr.Ʊ4 Seeβ.2 Diskr.Ʊ5C][1M] Amigamulatorgag). Diskr.Ʊ7B/W] TARGETemo. Diskr.Ʊ8 Seeβ.3 Diskr.Ʊ9 Discarded Diskr.Ʋ0 Seeβ.4 Diskr.Ʋ1 Seeβ.5 *.A.S.T.E.R.UBLICOMAINISKS Diskr.ASames1C] BLACKJACK,ELSTIALEASAR,HECKERS,LIZA,IFE,YLIFE, MAZEMAKER,AZE,EGAROIDS,IPCORD,CRORE2,TATTLE, TARGET,WOGAMES,OG Diskr.ASames2C][H] TWOGAME,OOTBALL,ONG,OOL,AGNON,ISSILEASE,AHTZEE, NAVIGAT,GRE,ANIC Diskr.ASames3C] Appendixisk. Diskr.ASames4C][B/W][H]Alsosiskr.4) COLOSSALAVE,YLIFE,IGHT,OOLMNO,UIZ,REAKOUT Diskr.ASames5C][H] LASERCHESS,ARN,IRUS Diskr.ASames6B/W] ARC-edames:UCKY,OBANG,NVADERS,RABAT,AZIACS,UNCHERS, SQUIXXARCsecessaryiskr.3) Diskr.ASames7C][H] SLOTMACH,HESS,RAGON,ISSILE,TGG,WIXT Diskr.ASames8B/W][C] DALEKS,LIZA,ADLIBS,ISSILED,GRE,ENTE,OBOTS,ARZONE, STONEAGE,T-AGG. Diskr.ASames9B/W] FUFFY,OOL,PACEWARARC-ed,oou'lleedRCnIskr. 23) Diskr.ASames0C] MONOPOLY Diskr.ASames1B/W][C][H] ADVCOM,DVINT Diskr.ASames2C][H] HACK Diskr.ASames3C] AZARIAN,NAFUN,PACEWAR,INDOWBALL Diskr.ASames4C][B/W] LARN,DVENTUR Diskr.ASames5C][H] FLW,AGELBIO,QUARES,UPERSIM,RIVIA,OBOTS,HEEL,OFED Diskr.ASames6C] CLEWSO14,EPSHA,ESOTS,OKER,INDOW,AHTZEE,ILEINTER Diskr.ASames7C] Busted. Diskr.ASames8C] CHESS,OTTO,CPST Diskr.ASanguages1 BASICndOGO Diskr.ASanguages2 XLISPndUPERLOGO Diskr.ASanguages3 FORTHndERNEL Diskr.ASanguages4 FORTHndLISP Diskr.ASanguages5 EMACSndORTH Diskr.AStilities1 31RC-edtilities Diskr.AStilities2 35RC-edtilities Diskr.ASascal1 Diskr.ASascal2 Diskr.ASascal3 Diskr.ASodulaI1 Diskr.ASodulaI2 Diskr.ASodulaI3 Diskr.ASelecommunications1 Diskr.ASelecommunications2 Diskr.ASelecommunications3 Diskr.ASrinterrivers1 Diskr.ASrinterrivers2 Diskr.ASrinterrivers3 *USICERIES Diskr.Ͱ1C] STeplayusicromHAndeanichelARRE Diskr.Ͱ2B/W]ikeͰ1 Diskr.Ͱ3 DIGIRUMemo Diskr.Ͱ4D][1M] MATT'SOOD. Diskr.Ͱ5D][1M] THEIXX Diskr.Ͱ6D][1M] THEORMULA Diskr.Ͱ7YNTHAMPLE. Diskr.Ͱ9EXEMOC] *TEWSERIES Theollowingiskumbersrevailable: .1.2.3.4.5.6 .9theompendiumithheestrticlesfhestear) .1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8 .9theompendiumithheestrticlesfhendear) *PECIALLYORROGRAMMERS Diskr.а1H] FORTHrogramminganguage,ithxtensiveutchsermanualnd examples. Diskr.а2 GFAASICrograms. Diskr.а3 GfarogramsromheigfAook. Diskr.а4H] GEMDOSanual.orrogrammers:llboutunctionsemory. Diskr.а5H] TheITCHHIKERSuideoheBIOS,nfoboutllBIOS functions.  Diskr.а6H] Cources;anyrogramsithxplanation. *ICTUREHOWS Diskr.Ӱ1D][B/W] GOLDENIRLS Diskr.Ӱ2D][B/W][1M] CALIFORNIAEACHIRLS Diskr.Ӱ3B/W][1M] FARMSONGNE.igitizednimationorbove8. Diskr.Ӱ4C][1M] FARMSONGNE.olorersion. Diskr.Ӱ5C] Bruceeeemo. Diskr.Ӱ6C] MUPPETOVIE.igitizedAMictures. Diskr.Ӱ7C] SUPERIRL.igitizedAMictures. Diskr.Ӱ8C] THELANETFHEPES.igitizedAMictures. Diskr.Ӱ9C] TRON.igitizedAMictures. Diskr.ӱ0B/W][1M] FARMSONGWO.-ratedAMnimation.bove8! Diskr.ӱ1C][D][1M] FARMSONGWO.olorersion. Diskr.ӱ2C] TEXEMOndEXEMOI Diskr.ӱ3C] TEXEMOIIndAUEINOTTLSTomputer"USICEMO Diskr.ӱ4C] TEXUPEREOCHROMEIAHOWwithORDERCROLLING!!) Diskr.ӱ5C] Spectrum12olorhow Diskr.ӱ6C] TRUELUEEMOfromadonna) Diskr.ӱ7C] 42-CREWemoithiceusix Diskr.ӱ8C] DeniseeamemoISCOIRL Diskr.ӱ9C][B/W][D] DeniseeamemoOTATINGIRLSseperateonochrome-andolor versions) Diskr.Ӳ0C][D] Picsoundemo:omeicsndigitizedusix,OLORSHOCKDemo withanyoloursndiceusic) Diskr.Ӳ1C][D] Privateornohow.-Rated. Diskr.Ӳ2C][1M] JUGGLERemoromhemiga.priteonctructionetemorom Microdeal. Diskr.Ӳ3C][1M] TheLOBE *TOMPUTERD Diskr.TC1 PATIENCE,AGC,DAZE,cenariosorSI Diskr.TC2 PASCALATHLIB Diskr.TC3and4) ENCRYPT,TERM Diskr.TC5and6) ANDROMEDA,LOBUS,LI,B-ETIKETT Diskr.TC7and8) Germanpellinghecker,ONVERT,PEEDWRITERlattersnxtra -otresentnegularTCisks) Diskr.TC9B/W]Alsoisk2) JACKPOT,UCKYTAR,ANOI Diskr.TC0Alsoisk6) DELUXEONTMASTER,CONEDITOR,RINTMAKE Diskr.TC1 Painter,IKAndalender Diskr.TC2 FRAM7ndesswert Diskr.TC3 Systemndnephelp Diskr.TC4 Ticacoe,lonzo,alah,orsendolitarGames) Diskr.TC5 Complex,aster,egasusndonT Diskr.TC6 Termin,FZ-stat,ager,Thone Diskr.TC7 Copy7,hrzeit,st-stepnd2nitUtilityisk) Diskr.TC8 WORD.4. Diskr.TC9,50nd1 VOLKSFORTH Diskr.TC2 Molekuul Diskr.TC3 MatrixndIB Diskr.TC4 BOUNCE,omino,rioniscGames) Diskr.TC5 TOSEDITndDIMAX Diskr.TC6 Ausland,uggerndahtzee Diskr.TC7 Keppler,ernendesswert Diskr.TC8 SM-converter,ompress,abel,ti-masterndrlaub Diskr.TC9 Themadat Diskr.TC0 Adress,xpert,ynthindaschi Diskr.TC1 Bidipo,atobert,irect,acomino,elperndeberwei Diskr.TC2 Mididrumndidiplay Diskr.TC3 Bomber,UFFY,niffel,eversi,ensonnakegames) Diskr.TC4 Eplan Diskr.TC5 Columbiandaintlux Diskr.TC6 Maziacsnuadrat Diskr.TC7 Diskchecker,egasliteontmaker,rintset,estbildC], SpriteditB/W] Diskr.TC8 Drawingrograms:tudioB/W],anoghC] Diskr.TC9 Astrolabiumstarapsithatan000tars,anexpanded yourself) Diskr.TC0 Orbit,ighnd Diskr.TC1B/W] Gameisk:allerburg,tagger,otelier Diskr.TC2 Zrefcrosseferenceor),lotterB/W],iceist Diskr.TC3 VideorchivB/W],ohnteuer,eimanagerB/W] Diskr.TC4 Ramdisk:axidiskithopyrograms,ime,atabook Diskr.TC5 FontiskoreluxeontmasterdiskTC0). Diskr.TC6 PERIODE,TATISTIK Diskr.TC7 FCOPY.0,PEEDER,ILECOPY,ORMATER,ASTFORMAT,ASKCOPY, PROFILRAMDISK Diskr.TC8 AESLIB,IGHND Diskr.TC9 LABELXPERT,RAFIKETT,TIKETTDAT,TIKETTE.GFA Diskr.TC0 U-BOOT,ERGER Diskr.TC1 PUBLICAINTER Diskr.TC2 MASTERPAINTER,ITTLEAINTER Diskr.TC3 STAROFIX,TARLIST Diskr.TC4 DRUCKEDIT,RAFTIN Diskr.TC5 SKAT,ELTA,RUSEL Diskr.TC6 CARPET,D-PLOT,UNKTIONSPLOT Diskr.TC7 STERNBILD Diskr.TC8 NEC-EMU,Q800,EC-CODE,IMPLE,TX-80,ORDPLUSprinter drivers),STROPORTIANALRIVER Diskr.TC9 FUEHRERSCHEIN,UNDESLIGA Diskr.TC0 TOPS,INGNUMSHELL,EMPELMON.8,AXIDISKMB,AMDISK, RSC.WANDEL Diskr.TC1 PAUK,YPERVOC,T-DIC,UIZ Diskr.TC2 SUPERBATCH,T-KLICK,REF,ERM,LFAFORMAT Diskr.TC3 ADR_2,AT_TEXT Diskr.TC4 MACPAN,OLITAER,ALAXYPRENGMEISTER Diskr.TC5 DIAMONDINER,NAKE,INENFELD,ISSLE Diskr.TC6 ANDURLIN,ILGALAD,NVADORS,INIGOLF Diskr.TC7 TRASH,ABYRINTH Diskr.TC8 VAXAMES:NAKE,IX,IBBLER,ACMAN,OORS,OBOT Diskr.TC9 CNCimulation Diskr.TC00 STPEECH,ORTRANHELL,IFESIFE,ASTLIFE,EMFRAC,HARP Diskr.TC01 LOAKOON,R,LOTTER.7,LOTTIT Diskr.TC02 FILESELECT,RINTF,SC_ICN Diskr.TC03 ONE_TO_ADI,AT_TO_ADI,ONV_ALT_NEU Diskr.TC04 ST_CALC,OHNSTEUER,NLAGE,EPOT,KTIE Diskr.TC05 REGELPRO,CHALTPLAN,OTAX.0 Diskr.TC06 MUSIK,OUNDCOMPUTER Diskr.TC07 NAPOLEON Diskr.TC08 SIGIC,SDITOR4,ANAGER,RINT_OUT,OSTER Diskr.TC09 Wordplus-utilities:NHALT,NDEX_PLUS,T_KONVERT,YPEWRITER, MORSE *ESTROGRAMS,EMOERSIONS. Diskr.԰1oneegeeded)B/W] SIGNUMemo Diskr.԰2B/W] STADemo/slideshow Diskr.԰6C] Digitizeremo Diskr.԰7D] ALADINemo. Diskr.԰8C] PARADOXTemo. Diskr.԰9 SMOOTHALKERnglishemofducativeoftware. Diskr.Ա0C] HabaCADemo. Diskr.Ա1B/W] BeameamIDIrogramemo. Diskr.Ա2 SUPERBASEatabaseemo. Diskr.Ա3 DIZZYIZARDemoithigitaloundndeautifulraphics.or monochromesellsoloronitors. Diskr.Ա4B/W] TWPSemo. Diskr.Ա5B/W][C][H] Axisemo. Diskr.Ա6B/W][D][1M] Axisnimation. *TACENERAL MAC01 Splineemo,unch,ractal,atalow,in.graphics,Daze, LAZLife,ator,tringART,ebster'sevenge,acuff,pace Bubbles. MAC02 Connectour,liza,ube,ays,olitaire,lashard. MAC03 Macheads,o,nigma,rickles,ide,omber,iatom, MacBillboard,ree,expuzzle. MAC04 MacMugemo,otation. MAC05 Thedventuresfnake,adenus,dventureystem,umper Ships,atch,ynamo. MAC06 Blackox,heel,rch,recque,SA,onde,oire,aleks, Fortune,leo,lobanageremo,uperQuickFile. MAC07 Arsagna,igSim. MAC08 Binaryrees,amera,urve,rill,mile,acConcentration, Cristianrogram. MAC09 Organ,enn,ulia,acKalah,ouisIV. MAC10 Filmsorideoworks. *TACORROGRAMMERS MAC01 EMacs,nfo+,NU,ontisplay.0,ongley,eversecreen. MAC02 N'Cryptor,iskibrarian,conmaker,ister,mallconditor, readMacwrite,eskccessoryampler,abUtil,Sester, Regressionnalyser. MAC03 Ramstartramdisk),eX,alendar,ndex,isplay,ightyinder, Rotateaint. MAC04 DocDoctor,astddie,Edit. MAC05 Redyder,ed'stuff. MAC06 Saocstat,hrinktoFit,clock,onvert.acc MAC07 Wormstat,ES,oypaint,ackit,CSEdit,hrowpaint,scii, MacTerminal,/Crivacyemo,ilemakeremo. MAC08 AClock,inHex,RAM,conCollector,Edit,ainterselper. MAC09 Banner,CO,Germ,iskLister,reeTerm,acTerminal,ont Manageremo,ontester. MAC10 ScreenEdit,electaint,tkinson'soodies,acsm/link. MAC11 M2ystemithocuments. MAC12 .SYM,.LODndLNKor2ystem. MAC13 Xlispncl.oc,Edit,akePaint,ursoresigner,con Switcher,ortA-/Font-/Menu,ontoubler. MAC14 Munge,pellolder,acWait,nstallontsie,rettyrint. *TACONTS Eachiskontainsanyifferentontscharacterets),hat canenstallednheystemisk. MAC01 MAC02 MAC03 MAC04 MAC05 *TACCCESSORIES Eachiskontainsanyifferenteskccessories,hatane installednheystemisk. MAC01 MAC02 ThisistfDoftwareseantoreferencenly.ore extensivexplanationsfndividualrogramsaneound elsewhere.otfdditionsreadeoheDibraryearly everyay,ohisistillostikelyurnutoeutdated whenoueadhis.llesponsibilityoesoTlubindhoven. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.EDITORIALLANCEACKTEARFBSEQUIOUSOMPUTING Whileeadingackhroughhe987ssuesf STEWS,elt somethingtucknyralavityndotheuddennclination totartritinghisditorialolumnhatadeenuggin'y sensesoronghilendoompilehe STEWSolume Compendiumnhichuchnrticleoulditicely. Whatas987een?tawenohnsonreakheorldecord00 metresash,tawalltreetrashndtaweagannd GorbatsjovignheongwaitedNFreaty.tlsoawess pleasanthingsappen.heeraldfreenterpriseerryore oressankndanyeoplerowned,heulfarameo suddenlimax,llieorthlmostecameresidentfhe.S. dueoherangateffaire,ndarseretilloughtllver theorld.atthiasustandedislanenrontfheremlin inoscowndorbatsjovublishedisonumentaryork "Perestrojka"whichaveotead,yheay,uthichill surelyndpnheowsfDasapital"ndheind).tas alsoheearfheeathfredstairendinoenturas wellshentimelyeparturentohermyfurIDI-and modemanrankemmen. TheTentoelluiteelln87.astearillrobablye knownourosteritysTheearfesktopublishing". Suddenly,anyesktopublishingrogramppearedFleet Streetublisher",Publishingartner"ndimeworks'TPre butew.mulatingadlsoecomeurrentopicnheT. WhereasmulatingP/Madeenoneorongerimelready, MacIntoshmulatingecameeallyucrativehenheAladin" MacIntoshnhancerppeared,hereasCmulatingalthoughlow) couldeoneithomeuiteatisfactoryesultssinghe "PCitto"rogram.anyoftwareompaniestartedaunching (more)oftwarenheT,ndomevergreensereade: "Barbarian",Goldrunner",Arkanoid"ndDefenderfherown" are,gain,ewfhose.ordrocessingasento unexpectedndreviouslynknowneightsyheaunchfHE wordrocessor:Worderfect"nactheirstrogramoe launchednheTyompanyfigheputationmayany follow!).ndeotSignum!",rogramhatllowedhe productionfighualityrintoutssingtandard-needle printer.heTasakenoanyftsimitsn987096 colorrawingrogramsppeared,oodusicurnedutoe possiblenheTfterll,ordercrollingasonend programsererittenhatllowedver50boeormattedn aisk.anyeopleoundutorendorehereasonow withegardouruchelovedT. Theuchxpectedlitteridotrrive,ndon'tothero mentionnothernefhoserojectswhichsheMY soundchip,fourse!).utheEGATsndheLM04 laserprinterIDrrive,ndtariroudlyemonstrated prototypesfheransputerasedomputers,DOMnduch more.ohere'stillotoexpectedorheT,othn theieldfardwarendoftware.heistfsoftwareoe launchednheT"srowingyheayndhatlsoncludes manyellnownitlesromtheromputersandotnly games!).heTseryuchliveslivestanossibly be!tutsoldhemiganirtuallyllountriesorldide, andsowlowlyrowingoecomeheecondVolkswagen" amongstheomeomputerstheirstneeingheommodore4, ofourse). Whatappenedo STEWSs987?hink987anafelye assumedoeheearfhereakthroughf STEWS. succeededncquiringistributorsnomearwayountries likeustraliandewealandhereaseveraloftwareompanies honoured STEWSyivingteviewtatusTelecomoftware, Psygnosisndicrodealeedoeentionedeperately).he telephoneillesultingromstablishingllheseontacts costedeeveralonthsfocketoney,onationsndoney hadarnederendhere.omeigoreignomputeragazines mentioned STEWSeryavourablynheirolumnsTheerman magazine68000'er"nunendhenglishagazineSTorld" inovember),husncreasingynspirationndheualityf  STEWSignificantly. STEWSolumessueawhentroductionfovend beautifulirlalledillekentsbundance.anyineas spenteclaringyovenduspectomeeoplehoughtas over-doingtit.nyway,illekenriched STEWSithome moreumannterest,orenspirationndomearmthsell. Thisery STEWSompendiumslsoedicatedoer,ince stillhinkhe'soweet,nderstandingndorgeoushathe's stillheainourcefnspirationoreritingveryssue of STEWS. Somehingshangedithhe STEWSetupsell.olume IssueasheirstssueoeublishednewEM environment,ndhatetupadoeonstantlymproved throughoutostfheear.heageviewodemproved significantly,ndtefanosthumaookarehatanyoutines weremprovedromasicoawachineode.hectual STEWS programeachedtsinaletuproundssuefastage-view mode,ictureonversion-andecrunch-routinesnd.....TEX' magnificentusic!).omeltimatelyinorugsereemoved everyimeewssueasaunched,uthectualrogram environmentidn'thangenymore. Whatoeshe STEWSolumeompendiumffer? Iaveriedoompileheestrticlesublishednll ST NEWSssuesolumessueo.heesteviews,heotalC 68000achineanguageoursetillowincludingheirst part,hichasublishedn STEWS Volumessuef986), theullorthoursetillow,heestdventureintsips andolutions,henterviewsndheicesteaturesnd programmingipsricks.ddohatheacthatwofhe Volumessuerticlesredded,ndhat'soreoish? Iope988illroveoeearfsuchuccesss987 haseen.hereretilloalsoechievedthoughetting themecomesoreifficultveryime),ndopeoullill continueoupport STEWShroughout988Younowhat?ou couldakeiceestureyonatingon-significantmountsf moneyniroccountumber060326.n.v.ichardarsmakers, Helmond,heetherlands).illryoaketsntertaining andnformingsossible,opingouillontinueoiket. Apartromesperateayoncreaseygo, STEWSsHEay toakeheTsersigamilyfsershatillharenow- how,rogramsndxperience.leaseontributennlarginghis rangefsersypreading STEWSoveryoneounowndo mentionthereverossible.ndemember:annoto everythinglonendhereforeelcomellontributionso ST NEWSespeciallyrticles).  Wishingouotsfuneadinghroughhisolumeompendium, Iemain, incerely, ichardarsmakers Editorf STEWS) P.S.fouappenoeirst-timeeaderf STEWS,lease eferoheectionfHoworderack-issues'fou hinkt'sorthpendingomeorettentiono.nd ST EWSolumessueilleorthtshile,oo...HOWORDERACKSSUESFTEWS Ifourehinkingboutrderingreviousssuesf STEWS,e herebyupplyouithistfontentsfllssuesf ST NEWShataveeenaunchedptilow.orrderingonditions, pleaseeferoherticlebouturDibrary. STEWSolumessue Publishednaturday,uly6th,986 Size:4896ytesn6ages hemazingrackingonspiracy ewoftwarenhetariT Tipsricks ittleomputereopleHouse-on-a-Disk) ewmazingrackingOnspiracyroducts omeintsipsorTheawn" topressidounowhat...  STEWSolumessue Publishednaturday,ugustth,986 Size:9817ytesn2ages oreewsbouthemazingrackingonspiracypreading ervice ynthampleI llboutystemariables idounowhat.... llegaloftwarehatsllowedndhatsn't? iskmanipulationnhetariFiskrives fAasic interames ackers'n'CrackersnhetariT  STEWSolumessue Publishednaturday,ugust6th,986 Size:6638ytesn6ages oundndusicrogrammingnheT ynthampleIontest llboutheIOS uestionsnswers heolutionoZork"romnfocom idounowhat.... ewsbouthemazingrackingonspiracy intsipsorGfA)asic oreboutiskmanipulationnhetariFloppyisks ubscribeoTEWS! ureworrespondenceddress  STEWSolumessue Publishednonday,eptemberth,986 Size:52458ytesn8ages Additions:woistingsnisk:ONVERTBAS868ytes DI_CALL.BAS769ytes Toftwareews CG'sandomizeicturehow fAipsricks io.... owoighonverter hemazingrackingonspiracy'seader'service EMDOSunctions sefulddresses heempelmannonitor omputertory uestionsnswers idounowhat.... utureeleasesfhemazingrackingonspiracy hemazingrackingonspiracy'suilt-inThartooklet llboutheT'sIDInterface intsipsorlayingundog oftwareega-review:loyd EMDIallsart heolutionoorkI STEWSolumessue Publishednunday,ctoberth,986 Size:14510ytesn17ages Additions:istingsnisk:LT_EXAM.BAS1378ytes ATTERNBAS304ytes RQC419ytes EMVDI_2.BAS681ytes iversenisk:ILLLST81ytes OUSELST67ytes PRITELST31ytes EAD_METXT824ytes Toftwareews fAasicipsricks eportnhennualsergatheringttrechtneptember0th, 986 llboutBIOSunctions intsipsorinterames heltimatexamaminingtility2.8 heusicorner atternditor omethingboutnterrupts heisc reouoodTwner? serrouppdate oftwareega-review:ewsygnosisames leaningourouse uestionsnswers TOS,ultitaskingSorheT heT/Oort idounowhat.... inalintsipsoTheawn"art sefulEEKsndOKEs EMDIallsartI oreboutheCC'seader'service P)review:omestronomyrograms uperueyeview STEWS Volumessue Publishednaturday,ovember5th,986 Size:17891ytesn06ages Additions:istingsnisk:EMOC778ytes EM_VDIBAS344ytes EBREWLST299ytes OUSEBAS4888ytes RQC390ytes UMROLOG.LST787ytes CROLLED.LST515ytes iversenisk:EMOPRG982ytes PROMPI32034ytes INKAPPBAT23ytes INKTOSBAT20ytes EAD_METXT960ytes CHEDULE.PI32034ytes Toftwareews fAasicipsricks idounowhat.... oundigitizerervice onnectingormal/WonitoroheTithoutodulator intsipsorlayingrataccas EMDIallsartII serrouppdate tarfiend uestionsnswers artnefheC68000achineanguageourse aynmsterdam:isitinghefficiencyeursndommedia heirage wohessrogramsompared:Chessndsionhess CCiscores ichtronoftwareldutood olidtateAMdiskorheT impleraw sotericTolumn:ebrewnheT sotericTolumn:umerologicalomputations ritingourwndventures crollessageditor eview:tripoker,izzlingamefhance heCC'seader'service heACartridge inalintsipsoTheawn"artI eview:xtensor eochromeseranual urtalianistributor STEWS Volumessue Publishednaturday,anuarird,987 Size:77084ocumentytesnisk urnouroystickntoEM ynthampleIIV heolutionoheawn opoll/Softwareop0 uestionsnswers idounowhat.... Toftwareews heusicorner heCC'seader'service serrouppdate Dibrary urorrespondenceddress ditorial TEWSolofon oworderack-issuesfTEWS oonomingnTEWS 8000ssemblerourseartI EMDIallsartVFinalart) fAasicipsricks intsipsoorrowedime intsipsoing'suest lightsimulatorI rt-andilmirector fAasicersion.0ndhefAasicompiler usix32 ewpyxames istfpcodesorheC68000rocessor ollywoodoker RCheilerchivetility eochrome1.0 heercenaryompendium egasliteheltimaterawingrogram hehotronussystem heECultisync airlightlancetealomputers asloppyrbeitsbuch rofessionalEM asroefAasicuch Tntern Teeksokes nemoriam TY-Xoftware  STEWSolumeompendium Publishednunday,anuari8th,987 Size:82912ocumentytesnisk omethingboutnterrupts ittleomputereople heisc llboutystemariables iskanipulationart fAasicPreview) oundndusicrogrammingnheT llboutheIOS heolutionoork iskmanipulationartI llboutBIOSunctionsart fAasicipsricksart owoighonverter EMDOSunctions heempelmannonitor llboutheIDInterface ewsygnosisames fAasicipsricksartI EMDIallsart llboutBIOSunctionsartI EMDIallsrtI heltimatexaminingtility atternditor fAasicipsricksartII tarfiend 8000achineanguageourseart Chesssionhess crollessageditor tripoker xtensor EMDIallsartII ichtronoftwareldutood! ritingourwndventures urorrespondenceddress ditorial TEWSolofon STEWS Volumessue Publishednaturday,ebruari8th,987 Size:58558ocumentytesnisk olutionoateway olutionoorrowedime olutionopaceuest olutionoheitchhiker'suideohealaxy ovel:indrobe hertiST ndexfTEWSolume Tasicisk/O nterviewitheffinter ewtariroducts EMrrorpdate uestionsnswers idounowhat.... Toftwareews CC'seader'service serrouppdate heodemonnection Dibrary urorrespondenceddress TEWSolofon oworderack-issuesfTEWS oonomingnTEWS C8000artII fAasicipsricks hreearaterograms fAectors rt-andilmirector lightsimulatorI ock_Itrypt_It acoftware imeKeeperlockartridge rafik-Anwendungen oncisetariT8000rogrammer'suide STEWS Volumessue Publishednaturday,pril1th,987 Size:58203ocumentytesnisk olutionolackauldron ovel:umbracle olutionoing'suest olutionoing'suestI aytheeBit olutionomazon serrouppdate /Wndolortnce uestionsnswers idounowhat.... Toftwareews CC'seader'service Dibrary urorrespondenceddress ditorial TEWSolofon oworderack-issues oonomingnTEWS C8000ourseartV heBIOSDosound'unctionxplained dvancedoundrogramming orthourseart odula-2 fAasicipsricks rimson'solumnardcorentroductionoundog peechnhetariT eview:ignum eview:uperirectory acoftware:acZapools DAPoundack ideoigitizereview:hertizer tariTloppyndarddiskookeview  STEWSolumessue Publishednaturday,une3th,987 Size:60318ocumentytesnisk olutiononfidel ovel:omorrow'sorld olutionoorcerer heAGay ustorun olutionotarrek BSistTheetherlands) heCMhow onnectingnmplifieroourT heusicorner uestionsnswers serrouppdate idounowhat.... Toftwareews CC'seader'service heDibrary urorrespondenceddress TEWSolofon oworderack-issues oonomingnTEWS C68000achineanguageourseart orthourseartI fAasicipsricks odula-2:rapnndut rimson'solumnhantasie hangingourcons ecretsfheT heT'semoryap rkanoidonstructionit owriceoftware ew-DATAoftware ookeview:asfAasicuchromrankstrowski  STEWSolumessue Publishednaturday,uly5th,987 Size:51616ompressedocumentytesniskapproximately 14000ncompressedocumentytes) olutionoishbringer olutionoindshadow olutionoahrenheit51 olutionoassimes nterviewithobubbard heESChicago) ovel:AMpace opollesults DTeepiskester uestionsnswers serrouppdate idounowhat.... Toftwareews CC'seader'service heusicorner Dibrary urorrespondenceddress ditorial TEWSolofon oworderack-issues oonomingnTEWS C8000ourseartI orthourseartII fAasicipsricks C'ipsricks rogrammingheootsector SCilesnfAasicart intsouildfhieves rimson'solumnrataccas auntlet SIceneryisks esassengersuent irball adesebula arbarian attice3.04.01 icworks.0 ebugger'salore upiterrobe oadrunner rooundesigner ladin STEWSolumessue Publishednaturday,eptember2th,987 Size:45171ompressedocumentytesniskapproximately 12000ncompressedocumentytes) olutionouildfhieves olutionoallyhoo olutiononchanter olutionoeastalker hetoryehindarry omputerovel urphy'saws anifestoyberpunk igitalrt oftwareiracy heoorutsider Ponverter uestionsnswers opoll idounowhat.... Toftwareews CC'seader'service heusicorner Dibrary urorrespondenceddress ditorial TEWSolofon oworderack-issues oonomingnTEWS C8000ourseartII orthourseartV fAasicipsricks orkingnhepple/e mprovingfAasicrograms heESKTOP.INFile rimson'solumnoadware000 NT utouel entinel .I.oundool aian Tnfo racker C-Ditto [nac amealtizer  STEWSolumessue Publishednaturday,ctober1st,987 Size:83321ompressedocumentytesniskapproximately 54000ncompressedocumentytes) olutionoing'suestII olutionopiderman heEGATested helitterhip hetariesse heCShowLondon) nterviewithavidhittaker nterviewithhirazhivji herack1rotector amcopyandytility uestionsnswers opoll idounowhat.... toftwareews CC'seader'service Dibrary urorrespondenceddress ditorial TEWSolofon oworderack-issues oonomingnTEWS orthourseart fAasicipsricks orkingnhepple/eartI raphiclgorhythms ndocumentedystemariables dvancedasterrogramming erticalasters rimson'solumnarbarian SoundamplerI nightrc irballonstructionit -Roget errorpods ewommyoftwareroducts Dalax -15trikeagle raciaro fAasicoekooretariT STEWS Volumessue Publishednaturday,ecember9th987 Size:53031ompressedocumentytesniskapproximately 35000ncompressedocumentytes) olutiononinvited heT'sirus heCCays eochromenimation omputerovelette heTatarianoveToryart ewoftware heransputer irusiller uestionsnswers opoll idounowhat.... Toftwareews CC'seader'service Dibrary urorrespondenceddress ditorial TEWSolofon oworderack-issues orthourseartI C8000ourseartIII fAasicipsricks orkingnhepple/eII rimson'solumnarry CPrttudio/Jinxter oebius imeworksP mpact acklash paceort rorumesigner raciaro ommyoftwareroducts ceanemoreview unep! pyspy Allssuesf STEWS Volumeeedoeoadednto1stord", "1stordlus"rnyompatibleordrocessoroeiewed. AllssuesnolumereuppliedithEM-drivenrogram thatnablesouoooktheocumentsithoutsingord processor.orintutnyfheocumentselongingoolume 2ssuendpward,ouustirstseheMakePile' optionnageiewodeoakeuretaneoadedn1st Wordlus"rnyompatibleordrocessor.STEWSOLOFON STEWSsagazinerittenorndrittenytariT computernthusiasts.tsublishedtrregularntervalsy themazingrackingonspiracy,ndpreadhroughheublic Domain.tayeopiedreelyonyoneouish. Editorialtaff:ichardarsmakersEditor/GfAasic/Software) rankemmenMIDI/Music) Official STEWSistributorsutsideheetherlands: erardoreco iaoma,5 -80055ortici-NA TALY voanlaenderen ostraat3 -3100eist-op-den-Berg ELGIE/BELGIQUE wekansson ilspetsv. -2915ristianstad WEDEN uidotumpe essenichertr. -5300onn ESTERMANY age esllingham .O.ox4 tafford T16DR NGLAND ormanearceAdelaidetariomputerlub) .O.ox69 orwood outhustralia067 USTRALIA eremyhiteW.A.C.E.) .O.ox777 .P.O. ellington EWEALAND  Theollowingeopleontributedohisssuef STEWS: Gerardoreco wekansson Stefanolombier esllingham FranzzaboSTespr.R.ien)voanlaenderen NormanearceAdelaidetarilub)ThexceptionsES,-ME-,M.Max) HarryanorenHomesoft)erkofmeester Mathlaessens .anssen Markanenoer oberteessels HubertanilSTlubindhoven)illekeuus SueinslowTelecomoftware)andyrettMicrodeal) MilesowlandOcean) ucasanenerg Stefanosthuma onayKuma) TakoanosenSTlubindhoven)tephannglhart Adrieanereden eremyhiteW.A.C.E.) JonathanllisPsygnosis)ommedia Navaronendustries airlightustralia Kenutler lausrod Paulolenbrander oschilders Guusurtel uidotumpe Theditorcceptsoesponsibilityornyamageaused directlyrndirectlyyhesefnyfhenformationiven inhisssuefTEWSorhenformationontainedn previousssuesrssuesoome.ritersemainesponsibleor theiriewpointsndossibleonflictsiththereopleaused byheublicationfheirrticle(s)n STEWS. Although STEWSelongsoheublicomain,hendividual articlesayotesedntheragazines,nnglishrny otheranguage,eforeheermissionhereforesiveny theuthorfherticle! Ifouhink STEWSsorthyfontributionromouride, pleaseeelreeoonatenymountfoneyniroccount number060326,.n.v.ichardarsmakers,elmond,he Netherlands.hankounnticipation!STEWSRIEFISTORY byichardarsmakers Sinceuspectanyfoufeingirst-timeeadersf ST NEWS,onsiderriefistoryf STEWSuiteppropriate. herebyresentouhisistory,opingtillxplainomef the STEWSrinciplesndhehingshatakeeonitht. Whenwitchedromheommodore4ohetariT,round Easter986,hereasackfirtuallyverythingnheT. Nobodynewhatoo,obodynewowootndhereas greatackfoftwareorheTsell. Isedoebleooanyhingnhe64,ndy frustrationasmmensehenoundutouldn'tchieve bleedin'hingnheT! Soearned.eadooks.xperimented.tartedrogrammingit (inSTasic",oouanmagineowrustratedas!). Itasarknotummer'sighthenawhisightppear. Wonderingheretamerom,ookedroundnlyoindut thattctuallyomeromittleightulbloatingbovey head:adndea! Nextay,atownithordrocessorndtartingaking disk-basedagazineocumentoealled STEWS.asn'tt gooddeaoriteagazineocumenthatouldepreadn disk?hisouldostheeadersothingorehanertain amountfiskpace,husroducingheosterfectand,st wouldaterurnut,heostnderrated)ediumnhicho spreadnowledge.venentsarshinkingasheirst tooomethingiketnhoseays,utturneduthat AppleacIntoshsersadnownheiskagazinerinciple longerimelready.ndyow,iskagazinesrelsoresent onommodore4,ommodoremigandrobablyS-DOS. STEWSot someompetitionsell:F.A.S.T.E.R."fromanada),CIPT" (fromermanynfortunatelyrittennerman)ndSTnfo" (anarly-stageiskagazine,tillntsocumentetupather thanEMnvironment). Anyway,heirstssuef STEWSawheightfaynuly 26th986.tasustlain0bocumentoeoadednto "1stord"r1stordlus",ndhatasheay STEWSould appearhroughoutheirstearftsirth.uitenspiredy theserfriendlyEMetupfivaliskagF.A.S.T.E.R.", startedrogrammingEMnvironmentsingfAasicwhichas possiblenceheompilerecamevailable).olumessue, launchednovember5th986,ouldeheaston-GEMersion of STEWSoppear. Itecamevidenthateopleikedhat STEWSffered.ome coursesMC8000achineanguagend,ater,orth), programmingipsricks,eviewsferyurrentoftware,any adventureolutionsndhetherfferingsadetorthhile orderingespeciallyincetasndtillsreef additionalosts).heoftwareompaniesereonvinced,oo, andhusvolvedisualirclehatrewiggerndigger. Let'sooktometatistics: Issue:ocumentytes:umberfrticles: .1 4896  .2 9817  .3 6638 1 .4 52458 9 .5 14510 4 .6 17891 6 Issue:ocumentytes:umberfrticles: .1 77084 2 .2 58558 2 .3 58203 3 .4 60318 2 .5 314000 2 .6 312000 1 .7 354000 9 .8 335000 6 Thatakesotalf4ssues,egabytend93rticles... Nowfferingantasticusicndachineodeoutineshereime usedoeonsumed, STEWSasecomenefheajor internationaliskasedagazines,eadnbout0ountries andettingositiveeedbackromanyomputeragazinesnd peopleromllverhelobe.heacthat STEWSperatesn ALLurrentlynownystemonfigurationsightlsoaveelped withchievingheforementioned.henlyimitationfhis Volumeompendiumshattequiresouble-sidedisk drive,hereasheegularssuesnlyequireingleided diskrive.meryorryorhosefouhonlywn singleidediskrive,utllherticlesimplyouldote putningleidediskrivenotvenhentoulde ultra-hyper-super-mega-formatted!). Hopingoaveighlightedomefhessentialointshatave tooith STEWSndtsetup,opeoeeoullgainn theirstfficial988ssuef STEWSVolumessue)hat willeaunchedroundheiddlefebruari!LIFENDEATHN461 bytefanosthuma Atoryrittenhenaseelingored.nspiredyouglas Adams'Hitchhicker'suideohealaxy" Itasuitearknheoom.partromomeeryeirdoises (someeopleeferotssnoring')homergedromark, floatingilhouetnornerfheoom,tasbsolutely silent,ndothingappened.Well,lmostothing.hereere couplefillioniroleculeslyingroundimlesslynd littleleaningobotasutteringbout,uthosehingsreo commonhatheyanelassifiedsnothing') Thearkilhouetentionedeforeasartinrekamsrak.eas floatingeacefullynheero-Gieldfised.eookedike headeenoartyhatastedeek.isloathesereull ofreasytainsndereorntheosttrangelaces.ead aeardhatasullfbjectshatannoteescribed rationallyutookedikeiecesfarty-food.easast asleepndookederyontent. Suddenly,ittleaneluzzedpennheainontrolnit. smallensoreekedntoheoom,ocusedtselfnheark silhouet,uzzedorhilendhenisappearedntoheCU. Anotheranelpened,evealingersonalumanomputeralled Zito.omeoftreenightstartedlowingnheurfacef Zitondittlepeakerevealedtselfromhearkness. 'Martin,akep...timeoooork',aidito.artinidn't reacttll.itoaitedhilendepeatedisequest littleouder.henoringtoppedorecond,heilhouet movedittle,asositionedackyheero-Gednd continuedroducingeirdounds.ftereworeseless attempts,itoecidedhattasimeoromection.woarge panelspened,evealingwohermosonicalardrumbustersodel 200.artinsedhemoistenoisharmonicalandomoises createdyewlectro-hippieshoalledhemselveshe Megasound.WAKEP!!!'itohouted,ssistedyheadrumbus ters.heittleleaningobotmittedighitchedcreamnd fellver.totackotseetgainndtartedmitting streamfeepingounds.Shutpouorm',itoaidn voiceithhicharctonicegawaledressesederring.he robottoppedeepingndeftheoom,learlynsultednd mutteringoftly. Theilhouetnheornertoppednoringgain,adeew coughingoises,umbledomethingndecameilentgain.ito sighed.nlynehingemained:isableheero-Gield.fter littleiscussionithheero-Gedboutafety,umaneedor sleepndhemportancefartinakingpightow,heed agreed,ndwitchedffheield.uckily,heesignerfhe bedomehowredictedhisituationndutomeushionsnhe bottomfheed.till,herashoundederyainful. 'Shitito,hatheellreouoing?'artintumbled,learly shockedyheuddenake-up. 'Sorry,utustouldn'takeoup.' 'Doounowhatusteturnedromartyhatasted week?' 'Inow,utlsonowhatouaveoooorkoday.he Officeomputerlreadyhewedyssoroteliveringoun timeewimes,ndouon'tantoetired,oou?' 'Okay,owuchimeoaveeft?' 'About5inutes,ourryp!' Martinursedimselforrinkingoanyargleblastersnote) andeadedorheathroom,tillittlenstable,ndith nerve-wreckingeadache. Heookedntoheirrorhatasttachedoheedicine-box, andardlyecognisedimself.Goodorning'heedicine-box said.Shutpndiveeomethingorhiserribleeadache'. Theedicineoxcannedartinshysicalonditionndameo theonclusionhatomeowerfulnalgesicndverallep-pill waseeded.tuzzedndumbledorhile,ndroduced littleablet.artinwallowedt,ndtartedeelingetter already.eutiseadnderheap.fteraitinghile,e shouted:comen,here'syater!' 'Huh...what?'heapeplied. 'Wateran,ounow2O!' 'Sorry,ashinking.' 'Bullshit,apsan'think.utherapndiveeomeater!' Theapbeyedndpurtedoadsfoldaterverhereasy headfartin.eookffislothes,nduthemntohe Wasteisposalnit,holmostuffocatednhem.enteredhe Turbo-Shower,hoombardedisodyith5illionittleeams ofater,ndriedtithnother5illionetsfotir. Afterhat,eutiseadntohearetakerhorrangedis hairnheostashionableayossiblendhavedffhe beard.eressedimself,ndtartedoeeleallyood. Henteredheivingoom,ssembledistuffndtrappedn hisCMBnote).eookitoromheentralontrolnitnd putimnheCMB. 'Runhehecklist' 'Dangerouslyookingyperblastingay-emittingulsrifle... 'Check' 'Hypercondensedoodnits....' 'Check' 'Hi-techeallyeatead-Protectingegahelmet...' 'Check' 'Personalygienearetakingystem...' 'Check' 'Real-timeultilinguisticupertranslator...' 'Check' 'Artificialnvironmentodyprotectingurvivalsuit....' 'Check' 'Towel...' 'Check' 'Allright,hat'st.et'so...' Martinteppedntoheransporterooth.itotarted programmingheransporter.heransporternterrupteditond startedonversationboutheccelerationfub-atomic pseudo-electronslongrthogonalravityieldsnheub- ether.omehow,itoidotgreendeavyiscussiontarted. Martinoldhemohutpndtophelectron-crap.eas reallyissedffndressedheanualransporterutton, assumingitoinishedrogramming.nfortunately,itoidot exactlyinishrogrammingheransporter,utasalculating thepeedfheseudo-electronsentionedarlier.he Transporterasdressingheemoryanksfheentralcience Computernrderoinduthenswerndartinndedpome 13.451342rillionightyearswayromisestination,ight inheorefupernova.isodyaporatedmmediatelyndis atomsnthousiasticallytartedarticipatingnhehermonuclear Reactions. BacknV-426,artinsomeplanet,heransportertarted feelingeryuiltyndhefficeomputerroducedasty littlerogramhatfficientlyemovedartinsecordsromhe Centralovernmentomputerecauseeasategain. Note: Theanalacticarglelastersuiteopularrinkround theesternegionsfhealaxy.eferoheitchhicker's Guideohealaxyorheeceipt.note3) Note: CCMB...Cyriusyberneticsultifunctionalackpack Thesehingsaveecomeompulsoryoransportersersftern incidenthichnvolvedelegationfhelaneturg.heyere onheirayoop-conferenceetweenurgndhelanet Resarxhoereloseotartingar.heransporteressedp andheelegationndedpnhelanetuzzbol.heyere capturedndecausefugeommunicationsroblemheyere putnoonderrarepecies'.nntergalacticartarted andastedboutevenears,estroying3lanets,ncluding Xurg,esarxnduzzbol. Note: Sinceheeoplenlanetarthreoind-paralyzingly primitivehatheyvenan'tccessheirocaleneralibrary onlphaentauriwhichsnlyightyearsway!)oet themselvesopyfheitchhicker'suideohealaxy,ill provideouithheeceiptstatednheuide: Takeheuiceromneottlefhatl'anxpirit. Pourntotneeasurefaterromheeasfantraginus֭ Ohhatantragineaneaater,hhoseantragineanish!!! Allowhreeubesfrcturanega-ginoeltntoheixture (itusteroperlycedrheenzinesost). Allowouritresfallianarshasoubblehrought,n memoryfllhoseappyickershoaveiedfleasuren thearshesfallia. Overheackfilverpoonloateasurefualactin Hypermintxtract,edolentfllheeadydoursfheark Qualactinones,ubtleweetndystic. Dropnheoothfnlgolianuntiger.atchtissolve, spreadingheirefhelgolianunseepntoheeartfhe drink. Sprinkleamphuor. Addnlive. Drink....but.....veryarefully..... Theuidelsoayshatheffectfrinkinganalactic Garglelastersikeavingourrainsmashedutylice ofemonrappedroundargeoldrick. Theuidelsoellsounhichlanetsheestanalactic Garglelastersreixed,owuchouanxpectoayorhem andhatoluntaryrganizationsxistoelpouoehabilitate afterwards. Thispaceasentedyegadodoublicationsfrsainor  BLACKOLES,AVAGELIENARRIORRIBES. Welfarelanetsuledy dry-cleaningstablishments,herevenheostasicfuman necessitiesrerovidedorayatendithoouchtarch. Facet,heniverses NOLACEORYNDAVEOODIME. Unless,hats,ou'reheroudwnerfhathollyemarkable object,heitchhiker'suideohealaxy! Withinheillion-plusagesfheuide,hichnanyorners ofhealaxyaslreadyupplantedhencyclopediaalacticas thetandardepositoryfllnowledgendisdom,ou'llind EVERYTHINGOUEEDONOW aboutheniverse,romhetmost triviaoheostitalnformationertainingoourealthnd well-being. WENCONDITIONALLYUARANTEE itilleachouowo survivendven ENJOYHENIVERSE -LLNNLY0LTARIAN DOLLARSERAY (note)ustakeeekthisereamplef Theuide's MILLIONSFSES andikeoanytheratisfied customers,ou'lleonvincedhathissruly THEOSTHOLLY REMARKABLETEMOU'LLVERUY! PLANNINGONEYMOON? Letheuidehowouowoetheest ratesndccomodationsnxclusiveacationaradisesike Vortaqua,lanetfheeart-Shapedotubakes! TRIVIAUFF? Theuideasllhenswers,sellsostfhe questions.orxample:hatitlesompriseolonolluphid's trilogyfhilosoficallockbusters? Answers:hereodentrong,omeorefod'sreatest Mistakesndhoshisoderson,nyway?  CONVENTIONOMINGP? Theuidenowshereoindllhe swankiestotels,herendiestestaurants,hewingingest nightclubs,heriendliestscortervicesndheheapestuty- freehopsnhichouyiftsorppeasingne'samilynd concience! NEEDELPAST? Inlash,heuideanupplyouithseful tidbitsfnformations:owoellouuntlararom Seven-Stomachedorbalant;hatoohenouruntlaraas beenevouredyeven-Stomachedorbalant;owoerformhe Heimlichaneuverneven-Stomachedorbalant,nduch, muchore! Theuidesorehanuperraveloguernncrediblenswer machinet'sovelydditiononyackpackruitcasehat fitsnerfectlyithveryecor.tomesnrinkle-proof, scratch-resistantlasticoverith THEOOKNDEELFEAL VINYL, handsomelynscribedithheords DON'TANIC inarge, friendlyetters.ndalkboutandyhearkV versionf Theuideas MOREPTIONSHAN0-ARMEDRUGMUSASANGNAILS! Justookhatouanet... 73-FUNCTIONOCKETALCULATORPTION letsouolvequationshat haveaffledathematicansorons,uchsoworavelaster thanhepeedfightithoutoosingouruggage. CUSTOMHRONOMETER displaysear,onth,ayndate,oithin fractionfluubnivilianndilitaryimendappyour Timeorheearestubnhealaxy. TAN-O-MATICEFERENCEABLE tellsouhexactoordinatesfll theesteaches,heostp-to-dateashionipsnolarized eyewearndeflectors,hereciseimeouanunbatheefore yourriendsaveoarryouomennrn,ndheppropriate levelfunscreenoearnasefupernova.   SIRIUSYBERNETICSAROMETER/NEO-DESCARTIAN RELATIVERUTHONITOR indicatesemperature,arometricressure,ighide,owide, windirectionndelocity,revailingeatheronditions,mount ofrecipationnheast,000luubsndheterou'rectually experiencingnyftrreimplyeingeceivedyour imperfectenses. SALAD-SLASHER/FOODROCESSOR/LEMONESTERTTACHMENT slices, dices,hopsndludgeonsvenheostubberyruitr vegetableneconds! Nowor LIMITEDIMENLY whenou RUSH youritchhiker'suide tohealaxyrderoegadodoublications,ou'lllsoets SPECIALIFToou ENOUGHHROW-INTEMSOILLNTTIC! Soct nowndeceivellheseabulousonuses! FLUFF: Goesnywherenderheed,ehindheommode,the bottomfourocker,nsideouravel! DESTRUCTRDERSOROUROMENDLANET: Suitableorraming, andreatagiftstnyarty! DON'TANIC!UTTON: Perfectorhoseimeshenourlanets beingombardedyasereams,ouroastertartsalkingoou orracesfadioactivityreiscoverednourreakfast cereal! JOOANTA00UPER-CHROMATICERIL-SENSITIVEUNGLASSES: (note) You'llookoolndtayoolvenhenttendingogonoetry reading! NOEA:ustikeheearoffesionalitchhickerson'tarry! MICROSCOPICPACELEET: Justhehingorttackingicroscopic civilizations. HOWUCHOULDOUAYOW? ONEUNDREDLTARIANOLLARS? TWOUNDRED?HREEUNDRED?! USTa59.99! That'sight! RUSHOURRDEROWndeceiveheitchhicker's Guideohealaxyndheluffndheon'tanic!uttonnd theunglassesndhepaceleetndoea ALLORHE INCREDIBLYOW,OWRICEFUSTa59.99! Toave.o.d.andlinghargesndmperialalacticovernment deliveryerviceuties, PHONENOURRDERODAY! PERATORSRETANDINGY!  all-555-55-5-55555-555-5555. nrsainoreta,ial -5-555-55-55555-555-5555,xt.  AKEHATALLODAY!  HISFFEROTVAILABLENNYTORE! Note: "30ltarianollarseray"snstimatedigurends providedtrictlyorurposesfomparison.ctualxpensesay beigher.note) Note: Notecommendedorriving Note: Inact,e'reureft.uiterankly,fou'reotbsolutely preparedoie,heat,tealourood,assubberheckso unsuspectingotellercks,oodwinkustumfficials,orge passportsntitlingouoiplomaticmmunity,tilizeogus studentnd/orlderlydentificationardsoetourselfnto touristttractionsteducedates,tiffveryoneossiblen tipsndtherwiseakeockeryfntergalacticaw,ustbout thenlyayou'reoingoetyn0ltarianseriemsy stayingomendampingutnourackyard. Theredits Theirstartfhistoryasonceivedyyself.hean Galacticarglelasterecipeasxctractedromheantastic novelTheitchhiker'suideohealaxy"youglasdams. (Thisanasnmaginationvenoreind-crunchinglyighan theniverse)heitchhiker'suidedvertisementasakenrom thenstructionookletomingithheriginalnfocomdven- ture. IanecommendheooksThentireeriesonsistsfour books.Theitchhiker'suideohealaxy",Theestaurantt thendfheniverse",Live,heniversendverything"nd "Soongndhanksorllheish")onyonehoikesery absurdndxtremelyumoristicceince-fictiontory.lso,he adventureynfocomsnefheosteirddventuresave everlayed. Greetingsromtefan! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.ATATARIANOVETORY byenutler Editorialemark:hisaspontaneouseactionfurldest faithfuleader.houghttoeoicehatouldot resistoublishingt. ickyToodootedohepoT.eadusteenTruckyhe SighTfheTunninglyeautifulilleke.seTaredter hiseartTringsTruckTupendoushordndeTruggleds heoughToindheightordsoTopheloriousirln herTeps. ST-STay,leaseT-STayneoment",eTammeredsheTrode along.sheurnederondrouslueyesponheTatariane STrainedorelf-control.MayleaseedicateyTagazineo you?",Lord,iveeTrengtherayed)pleaseeSTssured thecripTsomeThingfubSTance".hiSonguewiSTing SenTenceubduedheTutterndeSToredisourage.ashere notegreefSTeemsellsSTonishmentneraze,e wondered? illekeasTartledyhisTrangepproachutheunhone asheespondedithmileohemiTtencribe.ickyas ecSTaticfeoulduSTainheomentumeightanageo manuouevreerntoTatefoingTeady.sheaSTened STrandfilkylondeairntolaceheespondedoSiTively. 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Ltd.nustralia.orhisrticle,ayhanksaveooo Fairlight'sarketingo-Ordinator,rs.mandaeid-Youngs wellsyntonederland,heistributorfairlightomputers inheenelux. Itlltartedheneardheompactiscersionfean Michelarre'sMagneticields".riginallyurchaseds demonstrationfD'sagnificentossibilities,hisiscoon becamenefheostsediecesfediayingersouched (exceptoryordrocessorisk,fourse).asladDs wereesistantollindsfamages;therwisetouldow definatelyavendedpurnedompletelyrey,sadappened soanyimesithormalecordsadad. Whileisteningoetslyingvernulltereo,rains passinghroughoureadndeoplealkingtentraltation, Ilancedhroughheooklethatccompaniedr.arre's masterwork,nhicheadhatesedhetrangest instruments.lso,esedomputersadeyertainompany calledairlight. Iuddenlyememberednnglishalfine,hoadalked abouthemazingraphicshatoulderoducedsinghese devices,sellsabulousossibilitiesnheieldf musicndound.eoldeanyritishelevision presentationsereriginallyesignednderformednairlight computers.eighed,henddedhatheseomputerserearely affordablendeganalkingboutompletelyifferent subject. Fairlightasoundedn975ywolectronicsnthusiasts,im Ryriendeterogel,hohenadiewtreatinguch moreophisticatedusicynthesizerhanashenvailable. Theirirstesearchperformednheasementfim's grandmother)assedoraunchingeveralommercialrojects, ofhichpecialistolourrocessingorseithelevision broadcastsndfficeomputersereheirst. In979,heyinallyecamenownhroughheiromputerased musicalnstrument,heairlightMI.tadhenique possibilityosample"oundshichouldhenelayedack throughheeyboardntandardusicalitch.heMI,nact, wasn'tormalynthesizer,utevicehatouldroduceeal sound. PeterogelentnorldouroromoteheMI,utt provedhatosteopleadlreadyeardftyordfouth. Severaleoplefferedoegentsneverallacesnhe world,ndnnternationalistributionetworkasuickly formed.owadays,anyfheorld'sopusiciansorkithhe CMIeriesfairlight:otnlyeyboardirtuosoeanichel Jarre,utlsoateush,uranuranalthoughmuchore fanfeavyetal,erebyorceyselfoypeownhat ghastlyame),eterabrielndanythers.nolland,aster mixereniebrandsesheMIoixiscouugh!)usicor usenheadio. Inecentears,airlightasxperiencedonsiderablerowth, andowmploysbout0eoplentsushcuttersay,ydney Officendactory.nehirdfheseremployednhe researchepartments. In983,airlighteganoiversifyntoheieldfraphics, thusreatingowostideoffectsevicehichaso combineiveideondraphicrawingndolouringffects.n 1984,tinallyentntoroductionsheVIomputerideo Instrument.n986,airlightevelopedheollower-upohe CMI,heMIeriesIIndheOICERACKER. TheairlightomputerideonstrumentCVI) Haveouvereennefhoseusicoxrkyhannelntros? Andhatbouthentrosromermany'sComputerorner"?hese arellaidoaveeenadesingheairlightVI.hat makeshisnstrumentoifferentromthers? Let'savelancehroughheechnicalpecifications.t first,here56x256esolution.hissothingoetxcited about,inceheommodore4ffersbouthatesolutionor priceuchess.utet'sontinue.hecreensuiltpn4 bitlanesremember?hererefhosenheTnow Resolution)ndith096olors.heifferenceith.g.he Amigawhichlsoossesses096olors)shatlloloursan beisplayedtneime,itherticalesolutionhats5% higher256nsteadf00).heoftwarellowshetrangest thingsoeoneithnyicturerraphicresentation currentlynhecreenithheelpfnasy-to-useraphics pad.tllowsealimeffects,utasteptions,hesef 54extures,hroma-keyedieldtorethisreatesrailed effects),hatterdmages,verlappingirrors,tillmagend lotsore.venheptionsfArtirector"retillit amateuristicomparedohis.ndhoseon'tctnive images!heVIsoldnollandorbout7,000uilders (withoutraphicad,SCIIeyboardndequencerxpander)r 40,000llnclusive.nndicationororeigneaders:utch guildersorthbout.5ollars. TheairlighteriesII Thiss,nact,hedvancedersionfheold'MI,he Computerusicalnstrument.ndvenheocumentation receivedastterlyndmazinglympressive!hatustou imaginehenmalkingbouthisystem? Atirst,here'shemainframe'-likeystemox.tan contain50bn-lineinchesterthat'sardiskrive,n caseouon'tnow)sells0bemovableapeartridge forasstorage.lsoontainsMb"loppyiskrive includingontroller.nheearfhatase,ou'llindCSI (Smallomputerystemsnterface)oookpnytherass storageevicervenersonalomputers.fourse,here's MIDIsellIonderhenrankilletairlightMIeries IIIaybeorisextirthday?). Further,here'sheomputereyboard,onochromeomputer videoisplaysometimeseferedosMonitor")ndusical keyboard6ctaveo,elocityensitive,itchnd modulationheels,ightariableontrols,ndore).fourse, itslsoossibleosenotherIDIeyboard,ith.g. polyphonicndlobalftertouchffects. TheMIeriesIIffers6oicesexpandableo0oices),0 dBynamicangeoice/channelards,eperate6it/A converters,ynamicCF,CAorachhannel/card,6itnd0 Khztereoampling100hznonoode),po4baveform RAMer6hannelshichrovidesverinutesfampling times0hz,2icroprocessors10809rocessorsndes, yes8000rocessors),MPTEead,ritendyncndf courseotsoreSMPTEeansocietyfotionicture Televisionngineers,ttandsorynchronisationethod whichsenerallycceptedsorldtandard). ItunsS-9soonvailableorheTsell,o'veeard) Multi-taskingperatingystemssellsighevelanguages. Theomputereyboardsaidoeitetterhanhatfhe ST,ith2eys,5pecialunctioneysassignable,f course),ighesolutionraphicabletthisaneompared withheoala-Pador-bitomeomputers,neanlsoe foundnheVIentionedefore).turtherasualrinter portsndelnetommunicationsetworkook-upossibilities. Theoftwarelsosaidoeomewhatettervenhanhe professionalIDIoftwareorheTuchsZndroidnd Twenty_Four.here'sCLMusicompositionanguage,ext basedomposer),SRealimeequenzer,6rackecorder withraphicotevents)ndAPSComposer,rranger, Performerequenzer,po0racksssignableonternal voicesrxternallyhroughIDIanerogrammedneal time,uantitizedron-realime.here'sxtensiveicro-and Macroditingsellsrackotationsonventionalusic notation). Itsossibleoealisesanys4IDIutputnd8IDI inputoices. ThericefompleteMIeriesIIystemiestlmost 225,000uilders!). TheairlightOICERACKER Essentially,heairlightOICERACKERsuiteimple device.takesnyonophonicoundourcendnstantly analysesndonvertstorivenyIDIroltageontrolled synthesizer.ooiceanecomeheoundfuitar, guitarheoundfaxophone,ndon.ouaveullontrol overheitchynamicndimbrefveryote.heOICE TRACKERlsoeneratesetailedisualnalysisfveryote ifouonnecttoideoonitor. Beingheheapesteviceairlightffers,heIOCERACKER sellstbout0,000uilders. Fairlightomputersreanufacturedndistributedy: Fairlightnstrumentty.td. 15-19oundarytreet Rushcuttersay SydneySW011 Australia Ifouantorepecificnformation,rfouustantoet yourantsookingthepecifications,tc.fhese magnificentomputers,ouhouldriteohem,arefrs. Amandaeid-Young. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.VIRUSESNHETARIT byichardarsmakers Ifheresnehinghatasadeapidntroductionor, rather:ntrusion)nheorldfheT,tillrobablyne thing:heIRUS. Thenglishictionarytateshatirussaontagiousr poisonousatter',theoisonhichausesnfection'ndany foul,urtfulatter'.hathisasooithheT?eadhis articleasellshisime'sEditorial')ndou'llnow exactlyhat'malkingbout. Pleaselloweoxplainhatvirus's;sthe computer'squivalentfIDS?owouentiont,hinkhe resemblancesuitetriking.IDSsn'tisiblentsnitial stageseithersheT'sirus.IDSannacturnuto beuitearmlessoanheirus.nd.....AIDSanillou somethinghatheT'sirusanooourisks. Avirus'aneescribedsomethinghatorkssime- bomb:tillultiplytselfhileemainingnseen,ndille activatedheneverertainonditionsrue.hisondition caneertainimeraluenouromputerystem,pecific numberfirusultiplicationsrassheaseithhe currentTirus)tanecomectivehenertainalues writtennertainocationnertainiskector. Airussnstallednouromputerhenouootpour systemithnnfectedisknheootevice.hisillost probablyerive,utanheoreticallylsoearddiskr eveneset-resistantAMdisk.heirushat'surrently roamingnheTnstallstselfsnxtensionfheIOS functionget_bpb";hisoutinesalledromheperating systemheneverewirectoryseadfterwappingisksr wheniskasusteenormatted.hus,heirusanopy itselfonyiskhatouappenoeadheierctoryrom, andtlsoritestselfnnyiskhatouappenoormat whileouromputersnfected.uckynough,heurrentirus isotbleoritehroughherite-protectotchinhich casetouldebleoultiplytselfniskshatrerite- protected),ndsoteset-resistantresetestroyst). Inact,heirusightnacteallednngeniousiecef programming.owevereattighte,thouldeemovedrom ALLourisks!ossistounchievinghisuest,ave writtenirusillerhatslsoresentnhis STEWSisk. Aeperaterticlenhisssueillxplainowtorks. Howoesheurrentirusork? Theirussocatednheootsectorfnnfectedisk.ts loadedntoomputeremorysouootpourystemithhe infectedisknheooteviceNLYHENHEOOTSECTORF THATISKSXECUTABLE!negularT,heootsectors loadednemoryt167Ahexadecimal).fterhectual bootsectorsoaded,tsxecutedromhatddressnddapts theIOSunctionget_bpb"ohattumpshroughheirus routinefterallinghectualget_bpb".hen,teturns controloheomputer.ourystemsownfectedndhe virusaitsotrike. Let'saveooktheisassembledistingfnnfected bootsector,oadednemoryt50000. 50000RA05003A 5003AEA50000(PC),A0 oad50000n0 5003EOVE.L0004C6,A1 oaddskbufpn1 50044DDA.L$00000600,A1 dd600odskbufpalue 5004AOVE.L1,A2 opy1o2 5004COVE.W$0100,D0 ectorengthn0 50050OVE.WA0)+,(A1)+ opyootsectorouffer 50052UBQ.W1,D0 50054PL050050 50056EA050064(PC),A0ddressfnstalloutine 5005AEA050000(PC),A1 5005EUBA.L1,A0 elativeddress 50060DDA.L0,A2 50062MPA2) xecutenstalloutine 50064EA05012C(PC),A0ufferddressorld get_bpb'ector 50068OVE.L000472,(A0) opyget_bpb'ector 5006EEA05007A(PC),A0nstallewddress 50072OVE.L0,$000472 opytoget_bpb'ector 50078TS irussownstalled Nowollowshectualdaptedget_bpb'unction.hisshe actualirus,xecutedheneverheIOSunctionget_bpb's called. 5007AINK6,#$0000 5007EOVE.W0008(A6),-(A7)urrentriveumber 50082OVE.L05012C(PC),A0oadldget_bpb'ddress 50086SRA0) xecuteormalget_bpb' 50088DDQ.L2,A7 estoretack 5008AOVEM.L0/A0-A1,-(A7)aveegistersorctual irusoutine 5008EEA050130(PC),A0oadddressf0001alue 50092ST.WA0) 0000? 50094EQ050124 o;eaveoutine 50098OVE.L0004C6,A0 etdskbufp 5009EOVE.WA0),D0 etirstwoytesfoot ectorromemory 500A0MP.W$6038,D0 stirusootsector? 500A4EQ050104 es!henheckfeyhere 500A6EA050000(PC),A1tartfootsectorddress 500AAOVE.WA1)+,(A0)+ opyranchoiskuffer 500ACOVE.WA1)+,(A0)+ opyore 500AEOVE.WA1)+,(A0)+ 500B0DDA.L$00000032,A1 umpverootsectorPB 500B6DDA.L$00000032,A0 500BCOVE.W$00E7,D0 E7ytestilloopy 500C0OVE.WA1)+,(A0)+ opyoiskbuffer 500C2UBQ.W1,D0 500C4NE0500C0 500C6OVE.W$0001,-(A7) xecutableootsectorlag 500CAOVE.W$FFFF,-(A7) on'thangeiskype 500CEOVE.L$FFFFFFFF,-(A7)on'thangeerialumber 500D4OVE.L0004C6,-(A7) ddressosesuffer 500DAOVE.W$0012,-(A7) bios2,rotobt 500DERAP14 500E0OVE.W$0001,-(A7) ectorcount=1 500E4LR.L(A7) rackndide=0 500E6OVE.W$0001,-(A7) ector=1 500EAOVE.W0008(A6),-(A7)urrentevice 500EELR.L(A7) iller 500F0OVE.L0004C6,-(A7) ufferoritenisk 500F6OVE.W$0009,-(A7) bios,lopwrite 500FARAP14 500FCDDA.L$00000022,A7 orrecttack 50102RA050124 eaveirusoutine 50104OVE.W0002(A0),D0 econdndhirdytef ootectoro0 50108MP.W$1092,D0 eyet? 5010CNE050124 o:eaveirusoutine Thissherehingsorongonlyfhekey'asaluef $1092exadecimal): 5010EEA050000(PC),A1ootsectordressn1 50112OVE.L0002(A1),D0 ddressf10920000alue 50116MP.W0004(A0),D0 ompareithytendf urrentootsector 5011AGT050124 5011CSRA0) ecursiveumpeverxits 5011EEA050130(PC),A0ddressf0001alue 50122LR.WA0) learto0000 50124OVEM.LA7)+,D0/A0-A1xitirusoutine 50128NLK6 5012ATS 5012CFC0DE6 501300001 Theirusnheormhatiscoveredsuitearmless,eally -utustaitntilhekey'etsheootsectorytesnd to1092......Thingsanowfullyronghen! Soou'dettertartsingheiruskillernhis STEWSssue immediatelyndheckllourisksspeciallyheneshat youeepn-writeprotectedostfheimeyourorkdisks). Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.THEAGAY,PRIL5TH987 doorichardarsmakers Itasarmridayfternoonheneftmsterdamentral stationithyleepingag,oothbrushndirmatras.heun washiningerriblyardndnhequareandtood playingusic,hichidn'toundadtll.heeavilyearded (ZZ-Topike)uitarist/singerriedoringomeappynessn thetmosphere,hicheemedoeecessary. Itartedyuestorram.uckynoughtasn'tifficult toindtndvenucceedednskingheriverithy softg'herehouldaveoetut.Kruislaan",ashe answerfheanhorobablyecognizedon-hostileutuite backwarduyromheouthernetherlandsne.ndfterbout halfnour'sripnheleedin'otramutyeetnhe groundgainnheruislaan. "Entranceaapdencetrack/Edenall"eadnargeignn theornerfhetreet,oecidedoollowherrowhat waslsorawnntnotherafittituff,utheealne). 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ButyorriesCarnheitch?ordinatorrrestedor ridiculousppearance?rjanthelub'sDan)aughtor smugglingDoaboveheivers'?)urnedutoeothing moreuthantasiestomewhatboutiverjanroppedn inaroadedotsullxtendnhichlsoyes,iracles don'tnlyappentourdes!)icherispenadindomepace toeransportedn.ftererynterestinghatithheAG bossndolefiscuitwhicheemesoendigestableo couldakepromomefrjan'semarksooad,utow Wicherndoursrulyimplyasomeorefhem)etarted dischargingheoorxlesfrjan'sehicle. 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Now,hectivitieseallytartedreakin'oose.roundM quiteometandholdersadrrivedhatoweverishlytarted makingheoodenablesookepresentable.otfterooong time,rankemmennddrieanereijdeneveryonenows Frank,fourse,utdriesheideo-digitizingreakromT Clubindhoven)roppednsell,ogetherithagonloadf computerardwaremongsthichyTsellsyearld64 wereituatedthat4ouldausehetrangesteactionsuring theay,romureawiolenceoell-meantnterestnthis newToprocessor').akoanoossenroppednitater, whoasccompaniedyoerteanduusurtelallembersf theboardfirectors'romTlubinhoven,xceptorood olduus),ndarryiensompletedheangsheastan.s farseereoncerned,heoorsouldowurstpenorhe activitiesfheay. Thisappenedt9.30oursndromhatomentn,ubertas everywherendowherethat'shateendedoallactive promotion").drietartedemonstratingisideo-digitizing capabilities,oerttartedetailinglipboards,ranktarted messingithIDI,tefaneganoellThertiST+"ikeis veryifeependednt,ricuiltpindfardware serviceit'smazingoeeowanyeoplensertheirOS ROMsherongayround)ndheompleteStrike-a-Light" groupealouslytartedisposingStrikey"ndheirew offeringPicworks2.0".oursrulytartedonjuringit with STEWS,ithisltogetheridn'troveoeuchf crowd-pullerquitenderstandable).hat'shyootedphe "Goldrunner"emondeftypaceoavetrollroundhe buildingoeehatasappeninglsewhere. Sooniscoveredhatrankstrowski'sookGfAasic"as beingold,oouldoonfterwardsallopyfhatook mineaeviewfhishantasticookayeoundlsewheren thisssuefTEWS).Bitships"oldGoldrunner"they hadutneopy,hichasoldtround4.00ours)nd "FlightsimulatorI"aslsooldomewhereanmpressive producthatighturnutoatisfyrustratedonochrome usersorhileongertorkednolor-asells monochromeonitors).ompudressasfferingataeckerooks atiscountricessittingppositeoataeckerolland)nd thereasn'tuchoreoee.ustppositetefanndours truly,nmpressiveIDIemonstrationasetp,hichaused FrankoemonstrateStarrek"soonseould.lmost deadlyecamehenitiativefnefsoountomempty "Strikey"-andArtiST+"ackagesnhebstacleshatereade theveningeforendhatereowlacednopfheables. Innocentisitorsrequentlylmostecameictimfheackages thattartedallingownsheemperatureose,issingome people'seadsynlyractionsfnnch. Aroundoontustaveeenerriblyotutside.he temperaturenheallasurelyearable,utuddenlyll visitorsurnedutoeearingawaiianhirts,hortsnd sandalswithheandvoorteachnderheiroenails).henhe doorshuttround6.00,turneduthatheseoorsad beenassedyitesshan000eople,hatadakenare ofeasonableales.heomputerseregainutnheir packingsndhetandsereeingissectionedgain.driend Frankeftuiteoon,ndheyadoissnxclusiveeal offeredyheAGFrenchriesithroquetromething' withish).heriesereatable,utheestefinately wasn't.uckynough,oakeanoundut,heoghatended tooamnheestaurantidikeheood.aveouvereen 6eetighogumpustsighonapalfthing'romhe air?etrjan'stilletromt! Afterhiseliciousinnerateastorheogsppearedo beomethingikehattillowaveoollowread-diet foromeeeks)elladeorome.adheonouroravel homeithuus,oertndakoinheatter'sar).erend thererakinghereeuspectedopper,erovesllome witheasonablepeederoppedefftyumbleesidence atround2.30ours.heardwareasnloadedndutnhe hallextayhattuffouldaveooputownly thoughtfnehing:leepingnormaled,ithushion, withoutCopyeep,ithoutDusicndithoutheusicrom "Strikey".ndostfll:ithoutoisyhainsawassacres! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.OURORRESPONDENCEDDRESS Allroblems,ariousorrespondence,uestionsornswerso questions),fAasicipsricksandroblems,fourse), reactions,rticles,omments,tc.aneailedoheddress below,hereheyillenspectedndnsweredfeededifn answersequired,leaseootorgetoupplynoughtamps ornternationaleplyouponsooverurostosts).etters ofraiserefourselsoelcomed,sreettersilledith criticism.usteelreeorite. STEWS Kievitstraat0 NL-5702Eelmond TheetherlandsTHEONSUMERLECTRONICSHOW,AY0TH/JUNEND987,HICAGO PART byarryanoren Severaligventsappenegularlynheorldflectronics. Ofourseon'teferoo-calledechnologicalreakthroughs butoheoreundaneayshatanufacturershowheirnew" productsoheeneralublic. Amongstthersheresheerlinairneptember,he renownedokyoair,heigairneoulnorea,heannover Messendnheetherlandsasseslockoondisithe Firatoxhibitionverytherear. Althoughomefheseairsespeciallyokyo,erlinnd Hannover)reubstantiallyigger,wohowsrehoughtoe theoremostnmportanceorheesternemisphere.hesere theummeronsumerlectronicshow,eldnuallynhicagond thenternationalinteronsumerlectronicshownasegas. Theokyoairsnventntswnccord.ererehownll theurprisesheapaneseanufacturersavepheirleeves forheextouplefears;otsfrototypesreenerally shownsellsroductshatrepeciallyearedowardhe Japanesearketndilleverearketedutsideapan.heE Showsnhicagondasegasavesuallyewerrototypesnd manufacturersxhibitorearketeadyroduct. Atllfheentionedhowsmphasisiesithheudio/video partfonsumerlectronics,utheastecadeorendore otherormsfonsumerlectronicsavehownpthehows, startingith.o.hotographicquipment. Dependingnhehowndheestrictionsmposedyhe organisinguthoritiesouightindnythingronauthorised real"wissatchesadenaiwanrorea,i-techudio/video, floatingubmergibleathubadiosolectronicollsorhe spoiledoungsterhoastll;lthoughheseayse/she mightanderroundtomeithheatestadlutchednts sweatyittleaws:heappunfouantoeduceromhe wordinghaton'tikeids...t'sllours.appun incidentallysancyookinguturisticeaponhatmitsn infraedeam.ourpponentthetherrat)arriesarget thatsensitiveonfraed.fouittithheeamrom theun,heargeteepsoetounowou'reitand thereforeresumablyead).h,heiraclesroughtyodern electronics!orheirstimeverouanowkill"omebody withheemoteontrolfourideoironyouldaveto haveoseheOFF"utton). But'mtrayingromheoint. Athesehows,verheastouplefears,orendore computersaveroppedp.ndithomputersamehenevitable software.owlseoseomputer? ThislsooesorheonsumerlectronicshowsforhortE ShowsrES).ou'llindnyhtingherehatsvenemotely connectedoudio/videondvenore. SincehehowsreeingeldnheSA,lsoresentre severalanufacturersfarudioystemsandagginglong: Carecurityystems!).heoiseausedyomefheseo calledighidelityudioystemssometimeseallyeafening. Luckilyheoreoringbothithegardoheindshear) areestinedotayutsidefheallnasegas. Unfortunatelynhicagoewalltheorthall)asecently openedpoostfheoiseblasterserenside.ndvenore unfortunatelyoryellowisitorsnde:extoheomputer section. Theltimateeavennarudioeemsoeforheverage Americanarwner)oavenisarrororeucky/rich American:nisanhichssuallyboutheizefmall Mercedesenzannudioystemhatanelivernythingp to000atterhannel;ndllhisouringntoountless speakers,angingromeetasspeakerso/2nchweeters. Anverageystemillontaininimumf0ariouspeakers andillebleolastountoheereafterithineconds ofwitchingn.utereheyre,heseoundovers;appy smilewitchingnheiripshileheyistenLISTEN shouted!)ohelarity,heerfectonalalance,heepthf theigitalwhatlse!)ound.omefheemonstratedystems wereolaboratehatheyilledheanrarpntirely, justeavingpaceorheriverndnnderfedatomewhere inheemainingfnyooks.heoundshatouredutf theseoeastlyreatedarsustenoughopeednyarp to00ileserourithoutvenwitchinghenginen.f onlyllhepeakersouldeointedearward,hisoulde usedseallyon-pollutingayfriving.ndoworhe proverbialazyrivenheoods..... Allhisoesn'tpringoindhenneoesoESorhe firstime.ou'llrobablyxpectugeairithillionsf exhibitsndrowdsillinghroughhehow. Onehingouon'teesrowd.heESeingradenly show,heeneralublicsotllowedn.ouaveohowt leastwo.D.'sfhichneasoeourusiness.D.efore youvenetearnntranceass. Generally,ESillavebout00,000ttendees,otuch comparedovenomethingikeheutchirato.uton't forget,heESsradenlyhow. SohenentoyirstESomeearsgo,nitiallyas reallyisappointed,otnlyyheumberfisitors,utlso byheacthathereasn'tuchoee.hat'soteallyrue ofourse,utfouavevereenoerlinith2ifferent hallsfonsumerlectronicsou'llnowhatean.heeagre 3allsfheonventionenternasegasrhewoand now,n987,hree)allsfcCormicklacenhicagoook disappointing.hatsntiloueallyryoeeverythingnd visitllheooths. Thenturnsuthatotsfompaniesaveentedotnly floorpaceatidiculouslyighrices,2y0eetosts about10,000)utoinimiseostslsoentedompleteuites inotelsearby.earinghatnind,ou'llnderstandhat goingoESaneerytrainingImotalkingbouthe partieseinghrowntightsyllhesexhibitors,ou're hereoork). Solyingnohicagoheednesdayeforehehowtarted wasellwarehatiringaysereheadfe.partrom that,on'teallyikehicagohatuchnyway.owntown Chicago,hereastaying,sownrightreary.uringheay itsuiteusyndiceoalkroundutnheveninghen thefficesloseownhelaceetseserted.itikehe Cityfondonfterix.outhfheiver,hicagosmpty aftereven,arsreewndaretween,vencDonaldsloses at0. OK,verybodyillellouoooushtreetoaveood time,ushtreeteinghen-placeoo;ushtreetherell thections,olks!orne,ivingnmsterdam,njoyhe briefestisitoheeidsepleinorehannyrolongedtayt Rushtreet.on'teterong,ouureanaveiceimen Rushtreet,uton'tareorteryuch.nyway,ostf myuropeanandmerican)usinessfriends"riedohowea realoodime"nushtreet.adoayheyailed.uckily toaytidn'tnfluenceurusiness. Onefheirsthingsoiteasheirhenotutf O'Hareirport.ikeetinnenoweltrappedtselfround myuicklyrofuselyweatingody,8egreeselciusupper 80'sorheahrenheiters).ummeradomearlynhicago. Normally,hisimefearendfay,eginningfune),he temperatureilleround0/25egrees.heriverfheab toyotellaimedheeathereingteastixeeksheadf schedule. 'Thankodorirconditioning',ouighthink.otoeally, theirstayfhehowookhehuttleusregularus shuttlesoromheariousotelsocCormicklace)ndound outhatheircoaspighnoughoreezeiterallyy *****ff.ustedscapedrostbite.noughrolicking,ostf theimeheircoaseallyelcome. Theomputernnexoftwareivisionfhehowasocatedn McCormickorth,heewlypenedall.nheameallou couldindomeudio/videoooths,otsforean/Taiwanatch manufacturers,heongonghamberfommercembrellaooth andanyarudiooiseystem.nefheatteradhe irritatingabitfemonstratingvery5inutesowuchass heouldroduceithisystem.ostfheisitors,hen asked,iguredhatheallasnderttackromowlying jets.otew'veeenanderinground,ookingorhelter. Canoumaginerivingroundithomethingikehatnhe neighbourhoodouiven?hinkobfrustratedarents whoseidsieailingnheirots,okenyouravourite tune,illomeownnoueryapidly.uthat'smericaor you! Oncegainheizefheomputerectionasesshanast timendnanuarinasegasttendeesomplainedfhis beinghemallestomputerectionver! Inayhissnderstandable.orendoreompaniesendo gooomputer-onlyhows,ikeheOMDEXnheSArforhe Europeans)heersonalomputerhowPCW,ostlyoftware exhibits)nondonneptember. Notableashebsencefommodore.ommodoreasxpectedo introduceheewmiga00utoremportantlyheirC1, rumouredly300ullyBMompatiblelose.ommodoreurnedut toaveptedorheOMDEX. Thereeretillorehannoughxhibitors.mongstheames foundnheatalogueretariorporation,ctivision,nalog Computingagazine,valonillameompany,ctionsoft, Berkeleyoftworks,ataast,intendo,egaystems,apcom USA,tc. Ofourselectronicrts,rderbund,sygnosis,pringboardnd otherserehere,utorendorenhowsfhisindou'll findo-calledmbrellaooths.hiseanshatigholesaler oristributorentsloorspacendubentshisothers.o Electronicrtsouldeoundnnefhese,sells Activisionyheay.fourseheseompaniestilladheir ownuitesnotelsroundhicago. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.THEONSUMERLECTRONICSHOW,AY0TH/JUNEND987,HICAGO PARTI byarryanoren Bothnegassnhicagoheiggestoothnhelooras thatfintendo.umouredostsfhehicagointendoooth waspproximately500,0000hilsttookhemiveaysoet upverything.intendoseallyloodinghearketnheSA (astideforenapan)ithtsartridgeasedideogame system,ollowedloselyyega.oonderryingoeepp withheoneseslmostantoaytarintroduced (althoughnlyackstage)8000asedomputerideogame system.utncegaintariidn'tonvincee;heoftware theyhowedasppaling.anoumaginen8000asedames systemithraphicsikeeenninclairpectrum?ell, that'shyheyhowedsnhoseushushackstage demonstrationsfheirewystemhatwasoingoonquerhe world". Overallhetmospherethehowasittleitnoun intended)epressedithegardsoomputersndoftware. TheitarketnheSAsollapsing,rendlso noticeablenhe.Kndheestfurope.6nd2it softwaresn'takingverhealeshatoftwareouseseedo survive.lthoughteS/DOSrBMompatible/clonearkets surgingapidly,obodyxpectsuchfnntertainmentarket there. Whatsappeningnhearkethen? Whenouontonmericanomputershophenlyhingshey sellreS/DOSachinesclonesndruelue),pple MacintoshesndomeppleIGS.nhesehigh-end'tores softwaresoldorheseachinesnly,ndpartromhat, theyoottockheiversitynroductououldikeoee. Lowndachinesiketari00/130XE,ommodore4,tc.re soldnlynomeepartmenttoresrnlectronicshopshat alsoarryatches,ameras,lectronicrgansndimilarinds ofoodies. AmigasndtariTsreardoindnnyhopssshe associatedoftware.peakingoomehopkeepersasoldhat sellingheseachinesasn'torthheirhile.ndeedothhe AmigandheTreavingroubledimesnheSA.alesave notakenffsxpectedytarindommodore. Withegardooftware,ostealerslaimedhatelling softwareormigarTasirtuallympossible.henswer givenostnhisespectas:Noeedoutnythingnhe shelves;heylreadyaveverythingeforetsven released". Thisaslsoheeneraleelingmongoftwareeveloperst thehow.heverageTndmigawneriratesarorehan anytheromputerwnerithhexceptionfommodore4 owners.arketurveyshowhatutf0Tndmigawners areormer4eople.ndouoteheresidentfpyx:They keepheirateentality". Despitellhis,oftwarestilleingevelopedorhese 68000achines,stsorhe64.lthoughlmostverybody feelshatithinheextearhe64illtopxistingsar asoftwaresoncernedecausefhisirating.ndeveral peopleeardoicinghepinionhatmigandToftware mightoheameay. Itsfourseidiculous.feookheheutcharkete haveheollowingacts:64sold:ver00,000.fhese, about0%reoongersed.0%fheeamining50,000re usednchoolrusinessnvironment.fhectually75,000 machinessed,0%resedithiskrive,oherere approximately40,000iskrivesuthere. Nowhowe64wnerithiskrivehooesn'tavehe BrderbundPrinthop"nisollection.ight,verybody'sot onefhose,oherereteast40,000opiesfhePrint Shop"uthere. Noworhereaturprise:ctualalesfhePrinthop"n Hollandseranuarist987:387nits. Wow,reatusinessevelopingoftware,ight? Andowbouthis?f,nolland,ouveravemashitf aameouightctuallyellbout50nitsor64.owhat reallyecoupsheoneynvested! Thankodtsotsadshatverywhere.alesnhe.K. andheSAretilloodnoughoroftwareouseourvive butithhose0,000,000yes,0illion!)64snhearket worldwide,heiggestitverasGhostbusters"hichold approx.00,000nitsorldidenhatachine.tasow beenransferredoheintendoamesachinendold,000,000 unitsithinheirstwoonthsnapanlone. Oneoreeasonorompaniesoryndetheublicouy cartridgeasedamesomputers.hichsfourselsoreatly helpedyheacthatheeneralublicsedpithoading cassettesndiscs;heyowantomethinguickndasy,.e. aOMartridge.orllheoftwareorldares,intendond Segareelcomeoakeverhentertainmentarketith regardsoames. But00,000sne-offxception.eneralalesfame worldwideightenythingpo0,000nits,suallyhe figureentersround2,000nits. Nowhatayoundikeot,utonsideringheostnvolved inevelopingeallyOODameoromethingikeascal compiler),tsotnough.greehatheajorityfames pututyoftwareousessubbish,utheccasionalood gameuffersromheiracysell.ecausehat'shatll thissbout.alesren'toowecauseamesrsn't bad,alesreoowecauseheajorityf64wnersandow STsndmigassell)onsidertightfuloirateoftware. They'lloaywirehenomebodytealsvenheiriniestadget (or,nolland,heirike),uttealingoftwaresonsidered normal.ometimestvenoundssfomeeopleonsider piratingoeightheyavecquiredithuyingomputer. Whattoilsownoshatnneandouaveardware manufacturersurningutvenoreeautifulachinestheega STsorxample)ndnhetherandouaveheoftware developershoorendoreonsidertotorthheirffort toevelopoftwareosellheseeatewachines.ndhere doeshateaveoeublichooughtheuddyhing? Nobodysurehatooboutllhis.oweringoftware pricesertianlyoesn'teemoelpot,ohenhatill? Thisaslsoheeneraleelingthicago.hereoeorom hereithegardooftware? Mostoftwareeveloperstateowhatheytillillevelop products,utilleepheown-goingalesnind.hey calculatehereak-evenointfheroductndillnvesto morehaneededoetheroductut.uiteightlyo, becausethendfheayverybodyantsoat. However,tlsoeanshatroductsilleveresoods theyoulde.ndncegaine,hendsers,oseut. Inensetshame,ecauseeavellhisice technologyndeon'tebleosetfheresoolution foundorheentionedroblems. Asillatton,DManagingirector,D)tublogicaido me:Thisusinesssoung,ctuallytillntsiapers.nd byheayhingsookowtightiehere!" Despitellhisoaninghereastillnoughoee.ublogic didn'tavetswnoothutisterompanyctivisionid.hey showednS/DOSersionfheirlreadylassicUp Periscope!",ellnownnhe64.hisubmarineimulator beatsicroprose'sSilentervice"ndheecentlyeleased "Subattleimulator"ypyxandsownndlthoughDena Kareotidesouldn'tameate,heyrehinkingboutnT version. Knowinghatheyseheameoutineshichave "FlightsimulatorI"tsraphicsndmoothperation,ounow whatou'reaitingor. Asnasegasnanuary,hectualtarioothasitf letdown.heastouplefears,tariasptedorhe umbrelladeaithegardsoheT.obout0%fheooth isedicatedoheT,roreorrectlyToftware.heest ofheoothslwayseingsedorheevamped600nd800 gamesomputers,ithoadsfeoplelastingway.neorner ofheooth,hisime,adimulatedessnaockpitnhich yououldryutublogic'sFlightsimulatorI".nhether sidefheooth,ybridrtshowedheossibilityfheir MIDIoftwareawn,ncegain.K,heyaveoodroductsut ason-synthesizerreakon'tnoweadromailsnIDI synthesizer. Withegardsoewardwarean'tellouuch.hy?here wasn'tny.oegaTsnight,otaserprinteroeound. TwotariBMompatibleS/DOSachinesereresentndhat wast.ouchortariardware. Godnowshy,ecausesoueadhistarieneluxastarted shippingegaTs4egnlyotartith)sells laserprintersbothtbout500utchuilders). No,bviouslytarioncentratesnheartridgeasedachines asarsmericasoncernedndeavesheTourope.hich indeedshatsappening.nmericaheyardlyellnyTs while,nhetherand,heuropeanarketsooming.his alsoxplainsheackfmerican-basedoodon-gameoftware. Theeston-gameroducttheomenttilltemsromermany (GfAasicorne). TheFlightsimulatorI"ashattarioncentratednthis show.essnalaneasangingverheooth,oeeenrom farff. Theameeoplesnasegasereemonstratingnheooth: a.o.ichtron,lectronicrts,ybridrtsndTLofSundog" fame). Notuchxcitingewshisimeround,verybodyashowing theameroductssnasegasnd,nheasefTL,sn Chicagoastear. Whatikedostfheoftwarehownereasamealled "MIDIaze".eingevelopedyanth/X,MIDIaze"s distributedyybridrts. "MIDIaze"aslreadyhownnersiontillnder developmentnasegas,utheersionisplayednhicago seemedoeeadyoearketed.hissndeedIDI orientatedroduct,utspposedolltherybridrts products,tctuallysAME! Andameou'veevereenheikesf!heirstime playedMIDIaze"negastheeallyasyersion!)heyad toragewayfterours. Wow,hatame! "MIDIaze"soughlyasednheiriuslassicWayut"n thetariitnd64.nDazeouanderround.oalf theamesohootsanyhappyaces"souanindnhe maze.heseappyacesookotikeacan,heymileot asell. Youanelectpo5computerontrolled)pponentsnhe maze.ut,ndereomesheicehing,ouanlsolay against5umanpponents.ow?heamellowsouoonnect 16TsoachtherhroughheIDIorts.orveryomputer inheetworkouhereforeeedIDIable. Addohisheacthatouanesignourwnazesith "Firstord"ndhatoreoouant? "MIDIaze"sheatestromanth/X,heeoplehat developedheFuji-Boink"ndShinyubbles"emorograms. "MIDIaze"llowspo6layersoompeteneal-time combat.achlayerasiswnomputerndoint-of-viewnhe game. AlllayersnheamereDepresentationsfacSmiley face"an.oddnsultonjury,henevernpponentills youeellsouohaveiceay".ollowinghelapstick theme,heamecoresisplayednusicalcore,he winninglayerticksutisonguetheosers. Gamelaysikealking.ormaloystickontrolspply.ll playersrenheameazendaveheamebjective;he firstlayeroake0illsorimselfriseaminshe game.lmostorgothatouanlayneamsgainstach other.poeamsanlay.eat,h? "MIDIaze"sxpensivebout0ollarsndsfetothing isnownbouturopeanistributors.utsars'moncerned thissneellfame! ApartromMIDIAze",ybridrtsnnouncedpgradedersions ofheiregularinefIDIroducts,.e.EZ-Track",MIDI TrackT"ndGenPatchT". FTLromaniegowellnownSundog"evelopers)ncegain showedheirDungeonaster"ame.hisamerobablyeverill beinished.asedponheDungeonndragons"olelaying ideaDragon'sair"stsoundnhercadeallsrwith inferiorraphicsndeallyoringameplay)nhe64. Byheay,hatverappenedoheaserdiscnterfacehown inegasithhichououldlayDragon'sair"?ideodisc playerrovidedheamesnhercadeall,heomputerid allheontrolling.anishedntoothingness?obody,otven Michtronwhoarryhetemnheiratalogue),ouldelle anythingboutt. Anyway,heraphicsfDungeonaster"ookederrific,ame playingaserfect,ameellorthaving.henlyroblem wille:henillheyinisht? WhataseadyorarketingasamealledOids".his graphicallyicercadeamesrossetweenAsteroids", "Choplifter"ndGravatar"utithetterameplay. AlsooonoeeleasedasRPV".hisStarglider"ookalike willossiblyaveheossibilityfwolayersompeting throughIDIable.heitsndieceshownerellrightut bothheDfTLsheeveloperfheameeniedver havingeardfStarglider".oeopleikehateallyxist? AlsoalkingoomeTLeopleackstageturnsuthat,n theeginningf988,hereseallyoodhancefSundog II"eingeleased.asedponheriginalSundog",heyill thrownDungeonaster"spectshenouandnlanetnd explorehere.uthisasn'ture,et.fheyveroelease aSundogI"ithllheicetiesheyerehinkingbout, thatillurelyille;Sundog"adeeoseouchleep thathougheverouldeackoormal.aitndee, anyway. Michtronaslsohere,howingheirowellverdueMusix 32"rogram?!?!?,D).heylayedroundotithheir newlyoeeleasedennisameMatchpoint".yheimeou readhis,Matchpoint"illlreadyeutorwoonthsn EuropesSuperennis".taywayromhisne,hatsfou don'tantpectrumraphicsnourT.rappyamefver sayne! Alsohownofourse):Goldrunner"ndtsollowpJupiter Probe"sneakreviewsnlyackstage). Electronicrtserehereutidn'thowuchew.lannedas "Chessmaster000",eputedlyheesthessamever;eatshe hellutfPsion"hessoteemed. AlsooeeleasedereStarfleet",Elite"-like strategy/arcadeame;OGRE"strategy)ndQuizam",n adventureameithTrivia"uirks.othingasnownith regardsoPHMegasus",Bardsale",BardsaleI"rven "BardsaleII"nheT. OriginystemsaseleasedUltimaII"yow,nefheest adventure/strategyamesver.oonoollowprobably September)snrcadection/strategyamealledAutouel". Anotherumourasthatheell-knownegisrogramseluxe Video,eluxerintndeluxeaintilleransferredohe ST.utithleettreetublisher.o.,hoeedshem? Strategicimulations,nc.aslreadyeleasePhantasyI"nd "Colonialonquest"orheT.Colonialonquest"strategy gameooselyasednheellnownRisk"oardgamealso presentnousyTersion,D).ostSIeleasesexceptf courseColonialonquest")illunnolor,/wndelevision STystems.arity,ertainlyorSasedoftware,henhe majorityfoldystemssolornly.teemshatnlynhe Netherlandsndermany0%foldTetsonsistfTlus monochromeonitor.heestfheorldoesorolor immediately.hiseanshatsarsoftwareousesre concerned,/wystemsreon-existent. Accessoftwarenc.howedeallyeatDpacelight simulatornhe64alledEchelon".nhisimulatorouind yourselftheontrolsf104omahawk.ouanse differenttatefherteaponystems.singournmanned Remoteilotedehicleouxplorenemyerritory.efuelingnd dockingustlsoendertakenondheissionuccessfully. Ifheemonstratedcreenshotsnmigaomeloseohectual SThots,heneeallyaveoodieoming.hen,hough? Beginning88,heylaim. Alsooeeleasedyccesssheirultiboticsobotic Workshop.hissompletelectronicnstrumentndlectro- mechanicalorkshophichontainsnterfacenit,Cotors, gears,ensors,onstructionomponents,oftwarend instructionsor0amplerojects.rojectsncludedre: Digitaltoragescilloscope,igitaloltmeter,igitalpeech soundrecordndlayback),nfraredontrol,otorized mechanicalobotics,tc.,tc. Heartfheorkshopshe100nterfacenithichonnects tollypesfensorsndsbleoontrolights,otors, relaysndtherxternalevices.heanualontains suggestionsndnstructionsoranydvancedrojectsuchs antennaeositioningndelayontrol. AvailableoonorourTtheingerlickin'ricef50 dollars. Brderbundillhortlyeleaseheirellnownarateame "Karateka"nheT.hecreenhotsidn'turpassKarateid II"nyway,ohyother?? Alsooeeleasedall987illehenfamousPrinthop" atbout0ollars,heuropeanquivalenteingpprox.0 sterling/150utchuilders/100ermanarks.ncegain,ho needstithPublishingartner"ndFleettreetublisher" around.otoorgethisutchrogramhatsoonoe releasedorbout5terling/100utchuilders/100erman Marks. Notuchlseoeainedromrderbundyheay. Onoicrprose.ithSilentervice"heyeallyadeery goodntryntoheTarketalthough,ntself,Silent Service"sn'teallyoodrogram). TheiriggestitstheomentreGunship"ndPirates", bothnhe64.Gunship"selicopterimulation;Pirates" isndventureameetnhearibbean.nPirates",ou become7thenturyrivateeraptainearchinghearibbean forewhipsnditiesolunder.Gunship"sxpectednhe STndf987,Pirates"susteingeleasederenolland byheimehisssuef STEWSsublished. Alsooeeleasedndfeptember987shelightsimulator "F15trikeagle",utilletillanttyhen? InheeryarutureeanxpectromicroprosenheT theamousKennedypproach"great!!,D),nhichouontrol Kennedyirportndryoetnllheselightsimulating idiotsoandafelytennedyirport.lsooome:Conflict inietnam"strategy),Airborneanger",Stealthighter"nd somethersithoutnynownames,et. Mindscapeadomeoodiesnisplay,utothingeallyewas showing.heytillereleasedanduiteightlyo)ith theirxcellenttrategyameBalancefower".uthatlse canouxpectromamerittenytrategyxperthris Crawfordhoethetandardsithisriginaltrategyames writtenorhetariitayackhen. MindscapelsoroudlyeleasedHigholler",utneuick glanceearnedhisoeheSersionfheuropeanStrike Forcearrier"rogram. Mindscapesnxcellentxamplefheoftwareituationn theSA.5%fheireweleasessicencedKoftware,f notooightandard.teemshatheKoftwareousesre morendoreakingverheeadershipoleithegardo developingoftware.trobablyillurnuthat,yhend ofextear,hemericanoftwareousesilloongerlay anyajorartnheoftwareusiness. Loadsfthertuffasnightthehow,utostftas MS/DOS,acintoshr64.astly,wonippetsorourT: "InterlinkT",ewelecommunicationsackageyompany calledntersectfromIntersectAMdisk",emember?D). Loadsfromisis,utillheyomeshrough?InterlinkT" features: *utodial,ithllettingsustomisedoheerviceeing alled *ulliskommandsncl.00KSnd00KSormat *MODEM,MODEMRC,MODEMndSCIIilesransfersromro iskraptureuffer *xecutingtherrogramsithoutxitingInterlink"hrough hehellacility *8ineisplayn/wystem *ype-aheaduffer;etsounterndditineefore ending *nlineelpenus *ufferindowithditapabilities,ikeorkingithord rocessor *ecord/playbacketsouandleepetitivehores,ikeetting hoseametockuotesveryayndollectinghemnisk utomaticallytre-specifiedime *utomaticnswerode;llowsemotenattendedccessupload/ ownload)ndessageollection *T52,T100ndserefinableranslation *0acroeys Soundsice,uthentillevailable? AndithhisatesteloseownhiseportnheESn Chicago.ncegain,tecamelearhat,sarshemerican marketsoncerned,heTsellshemigalayoole whatsoever.S/DOSsheldndewadverhere.omparehe newroductsoeeleasedorS/DOSithhatasnisplay forheTndhemigandouillroclaimheTndmiga thirdorldountriesnoacistemarkntended). Newroducts,othard-andoftware,illhereforeaveoe developednurope,hereheserasenTndmigas substantiallyigger.fowever,sentionedarliern,he piracyroblemontinuesoroworse,eightindurselves withinheextearroitingtomeithllheseegaT macheinesutothingolayith. Let'sopeomethingillhange..... Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.AAYTHETARIESSENUSSELDORF byichardarsmakers Itastalfastighthatadoenheindhoven Centraltationnaturday,eptember9th,987.ackedith disksontaininghereviousssuef STEWS,ithneriginal ofssue,utch-Germanictionaryndhingshatlwaysurn outoeecessaryorflyingeporters'eingennd paper.nheurry,earlyorgotyusinessards,ut thoughtbouthoseustnimeotoorgethemand,ndeed, theyouldroveoeerysefulheholeay!). Iidn'taveoaitongtheforementionedtation,ince RoberteesselsnderkofmeesterfheTRIKE-a-LIGHTroup cameoetchendroveoubertanil'sesidence (althoughresidence'ightctuallyurnutoeooentle wordorheeapfrasheendsoallhome').las!e wereoriveosseldorfnubert'sre-WWIolvo,ndt turneduthateadorivehereithiveeoplenhear -rjanotasetchedittleaterndeeadedohe Messe. AfterotooongrivendripyPendelbus'errived atessehal,heallherehetariesseaseld.either ofsnewhatheayasoeiguccess,eings pessimisticseereandsere). Firsthingidasoingoisithe-Datatand.tasn't hardoind,incetasnefhetandsromhich constantoiseasomingorth.heyereemonstratingheir newASoundamplerI",rulympressiveiecefardware that.g.nabledighualitylay-backfampledounds throughsefIDIeyboardmorebouthatneperate reviewn STEWSolumessue).efthetandith reviewopyfherogram,ndentoheeimerlagtand, whereheompanyehindheermanagazineSTomputer"as exhibiting. Ialkeditharoldchneidertheirublicomainan)bout ST NEWSndhereasutnelightroblem:he0-sectorormat ofheastwossues.eumpedopynarddisknywaynd wouldetenowftasorthyhileoakepecial versionorhemthatasitmaller,ohattouldeut onegularlyormattedisk).uronversationasverheardy twouysromusaxDervice,hathowedmmediatenterestn including STEWSnheirDibrary.oavehemnssue. Thepplicationystemstandasannedyeveraleople, amongsthichnefheembersfheotoriouseniseeam someoneommonlynownsThealeider".aveimomempty diskndofourse)nssuef STEWSndskedimfe couldossibleriteomethingortithegardodvanced graphixffects.eouldhinkbouttndendeomeew demosnheisksAndavendeedeceivedometuff!D.). Noworlectronicrts.alkedoheirtandndeally didn'txpectuch.aybeSkyox"rArcticfox".ndaybe evenChessmaster000".uthatawadeearlyropluids fromheornersfyouth:Marbleadness"ndBard's Tale"!nefheembersfEX,hataslsotandinghere, waserympressedyheatter,hereasasuSTyingoet myandsnMM"!nfortunately,olectronicrt'sirectorf Europeanistributionr.ohnorrestolde,heameasot foralethatoment.yivingimopyf STEWSolume Issue,essuredehateouldontacteboutbtaining reviewtatustisompany. Soaroood.icrodealaslsoresenttheessethough, unfortunately,ots.anyretthoasaidoave marriedecentlyasatterfact,turnedutoen Junehisearlready):ongratulationsandy!)ndtopped thereorhileoeeheTanglewood"emo.turelyooked verympressive,ndanhatanheemosoldehatete Lyonadrawnheraphics.ouldaveuessedhey're great!heanlsohowedon-beta-pre-versionftrategy gamealledOmegaun",hatfferedoodraphicssell,ut notetnyoundandtombedutowndhen).icrodeals definatelyightingardoeepnheopfTntertainment software,hereasheylsoootithegardopplication software. Anothernglishompanyhatisitedasuma.alkingoheir Marketingirector,onay,ssuredefopyfheir programK-Roget"oreviewurposes.adlreadyenthemn issuef STEWSittleorehaneekarlierndead alreadyadneakooktt.inceeadadoeaveor Parishowustneayaterandhetariessefourse)e hadn'tadheossibilityoooktthoroughly,uthatas noroblem. At5.00ours,tari'siceresidentfesearchndechnology Mr.hiraz.hivji,asalkingtheesse'sorkshopbout futuretarievelopments.irsthingeentionedashe launchfDOMnovemberfhiseartricender500. Theeviceouldlayudiosell. TheainartfispeechasedicatedoheewISC (Reducednstructionetomputers)achineshattaris currentlyevelopingorseithheEGATs.heyrelanning tohowrototypesarlyextear,asednhe800ransputer chip32-bits,2-15IPSillionnstructionerecond).he chipasuilt-inloatingointrocessorhatanalculate 1,5KLOPSMillionloatingpointperationserecond).aving aransputeroxith3ransputerhipsofhichherice shouldeelow0.000ermanarks,or.hivjidded),ne shouldebleoeach50IPSthusakinghetarialculate athepeedfmallrayomputer).heransputersereaid toaveourideoodes1:024x768ixels,ightits/pixel; 2:280x960,ourits/pixelonochrome;:56olorstnce, 16its/pixel,oloralettef56000olors,:oolor palette,4its/pixel,6illionolourstnce).ouould needteastneransputerorhis,hichouldostoubout 6000ermanarks. Somethinghatr.hivjilsoalkedboutashe8030-bases computer,hatoulduntboutIPS.ctuallyhissISC (Complexnstructionetomputer)achine,hatnableswice thepeedfhe8020rocessorhenunnderheroperlock frequency.ourriveMElotsouldeuiltn,ndhe computerhouldllowsefNIXstillunningToftwaren STpeed),SFaetworktandard),ndxWindowapability. Threeooursersouldsetandardystempricedetween 6000nd0.000ermanarks),hereas6-32sersouldset whenardseredded.arddiskontrollerilleuilt-in. Someorehingshatereentioned:heS-DOSmulatorill noteadeytarithengineersimplyhinkt'srazyo emulateuchackwardachinennTrEGAT).lso,tari intendsoaunchlitter-kitorheold'Tsnovember. ThisillonsistflitterhipndheecessaryOMs.he lasthingeentionedasheewapestreamer,hatillse DATDigitaludioape)echnology.neowoigabytesane storedithpeedetween50bitsnd,5bitserecond. Ithouldevailableithinear. Afterllhisalk,tasadeossibleoreopleosk questions.henlyuestionhateemedoauseimittle troublensweringasuestionboutheMYoundchip,sked byoursruly.othingarticularasnownithegardohis fabulousoundchip,uttefinatelyidn'torket.ft wouldeaunchedneay,touldeIDIox,hatight evenettachedoegularIDIynthesizerwithoutnT). Whenadittlerivatehatithimfterheession, camepithhelddeafommodore4mulatororheT. Mr.hivjioldehattariidn'tonsiderhisoeseful. Pity. Afterr.hivji'speech,trolledroundittleore,uite accidentallyumpingnr.olfgangimmerrichter,ublisherf theustriantariagazineXEST".enewbout STEWSlready (byheay,r.hivjiadlreadyeen STEWSsell,hene wasackntalyomeonthsgo)ndheyereoingonclude itnheirublicomainibraryoon. IisitedfAystemtechnikeveralimeshatay,nlyoind outhatrankstrowskiaseverhere.heneinallyas present,tasheiggestetdownfheay:r.igshotever sooodrogrammereighte)asoousyndouldotet himselfenterviewedy STEWSecauseeaslready interviewedyermanagazinealledDertern".oshhat jerksorry,eaders,uthinkeeallyselready disappointedearlieryotnsweringomeuiteimple questionsorhichadvenddednternationaleply Coupons)! Someuysallinghemselvesrgonicaereeatedthetandf theompany-Magic.hesewissuyshowedrogramalled "Wareli"hatookederyoodutithomeaftusic.ad themontactEX,ohey'llrobablyndpithomeleedin' goodusicnhend.heameilleueoraunchn December,ndillossiblyeistributedhroughicrodeal. Whilectuallyreparingoeave,isitedomeoreompanies onyayut,husssuringeviewopyfmikronasicnd accidentallyeetingatthiasrevewriterfAladin"). reallyadxpectedomeonentirelyifferentoehe programmerfucherrificiecefoft-/hardware,ather thanhisnder-twenty,uitepontaneousoungan.ubertan Milaveimssues-6rom STEWSolumeunfortunately, hadunutfopiesittlearlier,ivinghemoomeonef Omikronndheossromoftaquet).entackohetari standnceore,ounntor.igartmann,heoftwareoss fromtariorporationnhe.S.essuredehatWord Perfect"orheTaseady,ndaveimyriginalrom ST NEWSolumessue.yeartledsartedithheisk, butr.artmannssuredeeouldeadt. Theayackoollandasotasterhanheayo Dsseldorfateast,oteemed)nderrivedtStrike-a- Light"'sfficeroundightnhevening.opiedackn issuefhe STEWSadivenor.artmann,ndaterook therainackome.heayadeenuiteuccessnd immediatelyroteownomeonceptaterialorhisrticleo thatouldotorgetnythinghatadappened.ndndeed hopeaven't! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.HARDWAREEVIEW:HEAMEALTIZER byichardarsmakers Beforetartithhisrticle,ustxtendyhanksoT Clubindhovenforurchasingt),hetrike-a-Lightroupnd AdrieCommando'anereydentheatterwoorxperimenting aotitht,ndigitizingustsuch). WhenisitedheCMhowsomeonthsgoulleportan beoundnnarlierssuef STEWS)adlreadyeen digitizerhatnabledheigitizingf5rameserecond. hadlancedtt,ndhoughttoemazing.ouould actuallyalknrontfheamerandeeourselfalkingn theToloronitorealime!tustaveeenagfome kind,hought. Butoonuiteorgotboutheholentilecentlyawhis deviceonnectedodrie'somputer.hilennoyingisife abouterver-weightSHEeemsohinkhe'sver-weighted, anyway)ndnnoyingimboutisupposedommando-past,e demonstratedheigitizerndhenlyhingouldoorhe nextuarterfnourasayingShit",Jesus"ndripping fromyouthntoisommandoeck. WhatctuallyawASVuality,ndeigitizedomefhe TVictureshileakingemarksboutillekethat'shate usuallyorankndyselfisitdrieearlyveryednesday eveningndllealkbouttisife'sverweight,is Commandoackgroundndyopelessove,hereaselso sometimesetdrie'serygressiveirdoosehatmmediately andiolentlytartsttackingoorrank).herogramhat happenedoenheelevision"Countdown")urrently displayedhriseandvenheordFender"nheeadfis guitarouldelainlyead!).heualityasndeedmazing andhinkonefouillelieveeforeouavectually seentourself.oorry:ictureakenromheVeries "Theaster"illencludednurNiceicturehow",hats toeaunchedithinneraybewoonths.oouanecide forourself. ThectualardwareonsistfOMortlug-ineviceabout aseepsourTnd5entimetreside)ontainingn astonishingmountfCsndheike.implehordan connecthehingoourVroamera.hingidn't likeboutheardwareshatouaveopentodjust horizontalcreenidth,ontrastndrightnessheyhould haveutomeotentiometresnheevice. Whileigitizingithheuppliedoftwarethenly disadvantagefheoftwareshatifferentodesreeft usingifferenteys/mousepresseshichakestitnhandyo startith),herogramonstantlytores6ictureserecond inemorytheurrenticturendhe5eforehat).f course,ouanufferessicturesnalfegT,ndpo 122icturesanetorednEGAT4.hepeedsusts incrediblesheuality. Theoftwarellowseveralindsflaybackforward,ounce, keys,llithifferentpeeds),everalaysoisplay (reverse/normal,llithifferentoloralettes),hetoring oficturervenompleteequencenhard-)disknduch more.oadingheseicturesrequencesslsoossible,ss theormattingfiskndeveraltherptions.icturesan betoredneochrome-,egas-oregasliteormatthoughhe latterreOTrunched). Nooubt,heSAMealtizer""SAM"tandsorSilicon Animationachine")sheestigitizervailablethe moment,venut-performinghePRO7"romrintechnik.t shoulde,nyway,onsideringhestoundingmountfoneyou haveoay99utchuildersthoughembersfTlub Eindhovenanctuallyettheaperornfo,allubertan Milt40-112840). Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.THECCAYSERSONALISION bytefanosthuma Fridaymorning:45m.mastsleepreamingreatreams usuallynvolvingirls.usthenheoodartegan,omething terribleappend.hebjecthatasptilowustickingway merrily,tartedomitounds.otustimpleoundiken atomicxplosion,oay.tereoundshatoreyrains apart,orturedyardrumsndhatteredhoseantasticreams. Whilsttrugglingithyardrumshatriedoidenyeet, theewon-stressedeuronsnyreyassovedyeftrm whichoilentlytartedoakeesturesnheirectionfhe theourcefheound.fterewselessweeps,yandit theuttonnhelarm-clockndheoundsransformed themselvesntoheeacefulick-tacking.okep. Afterouplefinutesaswarefyelf-beinggainnd gotutfedndeadedowardsheathroom.earlyied whenadlosencounterithonsterromadeshen turnednheightnheathroomhichurnedutoey mirror-image.fterashingyselfitheryoldater, slippednomelothesndtartedarryingyomputerystem downstairs.fterllhosectivities,atownndaitedor Hubertaniloickep. Herrivednourater. Iadheameraumaticxperiencehenheoorbellokeep. DueonrrornrganisationasickedptevenM insteadfix.reatayoeginay. Afterrivingroughomeeavyhowersfainndaistingome timenraffic-jamsitsmazingoeeowanyeopleet stucknraffic-jamst:30m)errivedtheaarbeurs hallenntrecht.verybodyashere;heuysromTRIKE-a- LIGHTIopepelledtorrectyhisime,erk)ndome otherTlubindhovenembers.etartedouildhetand whichnvolvedheaturalhaosfmptyomputer-boxes,isket- tes,ablesndthertuffeinghrownround.uiltpy computerystemndreparedyselforigayfrofessional ArtiSTelling.henheCC-days987penedt0:00m. Itaseryrowdedhatridayorning,ndittleess crowdedhatridayfternoon.oldboutevenrtiSTs.tll endedround6:30m.aseryired.hisadeveral reasons,irstfll,heuyittingextoeasellingis Pro-Drum-Designer.errificampling-mixing-sound-processing program.heroubleashatenlyadhreeemo-samples whicheadolayverndvergainachimeomebodysked himoremonstration.lso,TRIKE-a-LIGHTItuste correct,lreadyddedtoynglishpellingcheck dictionary)erelayingtrikeyllay.aveothinggainst Strikey,utfterearingheuneouplefhousandimes, gotittleired.lso,otfeopleskedeor demonstration.hiseanthatadoepeatheametory againndgain,ndyheimeheirstCC-dayadnded,y vocalhordsereloseoesintegration. TheTlubindhovenasellingheoftArtndtripArt collection.oftArtsollectionfheestictures availablenheT.tas20ull-screenicturesnhree disksndtomesithlideshowreatedyTRIKE-a-LIGHT whichorksnolorsellsnonochrome.tripArts similarooftArt,nlyheicturesrellasednell-known charactersikearfieldndonalduck.notherTlub EindhovenroductsheBriefcollectie'Dutchoretter Collection)hissiskrammedullithtandardetterso allortsfeoplerompanies.fouantoriteetter toudgerileomplainttnnsuranceompany,ustick onefheanyettersromheriefcollectiendillnhe relevantata.heersonesponsibleorheop-Salesfhese productssrankemmen.esowheeneralalesanagerf theTlubindhoven. Theylsooldheuckuckollection.hissollection oferyilthyutighualityigitizedornoicturesreated byewervertsfheotoriousTangalledheMA. STRIKE-a-LIGHTereellingheiricworks.0ndtrikeynd Romarasellingomeomputer-gamesndwodventures.hink thealesthatayentK. Afterheowerasutffatherrudelyyheeoplefhe Jaarbeursmakingomeard-diskwnerseryngry),eovered upuromputersndentoheynthesizer-concerthatas given.oundedeallyreat,ndhereaseautifulaser showntilheuytartedinging.euicklyvacuatednd headedorheoarding-househereentendedopendhe night.fterumpingurtuffhere,eentoestauranto refillurellies.eehavedurselveditoudndead lotsfun.round:00meentackoheoarding-house andnteredurooms.adohareoomithrankemmen, andeerenuredsround:30m.hisfourseas ridiculouslyarlyoehattedoteforeeinallyento sleep. Iasgainastsleepndreamingreamshatemainnspoken. Thentappened.tslmostmpossibleoescribe.adorld WarIItartedndufferedyrainsromirectuclearit? Werehere0igersnheoomsryingoakebout0ittle tigers?adhereepromTheexashainsawassacre'eturned andaseowractisingnoncreteall?yrainsavep reasoningndokep.fterewecondsfecollectingy consciousnessiscoveredheourcefheerror:healf openouthfnerankemmen.henealizedhateas snoring.eltertainrgendecidedoespondohe callsfotheraturendtartedoindathroom.oving aroundousesromhichhenfrastructuresotallynknown andnhichtsnormouslyarkaneiskyndtooke aboutifteeninutesoocateheathroomhichasnlyive feetwayromyoom.heneturned,rankaswakendhen Ioldimeasnoringeespondedhathouldakeimp whenevereidtgain.ellsleepgain.fteravinghe terriblexperiencefeingakedpynoringoundsouple ofimes,tasimeoetpndubertanilnteredhe roomndurnednheightustikehat.yyeserelinded byheordesfhotonshatombaredhemndriedoide underheheets.fterhortreakfast,eeadedorhe Jaarbeurshallengain. Iecidedoakeookround,ndasurprisedyheany dealersndomputerclubs.asverwhelmedithmotionhen sawouplefIC-20seingoldor25,-.IC-20.he computernhichtartedutndearnedverything,ASICs wellsssembler.heneturnedoheTlubindhoven stand,awhatichardarsmakersadrrived.fterovering theaarbeursncegainithim,healestarted.asven morerowdedhannriday,ndoldbout1rtiSTs.round 12M,omebodyoldehatoulduyH205arddiskor only1020,-.ookhisniquehancendoughtnehichs nowappilyuzzingnrontfe.roundM,ichardecame nervous:illekeasboutorrive.herrivednourater, withichardloseoervous-breakdown.aselightedo meeterndustayhatheseryiceirlndeed.he stayeduringheestfheay. Whenheublicasone,heowerasutfferyrudelynce againeforeeadhehanceohipurarddisks.fter protest,owerasestoredndeadossemblellurtuff andramtntohears.hisasugeask,utverybody helpedutndnouratereereeadyoakeff.fter havingrinktheCC-stand,eentome.nheayack, weadinnertestaurantalledDeieuwerug'Theew bridge).eereaitedponyeryiceirl.eryeautiful too.edicatehisrticleoer. IhinkheCCaysereiguccess. Greetings, Stefanosthuma Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.DDTEEPISKESTER byichardarsmakers WhenecentlyisitedheCVthat,yriends,the Computerlubeldhoven,nefheosiestomputerlubsn Southernetherlands)omeonehisamelippedyind,orry) gaveehedeaoriterogramhatanestveryata-bit ofisklsohenheiskaslreadyrittenn.eamep withheboveamesellthroughackfheerreativity, wouldeveraveeenbleohinkfomethinguiteiket especiallyhenriting'n'programmingn0egreeselcius attic). Therogramustsksouonsertheiskoeested,hen checksheootsectortoetumberfides,racksndectors perrack)ndtartsestingveryingleittanormally read.heeepiskesterannotestrotectediskse.g.ith checksumrrorsromethingfheindeliberatelyrought upont)heserroneousracksillimplyegnorednhe test. Howoestork? Thectualestoutinesctuallyadepikehis: 1eadector 2orllytesith55everyitsnverted) 3riteheectorack 4eadtgainndomparetithheectorsthoulde 5fverythingsK,henheholehingshouldeor-ed gainndrittenack Thisay,veryingleitfheisksested. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.COPYEANTORAVELHOWOROTECTOUROFTWARE) bylausrod There'sothingoreenselesshanopyrotectionsurprising introornrticleboutelf-maderotectionethods,sn't it?)orhereillevereheerfectne.evertheless,t isascinatingubject,nyway.ndnefheost challenging,oo.hisrticlehowsouowonstall particularlyastyopyrotectionnouridks... Tonderstandowonstallopyrotectionethodouhould bebleoelliskromishhipsfrivoloussm, supposehatouananagehis).urthermore,ou'lleedome backgroundnformation.toila: Atandardiskasot0oncentricalirclesnt,alled tracks.veryrackarriestsatanpecificlocks,alled sectors.etweenwoectorsandvennsideectors!)sap thatheontrollereedssittlepareimeoelaxrom theardorkfeadingata. Controller?hat'shat?ell,implifiedersionirst:evice thatetsataromherocessor,odest,ndritestnto disk.tlsoeadsittreamsromheiskndecodest.o transferataondromheontroller,heuilt-inMAhip inheTarriesataromainemoryoheDCfloppyisk controller)ndlsoromheontrolleroemory.herocessor itselfoesn'taveoohisirtyork;hileMAdirect memoryccess)sorking,herocessoranonythinglse (haveear dinnerithershwinrohopping...). Theontrollerendslectricalmpulsesoheiskrive's read/writeeadveryimilarohenenhehettolaster cassetteecorderhatheonfoureighboursesoest youresistancegainstoiseressure).hesempulsesreoded usingheo-calledFMethodmodifiedrequencyodulation) whichackslockitsntoheatatream.hisnsureshat readingndritingsafevenithriveshataveroblems witholdingheorrectpeed. MOREHANUREATA  Oniskou'llindorehanatahatouaveransferred theretoyBIOSrIOSall.dditionally,omeontrol informationsiddenetweenheata.ypicalrackooks likehiswell,K,t'soncentricneality;leaseseour imagination): ================================================================ IntrotrackheaderrPostndexark") (*)apytesPreddressark) ynchronizationytes ddressarkectornfo hecksum apytesPostddressark) ynchronizationytes ataarkata hecksum apytesPostataark) backo*),ntilllectors areritten,hen: gapytesoracknd =============================== Whatheeckreynchronizationytes?nhort:itequences, thatellheontrollersteadshem "Gon,ldella, newyte'startingightow".orheontrollerusteads stringfitsromiskithoutnowingxactlyhereyte begins.heontrollerasedicatedepartmentnsidehat onlyiddlesithortinghoseitombinationsutfheit streamhatreeantsyncytesasouallhemhortly). AUGNHEONTROLLER Inormalases,hisyncnitofficiallyalled Addressark Detector)nlyeactsponheytesA1ndC2hichaveoe storednpecialormatMFMithissinglockits;usto mentiontorherofessionalshoeadyrticlesnST- Computer").nfortunately,heresnddynheontrollerif youantonowxactlyboutddies,ecommendouLife,he Universendverything"youglasdams).ittringf %000101001anoolheyncyteetectionepartment completely! Wheneverhisittringccurs,heontrollerhinksheres syncytendtartsoynchronizewhatlsehouldto).ll theollowingytesrehiftednertainayndheirits shatteredllverhelace. Thisrrornlyccursheneadingompleterackithll informationsntwithheontroller's read-trackommand). Wheneadingectorswith read-sector),heontrollerwitches offheyncnit,ohattaneadithoutheyncug confusingt. Toaketlearforheneshonlyelievehatheyee): Supposeouantoriteheollowingntoisk: FE901allytesnex) Readingheseytesith read-trackommandouet: FE4FE Strange,h? Therrorccursithheollowingytes: $29ndreviousvenyte $52/$53ndreviousyteividabley $A4oA7ndreviousyteividabley $14ndollowingyte'sirstitMSB)eto Sometheryteombinationsanauseherror,ooshiftsf theyteequencesbove,orxample). Asongsheseatareackedntoectorwhichouan easilyeadorrectlysinghe read-sectorommand), everything'sine.soonsouutFE29forxample)nn areanreachabley read-sectoror read-address,hicheads sectornfoequence),owever,ou'reness. Naturally,opyrogrammersnowbouthisuirk.onsequently, theyse read-sectorommands.heylsonowhatapytes (whichreormally4Er00)ren'teadorrectlynost casesutomehowhiftedfromneoevenits,venyhalf bits"). Soouannotelynhatou'reeadingith read-track.ost programmershereforeupposehatapsonsistf4E'snd $00'sndothinglse,asta. DEVELOPINGHEROTECTION Nowououldnserttringike(C)987ylausrod"nto thoseapytes.sormalopyrogramson'theckheontents ofheapreas,heyouldailnopyinghistringoou canetectopyromithinourrogram. Stopress!owanouheckouropyrighttringfhe controllereadsomethingifferentveryimeousehe read- trackommand?nnenenases,pproximately,ouillead theorrecttringperhapsever!);nlltherasesouill getomethinghatouropyrotectionoesn'tecognize crashdownombttackveryserriendly,sn'tt?)... Nowhoseysteriousyncytesomentoction.heseytes makeheontrollereadheollowingtufforrectlyinost cases).ormally,racktartsithpprox0apytesf $4E's.nstead,erite: 4EEE111opyrighttringEE.. Thisynchronizesheontrollern read-trackommandohat itanteasteadheopyrighttringorrectly.fourse, theopyrighttringustotontainnyytesryte sequenceshatayoolheyncepartment. Inouropyrotectionoutineoueadompleteracknd lookorouropyrightext.ft'shere,t'sheriginal diskoromeone'soteryeryoodopyrogram).fot, somethingentntoronghannels. Iriedoopyhisrotectionethoditheveralopyrograms -llfhemereompleteossxceptneIon'tellou whichne,o,o,o).oadoefineherotection.ow useheforbidden"yncyte29ithreviousvenyteo synchronizeheontroller.ynchronizationshiftedyalf bytefter29,oeaveoddnrdinaryA1yncyteo makeheunhinegain.hesewoytesreeads140B whichoopyrogramecognizessorrectyncequence.he followingyteequenceyouropyrighttring)sow interpretedorrectlyithvery Read-Trackommand.ndhere youre:heerfectrotectionateastntilomeoneomesp withyper-ultra-jolly-goodopyrogram).  MENTORK  Let'sork:owoourogramuchrotection?oiveou fullnformationboutrogrammingheontrollerndMAhip andhateverelatesohisroblemouldaveoriten articlehatpanshreerourssuesf STEWS,eavingust enoughpaceorheditorialndothinglse.nrderout thiseverendingtoryhort,ou'reresentedrefaboutine fromyoftwareabhichouanseomplementhe protectionethod. InheROGRAMSolder,ou'llindfAasicrogramalled PROTECT.BAS,hichreatesachineoutinentringforhe realighucks,heresnssembleristingnhisisk). Thisachineodeeadsndritesnrdinary-sectorrack1 -earlyrdinary:heyncyteombinationollowedy copyrightessagesopiedntoheapeforeheirstector. Whyoriterack1?1nexives29;hisyteccursn everyectorntrofrack1ndhereforeonfuseshe read- trackommand. Therefore,hisracksevereadorrectly;llheopy programsnowwitchoectorodenhisrackeducing therobabilityhatomeoneanopyurrotectionwhichs onlyossibleyeadingheholerack,nalyzingt,nd writingtackithomeorrections). HOWOSETHEROTECTOR"  Justormatisksingleroubleided,oesn'tatter)ith theESKTOPormattilityndhentartheoutinen PROTECT.BAS.hooseptionoriterotectedrack1.ou areskedasswordtringhatouantoritentoisk. Afterwards,ouopyatandrogramsohisisk;monghem therogramoerotected.ptionfTherack1rotector" readsompleterack1romiskndearchesorassword thatouanreelyhoose.heasswordanavepo0 characters.foueedore,djustap1$nrocedurektrk. Howoouncludeheoutinesnourwnrograms?fABASIC programmersreetterffhisime;thouldeoroblem, however,odaptheoutinesorASTBASICrhatever. Toallheachineodeoutines,ouaveookealuesnto theoutine'sarameterield.fherogramtartstocation START,ouaveotoreodeongwordntoocationTART+2 andheddressfrackufferntoTART+6seeASIC listing).odef0'ctivatesheead-Trackoutine,1' makesherogramriterackromheuffereferredoy theddressointernTART+6. Assemblerrogrammersreuppliedithheourceodefor AS68)nhisisk.heoutineustealledithbsr'r 'jsr'sterminatesithimplerts'.tsully relocatablefortadoeransferredntoASICrogram) andC-relative. Youaveoetpherackoeritteneforeallinghe machineode.nrocedurektrkou'llindllhenformation you'reookingor.oatisfyheuriouscuriosityillshe cat,ellas!):eresnotherersionfheablebove includingheodeshatheontrollereedsoreaterack. =============================== Intro:0ytesf4E (*)apytes:2ytesf00 yncytes:ytesfF5 ddressark:FE ectornfo:rackumber,ideumber,ectorumber,ize 0=128ytes,=256ytes,=512ytes, =1024ytes) hecksum:F7 apytes:2ytesf4E 2ytesf00 yncytes:ytesfF5 ataark:FB ata:12yteslowerhanF4!!!) hecksum:F7 apytes:0ytesf4E backo*),ntilllectors areritten,hen: gapytesorackndnormally400ytesf4E,hichsore thannoughoillherack) =============================== YouayonderhyyncytesrerittensF5uteadsA1. Theeasonshatheontrollereedsnwnontrollanguage" whenritingrack.ytesxceedingaluefF4repecial controlyteshatrerittenntherormatshanrdinary bytes.F5,orxample,syncytefA1ithertainlock bitsissing.F7riteshecksumntoiskconsistingfwo bytes).FBndFEnnounceatandectornfo,espectively. Byheay,hisontrolanguagesheeasonhyouustot formatourisksusingheBIOSall)ithertainvirgin" valuestheirginord'sytesustotxceedF4). SomedditionalommentsoncerningheASICrogramndts usage:0'nheainenuerminatesherogramwhatlseid youxpect?).3'howsheontentsfherackuffernoth hexndSCII;otoputput,ressnyey;henressX'o leaveheoutinernythereyoontinue.herackuffer (inhisrogramuf$)usteteastK. Ifouantose0-sectorisksounlyaveohangehe "FOR=1O"oopnrocedurektrkntoFOR=1O0". Ifouantonoworeboutiskrivesoureivenhree possibilities:eadyFloppyspielereien"rticlesnheerman computeragazineSTomputer"ruyyookboutloppy programmingoutnateall)rriteo STEWS.fherere someeadersutherehorenterestedoeadoreboutisk drivesn STEWS:riteo STEWSndevealournnermost wishes...ependingnemandillontinueoritebout floppyrogrammingn STEWSromimeoime. Clausrod Amelsenkeller D-8772arktheidenfeld Westermany  Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.THEIRUSESTRUCTIONTILITY byichardarsmakers Theayfteriscoveredhatirusesereoingroundnhe AtariT,rankemmentartedritingirusillerarogram thatliminatedheirusromnfectedisks).erotewo versions:heirstneasilledithugsdidn'torkith RAM-andarddisks,orxample),ndheecondneaselieved toeullroofsell.ut,saysassed,omedditional moreressajorhortcomingsfrank'sewirusiller showedp: ououldnlyheckrive'snfectediskstrouble itheoplehoad,25"rive) touldnlyecognizenepecificirusnisk oorkitht,ouadoseeyboardNDouse neouldotMMUNIZEisksitht TheVirusestructiontility"asheollowingeatures: -tecognizesndutomaticallyestroysnfectedisks'irus -ormerlynfectediskslsommunizedsohatheurrent irusilloterittenntvergain) -ouanlsommunizeourormal,on-infectedisks -asesfoubtanyxecutableootsectors)reecognizednd ourearnedpleaseote:hisptionasncludedoake heDUompatibleithutureiruses,ndlluto-boot rogramsseheseselloteingirus!) -torksnrivesells¨easyfouave,25" rive) -tecognizesirushatslreadynstallednhe omputer.heDUillhenefuseoork!firusight etntoourDUisk,implyootithon-infectedisk ndhenoadheDU. Listfrogramshatuto-boot,ndfhichheDUillell thattmayenfectedyirus'thereayeorehese arellRIGINALersions):eeppace,rena,rataccas, Starglider,arbarian,errorpods,bliterator,apiens, Sentinel,llladinisks,aian,heIGemofromEX). Theersionfheirusestructiontilitynhis STEWS Volumeompendiumsomewhatnhancedersionfhene publishednheriginal STEWSolumessue.romown, newerersionsfheirusillerilleppearingn STEWS issuesegularly. JustooktherogramwrittennfAasic),ndheemarks willhowouowtllorks.opeoaveuppliedouith asefuloolnourattlegainstiruses.tsotnlyor yourwnake,utourutyowardstherTsersoighthe STirus!illemll! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.RAMCOPYICEITTLETILITY bytefanosthuma  Whenevertartyrogrammingessions,irstetomeeer andrisps.henigpomeeallyiceip-hopromyecord collection.Forhosefouhoootnowhatip-hops,t isoisereatedycreamingidsitholdenhainsround theirecks,ccompaniedyrainlessomputereneratedrum- beatsndranticcratching.noughoriveveryarentild, especiallyhenrandmaaysisit.ip-hopsreatedyuys likeheeastyoys,.L.ool,ublicnemytc.) Thenakeyrogrammingisk,hichontainsverything need:ssembler,inker,fAnterpreter,fAompiler,loyd, Tempelmon,aid,amdisknd....amcopy. Whenheomputerootspndhecksutheiskornuto- folder,tillindamdisk.fterelectingheroperize, theamdiskillenstalledndhenamcopyillotsob. ItooksorilealledAMDISK.INFndtartsopyingll filesnhatileoheamdisk.hisseallyeat,ecause don'taveoelectndopyllhosehingsyself.fterll this,utheeedlenheecord,umppheolumend startrainbusting. InheolderPROGRAMS'nhiseryisk,ouillindwo filesoncerningRamcopy':AMCOPY.BASndAMCOPY.PRG. RAMCOPY.BASshefAourcefherogramndAMCOPY.PRGs theompiledersion.founstallamcopynouruto-folder, makeurehatouopyouramdiskrogramirst,lseamcopy willetartedeforeheamdisksnstalled. Howherogramorks. First,tillearchheutoolderorilealled 'RAMDISK.INF'.ftan'tindt,tillooknheoot directory.ftan'tindheilehereither,tillrint anrroressagendborts. Youanreatehisileithnyegularditorikeempus,d orvenstordPlus)(WPodeisabled).rithheollowing GfAasicrogram: OPENO",#1,"\ramdisk.inf" DO NPUT$ XITF$="*" RINT1,A$ LOOP CLOSE1 Iftasndeedoundheile,tillskfouantoopy therograms.hissandyfouresingeset-proof ramdiskndouustesettedheomputer,oouon'taveo waitgainecauseheilesrelreadynheamdisk.or maybeouustantnmptyamdisk.) Afterhat,tilleadheilendopyllilenamest finds.fouantoopyolders,ouaveoncludepecial entrynAMDISK.INF,tartingith@'-sign,ollowedyhe namefheoldernoteperatedypace).heolderille creatednheamdisk,ndouanopyheontentsfhe folder,implyyivingheorrectathnames. Alsoeforeilesopied,herogramhecksfheile existsndfheresnoughoomeftnheamdisk.fter everythingsopied,herogramaitsorouoressnyey andheormalooting-processsesumed.yheay,he ramdiskhoulderive. Examplefamdisk.infile: gfabasic.prg gfabcom.prg gfabcom.rsc @programs programs\artist.bas programs\menu.bas programs\hack.bas tempus.prg whenamcopyasandledhisile,heilesillenhe ramdisk,ndheolderprograms'lsoaseenreated.ake sureoreateoldersirsteforettemptingoopynyiles tot. Afterherogrammingession,aveyorkSometimes,ust turnffheomputer,otopyingheilesromheamdisk backoheisk.hisillesultneryoudry,ollowed byheoundingfyeadoheall.)ndurnffhe computer.fterhat,ollectmptyeerottlesndemovehe crisp-remaidersromyeyboardhileyarentsrerying theirestoeeprandmaromestroyingytereoithery meanookingmbrella. Greetings, Stefanosthuma Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.INTERVIEWITHOBUBBARD byichardarsmakers Inheanuarissuef STEWS,adheonourfnterviewing Mr.effinter,istintiventertainmentoftwarerogrammer. Thisime,aveadheonourfnterviewingomeonequally distintiver.obubbard.ethatllex-)ommodore4 freakseallyentananashenheyeardhatobtarted programmingorheTsellid,nyway.utosteople thatadtheromputerseforeespeciallypectrum,BC,r maybeoomputertll)illowotuitenowho'malking about.ell,obubbardasnefheeadingusicritersn theommodore4mainlynhatachine,uteaslsoorked onchneider,mstradndhetariLeries).tllegan aboutwoddearsgo.speciallynheommodore4,ithts fabulousIDoundchip,teryastecamerendoetames beccompaniedyompleteusicalompositions.obubbardas onefheirsteopleoinghis,ndeecameellnowny theusicromremlinraphics'Thingnpring".isound waseryasyoecognize,itheryelloneass-andrum lines.oon,ometherrogrammerstartedoinghingsikeim onhe64sell.heestfhemndoubtedlyasartin Galway,hoadhiseryistinctiveheavy'oundfis.e hasoneusicorHyperports",Rambo",Yie-Arungu", "Comicakery"ndParallax"sellsanytherames.ut Davidhittakerndenaglishlsoeganorkingnhe64 afterime,hichrouseduiteomeompetition.llfhem startedrogrammingoreifficultusic,singoredvanced soundffects,tc. But'mtrayingromyubject,hichsobubbard.fter "Thingnpring",etartedrogrammingithighuantitys wellsuality.omefisestusicalompositionsere "Montynheun",Masterfagic"ndCrazyomets".nhe winterf85/'86roteetteroim,equestingn intervieworocalsergrouperenelmondalledriorex. Wasucky:egreedndenteacketterithery interestingnswers.ueohesergrouptself,henterview couldoteublishedarlierhanpring986,utt definatelyasit. Whenrankndyselfoldur64s,nhepringf986,he onlyhingnewasoingoissasheusicromob Hubbardsellshatromartinalway.nanynccasion peopleouldindeearoommodore4nomputerlub, leavingyTehindunningomeonochromeemo,ohat couldistenoheusicherendhinkackbouthoseood oldimes.hennceeardheThrust"usicdoneyob), startedegrettingheacthatoldy4.heTasreat computer,utheretillasackfoodoftwarendhe musiceardaseallywfulnomparisonohe64tuff. justadoetyommodore4ack,nlyftasustor thatoddamnantasticusic!obustentnndn,nd slowlyecameonvincedhatadoave64gainhe musicalompositionromheoreecentamesKnuckleuster", "Delta"ndSanxion"ustroveeutfyleedin'ind, especiallyhenneassedoheT'sMusictudio"tuff. Morehannceroteetteroob,equestingno,hink itasoreikebegging')imotartrogrammingnheT. kneweadeenesigningnmstradoundoutine,hichsed aoundchipompatibleohenenheT.utyopesank rashlyheneardeadeenritingemoorhemiga.ow weouldeveravehanceoistenoobubbardusicn theT.hemigaustaduchetteroundapabilities. Goodbyeoodusic.ustadoeatisfiedithMusic Studio"ithtseryimitedapabilities. SuddenlyotExtensor",amehatontainederyell programmedound,rittenyolgerehrmann.astossible afterll?ouldurrashyoundchiproduceoodualityusic still?teemedo,ndtidn'takeongeforeecond HolgerehrmannompositionasaunchedorheT,ontainedn hisameHollywoodoker".mmediatelyickedpyencil againndroteor.ubbard,ncegainskingimowitch toheTinhichentionedolger'sroceedings).utopes sankowerndower.yupplicationasn'tvennsweredndy hopeseren'taisedntileardomeamiliarusicounding fromnTystemnsergroupnpaubeek.....Wasn'that...?? Yes!?mmediatelyanoheomputerhoughtoearhe musicn,ndnyaynvalidizisedeveralnnocenteople. Yes!ouldaintlyeeheentenceMusicyobubbard" scrollingyndericeicture,ccompaniedyantastic music!obubbardasinallyonet!astueoy beggings?teallyoesn'tatter.utheostmportantact washateasowrogrammingnheT.hiseallyutew hartntoendsotome,ickedpencilndapernd wroteoimgain. Afterallingimsellmanyimes;upposee'llow probablyhinkThere'shatidgain"soonseearsy namenhetherndfheine),turneduthateas evenlanningorogramomeorerojectsnheT.hereas Jupiterrobewithnriginalomposition)ndaterThrust". Beingheditorf STEWS,mmediatelyhoughtfhedeaf interviewingimgain,hichaveowone.nact,he interviewsuiteheamesheneidorriorexverne yeargo,utorep-to-datendorepecifiedoheT.he answersamenitooatemaybeueohenglishustoms peoplehatreurrentlytriking)oencludednhe previousssuef STEWS,utowt'serendou'lleble toeadt! Q:ellr.ubbard,et'startightffithourrofession andge.hatrehey? A:ell,'m1ndmusicrogrammerndrofessional musician. Q:hichchoolsidouisit?hichubjectsidouiker hate? A:entochoolnullmyomeown)ndotyO"ndA" levels.lsoentousicchoolorears.tarted learningheianothegef.ikedaths,hysics,usic andatedistory,conomicsndetalwork. Q:henidouuyhe4?oouseraveccessother computerssell? A:oughthe64boutearsgomyirstomputer).lso havehe128mstradorhichaveevelopedusicoutine. IlsoorknhetariThichoughtomewhereroundpril orayfhisearSteveakromicrodealeallyoteoo this)ndavelsoadeomeourceaterialorhemiga. Q:hyaveoupecializednrogrammingusic?aveouver donenythinglse? A:tartedutyritingducationalusicoftware,utot nonterestromnyompanies.shoughtostusicnames waseryadecidedorogramusic.ventuallyot couplefompaniesnterestedhichedoConfuzion",Action Biker"ndThingnpring"acknhe64. Q:hichrogramoouseoriteourusic?ooulsose hardwaredd-onsromethingfheind? A:o,seoardwareddns.omposeneyboardsynth) andypeatantohectualoutinehatlaysheusic. Q:owoourogramusic? A:seourceilehichditoreateoundsndusic. Thisshenssembledoachineanguagendested.orkn aarhrasentiltsightndhenddnotherarsnd graduallyinishheomposition.tshenypedntoheusic programhatsesheasternterruptnhe64ndrograms areavednnehunkfemory.utteveaktheicrodeal man)asotomefyourceode,oeanutiecesft herendherenemory.nheT,itherseheBLrhe MFPimernterrupt.ootritehectualnterrupt routine,sheamerogrammeroeshat.elsoecideshere inemoryeantsheusicrogram.akeurehattsery simpleorimotie'yusicntoisamerogram. Q:owanyoursaveoupentrogrammingn.g.Thingn Spring",Montynheun",Humanace"ndCommando"nhe '64,ndGoldrunner",Jupiterrobe"ndThrust"nheT? A:Thingnpring"ookewoeeksoddaysorking), "Monty"ookehreeeeks,Humanace"astedwoeeksnd, finally,Commando"ooke4ourswithoutreak). ProgrammingheTsuiteazardometimesombseep flyingverourcreenllheimefouoomethingrong. But,owever,Goldrunner"ookenlyouplefays, "Jupiterrobe"ookaysoriteanriginalomposition,o notromhe64)ndThrust"ookays. Q:ooumprovisehenritingourusic,roouseheet musicoomposeouroundtracks? A:llriginalompositions.ouldeverseheetusic unlesstaslassicaliece. Q:hichsheostifficultiecefusicouverade? A:hatasHumanace"nhe64Inlysedoicesn steadfhree). Q:hichoundtrackoouindheorstone? A:hat'lleConfuzion"! Q:hichoundrogrammeroouhinksheestnhe64? AndnheT? A:artinalwaysheestnhe64wellnownromRambo", "Hyperports",Parallax",Comicakery"ndYie-arungu", ED),ndavehittakersheestnheT.aveeardou tellingomethingboutolgerehrmannuteallyaven't heardnyfisunesnheT. Q:shereompetitionetweenusicrogrammers? A:o!.g.artinnlyorksorceanndouldeveroo themofferhemong.ndnheTmoodriendith Dave;eoavoursorachther. Q:hichiecesfusicreouurrentlyakingorheT? A:Thrust"ndJupiterrobe"reustinished,orirebird andicrodealespectively.illoWarhawk"orirebirds well. Q:owoouersuadeoftwareompaniesoseourusicn theirames?ooupreadRobubbardusicamplers"r somethingfheind? A:nhearlyayssedoendemo-disksoryoet work.owadaysootendemosoompanies,sheysually telephoneefheyanteoousicrogram. Q:owereoudiscovered'ndyhom? A:tookboutonthseforenyoneouldeteo soundtrackorame.ventually,Microrojects"aan programmingeam)eteoThing"ndastertronicslsoete doActioniker". Q:ooulaytherusicalnstrumentsesidesheianoou mentionedarlier? A:lsolayeyboardssynths),lute,axophonenduitar. Q:oouveristenoopularusic?fo,hichandsoou specificallyike? A:istenotoodernopands.ikeewrder,ears forears,euyewisndheewsndewthers.lsoike Chickorea,reckerrothers,arryarlton,ozart,avel, Michealippet,ellowagicrchestra,tc. Q:hatoouhinkfheusicalapabilitiesfheT? A:hinkheuturefoundsnheTiesnheigitized field.riedaveformditorrogramonlyimple)hichook aboutnouroriteutouldn'tettoonything useful.fndhenetimeillrytgainathe moment,aveslsoorkingithimilarechniques),lthough itsesearlyllherocessorimeoot.aveformreation usingdditiveechniqueshouldllowrueolyphonicnetrvals onnehannelsingrequencyatios.ouighteryoonear someamnoodusicnheT;ithitfuckheTight soundlmostsoodshemiga! Q:hatoouhinkfhemiga<>STyndrome? A:on'tantorguebouthemiga<>STyndrome,stll dependsnnehingnly.e.hatoouantosetor! Documentationorhemiga,owever,seryoorndhe machineserynaccesibleomparedoheT.heardwaref themigasuperioroheT,uthemigaSndOSre botheryadndilledithugs. IhinkheuturefheTseryoodsherereotf STsroundowndouanetourifehericefheTill fallhenhemiga00tartsellingell.on'thinkheT isoingoonyetternhetatessosteopleherere alreadyuyingmigasnsteadfTs.lsoatchutorheew AcornISCachinetightelluterformhemiga! Q:owyastuestion:hatsourpinionboutoftware piracy? A:argecaleiracysheORSThinghatouldeastroyhe industry,ndnhendtsheersonhatuysamesho willufferheost. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.INTERVIEWITHAVIDHITTAKER byichardarsmakers Aouplefonthsgo,somefouightemember,avead theonourfnterviewingusicrogrammerobubbard.his time,fferounnterviewithusicrogrammerhat deservesustsuchraiseorisioneerorknheT: Davidhittaker,heanehindheoundtracksromNinja Mission",Renegade""Outcast"nurope),Defenderfhe Crown",Leviathan",Starrek"ndBMXimulator"allnhe AtariT).e'sorkingnomeorerojectstheoments well,nde'sheanhataveobubbardisnitialodeo startithand,ndirectly,shusesponsibleorheuccess ofadaxromEXhoidhisssue'susicgainhoook Rob'sodendaterroteiswnynthesizerasednhat code). Q:hat'souullame,ccupation,rofessionndge? A:yullame'savidhittaker,yccupationseing companyirectorndyrofessionseingusicound programmer.yge?ell...Over1. Q:hichchoolsidouisit?hichubjectsidouike,nd whichidouate? A:entoheerbyrammarchoolnury,ancashire. hatedusicecausehereasoouchistoryndotnough theoryndracticaltuff.ikedrenchndeography. Q:nhichomputeridoutartrogrammingusic?hich computersaveourogrammedusicntillow?henidou startoinghingsnheT? A:tartedrogrammingusicnheBMIC-20,narch982. IaverogrammednMBIC-20,BM4,BM16/Plus4,BM Amiga,tari00Letc.),tariT,inclairpectrum8K, Sinclairpectrum28KAYhip...),SX,SXI,mstradPC's andBMC'sandompatibles).tartednheTnutumn 1986. Q:hoersuadedouotartrogrammingnheT? A:obodyid.ustantedoeeppithewachines. Q:hyaveoupecializednrogrammingusic?aveouver donenythinglse? A:pecialisedecausehereasemandorrogrammersho couldlsoakeusic,ndatherreferrogrammingusico programmingames.faveonenythinglse?ell,avead 14ullimeobsinceeftchoolncluding:lectronics assembly,fficeork,ork-liftruckriving,lothyeing, makingheubeshatonsideoiletollsndullime keyboardeyboardlayernand. Q:oouserogramooourusic,roouaveustom editor?oouseardwaredd-ons? A:aveorogramsrditors.t'sllonennssembler sourceile.seoardwaredd-ons Q:owoourogramourusic? A:orkutheusicnamahaX5Musicomputerr CasioZ30ynth,henottownnaper,henype relevantelevantatantossemblerourceiles. Q:owanyoursidoupendrogrammingheollowingusix: TheodelEarly64),anther64),injaission, Renegade/Outcast,tarrek,efenderfherown,MXimulator andeviathan? A:pentoursoingheodel,oursoinganther.inja Missionsellsenegadeookours,ndtarrekook wholeonthsIidevenersionsutirebirdidn'tvenike ithentasinished).MXimulatorookours;efender ofherownook0oursndeviathanookours. Q:hatoouonsideroeheostifficultspectf programmingoundnheT?hichechniquesoouse?hat areouropesndxpectationsithegardoutureusicn theT? A:heTasrapncienteepyhiphichoesn'teservehe lightfay.on'tavenyechniques,ustetnitht. MyopesndxpectationsorheTrehattightetnM (Yamaha/Casio)oundhipneayevenheBMIDhips ancient). Q:ooumprovisehenritingourusicroouseheet music? A:omposeusicyself,opyheetusic,istenoaped soundtrackrombination. Q:hichiecefusicasheostifficultouverid (pleasepecifyneneneralndnenheT)? A:ailreakC64)(Konami),ecauseheyenteomerapusic playedy0ieceazzrchestra.nheTtarrek,ecause everyonenowsveryoteftndouan'tetemaleocals outfheYhip. Q:hichiecesfusicoouonsideroeheestouade (again,pecifyneneneralndnenheT)? A:on'tikenythingoecausehen'veinishedriting it,mickfearingtut,oingfthereople'somments Iouldayhatanthernhe64ndtormbringernhe Spectrum28Kouldie.T:injaission. Q:ndhichneoouonsideroeheorstineneral)? A:hat'detarreknheT. Q:hichusicrogrammeroouhinksheestineneral, andnheT,eperately)? A:on'tusthinkobubbardsheest,NOWe'she bestndeoesn'tetig-headedboutt.nheT?'venly evereardytuffndob'soldrunnerIt'spoou). Q:shereompetitionromethingikehatnheusic programmer'sorld? A:omeagazinesaveusicopive/Ten,uton'teehe pointt'snlyhepinionfmart-arsedpottyeviewer whooesn'tnowrotchetromuaverWell,hankou,r. Whittaker,D). Q:orhichrogramsillouoheusishortly? A:theoment'moingacLandnllheormatsncluding theTndmiga. Q:hichoftwareompanyoouhinksheest? A:henehoayspheuickestortll). Q:hichasheirstrogramouveridheusicor,nd whichneidouakeusicornheTorheirstime? A:heverallirstasumphreyQ-Bert)nheBMIC-20.n theT,tasenegade. Q:ndourastrojects? A:utrunnhe64ndteveak'sewamenheTbut that'stillopecret). Q:owoouersuadeeopleoseourusic? A:on't.heyustingep. Q:ooulaynefeveralusicalnstruments? A:layeyboards,uitar,nythingearby. Q:oouveristenoopusic?hichandsoouike? A:es,oistenopop'usicIsedoe.J.).ike KraftwerkIethemniverpooln981)ndnyechnically goodndell-producedands. Q:henhere'sheuestionlwayssk:hat'soupinion aboutheT<>Amigayndromepleaseepecificousical capabilities)? A:ouayotantoearhisuthemigalowsutheT inveryinglespectxceptser-friendlyness.hemiga's soundapabilitiesreikewise.owever,'mboutouyhe newISCachineArchimedes)hichotallylowsuthemiga. Q:mmm.hat'sourpinionbout STEWS? A:t'sreatdea/product.hinkheonstanteferenceso thelondeiecereitverheopGrrrmmmbbl.D).ou couldoithettingidfheequestindowheneverindow optionselectedSoid,r.hittaker!D.). Q:yastuestion.hatsourpinionboutoftwareiracy? Doouhinktanereferredboveestroyingelephone booths? A:iracyoundsomantictsOT!TSHEFTromound me! nyonehoestroysnybodylse'sroperty houldehot nyonehoestroyselephoneoxes houldehotwice Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.INTERVIEWITHEFFYAKHEAIRY'INTER byichardarsmakers Aboutnerwoonthsgo,roteetteroeffYakhe Hairy'inter,reaterfozensflast'em-upamesoreveral machines,ndriterfheTrogramColourspace'.eas surprisedhatackroupikesidomethingonstructiveor ahange,hicheeemedoppreciate... RK:et'setownousinessightway.hat'sourccupation, andhat'souratefirth? JM:yccupations,uppose,hatfrogrammer,lthough gotrettyasualpproachohato;ure,eedoo lotfommercialtuffoarnyread,utetheiggest buzzromoingxperimentaltuff.omefhexperimental stuffurnsommercialftetsoodnoughthehole PsychedeliaAopularommodore4ightynthesizer,D)nd Colourspaceeriestartedutromundayfternoonackid ony64,orxample).'m4earsld,e5hispril2nd. RK:hyidouwitchohetariT?henidouuyt?o youtillrogramntheromputerssell? JM:otheTecauseantedoovenoachineith moreotentialoryreativeorkhanasffordedyhe- biticros.asnterestednhemiga,uttasellish expensivendardoetstillsellishxpensive!),ndy firstontactithTamehentariskedefheyouldse 8-bitolourspacesemonannover85how.entlong, andawheT,ndellnoveithheystem:eallyanted toetolourspacenheT!ikedtari'spproachohe6 bitarketithheT:heomputerasn'tooxpensive,ad greatraphicsndlentyfAM,ndasheap,oealeople couldffordoavet.ityheoundhipasoaffhough. Anyway,rderedheT,ottnayhatearutouldn'to anyorknSpaceosnlyadonoonitor!ventually gotheTunningithhilipsonitor,ndanyirstT Colourspaceemoonlyneeek'sork!)theCW85hown London. lsorogramorheommodore4,ommodore6 occasionally,aveoneorknhetariitsoo. RK:hichfheomputersou'reorkingnoouonsideroe best?hatsourpinionboutheT<->Amigayndrome,ndhe Amiganeneral? JM:fheomputersorkn,heTsheest.rue,he Amigasoreowerful,uthericeerennglandeanshat notanyeopleanffordne,ndlsoheystemsn'tsolid' yet,hatithtuffrittennderickstart.1otunningnder 1.2,heooroftwareevelopersaveeallyardime.Dsre veryxpensiveormigaoo,cozouotouyheCSI interfaceoetecentpeed,ndvenhenhey'reotsast asnheT.seyTorllyordrocessingndtuff, messingithraphicsndathematicalrttherebyeaching myselfllheathorgotinceeavingollege)ndfourse mySpaceork.sorheldT-vs-Amigargument,till preferheTlthoughtsn'tsowerfulnomeaysshe Amiga.miga'sooxpensiveoustifyhelightdvantaget hasverheT;here'slentyappeningorheTndotsf usefultuffoangnt,llvailableow,ndllompatible withheurrenteleasefheachine.yTaswoloppies, onealfegndneneeg,D20,raphicsablet,ideo digitiserndoundampler,ndetssed4oursayost dayshen'motorkingnhe64;ymigaendsoather dustndsnlyiredporheddamefarbleadnessr Mindwalker,ndostnnoyingly,herivesaveoneutf alignment,eaninghatF0:annoteadilesromF1:nd viceersa.ealowner.Paintsoodnhemigahough; hopeheyorttveroheToon. RK:henidoutartrogrammingColourspace'?hichssembler didouseorogramt? JM:tartedritingolourspacenugust85.tasinished byanuary86.tartedutsinghe8000ssemblernhe Atarievelopmentit,utoonovedverosing-SEKA,hich doesn'taveanyancyeatures,utunsikeheindn accountfeingotallyAMased.otfheodingfSpace Isitaw,stasyirstver8000rogram,ndlso Atari'socumentationasiteavy!llheooditsereell hiddennonsfthertuff!tariKereelpfulhenad machinerashesrhatever,hey'dixeprettyuick,ut forrogrammingdvice,otoot,cozheyllorkednnd didn'tnowotboutssemblerrogramming. RK:hatayexpectromounheearuture,oftware mean? JM:ouldikeoritercadeamesorheT,ndoubtless willsoonsinishitholourspace.articularlyikehe ideafransferringncipitaloheTithetterraphixnd extendedameplay,ohatayelleyirstamerojector ST.yextTeleaseilleolourspaceI.aveoneome worknhislready,utow'moingomeommodoreorko earnomeread,eforeevotingayronthsooing nothingutSpaceInheT.aveurrentlyotsars 'Space1.3,hichasxtratuffike:ensertarfields,ew patternodesinginesnsteadfustixels,creene-mapping allowingouooolourspacenheurfacesfube,rn theurfacefphereorndeedponheurfacesfeveral concentricpheres);lso,hebilityoriveolourspacesing araphicsablet,herebyllowingouoetidfheittle whiteothatoueedithouseoositionourselfn screen.orpaceIopeodd:ideo-sequencerallowing youooadotsframesnndunhemsnnimation); macro-commandsohatnyeyanessignednyunctionather thanustavingre-definedunctions;asterlot-routines; properenu-screensorheptionsnsteadfavingoemember sillyequencesikeNDO-M-Andtuff;roperileandlingn loadndaveunctions;enerallymprovehesernterfacend addoreptions.aveoirmeleaseatesetlthough guessummer/autumn87sooduessI'miedptillpril withyommodoreork). RK:hatoouhinkf STEWSndurynthampleIIweent theserogramsoimogetherithhenterview,D)? JM: STEWSsreatdea.hecreenoloursreooark thoughouldardlyeadtnyC1224!erhaps 'changecreenolours'ption?ikedheenuresentation, though,adeheewsletterasyorowsehrough,ndhe articleserenterestingndrettyellritten.omeactive' demosouldeice,fotnheewsletterroperhen elsewherenheisk.lthoughnderstandhathere'lle stuffikehathenouetourroblemsithFA-Basicorted. Theynthampleasood,lthoughhereasheddumoten there!fourseissedearinghetuffroperly,cozyIDI synthustlewpndaven'tadtixedet.llood workhoughnythinghathowsffheTsellorthhe effort,eeptp! RK:upposeouustaveunntoometrangeroblemshen youererogrammingnheT.anouellureadersomething abouthat? JM:oundhathenasearningyayroundheT,yain problemasn'thathenformationrovidedytariasn't correct,usthattasuriednugemountsftherot-so- relevanttuff.yocsackromtarionsistedfugeoxf photocopied,n-boundheetsoughlyortedntoagueategories. WhataseededasoodookorheeginningT-68000- programmerithllheuicyitsikeileccess,eadinghe keyboardndouse,ccessingheoundhip,ndnderstanding thecreen-mappingfheT,ndsefulppendixesullftuff likeeyodeables,etailedemory-maps,ndtuffelleed atimesikeeo-filetructurexplanationsndheike. Perhapsfllherogrammersouneworkedogethereould buildpibraryfisksfocumentationnhisortf stuff,rittenyhoseeoplehoavelreadyearnedbout thesehingsndxplaininghemorewrogrammershoretill learning.oououldendfforheDocumentationisk about,ay,singheraphics-tabletnnTpplication,nd getiskullfnfondxamplesack.ouldaveotf huntinghroughhoseilesfhotocopiedheets! RK:renytheroreressamousritishrogrammer's switchingoheT? JM:onyrowtherHesheuhtorfanyeryiceamesnhe Commodore4,ikeoco,uicidexpress,ontyolendilliam Wobbler,D)asalleneavilyorhemiga,ndlansoode forhatachine.hinke'sttractedyheraphicsnd sound,eingse'sinertistndovesPaintII,ndis bestate'susicianndoveshemigaoundhipsIhink Mr.interefersonefheeryestoundrogrammersnhe Commodore4ere,enalglish).here'sotfTnterest herenheKhough;otsfheld-bitoftwareousesre turningoheTndeopleikeaulhirleyauthorf "Spindizzy")reonvertingtufforT.'vellutonvinced AndyraybrookhateughtoetnTooAndysheuy thatrogrammedaradroidorheommodore4,D). RK:ince'veeardhatouovelayingames,venourwn, wouldikeonowhichamesorheTouonsiderest. JM:estame...olay,robablyimeandits.echnically, probablytarlider.ezasoneomereat-Dtuffhere,nd theame'slastoo. RK:hatoouonsideroeheestamennyomputer? JM:heestamennyomputer?asoetaraiderorhe 8-bittaris.nermsfepthfameplays.emorysedonly 8KfOM!)othinglseomesnywhereear.RaidernheTs greatraphically,utheameplaysitasyIhouldn'te ableoettarommanderlassneoroderately-goodarrior Mission!)ndspoiledlikeanyTames!!)yheacthat theoysticknterferesitheyboardommands,eaninghatou canenhehickfeavyattlehenpuriousshieldff' commandetsssuedndouetlasted!Thisslsoainn Timeandit:'veeenlayingorvernournlyoave spuriousquit'ommandndyame).heolution:nsurehat alleyboardommandsnoystick-operatedamesequirenother keyressingsell,.e.hift-QorUITommandatherhan Qlone. RK:oftwareiracynnownoeuiterowingnheTusts itasnopularomeicrosikeheommodore4.hatoou thinkft? JM:aveixedeelingsboutiracy.ppreciatehatracking gamessineayoearnboutrogramming,utt'sain whenou'veustpentiveonthsrogrammingameoeet gettingippedffllverhelace.aybeheigompanies canffordt,ut'mustneuyryingoarnyiving,nd especiallyhereheTsoncernedeedoebleoellll theegitimateopiesan.hereren'thatanyTwners aroundetomparedoommodoreolks,ndfalfheTwners getrackedoftwareorree,takestifficultoustify theargemountsfimetakesoeveloptuffnheT! Mindou,on'teallyikeavingorotectoftwaretll, becauseeelncomfortablefnlyotneiskfomething useot,ndesides,ikeoavetuffnyD20!hink lotfheolutionouldeootuffhatsn'trotectedut whichequiresoodanualoseroperly.hatay,fou pickpiratedopy,ouetoaveooktheoftware, andfouantosetotsullotential,ouetn originalndllhenfoitht,lusheossibilityftuff likeoftwarepdatesoetterersions.hinkotfhe answeroheiracyroblemiesnheandsfheoftware houseshemselves.ougherisk-protectionin'theay.o matterhatouutnisk,ureslamasotluffyittle tails,ometherucker'sonnaeprotecthatiskithin couplefeeksfaunch.sorheackershemselves,ot nothinggainsthem,heysuallyaser-sharpodersndnow theirubjectachinesnsideut-nlyleaseememberuys,e aren'tllugeompaniesikeSGoldhoanaybeffordoose somealeserendhere,otfrogrammersreuysustike youorkingnheirwnryingoooodorkndaybearn someashoo! Yoursoophilically - Originallyublishedn STEWS Volumessue.HARDWAREEVIEW:HEIMEEEPERLOCKARTRIDGE byichardarsmakers Ianememberllheasslesedoavenhearlyaysf theT,henantedoaveheorrectimenyT's internallock.hereadeftheontrolanel?astn disk0,raybeerhapstightenisk?fteruiteome searchingadinallyoundheontrolanel,OOTedyystem andameoheonclusionhatadorgottenhatantedo donheirstlace! AriendfineaveyrogrammalledDATETIME.PRG"ew monthsater,hichelievedefanyfyardships.tas programhatadoeutnnUTOolderitaslso possibleountutsidenUTOolder,uthatouldtill beuisance)ndhatnabledeopecifyheimefaynd theate,urthernoesednyystem'slock.reatas myurprisendyoyhathelock,nceivenpecificate andime,nabledeustoitETURNwicendtillavehe timepecifiednyreviousession!ut,las!reatasy astonishmenthenounduthat,fteradurnedffy system,heimeasn'treserved!Stupideoplettari", thoughtSorryr.ilwingerndora),whyidn'touuildn a battery-backedlock?".aterlsoounduthatome programsessedheimepealadndrewrritatedhe longerheorevenithhisandyittlerogram... Aboutalfeargooticedmalllackhingnhe cartridgeortfhetariromr.eukensthehairmanm sorryngel,utearhissheestranslationanake oftfomputerlubeldhoven)ndagerssuallym wheneehingson'tavemmediatelyskedhathat strangeittlehingnisartridgeortighte.eookis piperomisouth,urnedroundnefheidesfis moustachendevealedoehathattrangelackittle devicefisaslockartridgeyrainwhatendo callrainnyway,uthatomethereopleendoall 'stuffing'rwoodust')mmediatelyentooverworknd wonderedhathatighte.ngelmmediatelyxplainedoe thattasnactecondlock,utattery-backed!).hat meanthatheimeaseptllheime, alsohenheystem wasurnedff!nviedimromhatayn,ndskedim manyimeshethereouldeersuadedoellhatonderful blackhingoe.nfortunately,eouldn't. Well,owon'tnvyr.eukensnymore,inceowave receivedeviewcopy'favaronendustries'TimeKeeper" battery-backedlockartridge.houghtsn'tsmallsr. Geukens'evice,tureffersotficeouches:urther cartridgeaneluggedntohexpansionort,orxample, sinceheartridgetselfustreatesnxpansionortor you. "TimeKeeper"seasured"8entimetres)y"14m)y 1"aboutm),henookedthathatctuallysddedo yourystem'simensions.nceluggedn,toesn'totherhe cartridgeortnymore,inceteatlyestsnouresktop. TheolorsightreyuchikeheolorfheTtself. Whenhecrewstheottomreakenutndhehingaken apart,ouillindightCs,angefmalleromponentsnd theommonoin-typeithiumattery. Theoftwaresuppliedningle-sidedisk,ndomprises programsoetheime,helarmyes,helarm!)ndoead theimeromheartridge-clocknystemtart-up.he softwareseryasyoandle,houghheseranualasome minorrammaticalndypicalnglishrrorsthateans,hey arehatadhatvenouldeehem,ucas!). Workingithheeviceseryomfortablendeed,ndannot mentionnyrawbacksfheholeystempartrom disadvantagehatLLlockartridgeseemoave,hichs thatoutillaveounrogramoransferheimerom theartridgeohenternallock.uthat'snlyeryinor disaster. TheTimeKeeper"lockartridgeanerderedtavarone Industries,nc.,1109ongewayoad,uite,onora,A5370, Unitedtatesfmericatricef49,95.ealernquiries areelcome,inceheyon'teemoavenfficial distributornuropenotnolland,nyway). Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.TURNINGOUROYSTICKNTOEMyaulolenbrander Firstly,EM,hatindfnnimalshat?ellortfn acronymtandingorJoystick Emulating Mouse'.ndhats exactlyhatmoingohowouowoonhisrticle. Sure,hererehisypefnterfacesnhearket.omething liketsoldnermanyorM5,-ndndoubtedlyheyre soldntherountriessell.utheeautyfhisittle designshatouanaketsxpensivesouike,rven better,sheapsouike.tustependsnhatouave lyingroundoingothingndhatouant.orxample,fou haveoystickhichouon'tsehenouanakeEMft foresshanneS$.rouanaketntonnterfacehat allowsouolugnoystick.hisillostbout0S. Interested?eadn! Buthat,earousk,aneoithoystickhatctsike aouse?ell,uiteotctually.otfameshatorknly withouse,ouldlayuchasierithoystick.hinkbout Majorotion,ouldn'tlaytithouse,utowithyEM itsasynduchoreun.ndhatboutlightimulationsnd such?lightimulatorIsuperbrogramutindtit unrealisticolyneroplaneyouse.oysticksouch moreikeheealhing.heameoesortargliderndot oftherrograms.on'teterong,'motuttingown mouse,nheontrary.utoromeses,ikeuchentioned above,hinkoysticksheoreogichoice. Hereschematicnowodaptoystick,fouwn,ike me,uickshotIouanvendapttomulateothheeft andightousebuttons.ostoysticksavenlyingle firebutton,ohenouannlymulateheeftousebutton.ut firstakeookthechematic. ptional --------------------------------------------------+(---+  ouse  roundp utton  --------+------------+eftight -+----------+eft|ight 11--+----------+  bown 2/e----------^-^-+ ----++--+-----------+   1  3  --------+-+     -----+2b| -^---^------- /|e  --+---+ --------+--(--------+ ---------------------------/ Parts: R20Ohm R1,R33Ohm C1.22F T1,T2C308B Thisameircuitanesedouildnnterface,oouon't haveodaptouroystick,ecausenceouavedaptedt,ou cannlysetsEMndoongersoystick.ereollows aiagramnowoonstructhenterface. JOYSTICK ------------- --------- ---    xtraartseeded: o Pinsubminialehassis 1 Pinsubminiemalelugithable | mallabinetoouseheircuit \/ /\/ \/\ /\ | 1  o     --- --------- ------------- ATARIT Youon'teedoenccomplishedoldererouildhis circuit,ounlyaveoerecisendheckheircuitfter soldering.hisircuitsesignedotorksnheurrent providedyheoystickort.venftsssembledrongly,t shouldotamageourtari,ecausehenlyhingts supposedoosscillateheignalromheoysticko produceignalimilarohatfouse.tightivetrange reactionshough,utheyreotermanent.ustwitchour systemffndn.ooduckndnjoyourewEM. Noesponsabilitysakenyheuthorornyamageshat mighteausedyheboveircuits,lthoughveryrecaution haseenakenndheircuitaseenested.ueopace problemsnhisisk,tasotossibleoraweal schematicnegasormat.heuthoropeshathechematic includednhisrticlesomprehensible.founyroblems withhisircuit,endourroblemruestionccompagniedy stamped self-addressednvelopeifouiveutsideolland, enclosennternationalnsweringoupon,btainabletour localostffice.)oheollowingddress. Bitustersnc. Postbus295 NL-5603DINDHOVEN Theetherlands Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.ebugged versionublishedn STEWSolumessuewhichshene includedere).TIMEWORKSP)REVIEW byerkofmeester Atast.ooray!ealesktopublisherorurtariT.nd that'sotll,ho,tanorkerfectlyogetherithhe AtariLM04aserrintersell. ThatsomewhatheayheTPackageDesktopublishing,or thosehoaveotayedttentionhenheyereoldheirst time,sakingourwnighualityrintork,ncludingext, graphics,ayoutndrintutithicroomputer,nurase thetariTeries)Timeworks'asntroduced.elongingohe happyew,ouldayyandsnnefheirstfficial versionsroughtutnheetherlands.wningnLM04s wellyxpectationsereuitigh.orhisouldeheirst softwareroductoinallyakeomesefherinterower hadoughtithyaserrinter. Theirstesultsookedromising,oayheeastafter needinghreeoursonstallherogramroperly,yheime youeadhis,heewersionfTimeworks'illeeleased, wherehenstallationrocesssnhancedndsarsave seenow,llilesreroperlynheecessaryiskettes). Especiallynpeed,serriendlinessndualityfrintut (thisastointeing,hink,nefheostmportant judgingointsorTPoftware)Timeworks'howederyood results. Workingoreithtwhereasheimehatorkednywn products?)iscoveredorendoreowernTimeworks'.o nameew: *ouanmportstordiles'Timeworks'sroughtuty GST,akersfstordPlus))ithlltyleunctionsike bold,uper-ubscript,tc,ntact. *ithostextditorsouanreateureSCIIiles,hich canlsoemported. *ictureilesadeithegas,napshot,eochromendtandard GEMormattedicturesanemportedndeducedrnlargedn anyizenheage.t'svenossiblenlyoseartf theicturendtretchhisnyayouike. *uttingextricturelocknopfourext,illake theextollowheordersfhisictureutomaticallywhen wanted). *Timeworks'sestandardEMontsothorhecreenndhe printer,fouantouantheronts,ikehoseorxample ofheleetstreetditor.ecauseTimeworks'seseparate screenontndrinteront,ourebleoeehectual printayoutnhecreen,hileorkingnourile.lthough itasoeentionedhathisoalledYSIWYGrinciple (Whatoueeshatouet;notherordououldavenown whenookingtnyTagazinefheastwoears)snhe casefTimeworks'otlwayssederyonsistent.specially withmallerextizes,venhectualageiew,howshe textelativelyaromall.ordshateemoit,ppear wrongrustoonghenrintedut. Ihink,Timeworks'asheossibilitiesoettandardn AtariTesktopublishing.tashepeed:idotention thatefore,utheditors,omparedoheugemountf worktasoohrough,eryast),heserriendlinesss veryatisfactory:partromhenstallationrocedurehich tookeoongthislsoecausefadriginalopies)ot theasicsfherogramnyingersithinouplefours (itsoayhataveomexperienceiththerTP programs)nd,eadingheanualhichslwayseryise,he specialunctionsrexplainederylearndnesson-like wayoouanracticeheifferentunctionsheomentou readbouthem. But,ndhereilllwaysehatbut'nyeviewshink, said:..hasheossibilities..'.nheersionorkedith, whichncludedirstpdatehichthankouilfred) receivedromtarienelux,ereumberfittlend unfortunatelylsoigugs.partromheifficultiesithad copiedriginalsIasothenlyneavingeadrrorsith theirstTimeworks'ersion),herogramombedwayne performinguitmportantasksikerintingndoadingiles. Thereereometherroblemsndeaturesissednhis.01 version,ikeergingTimeworks'iles,uttingmportedextn pieces,singorehannetyleheetndetterrintut qualitynotatrixrinterswhyon'theyseheignumay ofrinting,speciallyithorxampleheEC6?).ut thinkSTantedTimeworks'oeheirstLMupporting programnhearketndeleasedtnatherugreetate. Perhapst'shearkettrategyfSToreparehearketor theirroductsithre-andotuiteeadyersionsefore comingpithheealhingthinkfheanyersionsfst Wordndstordluseforehefinal'.02aseleased). Iopehisealhingillontainomefheunctionset theomentouldsendhatheualityfhatomesexts ofheametandardsheyrovidedsith,ithTimeworks' 1.01.fhisshease,hinktariasadeeryood choiceyrovidingveryewegaTwnerithreeopyf therogramateast,hissheasenheetherlandsnd Germany). EveryTwner,nterestednesktopublishinghouldake looktTimeworks'ndetspeciallyheaserrintutpeak fortself. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.CONNECTINGOURTONMPLIFIERyrankemmen Recentlyustavelownpomehipnsidehenternal amplifiernyonitor,oidn'tearnyoundomingrom myomputer.einghereakm,mmediatelypenedy monitoroaveooktheamagehatpparantlyadaken place.ugh.nCadurnedut.ookhehiputndent toheocallectronic'shop.nfortunately,heooran behindheounteradn'tvereardfhisarticularhipo wentomeithustsilledalletuttillithoutny sound!!! Ifouon'tavenyoundapabilitiesboardouronitor whilelayingTyphoon",heamesuiteorthlessuthen again,herereameshatanelayedetterithoutny soundlikeArkanoid"ithomeeryrritatingoundffects). Butfteranyoursfesperatendeepooouuugh)hinking foundheolutionhyhouldn'tonnectyoodldToy amp? Afterbouteninutesfweatingeavilyndniffinfhe solderamps,heableaseadyorheirstest.irst, connectedheableoyT.othingentrong.henohe amplifier.ow,heigomentfruthadinallyrrived. switchednyTOhod),utuckyorehereeren'tny smokeloudsruspiciousmellsoeercepted.hentroke thepacearearlyostyearingymplifier'solume haseenoostedpoassive10'ndithwoimes40 Wattst'sothatanealledealthyorou.utheost importanthingashatadOUNDgain. TheollowingiagramhowsouowouanonnectourTo yourmp: Seenromhe backfourT'sonitorlug ________ ________ / eenromhe backf |_______________________________heINlug |  |  \-------------------------------+ Ifouollowhisiagramoueehatinground)romhe monitorlugsonnectedoheinfheINlugndhat pin3audiout)sonnectedoinfheINlug. Sofouakeheorrectonnectionsouanetotallytoned onnefheEXemoshicheecentlyddedourD library. Noteromheditor:avelsooneheonnectingescribed inhisrticle.hereasrankvidentlyucceedednsingin 13ground)romisT'slughisachinesev.o've understood),adosein,hichlsoasround.lso,he DINlugonnectionsayaryccordinghemplifierhatou use! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.CRIMSON'SUESTARDCORENTRODUCTIONOUNDOG  Hello,aptain.anelpouithomething?< As'motheypeoalkntoarithoutomepecificoal inind,igureisuestionortfedundant.utikehe wayeddressedesCaptain";takeseeelood.rder aeer. Hereoure,riend.oouantnythinglse?< Iecline,akeyeer,ndalkverooothorinkt. It'seenonglightverromondd,ndalestiasame fortsospitalityoravellers.oinomeonetisable. Sorry,alasusteaving.< Sohat,here'sorehereouamerom.oveonother seat. Hello,aptain,ouldouikeoalk?< Nowhat'soreoyiking.elaxndtartippingheocal variantooodoldeer.yartnere'sumanoid,robably partalManDaa,ndooksikee'seenaisedomewhereetween Hellndeavyyesexpectantly. Iusteliveredomerganicsonlieasteek.< Sohat,ou'rero'veeenhere.oroblemithhe rightoostnstalled.till,fouantomeindfnswer, I'llccomodateou. Uh-huh.< Myloquentesponseutsimtase.emileste. Howanyureaucratsoestakeohangelow-globe?< Nowhereidearhatneefore? Dunno.< Two,neocrewtn,ndneocrewtp.ar,ar.< Iaughlong;t'shenlyhownown. Say,ourhipsheundog,sn'tt?< Uh-huh.< Youeednything?< Lookieere.houghte'deveromeroundot. Yes.< Areouuyingrelling?< Ifannauyeapon'lloohop,im. Sell.< Whatoouantoell?< Iointtyrsenal. I'lliveou,950orourcattergun.< Noeedoassle,isricesight. Accept.< Excusee,riend,usteave.< icealkingoou.ell,hatasheastfy scattergunsxceptorheneeepandyoet'seehat they'reskingoroodroundcannerheseays.t'shene thingeedoakeyhipompletegain;loaker,ecloaker andoncentratorrellnstalled --ontinuednage-- Hellondooday,ightrhateverooullnartnef Crimson'solumn;herehisimee'llavenn-depthookt:  SundogherozenegacyFTLames)  Asouayaveuessed,'motntoritingongnd,ny opinion,oringrticlesboutndventureame.heegular kindfntroductionhereveryommand,tructureroals explainednetailndakennntart-to-finish,o style,llnrderoaketasyoromeoneolayhe relevantamercenariontep-by-stepashion,soty objective.ypproachsoreressescriptiveccountn novel-formula,hereitsndiecesfheostssential strategiesinyind,hats)rellustratedrintedt. Thiseanshatouill nevertartrinishnydventure-type gameyimplyypingnynstructions.on'tiveny;hat I'llosandoutoryndeavetpoouoindut whatheossibleints,ipsnduidelinesre.nceou've donehat,t'spoouoinishheamend'llellou rightowhat ifouringameooodnd,t'lle throughourwnoing.on'takereditornythings boringsewighcore;hat'shercadeepartmentsorry, boysirls).oouee,henlyhingromiseoureome moreressiddenintsndips,orouoiscover,nd maybe,opefully,omeunneadingheespectiverticles. ayourharacter(s)lwaysaveheilloontinue,he wisdomourvivendheitonjoy. EMARK:llords/sentencesetween>"nd<"ymbolsre takenalmost)iterallyromheame.nundog,heseexts areoundithernialogalert)ptionoxesrnhe relevantialognformationindows. --ontinuedromage-- yroundcannersone;omessholeirateearlyoty tailhetherayhenasringingomeoodiesbiochipsnd cryogenshinktas)ownoondd.eededheryogens foryission,ndiochipsakeoodricehere.igured itasorthheisk,utnowoweverhouldaveaken onhatnnihilator,otvenithoncentraternstalled. Let'sacet,'moodraderndyeputationseapons dealersolidutt'soseakingnnxpertustor theellfthenllouantoosetromo.kay, soidendhatokerehindheedndntoillion fragmentsfndlessternity.ouhould'veeenyill; ship'sepairsreightyxpensiveheseays. romown,t'sackoheriginaltrategy:'llake alongomextrauelndutnyloaker.Cause'mothe all-timereatestaser-cracknhealaxy,hat'snehing I'llellouorure. alkverohearndaitorlow-joeoomeround andttendoyishes. Doouishomethinglse?< Information,NoamenrogressYes<.ewamesnitialised. ow,ouilletomenstructions.on'torryfhey disappeareforeou'veeadhem;illxplain.nhe littleindowhatppearsouoweeouttributes: >Strength<,Intelligence<,DexterityPoints:Charismaign-extendivesfff8000** ddressffff8008ontains1234567 MOVE.W(A1,D0.L),D00=0001fffe0=00010123 1=000010001=00001000 ***0001000contentsf1) 001fffecontentsf0.l) 0000008sign-extendedyteisplacement) -------- 0021006 ddress21006ontains1234567 MOVE.L(A1,D0.W),D00=0001fffe0=01234567 1=000010001=00001000 ***0001000contentsf1) ffffffesign-extendedontentsf0.w) 0000008sign-extendedyteisplacement) -------- 0001006 ddress1006ontains1234567 9.BSOLUTEHORTDDRESSING  Assembleryntax:xs6itonstant) Withbsolutehortddressingtsnlyossibleopecify 16itonstant.txecutionimehe8000ignxtendshe wordntoongddress,eaninghatnlyddressesofff andfff8000offfffffaneddressedsinghisorm.his addressingodeaneomparedithero-pageddressingnhe 6502ndirect-pageddressingnhe809.Likenhe502nd 6809hisodesasterhannytherode.hisddressing modeaneomparedithero-pageddressingnhe502nd direct-pageddressingnhe809. Byheay,nhetariT,heower2femoryannlye accessednupervisor-modethe-bitnRset,eeart). E.g.: Instruction efore fter MOVE.L1234,D00=ffffffff0=01234567 ddress234ontains1234567 heignssedoenoteexigit) MOVE.L8000,D00=ffffffff0=76543210 ddressffff8000ontains6543210  10.BSOLUTEONGDDRESSING Assembleryntax:ls2itonstant) Withhisddressingodeongddresssupplied.tsery similarobsolutehortddressing. E.g.: Instruction efore fter MOVE.L12345678,D00=ffffffff0=01234567 ddress00345678ontains1234567 Notehatinceheddressussnly4itsidehepper bytefheddresssgnoredyhe8000. 11.ROGRAMOUNTERITHISPLACEMENT Assembleryntax:(PC)xs6itonstant) Thisddressingodesnactheamesddressegister indirectithisplacement.henlyifferenceshathe addressegisterseplacedithheCtheCsnactlso anddressegister). E.g.: Instruction efore fter MOVE.L(PC),D00=ffffffff0=01234567 c=00001000c=00001000 ddress1008ontains1234567 12.ROGRAMOUNTERITHNDEX Assembleryntax:(PC,Rn.L)r(PC,Rn.w)bsits) Thisodesnactheameddressegisterndirect addressingithndex. E.g.: Instruction efore fter MOVE.L(PC,A0.L),D00=ffffffff0=01234567 c=00001000c=00001000 0=000780000=00078000 ddress79008ontains1234567 MOVE.L(PC,A0.W),D00=ffffffff0=01234567 c=00001000c=00001000 0=000780000=00078000 ***0.w=8000>ign-extendivesfff8000** ddressffff8008ontains1234567 MOVE.W(PC,D0.L),D00=0001fffe0=00010123 c=00001000c=00001000 ***0001000contentsfc) 001fffecontentsf0.l) 0000008sign-extendedyteisplacement) -------- 0021006 ddress21006ontains1234567 MOVE.L(PC,D0.W),D00=0001fffe0=01234567 c=00001000c=00001000 ***0001000contentsfc) ffffffesign-extendedontentsf0.w) 0000008sign-extendedyteisplacement) -------- 0001006 ddress1006ontains1234567 13.MMEDIATEDDRESSING  Assembleryntax:xxsyte,ordrongword) Theataorheperationshealue.rogrammersfhe 6502nd809illecognizehisddressingode.orxample (6502nd809)DA$21. E.g.: Instruction efore fter MOVE.L$A03B4C11,D00=000000000=a03b4c11 14.TATUSEGISTERDDRESSING Assembleryntax:RrCR Thisodessedoontrolheontentsfhisegister.ee partfhisourseorhendividualeaningsfheits containednhisegister.hangesoheRannlyeade whennser-mode.hangesoheCRaneadennyode. E.g.: Instruction efore fter MOVE.WR,D00=876543210=87652700 r=2700 r=2700 MOVE.W$0500,SRr=2700 r=0500 Noticehathe8000asnupervisorodeeforexecutinghe instructionutfterompletiontsnserode!!his operationsn'tossiblehetherayround. Tooncludehisart,illiveouummaryfhe addressingodesfhe8000. SYNTAX AME ----------------------------------- Dn ataegisterirect An ddressegisterirect (An)ddressegisterndirect (An)+ddressegisterndirectithost-increment -(An)ddressegisterndirectithre-decrement w(An)ddressegisterithisplacement b(An,Rn)ddressegisterithndex w bsolutehort l bsoluteong w(PC)Cithisplacement b(PC,Rn)Cithndex #x mmediate SRrCRtatusegister bsyteonstant wsordonstant lsongonstant xnyf,r nsegisterumberangingromo Rsegisterpecifier,itherr Ifouavenyommentsnheseourses,leaseetenow! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.68000ACHINEANGUAGEOURSEARTII byarkanenoer InartɦIheasicsfrogramminghe8000aveeen introduced.nheollowingartsfhisourseilliscuss thenstructionsfhe8000.onderstandhisartndhe comingnesuggestoueeprintedopyfartIthe addressingodes)nloseange,oouanookhingsp. Beforeiscussinghendividualnstructionsfhe8000ill dividetsnstructionsntoightlasses. Theselassesre: -ataovementperations. -ntegerrithmeticperationsonwo'somplementinary numbers. -ogicalperations. -hiftndotateperations. -itanipulationperations. -inaryodedecimalBCD)perations. -rogramontrolnstructions. -ystemontrolperations. Inhisartndheollowingartslllassesille discussed.hispproachsomewhatifferentfhenehosen bytheruthorsthelphabeticrder).ornxplanationf theourcendestinationddressingodeseferoheable athendfartI. Topecifyheperandsfhenstructionsheollowing conventionsresed: Rntandsoritherata-rddressregister Antandsornddressegister Dntandsorataegister tandsornffectiveddressperand.hiseanshat fterheperandftervaluationustieldnddress. #tandsormmediateata Alltherymbolshichppearnitherieldfhe instruction'sssembleryntaxillexplained. Oneuggestioneforehexplanationtarts:ince8000 instructionsayperatenytes,ordsndongwords,ts wiseolwayspecifyhichizeouantoanipulate.his wayillonsiderablyeducehemountferyardoindugs inourrogram.incessemblersakeefaultshenoizes specifiedouaneteryddesults..g.SETinstruction willexplainedater)peratesnlynytesndongwords. Thessemblerakesheefaultorou.upposeouantord- operationoeerformedndouon'tpecifyheize, thinkinghatheefaults nearlylwaysord.ellnhis caseheefaultsn'tord,ohessemblerhinksourodes alright,uttoesn'tohatouant. Dataovementperations Instruction:XG Syntax:XGn,Rn Dataizes:ong Conditionodesffected:one Addressingodes: source:n n destination: n n Function:xchangeheontentsfwoegisters Example: Instruction eforefter EXG0,d0 0=111111110=22222222 0=222222220=11111111 Instruction:EA Syntax:EAea>,An Dataizes:ong Conditionodeffected:one Addressingodes: Source: An) (An) (An,Rn)   (PC) (PC,Rn) Destination: n Function:oadnddressegisterithalue.EAtands oroadffectiveddress. Example: Instruction eforefter LEAa1),a0 0=000000000=12345678 1=123456781=12345678 LEA(a0),a0 0=001111110=00111119 LEA(a0,d0.w) 0=100001000=10001111 0=0000100b0=0000100b LEA12345678,a00=000000000=12345678 Instruction:INK Syntax:INKn,# Dataizes:one Conditionodesffected:one Addressingodes: source:n destination: w Function:reateemporarypacentack.heource addressegister)sushedntohetack,he tack-pointera7)sopiedntoheourcend heestinationsddedohetack-pointer.he estination-operandssuallyegativeecause he8000-stackrowsownwardnemory.his nstructionssederyuchyigh-level anguagesuchsndASCAL.hisnstruction ashedvantagehatocalariablesn ubroutineaneccessedhroughheource- ddressegister. .g.:very-compilernhetaritseshis nstructiontheeginningfveryubroutine. Example: Instruction eforefter LINK6,#-4 6=123456786=44444444 7=444444487=44444440 Let'snalyse:irst6sushedntohetack:7=44444444. henhetack-pointersopiednto6.henhe estination-operandsddedo7. Instruction:NLK Syntax:NLKource Dataizes:one Conditionodesffected:one Addressingodes: source:n Function:heppositefINK.lsosedyll-compilers thendfunctions. Example: ForalueseeINK Instruction eforefter UNLK6 6=444444446=12345678 7=????????7=44444448 irst6sopiednto7:7=44444444.hen6 sulledromhetack,hichieldsheinal aluesf6nd7 Instruction:OVE Syntax:OVEea>, Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected:,Zconditionallyet/cleared), ,Calwaysleared) Addressingodes: source:n n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) x destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:oveheontentsfheourceohe estination. Thisnstructionsheost requentlysed8000-instructionndsery owerful.otehatheC-relativeddressing odesreotllowedsestination-operand.his eemsllogical,uthere'soodeasonort. nheiewfheesignerstotorolatsad racticeoaveelf-modifyingodenrogram. Example: SeeartIfhisourseorxamplesnheOVE-instruction. Instruction:OVEoCR Syntax:OVEea>,CCR Dataizes:yte Conditionodesffected:llsirectesultfhe instruction. Addressingodes: source:n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) x Function:etomeonditionodes.ithhisnstructionouan lear/sethe,Z,V,Cndlag. Example:eeartI Instruction:OVEoR Syntax:OVEea>,SR Dataizes:ord Conditionodesffected:llsirectesultfhe instruction. Thisnstructions priviliged . Addressingodes: source:n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) x Function:etonditionodes. Example:eeartI Instruction:OVEromR Syntax:OVER, Dataizes:ord Conditionodesffected:one. Addressingodes: source:R destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:equestonditionodes.hisunctionsot riviligednhe8000nd8008,utsriviligedn lltherembersfhe8000-family. Example:eeartI Instruction:OVEo/fromSP Syntax:OVESP,AnrOVEn,USP Dataizes:ong Conditionodesffected:one. Addressingodes:eeyntax Function:hisnstructions priviliged.henstructionxists ecausehe8000asnactwotack-pointers.hey reothontainedn7.hissossibleecausehe 8000aswoodesfperation:ser-ndupervisor- ode.hennsermodetsmpossibleoccesshe upervisortackpointer.tsatherogicalhat hererenactwotackpointers.fhereadeen nlynetouldaveeenossibleoessphe tacknuchayhatheystemouldrash. owever,heupervisorustavehebilityoccess heser-stackpointerforarameter-passingtc.). Example: Instruction eforefter MOVESP,a6 SP=12345678SP=12345678 6=333333336=12345678 Instruction:OVEA Syntax:OVEAea>,An Dataizes:ord,ong Conditionodesffected:one Addressingodes: source:n n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) x destination: n Function:oadnddressegisterithalue.fheperation sord-sizedhenheddresssign-extended.ost ssemblersillcceptOVEea>,Ansell.owever, hinktsetteroriteOVEAnsteadfustOVE. henountendoovealuentonddress egisterutouorgetopecifynddressegister ndpecifyomethinglse,hessemblerillot eneratenrror..g.ouantoove12345678nto 0.OVE.L$12345678,d0illoteneratenrror, hileOVEA.L$12345678,d0illeneratenrror. Example:eeartI Instruction:OVEM Syntax:OVEMegisterist,r OVEMea>,registerist egisteristsetfegisters.upposeou antopecifyllata-register.ouould rite:0-d7r0/d1/d2/d3/d4/d5/d6/d7r0- 3/d4/d5-d7.umberfegistersnowane enotatedithinus'-')etweenhem.ingle egistersanepecifiedithlash'/') etweenhem. Dataizes:ordrong Conditionodesffected:one Addressingodes: destination: An) (An) (An) (An,Rn) source:An) An)+ (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Example: Instruction: eforefter MOVEM.W1000,d0/d31000=$12340=$1234 1002=$56781=$5678 MOVEM.L0-d7/a0-a6,-(a7)illushllegistersntohetack. MOVEM.La7)+,d0-d7/a0-a6illullllegistersromhetack. Instruction:OVEP Syntax:OVEPn,w(An)rOVEP(An),Dn Dataizes:ord,ong Conditionodesffected:one Function:ransferataromroeripheral.hisnstruction aseenpeciallyesignedorommunicationithll eviceshichaveeenriginallyesignedor-bit icro-processors.hisayhe8000anommunicate ithheseevices..g.nhetarirewoCIA's resent.CIA'sreesignedor-bitomputers. on'txplainheperationfhisnstructionere ortsathereldomsed,speciallyyeginners. fouantonowllbouthisnstruction uggestouontactheriterfhisrticle. Instruction:OVEQ Syntax:OVEQ,Dn Dataizes:ong Conditionodesffected:eeove. Function:hisnstructionrovidesnfficientaybothn pacendime)oetataegisteroalue). aluesangerom128o127ecimal.ostssemblers illenerateOVEQ-instructionshereossible. Example: Instruction eforefter MOVEQ$34,d0 0=ffffffff0=00000034 Instruction:EA Syntax:EAea> Dataizes:ong Conditionodesffected:one Addressingodes: source:An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Function:ushnddressntohetack.hisnstructions ftensedoriteositionndependentode.tas earlyheameunctionsOVE.Lea>,-(a7). Example: Instruction eforefter PEAa6) 6=123456786=12345678 7=444444447=44444448 Instruction:WAP Syntax:WAPn Dataizes:one Conditionodesffected:,:lwaysleared etfheesults etfit1fheesults Function:xchangepperndoweralffataegister.his nstructionsftensednonjunctionithhe ivideperationwillexplainedurther) Example: Instruction eforefter SWAP0 0=123456780=56781234 Nextimeilliscusshentegerrithmeticperations.y theay:'meginningoelievehathisoursesheest theres,inceon'tetnyomments!!!foueadhisnd reactouanarnourselfurprise. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.MC8000ACHINEANGUAGEOURSEARTV byarkanenoer Whatity!!ouissedheega-surprisefart.extime betteruck!monnaakehatolidayoawaiiyself! Thisimeilliscusshentegerrithmeticnstructions.he syntaxsedsfourseheamesnart,ohennoubt referoart.hislassfnstructionsssedoo mathematicalalculations.hisroupseryftensedy assemblyanguagerogrammers,speciallyhenstructionsor addingndubtracting.  Integerrithmeticnstructions Instruction:DD Syntax:DDn, DDea>,Dn Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: ,etyarryutfheostignificantit etfheesultasegative,learedtherwise etfheesultasero,learedtherwise etfheesultverflowed,learedtherwise Addressingodes: Source:destinationsn) n n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:ddourceoestinationndutheesultn estination. Examples: Instruction eforefter ADD.W0,d1 0=000000110=00000011 1=0000FFFA1=0000000B NZVC=00000NZVC=11001 ADD.La0),d0 0=000000220=00000027 0=123456780=12345678 2345678ontains NZVC=00000NZVC=00000 Instruction:DDA Syntax:DDAea>,An Dataizes:ord,ong Conditionodesffected:one Addressingodes: Source: n n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Destination: n Function:ddalueonddressegister.hisperationoes othangenyfheonditionodealues.otehat ostperationshatavenddressegisters estinationoesothangeheonditionodes. Example: Instruction eforefter ADDA.L0,a0 0=000000020=00000004 Noticehathisnstructionasheameffectsultiplying theddressegisterithwoifhisasossible). Instruction:DDI Syntax:DDI, ThisnstructionasxactlyheameharacteristicssheDD instruction,xcepthatheourceannlyeonstant. Instruction:DDQ Syntax:DDQ, SametorysorDDI,xcepthathemmediatealuesnhe sourceieldannlyangeromo.tandsoruick, sincehisnstructionsheastestayoddumberrom tooestinationperand. AotenDD,DDI,DDQ: Mostssemblerscceptheollowingnstruction:DD1,Dn andillranslatetutomaticallyoDDQ1,Dnhusaving aewytesfbjectodendomelockyclesxecutionime. Instruction:DDX Syntax:DDXn,Dn DDX(An),-(An) Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected:eeDD Function:dd-bitndourceoestinationndtorehe esultnestination.hisnstructionssedor ultiplerecisionperationsndshereforenly vailableithhewoddressingodesentioned. Example: Instruction eforefter ADDX.B(a0),-(a1)0=100010010=10001000 1=100020011=10002000 0001000ontainsAheame 0002000ontainsA0002000ontains =0 =1 ADDX.B(a0),-(a1)0=100010000=10000fff 1=100020001-10001fff 0000fffontainsheame 0001fffontains0001fffontains =1 =0 Inhisxampleheordhateginst0000fffsddedohe wordhateginst0001fff.fnehouldryoohisith twoDD.Wnstructionnddressrrorouldccurinceords alwaysustelignedovenddresses.hisnstructionane comparedoheDCnstructionfhe502nd809. Instruction:LR Syntax:LRea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: lwaysleared lwayset lwaysleared lwaysleared Addressingodes: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:etnffectiveddressoero.ouillaveoticed hatouan'tLRnddressegister.owever,ost ssemblersllowherogrammeroLRnddress egisteryubstitutingLR0ithUB.L0,a0 hisnstructionasxactlyheameesult. Example: Instruction eforefter CLR.W0 0=ffffffff0=00000000 ZVC=1011ZVC=0100 Instruction:MP Syntax:MPea>,Dn Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected:ZVCXsotffected) Addressingodessource): n n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Function:omparenffectiveddressithataegister.n actllonditionodesreetsfn-as erformed.oMPsindfubtractionhichnly ffectsheonditonodes. Example: Instruction eforefter CMP.L0,d1 0=000000010=00000001 1=000000021=00000002 ZVC=1111ZVC=0000 Instruction:MPA Syntax:MPAea>,An Dataizes:ord,ong Function:hisnstructioniffersnlyromMPnhathe econdperandsnddressegisterndhatyte sn'tllowedsataize. Instruction:MPI Syntax:MPI,Dn Function:es,tsearlyxactlyheamesompareutow heirstperandusteonstant. Instruction:MPM Syntax:MPMAn)+,(An)+ Function:gain,earlyxactlyheamesMP,utowothhe ourcendestinationperandusteAn)+.his nstructionssedoomparereasfemory.or hosefouhoaveorkingnowledgef:trcmp anerogrammedasyithhisnstruction. NotenllMPxnstructions. Mostssemblerscceptnstructionsike: CMP.Wa0)+,(a1)+ CMP.L3,d0 SubstitutionfMPM,MPIndMPAreutomaticallyerformed byhessembler. Instruction:IVS Syntax:IVSea>,Dn Dataizes:ord Conditionodesffected: ehavesormal;ndefinednverflow ehavesormal;ndefinednverflow ehavesormal lwaysleared Addressingodessource): n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Function:uesshat?hisnstructionerformsivision etweenwoignedumbers.he estinationegisterslwaysongwordndhe ourceperandslwaysord.fterheivisionhe estinationperandontainsheesult.heuotient s alwaysnheowerordndheemainderslways nheighrderordfheataegister!hisay oduloperationslsoerformed,ouustWAPhe ataegisterndouaveouresultnheower ordfheataegister.verflowccurshenou ttemptoivideargeumberymallumber.g. fffffividedy,heesultoesn'titnord. notherrrorccurshenttemptingoivideyero. nhisasehe8000eneratesnxceptionndill rapopecialoutinehichandlesivisiony erorros.nhetariouustetphisoutine ourself..g.LOYDaachineanguageonitor) espondsoivisionyeroithheollowing entenceThenswers2".emember,on'tanichen oueeuchnnswer. Example: Instruction eforefter DIVS3,d0 0=0000000B0=00020003 ZVC=1111ZVC=0000 Instruction:IVU Function:earlyxactlyheamesIVS,nlyhisimeoth perandsressumedoensigned. Instruction:XT Syntax:XTn Dataizes:ord,ong Conditionodesffected: ehavesormal ehavesormal lwaysleared lwaysleared Function:urnytentoord,rurnordntoong. hisnstructionrovidesonvenientayourn ordntoongndtillaveheamealueorhat egister.fheighrderitfheataegisters ,oheataegistersositive,eroesreadded n,therwisenesreaddedn. Example: Instruction eforefter EXT.W0 0=000000ff0=0000ffff EXT.L0 0=ffff00000=00000000 Instruction:ULS Syntax:ULSea>,Dn Dataizes:ord Conditionodesffected: ehavesormal ehavesormal lwaysleared lwaysleared Addressingodessource): n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Function:h!nothereryandynstruction.hisnstruction erformsultiplicationfheourcendestination perand,uttingheesultnheestinationperand. Example: Instruction eforefter MULS3,d0 0=0000000B0=00000021 ZVC=1111ZVC=0000 Instruction:ULU Function:earlyxactlyheamesULUS,nlyhisimeoth perandsressumedoensigned. Instruction:EG Syntax:EGea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected:NZVCallehaveormal) Addressingodes: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:egatenffectiveddressperand.nighevel anguagetouldookikehis:Ὥa Example: Instruction eforefter NEG.L0 0=000000010=ffffffff Instruction:EGX Syntax:EGXea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected:NZVCallehaveormal) Addressingodes: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:egatenffectiveddressperandndddhe-bit oheesult.hissnothernstructionhich rovidesayoandleulti-precisione.g.-byte ntegers). Example: Instruction eforefter NEGX.L0 0=000000010=00000000 =1 =1 Instructions:UB,UBA,UBI,UBQ,UBX Allhesenstructionerformubtractions.heynlyiffern thatayromromheDDnstructions,llther characteristicsreheame. Instruction:AS Syntax:ASea> Dataizes:yte Conditionodesffected: valuated beforeettingheyte valuated beforeettingheyte lwaysleared lwaysleared Addressingodes: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:irstestheperandndetheonditionodes, henetheigh-orderito.eoplehonowhat emaphoresinrogrammingfourse...)re,mmedia- elyillovehisnstruction.orhosehoon't nowhatemaphoresre:.enriasrittenood ooknheubjectalledPrinciplesfoncurrent rogramming".ever,epeatever,eadookn hisubjectrittenyertainr..H.H.ijkstra notheamousijkstra,hisijkstraillevere amous). Example: Instruction eforefter TAS436 436=00436=80 ZVC=1111ZVC=0100 TAS436 436=FF436=FF ZVC=1111ZVC=1000 Instruction:ST Syntax:STea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: ehavesormal ehavesormal lwaysleared lwaysleared Addressingodes: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:estnffectiveddressperand.hisnstructionan eeensMPea>,d0here0s.STsearly lwaysollowedyranchnstructionmorenhese ater) ToheeopleholsoeadheastinesIopeou'velso readostfhereceedingnes):honeendelleowou likehisourse. Myhonenumberinolland)s:13-422397 Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.MACHINEANGUAGEOURSEART byarkanenoer Logicalperations Instruction:ND Syntax:NDea>,Dn NDn, Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ,Clwaysleared Addressingodes: Source:destinationsn) n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Destination:sourcesn) An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformooleanitwiseNDromourceo estination. Examples: Instruction eforefter AND.B0,d1 0=333333330=33333333 1=ffffffff1=ffffffcc AND.W0,d1 0=333333330=33333333 1=ffffffff1=ffffcccc AND.L0,d1 0=333333330=33333333 1=ffffffff1=cccccccc Instruction:NDI Syntax:NDI, Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ,Clwaysleared Addressingodes: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) CR,R Function:erformooleanitwiseNDromourceo estination. Examples: Instruction eforefter ANDI.B7,d0 0=333333330=33333330 ANDI.W$ff00,SRR=ffffR=ff00 Instruction:OR Syntax:ORn, Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ,Clwaysleared Addressingodes: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformitwisexclusiverromourceoestina- ion.ouilloticehathisnstructionannly akeataegistersheource,nlikeheNDnd Rnstructions.hinkheesignersfhe8000 houldaveodeddressingodesorerthogonal. Examples: Instruction eforefter EOR.L0,d1 0=ffffffff0=ffffffff 1=f0f0f0f01=0f0f0f0f Instruction:ORI Syntax:ORI, Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ,Clwaysleared Addressingodes: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) CR,R Function:erformitwisexclusiverromourceo estination. Examples: Instruction eforefter EORI.B$ff,d0 0=333333300=333333cf EORI.W$00ff,SRR=ff32R=ffcd Instruction:OT Syntax:OTea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ,Clwaysleared Addressingodes: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformitwiseotoheffectiveddressperand. otehatOT.W0sheamesORI.W$ffff,d0. Examples: Instruction eforefter NOT.B$ff,d0 0=ffffff780=ffffff87 Instruction:R Syntax:Rea>,Dn Rn, Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ,Clwaysleared Addressingodes: Source:destinationsn) n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Destination:sourcesn) An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformooleanitwiseRromourceoestination. Examples: Instruction eforefter OR.B0,d1 0=ffffffff0=ffffffff 1=333333331=333333ff OR.W0,d1 0=ffffffff0=ffffffff 1=333333331=3333ffff OR.L0,d1 0=ffffffff0=ffffffff 1=333333331=ffffffff Instruction:RI Syntax:RI, Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ,Clwaysleared Addressingodes: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) CR,R Function:erformooleanitwiseRromourceoestina- ion. Examples: Instruction eforefter ORI.B7,d0 0=333333300=33333333 ORI.W$00ff,SR R=ff00R=ffff OriginallyublishednTEWSolumessue. ASSEMBLYANGUAGEOURSEARTI byarkanenoer Shiftndotateperations Instruction:SL Syntax:SL,Dnthemmediateperandlwaysodulo) SLn,Dntheirstperandlwaysodulo) SLea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ongxceptorSLea>hichnly llowsordndongsataizes. Conditionodesffected: etoheastithiftedut etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise etfheostignificantitshanged uringheperation eehe-bit AddressingodesllowedithheSLea>nstruction: Destination: An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformhifteftfheestinationperand.his nstructionanesedsastormfultiplyingn perandithowerfwo.nrocessorikehe 502hisnstructionshenlyayoerform ultiplyperation.heoweritfheestinations lwaysetoero. Examples: Instruction eforefter ASL.L0,d1 0=333333330=33333333 1=000000051=00000028 ASL.W4ee 4ee=00094ee=0012 Instruction:SR Syntax:SR,Dnthemmediateperandlwaysodulo) SRn,Dntheirstperandlwaysodulo) SRea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ongxceptorSRea>hichnly llowsordndongsataizes. Conditionodesffected: etoheastithiftedut etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise etfheostignificantitshanged uringheperation eehe-bit AddressingodesllowedithheSRea>nstruction: Destination: An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformhiftightfheestinationperand.his nstructionanesedsastormfividingn perandithowerfwo.nrocessorikehe 502hisnstructionshenlyayoerform ivideperation.hepperitsignit)slways epeated. Examples: Instruction eforefter ASR.L0,d1 0=333333330=33333333 1=000000051=00000002 ASR.W4ee 4ee=80094ee=c004 Instruction:SL SeeheSLnstruction.heSLnstructionsxactlyheame. Atheomentaven'totheachineodesorheSLndSL operationsuthinkhatvenheachineodesreheame. E.g.nhe809othSLndSLxistutranslateoheame machineode. Instruction:SR Syntax:SR,Dnthemmediateperandlwaysodulo) SRn,Dntheirstperandlwaysodulo) SRea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ongxceptorSRea>hichnly llowsordndongsataizes. Conditionodesffected: etoheastithiftedut etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise etfheostignificantitshanged uringheperation eehe-bit AddressingodesllowedithheSRea>nstruction: Destination: An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformhiftightfheestinationperand.his nstructioniffersromSRnhatheighrderit slwaysleared. Examples: Instruction eforefter LSR.L0,d1 0=333333330=33333333 1=000000051=00000002 LSR.W4ee 4ee=00094ee=0004 Instruction:OL Syntax:OL,Dnthemmediateperandlwaysodulo) OLn,Dntheirstperandlwaysodulo) OLea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise lwaysleared etoheastithiftedutheperand AddressingodesllowedithheOLea>nstruction: Destination: An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformitwiseotateeftfheestination perand. Examples: Instruction eforefter ROL.L0,d1 0=000000010=00000001 1=880000011=10000002Citet) ROL.W4ee 4ee=80094ee=0012 Instruction:OR Syntax:OR,Dnthemmediateperandlwaysodulo) ORn,Dntheirstperandlwaysodulo) ORea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: otffected etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise lwaysleared etoheastithiftedutheperand AddressingodesllowedithheORea>nstruction: Destination: An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformitwiseotateightfheestination perand. Examples: Instruction eforefter ROR.L0,d1 0=000000010=00000001 1=880000011=c4000000Citet) ROR.W4ee 4ee=80094ee=c004 Instruction:OXL Syntax:OXL,Dnthemmediateperandlwaysodulo) OXLn,Dntheirstperandlwaysodulo) OXLea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: etoheastithiftedutheperand etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise lwaysleared etoheastithiftedutheperand AddressingodesllowedithheOXLea>nstruction: Destination: An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformitwiseotateeftfheestination perand.hereseryittleifferenceithheOL nstruction.yheay,tseryandyoave ordprocessorithut/pastendind/replace acilities.llidasututheompleteOL nstructionndeplacedllOL'syOXL's. Examples: Instruction eforefter ROXL.L0,d1 0=000000010=00000001 1=880000011=10000002 ROXL.W4ee 4ee=80094ee=0012 Instruction:OXR Syntax:OXR,Dnthemmediateperandlwaysodulo) OXRn,Dntheirstperandlwaysodulo) OXRea> Dataizes:yte,ord,ong Conditionodesffected: etoheastithiftedutheperand etoheostignificantitfheesult etfheesultsero,learedtherwise lwaysleared etoheastithiftedutheperand AddressingodesllowedithheOXRea>nstruction: Destination: An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Function:erformitwiseotateightfheestination perand.hereseryittleifferenceithheOR nstruction.yheay,tseryandyoave ordprocessorithut/pastendind/replace acilities.llidasututheompleteOXL nstructionndeplacedllOXL'syOXR's. Examples: Instruction eforefter ROXR.L0,d1 0=000000010=00000001 1=880000011=10000002 ROXR.W4ee 4ee=80094ee=0012 Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.MC8000ACHINEANGUAGEOURSEARTII byarkanenoer Iouldikeoedicatehisartoilleke,hoivesichard sleeplessightsndhenspirationoritevenorexciting issuesf STEWS.nlyawillekenhotograph,utheust beineirl.nypinionhererehreeualitieshich girlustave,oualifysineirl.hesere:)ike Queensrche,)ike STEWSno,heoesn'taveoikehis particularachineanguageourse). Now,ou'rellnxiousonowhehirduality,ren'tou?f youhinkounowhehirdne,endournswero STEWS. bottlefineilleaffledmongheersonshoavehe rightnswer.hereillenotherottleorheostriginal answer! Bitanipulationnstructions  Instruction:TST Syntax:TSTn,rTST, Dataizes:nlyytehenea>snddress.nlyonghen ea>sataegister. Conditionodesffected: otffected otffected etfheesultsero,learedtherwise otffected otffected Addressingodesllowed: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) onlyhenourcesn) Function:estingleitfnffectiveddressperand.its reumberedromo1,heresheeast ignificantityououldsehisnstructionoest fumbersdd).hisnstructionssefulhen pecificitsfnperandaveoehecked..g. heneadingoysticknformationneouldestith inglenstructionhetherheire-buttonasressed rot.omparedohe502nd809hisnstruction inactllitanipulationnstructions)retep orward,inceithheselderrocessorsneado utheatanegisterirst,henilterheit ithnND-operationndhenhe-bitnhetatus egisterastastet.ival8000!!incehis nstructionasheatherddropertyfnlyorking nytendongperandstsmportanthatou ememberhatrotenreviousartbout pecifyingataizes. Examples: Instruction efore fter BTST.B5,$345678345678 345678ontains ontains7878 -bits BTST.L0,d1 0=0 0=0 1=$123456781=$12345678 -bits Instruction:CLR Syntax:TSTn,rTST, Dataizes:nlyytehenea>snddress.nlyonghen ea>sataegister. Conditionodesffected: otffected otffected etfheesultsero,learedtherwise otffected otffected Addressingodesllowed: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) onlyhenourcesn) Function:itestndLeaR.irstestsheitoeleared ndetshe-bitccordingly,henlearshe pecifiedit. Examples: Instruction efore fter BCLR.B5,$345678345678 345678ontains ontains7858 -bits BCLR.L0,d1 0=0 0=0 1=$123456781=$12345678 -bits Instruction:SET Syntax:SETn,rSET, Dataizes:nlyytehenea>snddress.nlyonghen ea>sataegister. Conditionodesffected: otffected otffected etfheesultsero,learedtherwise otffected otffected Addressingodesllowed: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) onlyhenourcesn) Function:itestndET.irstestsheitoeetndets he-bitccordingly,henetshepecifiedit.his nstructionndheCLRnstructionaneseds lternativesoheAS-instruction. Examples: Instruction efore fter BSET.B5,$345678345678 345678ontains ontains7878 -bits BSET.L0,d1 0=0 0=0 1=$123456781=$12345679 -bits Instruction:CHG Syntax:CHGn,rCHG, Dataizes:nlyytehenea>snddress.nlyonghen ea>sataegister. Conditionodesffected: otffected otffected etfheesultsero,learedtherwise otffected otffected Addressingodesllowed: Destination: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) onlyhenourcesn) Function:itestndHanGe.irstestsheitoehanged ndetshe-bitccordingly,henhangeshe pecifiedit. Examples: Instruction efore fter BCHG.B5,$345678345678 345678ontains ontains7858 -bits BCHG.L0,d1 0=0 0=0 1=$123456781=$12345679 -bits BinaryodedecimalBCD)nstructions TonderstandhisnstructionclasseustirstnowhatCD- digits.tsepresentationfecimaligitsnnrrayf bytesarrayayefengthrreater).nveryytehe decimalumbero9aneepresented.hissones follows:yteaneividedntowoour-bitarts,alled nibbles.nveryibble,neecimaligitsepresented.his implicateshatheinaryombination010aneverccurnCD representation,incetsn'tnheecimalangeromo. TheCD-representationsspeciallyonvenienthenrintinguch aigit,incetoesn'takeuchalculationoonvertto printableharacter.isadvantagefheCD-representations thatneoesn'tseheulltorageapacityfyterord. The8000ashreepecialCD-artithmeticnstructions. Instruction:BCD Syntax:BCDn,DnrBCD(An),-(An) Dataizes:yte Conditionodesffected: etyarryutfostignificant CD-nibble,learedtherwise ndefined etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ndefined ames-bit Function:ddwoCD-digits.heredecremetingddressingode aseenrovidedoromputationsithultiple recisionCD-numbers.hismplieshatheost ignificantCD-numbersustetorednheower emoryddresses. Examples: Instruction efore fter ABCD.B0,d1 0=$53 0=$53 1=$32 1=$85 Instruction:BCD Syntax:BCDn,DnrBCD(An),-(An) Dataizes:yte Conditionodesffected: etyarryutfostignificant CD-nibble,learedtherwise ndefined etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ndefined ames-bit Function:ubtractwoCD-digits. Examples: Instruction efore fter ABCD.B0,d1 0=$53 0=$53 1=$32 1=$21 Instruction:BCD Syntax:BCDea> Dataizes:yte Addressingodesllowed: n An) An)+ (An) (An) (An,Rn) Conditionodesffected: etyorrowutfostignificant CD-nibble,learedtherwise ndefined etfheesultsero,learedtherwise ndefined ames-bit Function:egateCD-number.owtunctionsaneest escribedithnxample.et'segate23.heBCD perationields77.ow,owideethisesult? t'sasy,ustubtract23rom99ndou'veott. Examples: Instruction efore fter NBCD.B0 0=$43 0=$56 Thisshendfarteven.extimeillealithll programlownstruction,uchsranchesndumps. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.MC8000SSEMBLYANGUAGEOURSEARTIII byarkanenoer Programontrolnstructions Thislassfnstructionsnablesrogrammeroreateoops andF-THEN-ELSEikeecisions.hat'shyt's theost importantroupfnstructionsndveryrogrammerhouldave ahoroughnowledgefhisroup.hislassfnstructions arepecificallyeantoffectherogramounter. Instructions:cccctandsoronditionode) Syntax:ccaddress> Dataizes:yterord.hismplicateshatheranch- nstructionsanranchnnreaf2K.hen singranchithyteffsetouanutS uffixehindhenstruction.g.EQ.Shen singranchithordffsetouanutW uffixehindhenstruction.g.EQ.Wost ssemblersilleterminefhehortrord ormseeded.lsoostssemblersillptimize ord-branchesoyte-branchesheneverossible. Conditionodesffected: one Function:estombinationfheZVC-flagsnhetatus- egisterndonditionallyerformranchonother ddress.fheestingfheonditionodessrue, henheranchilleaken,nhetherhe nstructionmmediatelyollowingheccnstruction illexecuted.otalf5ossibleariationsf hisnstructionreistedelow. CC:hereCtandsorarrylear.heranchs akenfhe-bits.hisnstructionsften sednombinationithhiftndotate nstructions. CS:hereStandsorarryet.heranchsaken fhe-bits.hisnstructionshe ounterpartfheCC-instruction. EQ:hereQtandorQual.heranchsakenf he-bits.hisnstructionsftensed fterST-instructionrMP-instruction. NE:hereEtandsorotqual.heranchsaken fhe-bits.hisnstructionshe ounterpartfheNE-instruction. PL:hereLtandsorLus.heranchsakenf he-bits.hisnstructionsftensed fterST-instructionrMP-instruction. MI:hereItandsorInus.heranchsakenf he-bits.hisnstructionshe ounterpartfhePL-instruction. VC:hereCtandsorVerflowlear.heranchs akenfhe-bits.hisnstructionsften sedfternntegerrithmeticnstructionike DD,UB,ULtc. VS:hereStandsorVerflowet.heranchs akenfhe-bits.hisnstructionshe ounterpartfheVC-instruction. RA:hereAtandsorRanchlways.his nstructionsftensedthendfoopo oackoheeginningfheoop. ranchesftensedfternrithmeticperationn wo'somplementumbers. GE:hereEtandsorreaterrqual.hisranch sakenfhend-bitsontainheame alue. GT:hereTtandsorreaterhan.hisranchs akennheollowingases: s,s,s sss LE:hereEtandsorowerrqual.hisranchs akennheollowingases: s nd-bitsontainifferentalues LT:hereTtandsoresshan.hisranchs akenfhend-bitsontainifferent alues. rancesftensedfternrithmeticperationn nsignedumbers. HI:hereItandsorIgher.hisranchsaken fhend-bitsontainheamealue. LS:hereStandsorowerrame.hisranchs akenfhend-bitsontainifferent alues. Example: hishowsiecef-programndnquivalent iecefASCAL-programhichreranslatednto ssembler.variabelesigned) : fvariable=|ariable)ariable; lsear=; ASCAL: fvariable=)rvariable) henariable= lseariable=ariable ostssemblersillptimizeheranch-instructions ohehortorms MP.W1,variable EQ10000 MP.W4,variable LE2 10000: OVE.W5,variable RA3 2: OVE.Wariable,R0 ULS3,R0 OVE.W0,variable 3: Instructions:Bcccctandsoronditionode) Syntax:Bccn,
Dataizes:yterord.hismplicateshatheranch- nstructionsanranchnnreaf2K.ns onsideredoontainord. Conditionodesffected: one Function: heroupfecrementndranchDBcc)nstructions rovidenfficientayfreatingoops.heyre earlylwayslacedthendfoop.irsthe onditionsested,henheataregisters ecremented.heranchsakennheollowing ases: ns1; heonditioncnBccsatisfied. herere6ossibleariationsfhisnstruction. heyllreearlyheameshecc-instructions, ithwoxceptions.hesere: BFrBRA: hisoopannlyeerminatedyountince hetheronditionanevereatisfied. BT:nlyerformsecrementnheataregisternd everranches.oehiseemsrettyseless nstruction,hichsnlyhereoakeheBcc eriesogicallyomplete. Example: hisiecefodesnfficientmplementationf hetrcpy-functionfhe-language.0ontainshe ddressfheourcetringnd1ontainshe ddressfheestinationtring.nhendf tringsarkedyyteontaining. OVE.W$ffff,D0 OOP:OVE.BA0)+,(A1)+ BEQ0,LOOP hisiecefodeanasilyeransformedntohe trncpy-functionyoading0ithheppropriate alue. Instructions:cccctandsoronditionode) Syntax:ccaddress> Dataizes:yte. Conditionodesffected: one Function:etsyteofffheonditionodesatisfie.f heonditionsotatisfiedheyteseto. hisroupf6nstructionssarelysed.early llormsreheamesheBccroupxceptorhe ollowingwonstructions: F:heamesLR.Bnstruction T:heamesOVE.B$ff,address> Example: enventive,nventneourself! Instruction:SR,SR Syntax:SRaddress> SRaddress> Dataizes:one Conditionodesffected: one AddressingodesllowedonlyorSR): Destination: An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Function:heSRBranchoubRoutine)ndSRJumpo ubRoutine)nstructionsresedoralling ubroutines.SRanranchnangef2K.SR houldesedhenumputfhe2Kanges eeded.omessemblersptimizeSRntoSR nstructionsheneverossible,inceSRsore fficienthanSR.henxecutingSR/JSR nstruction,he8000irstushesheCprogram- ounter)nhetackndhenoadheCithheew ddress.eeeloworheTSReTurnromubroutine) nstruction. Instruction:TS Syntax:TS Dataizes:one Conditionodesffected: one Function:ounterpartfSR/JSRnstructions.eloadsheC ithhealuenopfhetack.hisalueill earlylwaysaveeenutnopfhetacky SR/JSRnstruction. Example:hetrcpyunctioniscussedefore TRCPY: OVE.W$FFFF,D0 OOP:OVE.WA0)+,(A1)+ BEQ0,OOP TS ometherode EGIN: OVE.LSOURCE,A0 OVE.LDEST,A1 SRTRCPY TS hetringsreutnatarea DATA 0ytesorverytring OURCEDS.B0 ESTDS.B0 DS.Beansefinetorageyte o0ytesreefinestorageorachtring Instruction:MP Syntax:MPea> Dataizes:one Conditionodesffected: one Addressingodesllowed: Destination: An) (An) (An,Rn) (PC) (PC,Rn) Function:ransferrogramontrolonotherddress.heCs oadedithhepecifiedddress.nacthiss ariantfheOVEnstruction.nhisasehe estinationegistersnherentlyefined,amelyhe C-register.hereforeeouldranslateMPea>o OVE.Lea>,PC Instruction:TR Syntax:TR Dataizes:one Conditionodesffected: one Function:eTurnndestore.ounterpartfSR/JSR nstructions.eloadsheCithhealuenopf hetack.hisalueillearlylwaysaveeenut nopfhetackySR/JSRnstruction.henly ifferenceithheTSshatithhisnstruction lsoheCRseloaded.hisnstructionsarely sedutomesnandyhenneoesn'tant ubroutineonfluenceheonditionodes.eforehe SRnstructionouhouldsehenstruction: OVE.BCR,-(A7) hichushesheCRnhetack Nextime:heastartfhenstructionet.heserehe instructionshichannlyexecutedhenupervisor-modes active. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.IhinkhatORTHsanguage, thatradechoolhildanearnoseffectivily, iftsresentednitizedieces, withheroperotivation.  Charles.oore  STRENGTHNORTHARTNE:ASORTHOTOTHER?y.anssen  Toeginith:ORTHsomputerlanguage,bout7earsf age.takessackoheeventies..U.S.A...andnBM- 1130........ ItouldeastefimeoellouheholefORTH's historythistage.eadbouthatnYTEugust980. Whereasharles.oore,heatherfORTH,imselfrotehat article,ouan'tccuseefossipingither.ORTHsore thanerelyomputerlanguage;earningORTHsqually adaptingnttitudeorogrammingomputer.fouere programmingefore.g.nASIC,ouillaveoodifyour wayfhinking.foueren'touillraduallyevelophat attitude.Keeptimple",shedagiumyhichORTH- programmingsestescribed.implicityeadsorograms,hat areellined-out,elltructured,eadablendlexible. TheresomethingoreboutORTHouhouldnow.nORTHhe programmerseldesponsibleorhatheomputerillerform athendfll.ORTHsotoreseeableanguage;till nothink,hereouailedooo.oouan'tlameORTH norouromputerhenheutcomefourlood,weatndears isubbish.hatindfanguagesORTHoodnenhe firstlace. StillueerneorhomsttachedoASICrascal. FORTHsnnteractive,xtensible,igh-levelanguage,ery fastnderyompactndighlyransportable.Forurious eyenly:ORTHanlsoeescribedsnnterpretivehreaded language.hehreadinganeirectrndirect.herereome FORTH-impementationshichrerueompilers.heyse machinecodeubroutinehreadedode,nsteadfistf addresses.hexacteaningfllhisillexplained,hen weillignheictionary.)  INTERACTIVITY Whatereoingooext,semonstratingomeeaturesf FORTHonderlineheescriptionfORTH,eavebove. WhyesitaterabourORTH-disc,rumpletntoourrive andqueezehatouse,rtrikeey.FORTHon'ttrike back....notet!).upposeou'veotanualithour FORTH-system.eadtarefullynowoandlenourase, adaptingfinorifferencesccur.uchs:ypingpperr lowercase,aximumlengthfordstc.tc. Inemonstratinghingsillseords,hichon'txplain immediately.ouon'tindhat,ssume. NowordnypingORTH. Aspacellowshelanetsndtarsoakeheirevolutions, apacellowsORTH-wordournroundndaketsoves.o betweenveryordteastnepacesust.llutputf FORTHillenderlined.Inheext,otnourcreen!). FORTHsnteractive.ouype,ORTHypesack. NowypeWhereype,ouressETURNnstead). FORTHays OK.eeouype,ORTHypesack.nteractivity! Don'totherbouthat-signangingroundthendfhe addition.ouillearnwhy"oonnough. EXTENDING...  NowypeLIST OK.rypeORDS OK.o,hatasothe Holyibleorodernoetrytumblingownouronitorscreen; itasORTH's dictionary. Rememberhattserymportant featurefORTH.nomeespectsllhose words resemble statements,unctionsndirectivesnASIC.on'tonfusehe FORTH-expressionword"ithhe6-bitaluehatther languagesallordndhatnORTHsalled cell. In BASICouetlosed,elimitedackagefheanguage.ut notonORTH........ NowypeLIST,nditeyromethinglse.nyway,ryo stopheistingnrderoeeheeryeginningfLIST,he wordnopfheictionary:REATE.YourORTHayaven otherordnopfourse.tustepends......) Keeptnind.ownterELLO"ideehi" OK.one Youidn'torgetoypendouust,ounow. Nowhowheictionarynagedodegain.ndeurprised Onopfheictionarysn'tREATE,utELLO.yove!ou justnteredewordntoheictionary,hichsow extended.on'telievehemasics;ORTHillreatis youngesthildnheeryameaysereatsiseloved oldernes.hat'sxtensibilitynterELLO HideehiK Nowet'sixheewELLOithomelderords.nterELLOS 3OELLOROOP OKoroveyords,nterELLOS Hideehi Hideehi HideehiKoiscrimination,huodratemonstrandum. ERRRORSSSSSsssssssht.....  DidouoticehatORTHlwaysaidKhenllndedell Alas,omefsomputerpeopleoakeistakes,vensing FORTH(on'tanic,heyivebroad.nowne. EnterENCE MSG4ENCEsotniqueK.owhissot reallynrror;tsarningndhenlyneORTHives. TheordENCEaslreadylacednheictionary,owts notongernique.ORTHoesn'tother,ouayedefineENCE andlltherordssftensouikendnhichay whatsoever.ORTHlwaysonsidersheastefinitionshene toesednewefinitions.ut....youuessed,on't...FORTH won'tother,aid,utouill!xecutingewENCE,ORTH willoothing.ndhat'soteantomputeroo.o let'sorgetboutENCE.akeagedLIST.ENCEsnop,s youanee.ownterORGETENCE OK.akeagedLIST again.ee,ORTHasompletelyorgottenboutENCE.e.hat do-nothing-FENCE,sheriginalstillhere.eeor yourself.onvincedeshankou.oORTHsxtensible nd destructablesell. NownterUNATICF"ell,ythagoras" MSG19 Conditionalsotaired.I.eouorgotHENrNDIF AndotKo,o,hisimetseallynrror.ouidn't completeoop.ndhat'sotK.nhisituationheORTH- systemsikelyoollapse,fherrorasllowedoass undetected.oORTHtrugglesorife.herror-detectingnd reportingacilitiesreoornORTH,sollowORTHoun ataximumpeed.orxample,heresothingoreventouo fillhentireictionaryithulls.esponsible,emember! OnhetherandouanebuildORTHoourxactemandsnd that'slexibility.fourseuon'teedllhisrror- stuff,uttsandyonow....elpingourriends.  HIGH-LEVEL  FORTHsigh-levelanguage.heyoldehat.igh-level meansere,hatORTHtselfaseenrittennntherlow- level)anguage,uchs8000achine-code.nost implementationsfORTH,artftsrittennachine-code, partftn...FORTH. Ifigh-leveleans,hatomputerlanguageoreressakes afterheumananguage,henORTHsllhatoo.ORGET FENCEoundsuiteuman,sn'ttheoreuman,sENCE indeedsarrier.Behind"tordsrerotectedgainst FORGETting. TRANSPORTABILITY  MostORTH-systemsonsistsfhreeainarts:ORTH's precompiledictionary; -ORTH'sditor; -ORTH'sssembler. Youlreadyawheictionary.heditorillepokenfn theearuture.hessembler....Ieallyon'tnow.illf courseriteboutheecularitiesfORTH-assembler,uthe assemblerlanguagetself..well,eadheourselsewheren ST NEWS. Besides,aveometherevotionsoo,ounow! Thehirdeasonsowoexplained. TheORTHtandardeamaommitteefainORTH-users,mateur asellsrofessional)owndhenpecifieseryrecisely theequirementsftandardystem:.g.he9-standard,he 83-standard.heseequirementsnvolveheinimumequiredord Setsellsheesourcesfheostomputer.nhatever computerORTHayun,heequiredordetilleirtually theame.hessemblerilliffer,ependingnhe microprocessor.on'tnowitboutheC68000et.lear Notnlyhessemblerilliffer,heardwarefpecific computeretstsimitso.g.raphics,isc-handling,he operatingystemayavetsharacteristicffectsn implementingORTH-system,utsingheequiredordetn mainframeillroduceheameutcomesnquarius. More,heossibilityfxtendingourystemaynlargehe portabilityetweenystems.upposeourystemacksVARIABLE. Well,efinetnhisayVARIABLEREATE SPEEDY ANDOMPACT  IroughtphessemblernelationoORTH'sompactnessnd speedfxecution.ncornserune986avidohnson- Daviesescribedow0ifferentanguagesopedithheame benchmark.heyerellBC-Bmplementations,ounningnhe 6502-processor.heesults:  Language odeizebytes)imesecs) Assembler 15 .64 S.Pascal 24(machinecode)9 FORTH 8 1 BCPL 0Clintcode) 2 ISO-Pascal 8BI-code) 0 ISO-Pascalfl.nt)0BI-code) 9 BASIC 2 85 BASICfl.nt)7 48 Lisp 04 26 Microprolog 66 59 Theableakesnotherointerylear.fouotoeaster thanourhadow,henlyayfmprovingORTH'speedso programourime-criticalORTH-routinesnheORTH-assembler. Yes,ORTHsast,compactndagain)ersatile. ItasheTARI-companyoriteORTH-language,nhichhey programmedheirorld-famousames.nearningORTHoure notarwayromome THETACKNDPN  Nownter OK.e'veonehatarlier.uteidot careorheesultthatoment.eilloow.nter. Enterhat?es,otsORTH-word.olarifyhingsit, letsypeORTH-wordsnraces:.onter.} 8OK.ee, FORTHnewtouightavehoughttherwise.... Nevertheless,umbercrunchingsoteryopularith FORTH.orisrithmetic,ORTHsestacknd.P.N.hat struckouightnheace,idn'tton-FORTH creaturesescribeheirrithmeticperationsnnfixotation, i.e.heperator+slacedetweenheperandsthe numbers):.n.P.N.rostfixotationheperatorsre fixedfterheperands.ispseshehirdossibility:refix notation.heperatordvancesheperands:(LUS. R.P.N.shortoreverseolishotation.hyolishell, itasolishogician,.ukasiewicz,honventedn extremelyoncisendeadilyechanisedethodoriteogical definitions.omputersllogic,emember).hetacks dueoheeversedotation.tacksertainypef computermemory.lmostllanguagesakeseftack.ostly hiddenromherogrammer.sORTHromisedouomplete controlfourachine,ouaysellontrolhetack. TheORTH-stacksIFO-stack.IFOtandsorastnirst Out.heasttemutnhetack,shenlyneouan easilyoveromhetack,ithouturtheranipulation.o reachheifthtem,ouaveoemovellourtemsbove. Imagineilefrays.henenopshenlyneouan comfortablyemove,ithoutreakingheest.orthaswo stacks.heneeanterendowsalledomputationstackr parameterstack,sorhewoossiblections:rithmeticnd parameterpassing. Aordayroducetemsvaluesndddresses),eavehemn thetack,herentherordanindhemndsehemo fulfilltsask,assingthertemsotherords...etc. That'sarameterpassing.uttingtemsntohetack,henes alreadyherereushedurtherdownwards'.hetackas onlynentrance,romnop. Therereoackdoorsride-entrances.opftacksery commonxpressionnritingbouthetack.'llsehe abbreviationOSTopftack).hethertacksalled returnstack.nhistackORTHutsistfointersso keeprackfhatooextnisizzyriphroughhe labyrinthfourtari. Youayseheeturnstacksomextraandoemporarely storeumbers.  BEHAVIOURISM  WhenORTH-wordsypedtheeyboardtssuallyxecuted asoonsheETURN-keysressed.xecutingordORTHas aun-time-behaviour.ORTHhenarriesutheariousasks, therogrammerantedheomputerooheneasreating thatarticularord.utarlier,henherogrammerntered (atast)isewlyreatedord,ORTHadournoompile- time-behaviour.ORTHhenroteheewordnictionary formnheictionary.hisrocesssftenermeds compilation,uttrictlyccuratetouldeoallt interpretation.ompilationhouldroduceativeachinecode, ratherhenistfddresses.utsouillearnoonoth wordsrenheictionary:NTERPRETndOMPILE.oesORTH confuseou Pfeeeewhat'snoughoroday.es,nsweringhatilly questionnheeadline:o!ORTHasotather,harles H.oore. SUMMARY FORTHasnventedyharles.ooren969.partromeing aomputeranguage,tslsonttitudeorogramming computer.ORTHsnnteractivextensible,igh-level language,ast,ompactndighlyransportable. Statements,unctions,irectives,ogical,rithmeticalnd stackperatorsrealled WORDS.ordsnndivisable elementhroughhichORTHxecutes.ndivisableereeans: nothinganeeftutochieveheoalheordsreated for.ordsretorednhe DICTIONARY.ictionarysot fixedntity.ordsanedded,ordsaneeleted. Asherogrammersullyesponsible,ORTH'srror-messages areimited.llumberandlingsarriedutnhe STACK. Thistackslsosedoassarametersromneordo another. Onhe RETURNSTACKORTHoldshenformationpointers)oeep trackfhatooext.hetatusfORTHane EXECUTIONr COMPILATION.xecutingordORTHulfillsisredefinedask. CompilingordORTHritesordsewntrynhe dictionarynarticularorm. REMEMBER  R.P.N. everseolishotationrostfixotations ayfritingownrithmeticormula. heperator(s)ollow(s)heperands. {VLIST}utputsheontentsfhectualictionary. {WORDS}denticaloVLIST}ntherystems. {+} ddswosingle-length)umbersnopfhe  tackndeplaceshemyheesult. {.} utputsheoptacktem,emovingtrom hetack. EXTRAS  Thisoursesimited.heimitsreetnheirstlacey thenow-howfe,heriter.herereeveralifferent implementationsfORTHnhetariTndon'tavehem alltand.econdlyhereshemountfimeetweenne issuef STEWSndheextne.....andooohaiting!!n thehirdlace STEWS isotORTH-magazine. Soomedditionaleadingayoouood.herereotsf goodooksboutORTH.ustentionneitle.hat'secause Ihink,t'sheestookverrittennomputersndORTH. Althoughtsotdaptedsarsnowohe83- standard,ouillNJOYeadingt.heook:TARTINGORTH, Leorodie,SBN-13-842930-8hardcover),SBN-13-842922-7 (paperback).ndanecommendouATERSHIPDOWN,causet's fun. EXERCISES  Saveourtrengthorextime!estishes! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.Forhehingseaveoearneforeeanohem,eearn byoinghem.  Aristotle   STRENGTHNORTH   artwo  THEREEKONNECTION  Lastimeeftounhetack,ithothingoo.uteid somerithmetic,emembereolvedhisimeere goingooomeorefhat.That'shyouldaveeftou onhetacknyway).nORTHrithmeticsatterfo stackrototack....andumbersfourse.tsherefore essentialotudyhoroughlyhetack'sagicndORTH's numbers. NUMBERUMPER  Noworheumbers.fouren'tcquaintedithheasicsic !)nsndutsfinaryndexadecimalepresentationf numbersothnsidendutsideomputer,uggestououy aooknhattuff.touldeiresomeoethroughll thaterendow.ossumeteastounownough,o understandheollowingxplication. Aomputeroestninary;llnesndulls.hus, computer'sathsreninarysell.umbersretoredn binary.otoreumbersoueedomelaceotorehem: locations,emorylocations.omputeranindach locationytsddress. Themallestiecefemorysedotoreumberssalled byte.Ofourseouayrite,fouhinkounowetter;ut itillostouife-timeorkingoayheack-postage. Ayteonsistsfits.achitanavehealuefither 1r.fouhouldriteownllossibleombinationsf's and'shatitntoyte,ououldaveollectionf56 numbers,angingromo55nclusive.  THEREATECEPTION  Meanwhile,idouoticehatitaner,.eositive (=),rot-positive=),utOTEGATIVE.andlingositive numbersayelleaturalay-of-lifeoromputer.o handleegativeumbers,eeedoisleadheomputer.ean deceivetyhe two's-omplementrithmetrick.ow,ORTHs 16-bitriented.nnsigned6-bitrithmeticheowestumber youightepresentsero.ninary:000000000000000.ndhe highestppearsninarys111111111111111,hichs5535n decimal.nhisonstellationherere5536umbers.owatch therick!onsiderhatappens,fddoheighest number(65535). 111111111111111  0000000000000001  1)0000000000000000 Asavenly6its,henhe7thlacesost.he remaining6itsretoredshealueero. IFEDDO AUMBERNDHEESULTS,EHENANASILYNTERPRETHE ORIGINAL NUMBERI.E.111111111111111)SHEALUE1.nhis wayheomputersisleadohink6ositiveitss1.o, if6itsreositive=RUE),umbersnterpreteds1. Nowtillelearoou,hynomputerlogicRUEs1; becausellitsreRUEeephatnind:6-bitumbersan behoughtfsitherignedrnsignedumbers.igned numbersangerom32768po2767.nsignedumbersange frompo5535.llumbersrentegers. Toearnowoidenorseback,ouaveoitn...andide. ToseORTH,oueedonowowtorks,onowowtorks youeedoseORTH.ereoingoseORTH,oeefe wereightboutORTH'sumberhandling. Justnter:1DUP}.}U.} -15535OK.et'sraceacknd seehatappened. 1.1OS.UPmeans duplicatealueOS).outputshe numberOS)..outputsheumberOS). Thetackhows:1 1 Now.}emoveshealueOSndrintstsignedumber. Thetackhows:1 {U.}emoveshealueOSndrintstsnsignedumber. That'sherehetandsor:nsigned. Forurtherlucidationsnhisubjecteeedoxaminehe binaryormf1nd5535.eanIan,ouan't)chieve ouroalyakingewordyefiningolondefinition.he namecolondefinition'suitebvious.heirstharacters colon.erets..ASE@ASE!WAP.ASE! OK. AsolonsORTH-word,eperatetypaceromther words.emi-colonlwaysndsolondefinition.erhapsou didn'tealize,utllumbersillowereutputnecimal base,ORTH'sefaultase.ouanasilyhangehatase, simplyytoringewasevaluenheordBASE}.nheord {B.}hatasonehroughheequence.2ASE!.. Dotow.BASE}! OK.owORTHsninaryase.gain, changingoctalase.000BASE}! OK.hynarth000 Becauseeereninarynd000sightninary.acko decimalgain.ellaid,utowoypeennctalelieve me,ts2.o2BASE}! OK.heestfB.}setpo returnoecimalrominary.heresneordfnterest: {SWAP}.SWAP}xchangeshewooptackalues.ype OK. Thetackhows:  TypeSWAP} OK.ype.} 3OK.tsotuchike.}o printutheecondoptacktem,oSWAP}ustave exchangedurwoittleumbers,ecomingecondnd becomingOS.et'sryB.}sayee-dot).Oneainyayill teachowoefineolly-Dot-word,ouet.) Type1DUP}B.}.} 11111111111111111OK.ype5535DUP} {B.}U.} 11111111111111115535OK. See,ninaryheresn'tnyifferenceetween1nd5535. Its.}ndU.}hatakesifferentUTPUT. Andyreekonnectionristotlerovedeasightnhate wasayingboutearninghingsyoinghem. WithB.}ouayxaminenhichayORTHtores6-bit numbersnternally.ith.}ndU.}ouayaveookt theirignedndnsignedisualhapes.Ifouwnon-83- standardORTH,tayehathetackwidthsot6-bit,ut 32-bit.llhatasaidndllhatsoeaidbout6-bit appliesquallyorheumbersndperatorsesignedor2- bittack.e'llakeurtheremarksn2-bittacksnart) MostrithmeticnORTHseryimple.ecauseoulwayseal withntegersfixedange.ORTHuppliesufficient operatorsoollortsfaths.ometimesouillaveo writenperatorourself.illivexamplesnhisourse Therestilloreoellboutumbers.utorowhe subjectslosed.eillxamineheperators.llperators toepokenfnheextewines,orkn6-bitsntegers only.ixteen-bitumbersreeferredosingle-lengthr single-precisionumbers.referingle-length:hort.l.o weiscuss.l.-operators.  FAMILYPORTRAIT  We'veetneemberfhelan,+}.oulreadynowim,o sayello.et'sroceedith-}say:inus).inuscts similaroheax-official,tubtracts.takeshewo numbersOS,ubtractsndlacesheesultackOS.ype45 344-}.} 1OK.ind,heumberoeubtractedusteighestnhe stack. Nextoinuss*}say:tar).tar'sobsoultiplyhe twoumbersighestnhetackndlaceheroductack.ay specialttentionotar,ecausetsikelyoroducearge numbers,hichayxceedhe6-bitange.ype7*}.} 111OK. Theourthlanmembers/}say:lash).lashasorno divide,oeoes.hithoutompassion:othingemains. Enter.g.3/}.} 20OK.heemainder3)sost. Slash'winrothersMOD}say:od).odgnoresheuotient andavesheemaindernly.o3MOD}.} 3OK. Theombinationflashndodivesounduotientnd remainder.tsrittens/MOD}ndronouncedlashmod.nter 83/MOD}.}.} 20OKheesultsot0.3rhe like,s/MOD}utsheuotientndheemainderswo6-bit numbersnhetack. Starndlashothavepecialisedephew2*}nd2/}say: twostarwoslash).hesereeryastperators.sividing andultiplyingyworeostommonnse,ORTH'semandor speedsueoheirirth.indheifferenceetween*} and2*},snritingspace),sellsnpeed. STARSLASH,HEENACE  Someinesgoarnedouhenouse*},oearefulo stayithinheixteen-bitange.owereresentouhe menacefhelan.heextperatorsn'tuiteoyalohe Sixteenbitclan.tasiscellaneousharacter.ouritets {*/}ndronouncetstarslash.hissowtcts.nter please1368*}/}.}ndhat'sotheightnswer. Nownter1368*/}.} 10973OK.ndhat'sight.hat happenednheirstxampleheesultf1368*}idn't fitnto6its113687784).nheecondxamplehe resultfheultiplication-partfheperator*/}ssong as2itshisntermediateesultshenividedynd theinalesultsutOSs.l.-number.In2itsigned numbersanangerom2147483648o2147483647nclusive.) Thenputnhetackorsey*/}slwayshewoumbers toeultipliedirst,ollowedyheivider. Starslashoesotupplyemainder,soes*/MOD}.he latterivesouverything:peed,2-bitsntermediateesult, quotientndemainder.illiscussoreundamentalspects ofhesewoordsogetherithheubjectfloating-point andcaling. Theamily-portraitfurixteenbittershowstillome unknownaces.erereNEGATE}ndABS}.heyotherform exactlyhatindfction,ouxpecthemooromheir name.NEGATE}hangesheignfumber,ABS}eturnshe absolutealuefumber..g.8NEGATE}.} -18OK18 {NEGATE}.} 18OK; -18ABS}.} 18OK8ABS}.} 18OK.ookarefullythe outputfhexamples.woairsfordseemoe superfluous:1-}1+}nd2-}2+}.ouayookponhemn theameays2*}nd2/}.heyerformeryommon stackactionsndsuttingumbersnhetacksomewhat slowingownORTH'speedHehinks,hough),heseordsre especiallyesignedorpeed.o+}slowerhan1+}.ot noticeablehenhelussingsoneneime,utheime- savingspectf1+}ecomesubstantialfheperationaso bearrieduthousandsndhousandsfimes. UNSPOKEN  Iweouomexplanation.idn'tantoisturbhe procedurefhatasoexplainedbout6-bitumbersoo much,owoordserenspokenff:C@}ndC!}nhe definitionfB.}. Forowhisillo.C@}xtractsytealueromheord {BASE}nduthatalueOS.hichalueependsnhe numberbaseORTHsorkingn:ninary,0necimal, 16nexadecimalase.C!}sheppositefC@}:ttores byte-valuentoord.oBASE}C!}illuthealuef intoheordBASE}.healueasoeOS. InvitedouoefineheordB.}.foucceptedy invitationheefinitionasutnheictionary.ut....if youisconnectheowersupplyresetourachineou'll haveoeloadORTH.ouillheniscover,haturB.}-word hasisappearedromheictionary.fouanttack,ou'll haveoefinetnew.heresfourseayoreserve self-definedordsnisc.aitorheditoroe explained....... Nextimeeilliscusshetack'sagic.wopellsave already:DUP}ndSWAP}.utherereomeore.ndeill haveooktORTHelationalndogicalperatorsoo....and seeinghingsoubleightoweilliscussouble-length arithmeticsell.eepmiling!  SUMMARY  ORTH'srithmeticakeslacenhetack.ORTHupplies lotfrithmeticperatorsithpecificunctions.umbersre 16-bitsor2-bits)ongndnteger.ingle-lengthringle- precisionrithmeticealsith6-bitsumbers.he.l. arithmeticperatorsreesignedoorkn.l.umbers exclusively:istsrovidednhisartwo.n.l. arithmeticignedumbersangerom32768o32767nclusive. Innsignedorm.l.umbersangeromo5535nclusive. Exceedingheseimitsillivenreliableesults.lligned numbersrenwo'somplementorm. On2-bittacksheresoistinctionetweeningle-nd double-lengthumbers. REMEMBER Two'somplementhewo'somplementfumbershe xactqualbsolutealueutithpposite ign. Integer nntegersumberithoractional parts..g.23,,365rentegers. Numberbaseumbersomplexymbol.nailyife  eseecimalase.enshease.o omposeumberhererewoainoints observe:healuefigure,ndhe lacefhatigurenheumber.he lacesalculatedromight=0)o eft.nxample.umber3456.heas aluefixndlace.heecimal aluefsow0^0.ow0^0=1.o henlacesorthix.sorhe .heecimalaluefhes0^1= *10=50.he:*10^2=4*100=400,he: *10^3=3*1000=3000.nlacehe asenumbersaisedoheowerf,n laceoheowerf,nlaceo heowerftc.tc.henouhoose notherase,henehingohangen hexampleboveshe0. .g.ehoosease,ctalase.he s*8^0=6*1=6.he:*8^1=5*8=40.he :*8^2=4*64=256tc.tc.ouayhange ohateveraseouike,healculation emainsheame.heostommonases sedreecimal,inaryndexadecimal. Dollyotsorldfamousinolland,hough)emale opgroup. Colondefinitionolondefinitionsheostommonayf efiningewords.heord:}lways pensheefinition,ollowedypacend heamefheeword.hentherords ollowoefinehectionfheeword. heastordlwayss;}. Aristotlereekhilosofer4thent..C.).heuotations toeoundnNicomacheanthics'. _________________________________________________________________ |ordtackactionescription |||| |n1\n2-um:1+n2)dd |n1\n2-if:1-n2)ubtract  |n1\n2-rd:1*n2)ultiply  |n1\n2-uo:1/n2)ivideinteger) |ODn1\n2-emainderemainderf1/n2 |MODn1\n2-em\quoeaveuotientith | emaindereneath |/n1\n2\n3-1*n2/n3)ntermediateroduct1*n2| _________________________________________________________________ |ordtacknotationescription |||| | storeds2-bitumber| |/MOD(n1\n2\n3-em\n1*n2/n3)|s/utlsoeaves | emaindereneath |EGATEn1-n1) hangeign  |BSn1-n1|) bsolutealue |+n1-2) ddooptacktem |-n1-2) ubtractromoptack | tem |+n1-2) ddooptacktem |-n1-2) ubtractromoptack | tem |*n1-2) astultiplyy |/n1-2) astividey |________|__________________________|___________________________|  EXTRAS  AeryopularordnORTHsIG.lthoughtsORTH-word youeverillncountertnictionary.ttandsorORTH Interestroup.hisroupxistsoromotenterestnndse ofORTH.hearent-groupsoundnheSA;utlmostach countryastswnranch.nquireouromputerclubor addresses.iveounlyheSA-address: ORTHnterestroup Oox105 anarlos a4070 .S.A. Andfourite,leasencloseelfddressedtamped EnvelopeSAE)!!  EXERCISES  1.utasanysouike)egativeumbersnhetack. avehemutputyB.}.eureB.}snheictionary. arkhetatefhe6thit. learhetackithelpfSP!}.epeat,uthisime ithositiveumbers.gain,arkhetatefhe6thit. hatanouellowboutignedumbersegardinghe6th itxplainhyhatitsalledheign-bit 2.emembertarslashnhatubjectavenxamplehat urnedutoivealsenswers:1368*}/}.ewrite hisxampleoiveheightnswer,otsing*/}. 3.ewritehisormula:344ر05n.P.N.nwoays. 5 4.hatsheemainderf: 576ظ61  5 5.hatshensignedquivalentf986 6.riteheextormulaownnuchay,hatllperands renneidendheperatorsnhetheride:  (69)ص.g.4807 8 7.*/MOD}aswo6-bitumbersutnhetack,uotient ndemainder.hichfhemwosheighernhe tack? seourrains,othetacknotation 8.ubtract:,uton'tse-}..xplainheollowing tacknotation:n-^2).eresheord,rote.UAD UP. 10.riteourwnordfhichhetacknotationsn-^3). Nextime'lliveheolutions.illhen!! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.Whysyerseoarrenfewride, Soarromariationruickhange Whyithheimeootlanceside Toew-foundethodsndoompoundstrange  W.hakespearesonnetXXVI)  STRENGTHNORTH  parthree SORTHIE-DETECTOR y.anssen Yesndillevealoou,hosheiar.ORTHimself maybeaitndee!irstolloweoerlin'save.ere goingoaveomeagic.nORTHerlin'savesnownshe Stack.andointsohentrancefhetack:SP@}.et's seefhetacksmpty.se.S} EmptyK.......orotmpty ofoursefomerueseretillisitinghetack.fhe Stackasn'tmpty,.S}illotavelteredtnyhow,ontrary to.}heatterstack-destructive,.S}eaveshe stackitemsstoundhem.learhetackithSP!} OK. (Ifouadnyroubleith.S}roreikelyithSP!},ake aooktXTRAS). Checkhelearingithurtackscanner.S}.owutome numbersnhetack: OK.se.S} 1 2 7K.epeat.S}.ouotheameutput,ope.nter.} {.}.}.}.}.}.}.} 8K.hisutput shouldowaveurprisedou.akeoodooktothutputs. {.S}lwaysrintsutheoptacktemoheightndhe bottomoheeft.sing.}epeatinglyseidillutput theoptacktemeftndheottomight.nter.S}gain. FORTHellsouhetacksmpty:.S}canshetems,.}lso removeshem. THEIGIE EnterSP@}.} 326368K.(Theumberayifferithour FORTH).soldeforeSP@}ointsohectualntrancefhe stack.e.heop.hetackasmpty,o26328sheddress ofheottom.nterSP0}DUP}.} 326684Khissn addressoo.upedt,ecauseeedoetchomethingrom thatddress.etchingtemsromddressessccomplishedy@} whichorduriousnoughsalledfetch'.hichtemsiding atddress26684nter@}.} 326368K.heameumbers weanagedoetromSP@}henhetackasmpty.tddress {SP0}storedheddressfSP@}henhetacksmpty,.e. theottom-address.nterumber:23 OK.et'sohrough allhattuffgain:SP@}.}ndSP0}DUP}.}@}.}.he respectiveutputas:263642668426368.otoodnoughor theuinessookfecordsheutputfSP@}sESShis timestasheirstime,eteutumberNhetack. Haveouvereentackrowingowerfterouutomething ont IsORTHonfusedFORTHonfused..?ever).et'snterore numbersoiveimnotherhance:5689 OK.extSP@}.} 326356K.eidtgain!hetackrewownwards,ot upwards.ndowsSP0}oingryt.SP0}@}.} 326368 OK.teasthatnestable.hatysteryrosseduraths- of-lifeyowheraditionalpellson'telpsere,e'd bettereadnORTH'sictionaryndindodernomputer- spell.erereome:.S}DEPTH}OVER}DROP}SWAP}DUP} {ROT}ROLL}PICK}.erhapseannravelheysteryow. {DEPTH}eemsnnterestingne.hat'soingownwards,s somehowelatedoepth.nterDEPTH} 3K.hat'sost helpful,sn'ttowait,euthreeumbersnhetack, andaybeDEPTH}new.ype34 OK.owDEPTH} 4K.ne moreime:atch,DUP}DEPTH} 5K.Whyive).eetith {.S}.e'lloublecheckhectionfDEPTH}ithDROP}.he wordDROP}emovesheoptacktemndeverellsheret went.nneoDROP}DEPTH} 4K.it!DEPTH}new!o itustavetstackconnectionsightoure.heord outputsheumberftemsnhetack.ndORTHallst 'depth',otheight'.hus,ustaveivenourong impressionfhetack,ritinghingssopftack,utting numbersntc.mhatiarhenORTHayuggesthato you,utmotaveouheonventionaldeaf stack,stacknealifehoulde:ilehereuponean puthingsndhereeanakehingsrom.utnside computerealhuman)ifeoesn'tomenccount.nside computeregionfemorysetpart.heordSP0}ivesou theddress,hereouanetchheddressfhetack'start. TheordSP@}uppliesheddresshereORTHanindheOS. Dependingnhattackactionsakelace,heddressupplied varies,ncreasingndecreasingncessantly. Touttoreomputerlike:SP@}ivesouheddressfhe mostccessibletackitem.ofouDROP}ntem,heresn't reallyadenyove:he Stack Pointerotewddress,hat's all.fouhenutntemn,ouimplyverwriteshetem youhoughtouemoved.nter.S} 123568934K.eow {SP@}eotheddressfheOS.et'sinduthateally isnhatddress:@}.} 234K.arvellous,sn'ttnd whatboutlearinghetackithSP!}ell,ouheneplace theSP@}-valueithheddresstoredtSP0}.ryo understandheollowing:LSTP0P@nderstanding thatilleasierhenounowhat!}sheppositef@}. {!}salledstore',implyecausettoresaluesthe desiredddress.234SP@}!}illtoreheumber234the currentddressfSP@}.hinkfllheossibilitiesouave withhoseevenimpleords;.S}SP0}SP@}SP!}@}!} {DEPTH}.ouaveompleteontrolfhetack.ithheelpf sometherordsike+}nd-}ouandis)organizehetack toourreeill.  STACKMANIPULATION Butouettersehetackmanipulatorshichreeadyorse providedyheystemtself.oulreadynowome:DUP}, {SWAP},DROP}.ndthersre:OVER}ROT}PICK}ROLL} {?DUP}.omeoreayenourORTH.uchs-ROT}TUCK} {NIP}tc.thendsableithtacknotationsnd descriptionsfumberftackoperators. Whyoeeeduchotftackoperatorsell,ohangehe orderfhetemsnhetack.idouryoolveheixth exercisefartithoutheseftackoperatorcheeee..! Takehisornstance:X^2X,uadraticxpression. Nowouaveoalculatehisormulaorariousaluesf. Ofourseouandapthealculationoacheparatealue of.f,orxampleurittleashealue,heesult couldeoundsollows:4hisane improvedponysingtackoperatorsnuchayhathe X-valueeedsoeypednlynce: STACKONTENTS 2  hisshehosen-value DUPUP snop  * 2 *26);OS*212) SWAP 2irstwap2,thenOS * 20*210),0owOS -  2-102),henOS +  +46),OS . mptyrintOSnisplay If'salues,nlyhatirstnopasohange,he restemainsheame.heesultoweing1.s'mery smart,ouldn'tothertll.heesultorachaluef canebtainedyddinghatastohealuef.ryt !).hedvantagefhisshatverything,xcepthealuef Xaneadentoolondefinition. :UADUPUP- WAP Itorksikehis:UAD 8KUAD 13K. Heresistfsefultackmanipulations,hichequirewo words:  STACKEFORETACKFTERORDSSED 1  VERWAP 1  WAPVER 1  WAPUP 1  VERUP 1  OTWAP 1  WAPOT Tryhemuttheeyboard.ndse.S},s.}illespondn 1OVER}SWAP}ith.oouememberhy 32-BITTACKS Iaderomiseopendewordsn2-bittacks.sou mightaveoticed,etORTHutputumbershichon'titn a6-bittack:26684,26364.ememberhatheighestumber thatitnto6itss5536.llORTHsortariTnowf areearlytandard-83.oearly....becausefheir2-bittack andberrantethodfass-storage.hereayewoaineasons whyouhooseor2-bittack.he8000Psnternally organisedoorkn2-bitizendecondlyheddressbuss4 bitsidth.hismplieshatorkingith2-bittacksar moreasierandlingddressesoeachntoheullotentialf memory-space.nheoutside'ou,heserumberhandling hasrownessomplicated.ouaveoongeroorrybout singlendoubleengthumbers.llumbersangingrom 2147483648o2147483647nclusiveunsigned294967295 willomfortablyitnhe2-bittack,ithouturther requirments.tsvenossible,hatoubleengthumberet isncludednourORTH,oubleoweing4its. Onhetherandhe8000Pllowsperationsnytes,ords andongwords,,6nd2itesp.hemplicationanehat aidearietyfllindsfperatorssefinednORTH. YouranualhouldupplyoalledLOSSARY,escriptionf allheordsourORTHanorkith.hereouillindhe extendndxacttacknotationfourystem. Oneoreemark'llringpere.tightaverossedour mind,hatumberhandlingnORTHasertainatheright limits.on'tetisappointed,hatouan'tandlenormous numbersnORTH.ememberheollowing.stronomyealsith bigumbers,on'touhinkell,ORTHasesignedor astronomicalurposeseumansntendocaleownig numbers.eon'tay:hattarstistancef 30480000000000000m,r,259ightyear,uttlovelyne) parsec.hat'soreonvenientoheimitsfurmagination. Itavesimeoo! AAIRY_TALE Well,nceponimehereereouble-lengthumbers.ouould easilyecognizehemtheirizef2its.hetackado bearnedfouantedout.l.-numbern.heumberad toearked:203457.,.g.otadoerminateheumber.o 12.as.l.umber,sas234.,3143567.nd.omeORTHs allowore.l.-markerse.g.ndhelacenheumber isree. Thereasis)nlyne.l.rithmeticperator:D+}.oddwo numbers,hereereeveralossibilities:)dd.l.umbers 2)dd.l.umbers)dd.lumbero.l.umber. Ad.ut.l.umbersnhetackndse+}:+}. Ad.ut.l.umbersnhetackndseD+}:8960.41234. {D+}. Ad.ut.l.umbernhetacknd.l.umberrong! haton'tork.fvennlyneumberferiesou antedoddsf.l.-format,llumbersaveoen hatormat.o,3424536.+}r3423546.D+}ill ivealseesult.hisillork:34.23546.D+}. Toheckheesult.}on'torkn.l.ormatither.he.l. equivalentf.}sD.}.sing2-bittack,llheseludgey thingsreverndut.Exceptithultiplicationndivision. Examinehexacttacknotationornformationboutheindf numbersnperatorxpectsnhetack). Toubtractwo.l.-numbersouadoriteordfourwn. Herets:-NEGATE+Remembernefhexcersisesf partwo).DNEGATE}sfoursehe.l.ounterpartf {NEGATE},sDABS}sfABS}.oanipulate.l.-numbersnhe stackhererepecialords:2DUP},2DROP},2OVER},2SWAP}, {2ROT}.heyccomplishheameasksDUP},DROP}tc.o,n d.l.-numbers.heyanlsoorknombinationfwo.l.- numbers. SERIOUSGAIN Theseiverefnterestor2-bittacksoo.et'se practical.nter234567892SWAP}S 567892345K. Payeriousttentionoowhewappingserformed.teast itemsaveoenhetackor2SWAP}nd2OVER}.2DROP}s lessemanding:teastwo,ss2DUP}.2ROT}xpectst leastixtems.layroppingndwappingndupingndotting (hmmm)oetsedohoseperators.eware,hathexact actionfhese2....}ependsnheindftackitemshey operatepon. Wereoingonterhewilightzonefixedperators. Theseperatorsrellelatedoultiplicationnd/orivision. ForxampleUM*}sixedperator.hetacknotationsw1 uw2-product.hewoperandsayotxceedhensigned 16-bitange,hileheesultfheultiplications2-bit number.norkingithixedperators,onsultouranualor thexactse.ost Mixedperatorsreeclaredixedysef theharacterM'nheompositionfheamefheord,s {UM*}ornstance. WHATBOUTORTH'sELATIONS Oneroupfperatorsusteview:heelationalndogic ones.elationalperator....theordoundssftost fortune.utfamenendnlyneouillecognizene whenoueem.erets:=}.nderereore:<}>}<>} {0=}0<}0>}.heseperatorslwaysestfelationxists betweenteastwotemsnopfhetack.heyre frequentlysednonjunctionithonditionaloopssIF..ELSE ..THEN}.on'tivenyxamplefhisse.ouldaveo explainoou,owoseonditionaloops.'lletterait tillhen.omefheseperatorsestheelationfheOSo zero:0=),0<}tc.et'saveomeun:learhetack,nd putumbern, OK.ownter0=} OK.ouskedORTHf equals.ookpORTH'snswerith.S}.ouillindn thetack.heesultfheestingasalse0).fouow {0=}gain,ollowedy.S},ouillind1,enotinghe testingasrue.ell,oldounartwo:1 denotesRUEnomputerlogic.eareful,ORTHonsidersll numbersoerue-2,,2345,124578,xceptheumber, whichslwaysalse.nterSP!}<} OK.owoouead suchnxpressionourobablynowhisromASIC:F THENOTO20rFTARIOMMODOREHENIVEOOD.nhe firstxamplesomparedooestfsmallerhan, whichsotfalse=0).heecondxamplesohowhatives stillorthiving.o,n<}ouoOTomparendo testfsmallerhan.hinkf<}s<}.hisid countslsoortherelational,ogicalndrithmetical operators.woelationalperatorsooteaverueralse resultnhetack:MIN}ndMAX}.heirstompareshewo numbersnopftackndeaveshemaller,hethernects similarly,uteavesheigherumber.othordsreost frequentlysedoetheowndighimitsnuchvents asO-LOOP-ndonditional-loopconstructions.'llivene examplendvance.OOPY0INOR"'moingoopy!" LOOP"hhhheeeeeeew...!!!"eadeewordOOPY.t executessollows.OOPY I'moingoopy! I'moingoopy! I'moingoopy! I'moingoopy! I'moingoopy!hhhheeeeeeew...!!! OK Again,utithigherumber.00OOPYursychological mostnterestingentencesowrintedut...no,otundred times,utnly0.llueoheantasticobMIN}id, keepingynthusiasmithinertainimits.otice,owheext wasypedetween."}nd"}.  NOROEANDOTOE Youonowogicalperators,on'touuchinyordss {NOT},OR},AND},XOR}.llhisogicsn'tsrightnings mosteoplehink.heemptationohowouhatogics veryxcitingorld,icklesyrains.wooreogicperators areEQV}ndIMP}.utheyreotrequentlysed.ouever willncounterNOR}rNAND},nomputerlanguage.utn electronicsandseryopular.tstheoratically)ossible toxclusivelyireomputerithAND-gates.houldemember, thatomessueaternsedicatedoogic. Nowet'soninary.eidtnceefore:ASE OK. FORTHcceptsnlyiguresninary:nd!ryt:?. TheuestionmarkhowshatORTHasompletelyorgottenbout thetherigures.ond!llogiceedsarameters, ateast,xceptNOT},hicheedsnlyne.hisvenpplies forhardwareogic"! Enter111100AND}.S}100 OK.hatappenedet'sutt rightp.111 000111 1100AND}ndore 1100AND} 1111AND} 100 000111 Younowndsinaryigures.utlsosRUE(1)nd FALSE(0).theeryomentouseathematicalperatorn binaryase,ORTHreatsndsigures,hichonstituate numbers,hichountuantities.theeryomentouse logicalunction,ORTHonsidersndsRUEndALSE,ot formingumbers,sACHndACHsakenpart,otounting quantities,utignallingualitiesRUEndALSE. Also,itannlyer.nd..yesnlectricireane setn1)rff0)urrent.oeretllomesogether: electronics,ogicndinaryase.woimple(!!!)lementss TRUEndALSE,nd,NndFFuleheholeusinessf computers.o,foureettingngryroredeadinghis words,rue,lameouromputerorn(c)endurntff;t's alloltage! Backohexamples.heirstne:111100.heournes signallingflagging)ourimesRUE,hewones-twoulls flaggingwoimesRUE,woimesALSE.owAND}akeshe rightmostf111ndheightmostf100,nd.ithhis TRUE-FALSEarametersheAND}-functionivesALSE0)s result.heeftmostsf111nd100,oth=TRUE),ave TRUEfterAND}inghem,ikehis: 1111  1100AND} 1100 . Theecondxamplehows,hatAND}ingALSEndALSEives FALSEsesult.romereffeaneriveoalled Truthtables.ouanindhemnheanualfT-BASICndn mostomputerbooks.ustemember,hat111100+}something quitifferentrom111100AND}.rytut! AlsoryutheunctionsfOR}ndXOR},asoneorAND}. Andon'torgetoxperimentntherumberbases.ndryo seeomeogicnheagic. Logicalperatorsrerequentlysednonjunctionith conditionaloops,selationalperatorsre.nhatontext, noticehat0=}asesemblanceoNOT}.utheyresedn aifferentay..g.....{DEPTH}0=}F.....hasignificant meaning,sDEPTH}utputsumber.ut....{SP@}SP0}>} {NOT}F.....easilyeadssifhealuefSP@}sOTigher thanhealuefSP0)',ashesef0=}nhisaseoesot. ApecialordnNOT}.NOT}utputsn2-bit,o111NOT}, willive1111111111111111111111111110000nd111111NOT}.ill give1111111111111111111111110000000.ee,heNOT}tingsone bityittheightmostide.llogicalperatorsorkit byit.heostxoticndessnderstoodperatorsXOR}. SometimeslsoalledEOR}nASIC.nepplicationfXOR}s toetermineheignfheroductfwoumbers.egative numberastseftmostitetone.heXOR}fwoumbers ofhe sameigni.e.hoseeftmostitsreothroth) willeumberitheroeftmostit,ndicatingositive number.ithwoumbersfheppositeign,heXOR}ill resultneftmostit,howingheesultoeegative.he valuefheesultasnhisontextoeaning. TheastogicalperatorsTOGGLE}.tsomewhatikeXOR} inhis,hattxclusive-orsheowrderytefheoptack numberithheyte,hoseddresssecondnhetack;he resultslacedthisddress.tssednyte-masking operations,sohangearticularits.eresefinitionf {TOGGLE}nORTH-assembler,erelyorheakefemonstration. WatchheORnemonicerets:ODEOGGLEP+0OVEP )+0MOVEYTE00OR; Thisarthreeendsorowoeaven,ut'dikeotayn earthoromehile. Nextimee'reoingoiscussoops.eowaveastered enoughfhetack'systeriesouccessfullyumprom stackinessooopiness.hateverhataye................. illeeetneaven. SUMMARY ToetheullfrithmeticnORTH-style,ORTHupplies severalordsoanipulateherderftemsnhetack.hey alsoerveoearrangeherderfarametersnheayord expectshemoe.heseordsrealledtackoperators. Toesttackvaluesnuantitativeonditionsherereany operators,alledelativeperators. ToestfonditionsRUErALSEeanseheogical operators. Bothelativendogicalperatorsreftensednombination withonditionaloopssF..ELSE..THEN,EGIN..UNTIL, BEGIN..WHILE..REPEATndASE-structures. Ihudderedohinkfheiscussionn6-nd2-ittacks. Thesef2-bittacksllowsnasierayfumberhandling,as Iearned,orostommonrithmetic. Itsn'tossibleoistllrithmeticndtherperators, whichppearnheanyT-FORTHs,ommercialsellsublic domain. Pleaseowoadheextartfhisourse,hichsalled "ForthourseIIb"! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.  STRENGTHNORTH  parthree SORTHIE-DETECTOR y.anssen Readheecondartfhisime'sorthourseere! REMEMBER TOETCHaerbsedoxpresshectionhen articularaluetarticularddressaso eopiedntohetack.healuethat ddressseftnchanged.ee@}. TOTORE aerboxpresshectionhenarticular aluenhetackasoeovedt articularddressnemory.healuenhe tacksemoved.ee!}. TOCALEaerbsedoxpressertainayf umberhandlingnalculatingrithmetic xpressions.heumbersustonformohe amescale".hats,llecimalointsust etheamelace.heecimalointsre venotctuallyresent.nside,heomputer reatsheumberssntegers.heutputf correct"nswerserformedynserting ecimalointtheightlace.oouan voidloating-pointrithmetic,fourystem acksloating-pointperators.nxamplef calingllaluesontegers:heonstant spproximately.1416.hereafircle ithadiusf0msalculateds0ر0 س.1416nloating-point.eouldcale o14160000*/}.rettero5513*/} hichsccurateoorehenlaceseyond heecimaloint.heefinitionfshe rittensI5513/hereashen alculateds0DUP}*}PI}heindf rithmeticsedsalledixed-point rithmetic. PARAMETERaounsedoenotehealueeneral outinesivenoerformhectualction. +}.dditionseneraloutine.he ndrehewoarametersnhichhe ctualdditionserformedoiveheesult f.arametersrelsoalledrguments. MNEMONIC aounsedoenoteettercombinationr ordcontractionnssemblerlanguage.he rocessfssemblingranslateshenemonics ntoinaryode,nesndulls,henlyode omputereallyanakectionpon. GATE aounsedoenotenlectronic onnection,hichllowsoetermineetherr otoltagesreatedtometherointf hatonnection.nAND-gateornstance onsistsfwontrancesndnexit.he ntrancesaneigh=voltage,=1)row=no oltage,=0).ustsorheogicalperators ouanetpruthtables.ofnentrance sighndhetherow1)heesultf heAND-functions,sigh.hexit-line henilleighoo. \ o--   |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |S-Outputshetackcontents |P0-ddrOutputsheddressfhe | initialddressfOS |P@-ddrOutputshectualddress | ofheOS  |P!-Initialiseshetackpoin- | ter.e.learshetack. |EPTH-n=umberftackitems |VER12-121)CopyhendtemverOS |OTn123-231)MovesherdtemoOS |ROP- RemovesheOS-item. |DUPn-)rn-)DupsfOSson-zero |ICKsedsICKCopieshethumberOS |OLLsedsOLLRotateshethtemOS |DUPtacksizeependentStacksizeependent.n6-| |OVER bittacksheyorkn |SWAP d.l.-numbersrombina- |ROT tionfwo.l.-numbers.  |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |DROP On2-bittackn2-bit| | numbersnairs.  |UCKn12-212)SamesUPOTWAP. |IPn12-2) Dropshendtem |ROTn123-312)RotatesOSordtem |n12-) LeavesRUEfheopwo | stackitemsrequal. |n12-) fsRUEf1sess2 |n12-) fsRUEf2sess1 |>n12-) fsRUEfheopwo | stackitemsreotqual. |=n12-) fsRUEf1sessr | equal2.  |=n12-) fsRUEf2sessr | equal1.  |=n-) fsRUEfquals. |<n-) fsRUEfsess |>n-) fsRUEfsigher  |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |<>n-) fsRUEfnequal |<=n-) fsRUEfqualsrs| | less.  |>=n--) fsRUEfqualsrs| | higherhan  |HEREAYEELATIONALPERATORSORNSIGNEDUMBERS |HEYOOKIKE=,>,<,<>TC.HEIRCTIONSHEAME. |INn12--min)Leaveshemallerfhe | topwotacknumbers |AXn12--max)Leavesheargerfhe | topwotacknumbers. |OTf1--2) f2sRUEf1sALSE | f2sALSEf1sRUE | Equivalento=. |NDn12-nd)ReturnsheogicalND |Rn12-rReturnsheogicalR |ORn12-or)ReturnsheogicalOR  |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |nddr-Valuestoredt | addressddr   |addr-Valuesetchedrom | addressddr.    EXTRAS Inxperimentingithhetack,t'seryandyoaveoolo printutheontentsfhetack,ithoutestroyingt.uch toolsheord.S}.nothersefulordstackcleaner. {SP!}appensoene.searned,SP!}ailedooisob rightnteastneORTH-system.oerereefinitionsf aewtackleaner.LRP0P!setsLRndhe stackslean.hetherefinitionorksnoreoundabout way.STEPTHUP=OTFOROPOOPHEN"tack empty"STshortormptyTack. EXERCISES 1.xplainheifferenceetweenOVER}OVER}nd2OVER} 2.hichordasheameesultsOVER}OVER} 3.nXTRASefinedordEST}.anoueplaceheequence fDUP}0=}NOT}yustneord 4.ritehrasehatoeshat-ROT}oes,ithoutsing -ROT). 5.efineomeordsorhequationselow,ivenhetack ffectshown.seheetfaperoriteuthetack ctionssonenhexample.  a  x(6x) 6y^2y   a-esult)x-esult)x-esult) 6.heruthtablefANDs:ANDivesALSE ANDivesRUE ANDivesRUE ANDivesRUE. akeolondefinitionorheogicunctionAND,otsing ogicperators:AND.................... 7.ourenteringheorldfigusiness.en10!) ifferentroductsourefferingankindtenifferent rices.efineetfords,oouannterOTAL_OF UGARUTTERREADEERISHS,ndnourisplay srintedutheotalriceourlientasoay.sef oursentegerrices. 8.amesxerciseeven,ut...youustebleonterhe inglesellsheluralamefroduct.g.OTAL_OF OWIGSOWSORSESOGSIGATS. 9.ewrite*}ohattlwaysultipliesumberytost. .........ORTHillpposenotnique'.egatem aterouanFORGET}ourewlyefined*}. 10.hisnesooifficult.fouucceedednefiningAND, ouanedefinellogicalperatorsQVndMPnclusive ryhatnenASICsasily!  SOLUTIONS 1.he6thitor2thit)slways,ssormalor negativeumbers,rlwaysssormalorositiveumbers. Callinghatitheign-bitsueoheacthathetatef thatit1)ndicatesetherumberasositiver negativeign. 2.eryimple!68/}13*}atterfrder 3..sing*/}44055*/}..singwit}055/}44 *}. 4.se*/MOD}.76615*/MOD}ndWOimes.}oeehe emaindernouronitor. 5.hensignedquivalentf986s4550n6-bit. 6.heolutions89+}*}SWAP}!)/}r89 +}SWAP}/}*}.hewappingidt!! 7.heemaindersecondnhetack. 8.seNEGATE}.oNEGATE}+}illoheob. 9.heordQUAD}eedsneumbernhetackeforexecuting ndiveshequarefhatumberOSftereingxecuted. 10.heefinitionsPOWERUPUP Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.Sheaid,oeaulnowsnerick, onengredient.ithouthatrick  you'llneayocreamingilently  inoss.ithouttherereoood  methodsrechniques. Johnteinbeck,Burningright" TRENGTHNORTH  Partour AKINGRUEECISION Iustouldn'tecide,hatooirst:heeturnstack,he colondefinitionrontrolstructuresndoops.ou'veethem allhree;ittleitfllhree,hough.orth'secisions areuchimpleroake.ORTHecidesnworguments:ALSEr TRUE.easn'toeighhichfHREEorvenore)rguments isostmportant,sappenedoo.airlyaid,ORTHoesn't reallyecide,eoncludes.ameoonclusionoo:ittle ofhisndittlefhat.heeturnstackadoeturnohe freezerorhile.  THEUTSIDE Now,tayuned,eresomeoreboutheolondefinition. Theolondefinitionsheostommonlysedayfefining newctionnORTHndaseensedithoutuchxplanationn somexamplesnarlierssuesfhisagazine.heormsike :AME................. Firsteakeooktheutside.olondefinitionlways startsithheord:}ndndsithheord;}.nsideuch aefinitionouansellordshichrenORTH'sictionary athatoment,henesouefinedourselfoo.ndfourse youanseumbers.fterouyped:}ouaveoypeteast onepace.henrrivesleomentuprme'.soureiving birthoewreature,ououldametsell.ostORTHs allowamespo1haracters.llrintableharactersre allowed,xceptpace,ecauseORTHsespaceoistinguish oneordromnother.yhatameheewreatedordsnown inORTH'sictionary.henouanypeheords,umbersnd parametersouhoughtereeededoulfillhectionou createdheewordor.heefinitionsinallyerminatedy a;}.ememberoypepaceetweenheordsndumbers. Maketoabitoypeworhreepacesetweenheamef theewordndheestfheefinition,orooreeason thanlarity.ndpeakingflarity,foureoingorite moreeriousefinitionsorsenargerpplications,ever forgetoritetacknotationsndomments,oouanetrace thectionfordsndhichtemsheyxpectnhetack. Makingistakessncludednakingolondefinitions.hatan gorongostsorgetting;}.ourefinitionshen incomplete.ncompleteefinitionsrereventedromeingound, whenheictionarysearched.oFORGET}uchncomplete definitionsouaveoseSMUDGE}.hisordnableshe incompleteefinitionoeoundyFORGET}.ORTHayave {FORGET},hatncludesSMUDGE}nneo.ememberhatFORGET} aord,tartsithhatord,utoesnorgettingllhe wordsefinedfterhatord.orxample:IPOINO" I'mlown"ndthiseryomentounintentionallyresshe RETURN-key.ORTHoesn'tivenK.eefheordPIPO}s placednheictionary.fo,henFORGET}PIPO}fORTH answersithIPO,hennterSMUDGE}FORGET}PIPO} OK. Onceorrectlyefinedolondefinitionanexecutedyyping theequiredarameters,fny,ollowedytsame.ouan enterewordsnheictionaryyypinghemirectlythe keyboardndressingETURN.heseordsreoteptnhe dictionary,henouurnffouromputer.implyecausehe originalictionarysniscndouidotriteourew wordntohatisc.notheraysoypeourordsithhe helpfnDITORntooalledCREEN.hiscreenfilehen canerittenntoisc.aternouannterheords definednuchcreennheictionary.ORTHoesn'tare wherehenputomesrom;irectlyromheeyboardr indirectlyromcreenfile.t'sotaid,hatordsnteredn theictionaryyeansfcreenfile,reartfhe dictionaryorver.ounlyaven'toetypehem,henou needhem.utveryimeoueedhem,ouaveonterhem intoheictionary.oreboutditorsndcreenfilesn futurehapter. ONHENSIDE Therereeveralaysnichewordanelacednhe dictionary.hesese definingords.heostommonre:} {CONSTANT}VARIABLE}USER}VOCABULARY}CREATE}. Theefiningordshusreateictionaryntry.hexact constructionfnntryformat)sependentnheethodf implementationndayelleifferentnifferentersionsf FORTH.eneralescriptionsivenerendlthoughheethod toescribeseryommonne,thouldotessumedo applyollersionsfORTH.oall'eansallnhis implementation'. Allntriesonsistsfwoarts:heeadndheody.hats inORTH'seadhreeartsellounted: a)heamefhentryithariableength; b)inkpointeroheamefhereviousntry; c)odepointeroheachinecodesednhexecutionfhe ntry. Thetartingaddressesfhesehreeartsrenownsameield address,inkieldddressndompilationorode)ield addressespectively.heinkieldddressesllowORTHo jumpromneordonotherseoesnictionarysearch. Theodyfnntryontainshenformationbouthectionf thatarticularntry.heaturefhisnformationiffers accordingoheefiningordsedntsreation.heodys alsoalledarameterieldndhetartingddressarameter fieldddress. Anxample.et'sefineonstant:6CONSTANT}IPO OK.hat happenedheefiningordCONSTANT}reatesictionary entry:ameieldmongtherhingsontainingheharacters PnSCII-code.heinkfieldontainsheointerohe previousord,ayAMALOU.heompilationieldeldsointer toachinecode,sednhexecutionfheordPIPO}.When youypeIPOtheeyboardndressETURN).hearameter fieldontainsoorehanhealuefheonstantIPO,6. Theachinecodeohichheointernheompilationield pointsndhichsxecutedhenheordIPOsypednd RETURNressed,akeshealue6nhearameterieldnd copiestntoheopfhetack.nheasef colondefinitionhearameterieldsistfheompilation fieldddressesfheordssedoefinehection.he Compilationieldddresscfa)ointsoachinecodeoandle thoseddresses.heefiningordVARIABLE},sedsVARIABLE} PIPO,reatesamefield,inkfield,ompilationfield,nd parameterfield.hatastnesomeemoryspace,eservedor laterse.ith56IPO!},ouillhatemoryspaceithhe value56.nxecutingIPOheVARIABLE}-machinecodelaceshe parameterieldddresspfa)fIPOOS.heord@}sust fineoropyinghealueromhefafIPOoheopfhe stack:IPO@}.}56 OK.owouhouldaveoughdeaf thectionfhreeefiningords.arkheifferenceetween {CONSTANT}ndVARIABLE}.nxecutionCONSTANT}ivesouhe value,VARIABLE}heddress ofhatalue. Eachntryerminatesithhexecutionaddressfheoutine calledXIT,hichausesegitimatexitromheord.o, insteadfakingokesllheime,hinkbouthatunchf theory!!!heiagramelowhowsypicalntryor colondefinition. | NameieldddressAMEFORD | LinkieldddressINKOINTERtoreviousamefield Compilationield|toachinecodeor ddressODEOINTERcolondefinition Parameterield| ddressOMP.IELDDDRESS | OMP.IELDDDRESS |    | CMP.LD.DDR.FXIT|  Theholeomplexfreatingictionary-entrysalled compilation.eryellistinguishompilationromxecution. Compilationsheonstructionforeressomplicated piecefachinery,xecutionakeshengineunhatachine. HOTITHOT Andowractice.akeornstanceheordEMIT}.orll {EMIT}mits.llSCII-charactersEMIT}endsoheisplay.o 7EMIT} OK.hatokeoup,idn'ttouayryll numbersromill56.6EMIT}rintsot.et'suttn colondefinition.OT6MIT OK.owDOT} .K.ore dotsDOT}DOT}DOT} ...K.hat'suchorkndittleay. WemproveattersyOTSOOTOOPndhen0DOTS} gives ..........K.ouidn'torgetoressETURNfterou typedheOTS-wordfourseouidn't.ounowyowhat eachnputusteerminatedithETURN.romownon't typenymore.oremprovementfheDOTS}ithheord {SPACES}.ry0DOTS}0SPACES}0DOTS} ..........  .........K.euttnefinition.OLLYR SPACESOTS.OLLYeedswoumbersnhetack.nter00 DOLLY  .........K.irst0paces,hen0otsere emitted.et'sddneoremprovement.OLLY-DOTSOOLLY LOOP.nter0131 103OLLY-DOTSSo3airsfotsndpaces)ndhatou getsiamond.neay,romisedou,ououldlayithhe DOLLY-DOTS.hataysereow.aveun!!ouaynterther pairsfotsndpaces.heequencefhoseairsustnd withheumberfairsollowedyheordOLLY-DOTS.ryo seeomeogicnheairssedorreatingiamond. AEWAYSATER........ YouidomeoopingithhoseOLLY-DOTS,idn'tououere loopingllheimeithhatostreativeDO..LOOP}.heime hasomeoiveouxtendedooping-lessons.irstesson:ever looputsideheafenstitutionfheolondefinition.he punishmentorisobeyinghisulesevere.heolyORTHill sendouoheehenna,heASIC-hell.hereseryensible reasonhyouhouldn'tooputsideolondefinition.taso doithhealculationfeturnaddresses.et'saveloser looktheDO...LOOP}.econdesson:heDO...LOOP}s definiteoop.ounewnheorehandowuchoopingasoe done;ouefinedhatnherguments.aterereoingo playithndefiniteoopsndonditionalranches. ADO...LOOP}lwayseedsweergumentsnhetack;hesewo argumentsayensideheolondefinition,utlsoouldome fromutside,toesn'tatter,ftheightimeheight parametersretheightlace.irstxampleithnside parameters:NSIDE0OR"enimesnside"OOP OK IfouowypeNSIDE,henenimesnsideillerinted0 timestourisplay.hewoarameters0ndoave nicknames.henelosestoDO}henhisxamples calledindex',hethernehe0samedylimit'.DO} removeshendexndimitromhetackndutshemnhe returnstack.henheordsetweenDO}ndLOOP}rexecuted. OncexecutionrrivestLOOP},heindex'sncreasedith onendomparedithhelimit'.fheyreotteast equal,{LOOP}ranchesackoDO}ndhexecutionfheords betweenDO}ndLOOP}sonegain.hisequenceepeatsntil {LOOP}indshathencreasedndexsqualrigherhanhe 'limit'.thatomentORTHxitsheoop.emember,ORTH alwaysxecutesheDO...LOOP}teastnce.venNCEO ."neimehrough!"OOPsarriedutneime,hus printingneimehrough!theisplay.heumberfimes {DO...LOOP}sunhroughanealculatedyubtracting 'limit'index'.hearameterseing234DO},heoops executed9imes(123-24=99).nurOLLY-DOTS-wordseidot incorporateothheimitndhendexnheefinitionfhe words.ookack,ndouillindut,hatnlyhendexs placedithinheefinitions.hatashedvantagefarying theumberfimesheO-loopnsidehatOTS-wordasoe executed.ay,adoefineneordrintingots,neord printing0otsndneordrinting2534637ots.ould writeifferentordsochieveyoal.utlsoould restrictyselforiteneord,heOTS-wordivenbove.ow enteringheackingimit-parameter(5,10r2534637)illive theequiredesult:0DOTS}illrint0ots.owouay evenritehisordeavinglimit'ndindex'utsidehe definitionoraterseOTS2OOTOOP.ntering0 DOTS2illrint0ots. IND,OUNDE Theossibilityfnteringhelimit'ndindex'tater stageecomesaroreelicatensingheordsI}ndJ}. Enterheollowingndeehatappens.UADOɪ LOOP OK.0UAD 0656941K.t'sotard toeehatORTHisplayeduadraticumbers.heordI}opies thectualaluefheindex'romheeturnstackohe parameterstack.heirstimehroughheoopheindex's. SoheequenceI}I}*}.}roduces*}=0),heext timehroughheoopheindex'sncreasedithne,roducing 1*}=1),hehirdimeheutcomesogically*}=4) andon.atchhe00*}oteingerformed.herere severalricksoerformoophichlsoivesheastlimit' value;ououldornelwaysakehelimit'igher.he incrementfheindex'oaraslwaysne.heresnother loopithariablencrements,venithegativencrements;t's theDO...LOOP}.hererehingshicheedspecial attention.irst:hencrementfhendexsositivendore then;heormfheoophensORM10Oɮ +LOOPhenouxecuteORM10ndrelacednhe returnstack,I}opieshectualalueromheeturnstacko thearameterstack,.}icksheOSoheisplay,+LOOP} takeshendncrementshendexithhatalue,he procedureepeatsnd+LOOP}ncrementshendexith,he indexoweing.tlloesnntilheoopindexsqualr morehanhelimit'.econd:hencrementfhendexs negative.ORM20Oɮ2LOOP.ecauseountendo decrementhendex,hendexasoeigherhanhelimit'. Theoopndsfhendexsesshanheimit.nhisase theoopoes not ndhenndexndimitrequal. Thirdesson:ORTHllows nestedoopsreelad!ested loopsoopnsideoop,nsideoop,nsideoop...etc. Theumberfloop-insiders'snheoryithoutimits.ut theresne,ostffectiveimit:OU.ell,eresested {DO...LOOP}.ESTED0OR0O""OOPOOP OK.   | |  1  2 Thennerloop1)snclosednheuterloop2).aypecial attentionoheormfheestingfoop:heuterloopust totallymbracehennerloop. NOORKSORTHOEONEALF RememberheOLLY-DOTS-wordithhatiantueufarameters Aoreophisticatedersionsrovidedere.eanseheld DOT-ndOTS-wordounctionneword.hatoesnlyalf theorkfheOLLY-DOTS-word.ALFWORKORɭPACES 2*+OTSUPLOOPROP.heholeorksoneyHOLEWORK 0O0ALFWORK1ALFWORKOOP.HOLEWORKsather complicatedord.tslearlyeenhattsDO...LOOP}.ot directlylears,hatwotheroopsreestednqualevels withinheDO...LOOP}.ALFWORKsDO..+LOOP}ndssed twiceithinHOLEWORK,utheneALFWORKsotsedithin thetherALFWORK.othALFWORKsreestednqualevels withinHOLEWORK.heHOLEWORKsoneynteringHOLEWORK, orithnotherarameter.souaneeithHOLEWORKnd DOLLY-DOTS,idn'tlusterheholectionnneig definition,utefinedmallnes,hichutogether.n generalt'sORTH-rule,hatongefinitionsrerong definitions.Keephemhort',yatheraidndeasair- cutter.heefinitionsypedereon'tinrizesnORTH- beauty-contest.t'soodORTH-practiceoakenntelligent lay-outfourefinition.heutsidefefinitionustell somethingfhat'soingnnside.oHOLEWORKneworhe beauty-contest.HOLEWORK- O 0ALFWORK 1ALFWORK OOP  Nowt'soreeadable.ndounow:eautyorversoy. TheordJ}asimilarctionsI}.nxampleillhowts usendction.irstfllJ}annlyefnysenested {DO...LOOP}s.teaves innneroop theurrentndex ofhe outeroop.et'sesthreeoopsnnxamplestyle: DO(1)O(2)O(3)OOP(3)OOP(2)OOP(1). Theirstɨfromheeft)eavesnhetackheurrentndex ofheO(1)..LOOP(1)-loop.heecondeavesheurrentndex ofheO(2)..LOOP(2)-loop.heirsteavesheurrentndex ofheO(1)..LOOP(1)-loop.hehirdeavesheurrentndex ofheO(3)..LOOP(3)-loop.heecondtastilleavehe currentndexfheO(2)..LOOP(2)-loop.eresomeoretuff. FirstefineTARTAR2MIT,henTARSTARSOTAR LOOP.hennterEER"ʨuterɨnner"- R O ORTARS 0PACES OTS OOPR OOP  OK. ExecutingEEillrintistftarsouter-)ndistf dotsinner-I)ccordingohencrementingndicesfhewo loops.ndtudyhexactooping:heuteroopsxecuted timesndachimehenneroopxecutesimes.otehe differenceetweenEEndheollowingUNDRED.UNDRED0 DOɱ00OUPɫOOPROPROOP OK.heirst actsniswnoop,soesheecond.fouantosehe valuefheirstnhenneroop,ouhouldseJ}.oJ} isook-cook,ayingisggsntherirds'ests.nome FORTHsJ}salledI'}. TheordLEAVE}ssedithinDO...LOOP}oeaveheoopf certainonditionsreulfilled,lthoughheimitndndexre not neaving-the-looperms.hexitillccur,fLOOP}r {+LOOP}sextncounteredndheordsetweenLEAVE}nd {LOOP}illexecutednceeforexitingheoop.o illustrateheapabilityfLEAVE}sheextxample.TAY 10OɵFEAVE"eftouHEN"ornotheroop" CROOP.neORTHnowf,eavestheeryoint executionncountersLEAVE}.  SOMEINTSNALARYRAISE Therereomeints,hichon'toldwayromou,oncerned withDO...LOOP}s.on'thangeheumberftemsnhetack insideheodyfoop.IGBANG000OOOPill definitelyesultnnrror-message,recoverablerash,r aeautifulang-upfourystem.fouecideolterhe numberftackitems,eurehathetackanoldhatumber. Don'tetourpplicationilly-dallyround.ouanse {DO...LOOP}oreateertainelay.AUSEOOOPan beseds500AUSEr5000AUSEoiveariableength delay.tskwardoememberoeah)oypehealuesn reverserderndoaveoddneoheastne.oakingt morerog-friendlyououldnterg.OPPELEPEE+WAPO .OOP.nteringOPPELEPEEillive 1K.he1+} {SWAP}idt.ouillaveohangeOPPELEPEEoetine rhymenOPPELEPIVE,OPPELEHEAVENtc.oueeORTHs almostiterature.hencrementnDO..+LOOP}oulde calculatedithinhatoopoiveariablealue.orxample: :ALARYRAISE+WAPOUP*LOOP.0000ALARYRAISE williveouomeappinessveryonth.astemarketn theestedoopsndI}ndJ}.I}ndJ}annotesedn separateefinitionnsideDO...LOOP}.ohisasothe effectouhoughttouldave:FFECTLESSOʮɮ LOOPSELESSROFFECTLESSROOP.nlyhe valuesfI}reivenorrectly. HerewithefiniteuithatefiniteDO...LOOP},rnORTH's ownordsEAVEO-LOOP.extimeillerveonditional loopsndndefiniteoopsnaragraphfart. SUMMARY OneroupfORTH-wordsreheoalledoperators', arithmetic,tack,elationalndogical.notherrouprehe definingords.heyreateictionary-entry::}CONSTANT} {VARIABLE}CREATE}USER}VOCABULARY}reheostsed.uchn entryonsistsfeadndody.eadashreearts: namefield,inkfield,ompilationfield.heodyasnlyne: thearameterfield.achntryslosedithheXIT-routine. TheamefieldontainsheSCII-codeorheord'same,he linkfieldointerohereviousamefield,he compilationfieldointeroheachinecodesedyheypef theefiningordndhichsxecutedhenheordhoseame isnheamefieldsxecuted.hearameterfieldeldshe 'information'oesedyhexecutingachinecode.reating dictionary-entrysalledompilation.unninghentrys calledxecution. FORTH-loopsreividedn:efiniteoops,ndefiniteoopsnd conditionalranches.heefiniteoopsnownsDO...LOOP} andtsariation,heDO..+LOOP}.othoopseedswo arguments:helimit'ndindex'.heDO..+LOOP}lsoeedshe valueyhichhendexasoeossitivelyregatively incremented.DO...LOOP}saneested.heuteroopaso encloseotallyhenneroop.I}opiesheurrentndexrom theeturnstackohearameterstack,J}opiesheurrent indexfhembracinguteroopohearameterstack.J}an onlyesedirectlynnnneroop.heordLEAVE}nables touitoopeforetsnatural'xit.  REMEMBER POINTERointersnddressithpecial unction.ointersocatedtnother ddress,heointeraddress.omputernows yrogrammroutineowonterpretuch ointer,heneindsne.hatoutineill urnoheemoryblockndicatedyhat ointer,osehenformationhatevert aye:ata,ittlerogrammnhathe omputerasctuallyryingoo. LOOPoopsrogrammingtoolithouthereas orogramming.somputersnly achine,tannlyepeattself.soon souwitchnouromputer,tilltart nderformnndlessoop.achoopas tsegin.efiniteoopastsndfter ertainndredefinedumberf hroughpasses.nndefiniteoopostlynds fertainonditionsulfilled.ach oopastsointfeturn,romherehe xecutionranchesackoheegin. |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |----------|-----------------------|----------------------------| |MUDGE- Toggleshemudge-bit. |DO...LOOPlimitndex-Performslimitinusndex)| | loops,xecutinghatse-| | tweenOndOOP. |DO..+LOOP(limitndexO...incridentical,xceptndexs | LOOP) incrementedyncr. |ONSTANTONSTANTameDefiningord,nitialising | aonstant.  |ARIABLEARIABLEameDefiningord,nitialising | aariable.  |MITscii-Emitssciisharacter |PACES-Emitspacesascii2. |R Performsarriageeturn |EAVE-UsedithinO...LOOPo | exitheoop.  |seds:ame..Definingord,reating | newictionaryntrynom-| | binationith. |ee See  EXTRAS FORTHseshetackeryntensively.tsometimesuiteob tomagine,hatsoingnhere.tslwaysorthwhileo sketchheppearancefhetackhenefiningewordr examiningnxistingordrpplication.heseketchesoulde theeginningfocumentationfordsrittenyou.eres andeaoetptackodingheet. ate ord ppl.   TACK OS ORDS |||||||| |||||||| |||||||| ||| Youayxtendhisormoaketsongsouike.fter drawingt,ouanseopierorsanyopiessouish.  EXERCISES 1.efineordalledINE.hetacknotationsrowol- ).hesesowolINE"ext".heextillerintedt thepecifiedlacethecreen.ememberohome'heursor, beforeachewextprint.slearinghecreensot Standard-word,heckouranualnowoohat. 2.efineordalledSC.hetacknotationslimitndex -.heordasoutputhescii-signs,eginningithndex andndingithimit. 3.efineordalledSC2.hetacknotationsfirstast -.tasoutputscii-signs,utotorehan0.akehe worddiot-proof. 4.efineordalledOWERLIFT.hetacknotationsfirst last-.tasorintheowersfwo,eginningithirst andndingithast.seDO..+LOOP}. 5.efineordalledACK.hetacknotationslowigh- ).tasorintheumbersromighoow.o2ACK, prints210. 6.upposetouldeossibleooldheetficepaper5 times.heheets,01mhick.owhickillheackagee afterllhatoldingriteordoolveheroblem.all itHICK.Tip:^25,01mndround'om.).netageas toalculate^25,hetherneasooheoundingnd printing.achtageasoefineord! 7.omeimplerithmetic.rrangeour'sndheommon operators,snuchay,hatheesultsormshe figures,2,3,6,7,9ndumber)0.oetornstanceou couldrite.oet,ouaveoericky. 8.fenanigolesnays,owongilltakene manoigalfole 9.reateordABLE.hetacknotations-.ABLE hasorintutheablef. 10.efineordalledAME.hetacknotationsn-.he wordasoheckfsqualonefhendexvaluesf tenimesDO...LOOP}.fo,ndsheoop,rintingequal value'tourisplay.  SOLUTIONSFART 1.uttemsnhetack:2345.OVER}OVER}ives2 34545;2OVER}ives234523. 2.OVER}OVER}sheames2DUP}. 3.ouaneplacety?DUP}. 4.-ROT}sheamesROT}ROT}. 5.IRSTUPWAPECONDUPUPWAP5 HIRD6WAPOT 6.ANDWAP 7.OTALL_OF!!!!).heroducts:'llivenexample, ecauseithhetherroducts,nlyhericeilliffer. OFFEE.ndfouon'tikeonterOFFEE,ut renavourfACK_OFOFFEEromethinglike,ouell ouldefineACK_OFsACK_OFrBS_OF.uite impleo-nothingord.eanefineSsS,ut ououldupplyomeindordsoleaseourustomers.S "hankouorhoppingthisupermarket.". houhallatchliesithweetreacle. 8.fouefineg.OWsOW0ouanefineOWSs OWSOW!!!!!). 9.IN 10.FirstefineOTOTUPANDSeeorAND).NDsf ourseNDANDOT.RslightlyoreifficultR OTWAPOTAND.nowingRhenORsasyORROT .erereORORDUPRROTANDND,QUIVALENT OROTndMPLIESWAPOTR.tudyheseords arefully.oundhemnookomeeargo,rotehem ownButorgothexactamefheook). Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.Aomatoayeeps  theoctorway. Myother-in-lawollectedorks. STRENGTHNORTH   partive AKINGRUEECISION2) It'satherasyoreowoompletehisartboutoopsnd conditionaltructures.hat'secauseanestrictyselfo twoords:BRANCH}nd0BRANCH}.hesewolementsresedo implementtructuressIF..ELSE..THEN},BEGIN..UNTIL}, {BEGIN..WHILE..REPEAT}ndBEGIN..AGAIN}.heordBRANCH}s unconditionalranch.tlwaysccurs,fhatointsee beneath)seached.0BRANCH}snlyctivatedfheondition isALSE.ouanindBRANCH)nd0BRANCH}nheictionary. OneeaturelloopsheefiniteDO..LOOP}sellshe conditionalIF..THEN}-structurendhendefiniteoopsave inommon:heyhouldnlyesedromithinefinition!! It'sorure,hatontrol-structuressndefiniteoopsnd conditionalranchesanroduceidierpplicationshanefinite loopsndumpsutfoops.  CERTAINONDITIONS Theirstconditional)tructureoexploredille IF..(THEN)..ELSE.erestscheme: BRANCH  | {IF} ELSE} THEN} ________BRANCH______ InASIChisontrol-structuressedsF..THEN..ELSE.his couldeeads:Fondition=TRUEHENo-thisLSEo-that.n FORTHt'suiteifferenteads:onditionFTRUEo-thisFNOT do-thatHEN_GO_ONith-the-following.ofcondition'sRUE do-thisillexecuted,ollowedyith-the-following.fhe conditionsALSE,o-thatillexecuted,ollowedyith- the-following.nothasesith-the-followingsxecuted.n FORTHirstheonditionsested.e.ORTHxamineshealue TOSneingeroron-zero,ALSErRUEespectively.irst we'llaveloserooktlainF..THEN-structure.)fRUE theordsetweenIF}ndTHEN}rexecuted.henxecution goesnithheordsfterTHEN}.)fALSEheordsetween {IF}ndTHEN}remittedndirectranchsadeohe wordseyondTHEN}. WhenELSE}ssedithIF}..{THEN},heordsetweenIF}nd {ELSE}rexecutednRUE-testndhenxecutionrrivest {ELSE}henconditionalranchsadeoTHEN}.henIF}inds zeroOSranchsadeeyondELSE}ndheordsetween {ELSE}ndTHEN}rexecuted,ollowedyheordsfter {THEN}. Asouightaveuessedt'sllowedoestF..(ELSE)..THEN_ structures.heestingsubmittedoheameulesspplyo aO..LOOP.henheestingrowseryomplicated,ouhould see,etherourefinitionouldeplittednmallernes,r youhouldriteownourefinitionniecefaperike this:F(1)....ELSE(1)..IF(2)..ELSE(2)...THEN(2)...THEN(1).ut preferhemaller-ones-technique.ikehisarkingxample. Firsteefineariable.ARIABLEDOG OKFSOF"un forourife,fouavene!HEN OKFNOT=F"o insidendayHello'HEN OKNITDOG OKAFE ?DOG OK.oweanonstructheinalord.OG?NIT ?DOGUPFSOFNOTAFE OK.xecuteheOG?-wordithne parameter1r).OG? Runorourive,fouavene! OK.eouldaveefinedOG?s:OG?UPF"unor yourive,fouavene!LSE"onsidendayHello' "HENROPhileiscussingheelationalperators, mentionedheact,hatonditionalranchesike IF..(ELSE)..THENnostases,akeheirestsithelpf theseperators.onsideryother-in-law.heasedicateder lifeorowomatoes.Andrapes,oakeomeineore). Enchanting,sn'ttheeallyrowsheastiestomatoes everte.ndllizes.magineheadachineoorthe tomatoesccordingoheirizes.ouldaveutomatedhis processithORTHndomelectronics.heasn'totuch machine,o'mlasestrictedoakeext-versionft. Let'sortllomatoesntoroups:L,,,,S.hats fromxtraargeoxtramall,ccordingoheireight. :OOSMALLUP5F"ejectedHENK :ESUP0F"xtramall"HENK :SUP25F"mallHENK :MUP00F"ediumHENK :LUP50F"argeHENK :ELUP50F"xtraarge"HENK Itighteemeryimpleowoorgehesemallnesogether intoneinalefinitionIZEOOSMALLESSMLELROP OK,oetermineheizefomato.ryomeumbers!t doesn'torkeryell,oesteillaveoookroundor someetteray.hemaller-ones-techniqueailednheasef theomatoes.heestingethodasoringheolutionere. ButhatneillaveoaitorheouchfOURagicgreen' fingersnhexercises.  ALLEGINNINGASNND Heresnotherne. 0BRANCH {BEGIN} WHILE} REPEAT}   __________________BRANCH_____________________| Now,fouxaminehechemeboveell,ouillndoubtedly notice,hattsariationfF..ELSE..THEN.heIF}s,s itere,artayntoheoop.heBRANCHowtartingrom {WHILE},fheonditionetweenBEGIN}ndWHILE}sALSE. AndtwingssutfhendefiniteoopareyondREPEAT}. IfheonditionrecedingWHILE}sRUE,heordsetween {WHILE}ndREPEAT}rexecuted.henxecutionncounters {REPEAT}nnconditionalRANCHsadeackwardsoBEGIN}, wheretlltartsgain.nxampleoonourheleet,y MAJESTY'srourAJESTY's...itoesn'tatter.ARIABLEHOT OK. :ITEGINHOT!HOTUP0HILE"itso hit.euleheaves!"EPEAT"itsealit. Blubblubblub....." OK.souaneenhisxamplefourage andrrogance,heRUE-FALSE-testasorecedeWHILE} immediately,lthoughtherordsayenjectedetweenBEGIN} andWHILE}.he+!}-wordesembles!}.nact,tlsotores valuestddresses.nlike!}owever,toesn'teplacehe oldalueithotalewne,utncreasesheldalueith theivenumber.23HOT!}illtorehealue23the addressHOTthearameterieldddress,emember).aving donehatob,56HOT+!}illddhealue56oheld value23theddressHOT.heariableHOTillowontain thealue235679.owxecuteIT. RIDICULOUS Twondefiniteoopsemainoexplored:heBEGIN}..{UNTIL}- andheBEGIN}..{AGAIN}-loop.heyretranch-levelach other'sounterpart.eeorourself. 0BRANCH| BEGIN} UNTIL} BRANCH| BEGIN} AGAIN} Asououldaveiguredutorourself,heestingn TRUE/FALSEakeslacetUNTIL}.tAGAIN}oestsades theranchbackwards)snconditionallyarriedut.heords betweenBEGIN}ndUNTIL}rexecutedsongsheestade byUNTIL}sALSE.hisestasorecedeUNTIL}mmediately. IfheestivesRUE,heordsfterUNTIL}rexecuted.t's easyoee,hatheBEGIN}..{AGAIN}-loopsorverasting. Thatayeemidiculous,uttsot.heainoutinenach computersuchnndlessoop.nheORTH-systemtssed forheeyboardnterpreter,hichnterpretsllnputohe computer.hileORTHsnctionllperationsretorer lesseepevelfestingromithinhateyboardnterpreter. Ultimatelyontrolusteturnoim,isplaying OK.ots verysefullorurnkeypplications,herehesersot expectedonowrisholterheethodfperation.eres anxamplefBEGIN}..{UNTIL}-loop.lightlysefullne. :-C-DEGIN12-cd WAPVERODDUP= NTIL ; :GCD12-cd -C-DR"heCDs ; Entering20GCDillisplay TheCDsK.CDsfourse thereatestommonivisor.nhiswoefinitionsnother featurefORTH-programmingseautifullyadeisible.he display-routinendhectualalculation-routinerelacedn separateords.hyell,fnargerpplicationheCDs toeisplayedsellserelyalculatedithoutisplaying theesult,eansehe-C-D-wordnothases.taves rewritinghealculationroutine.herereomeonventionsn namingordsoo.otsirstharacterndicateshatheord willrintomething,sGCDoes.foutineasotoreome valuetsftenamedPIPOPiposummyword).henord hasoiveRUErALSEnomectionfhesersseds anndicationfheord'sature:KEY,aseyressedrot pressedt'snotherelpoakerogramoreeadableo anotherumanandoourself).heffortsayednell- structureday-out,ell-chosenamendell-proportionedords payenimesacksouillnjoyleartructuresshe resultflearhinking...........ell,tasasyfterll! AARMING-UP Noweaveomeoomoakeheeturnstackutfhereezer. Afterarming-up,tppearssrdinarytack....howevert isot,souhouldeellwaref.heeturnstackssed forystemontrol.ne,ustnencontrolledovementnhis stacksisastrous.ourystemilloway.everthelesshe returnstackaneccessedyheserfORTH.e'veonetn theDO..LOOP},singI}ndJ}.othransferumbersromhe returnstackoheomputationstack.urtherhreeordsarn livingransferringumbersondro.ereheyre:R@}>R} {R>}say:re-fetch,o-are,re-from).>R}ndR>}re inseparablewins.>R}ransfersheoptemfhe computationstackoheeturnstack,R>}heoptemfhe returnstackoheompu-stack.nothaseshetemsreoved fromheirespectivetacks.I}ndJ}ustOPYtems,ot MOVEhem.s>R}ndR>}odifyheontentsfhe returnstack,heyhouldeveresedirectlyromheeyboard. Alwayssehemithinefinition.ndithinefinition alwaysnormally)sair.aintaininghisimpleulesill ensurehathetatefheeturnstacksnchangedetween entryndxit,henheordontaining>R}ndR>}sater executed.rehosewoordshatmportantheno,ot really.heirainsessemporarytoreorheoptemn theompu-stack,henhetemselowreeededoromeeason. Let'stepneality.upposehetackhowsikehis:1834 55ndououldaveoultiply8nd3ndhenividehe resulthrough4.hateedsomehufflingnhetack!ith theelpfhewinst'sasilyone.utithinefinition! :WINS8345R/>SnxecutingWINStoes like: STACK  WORDS  OMMENTS   18345 R5sransferredoheet-stack 1834 /834star-slash-action)=12 12 >estore5nheompu-stack 125 Srinthetackcontents Nowhetackshowing183546.heumbers834 willlayheamele.hextensionshatouaveodd1 and5ndoubtract6romheesult.t'soneyWINS2. TWINS2183546RWAPR/>OT>S OK. FigureutorourselfowWINS2soingheob,ustike didithWIN.souanee,very>R}astsR>}ndsong ashatsheatterithinheameefinition,t'sllright. almostorgotR@}.hisordopiesheopfheeturnstacko theomputationstack.toesotlterheeturnstack.magine thatouaveoddonstanthangingumberoifferent numbers.eresheordhatillerformheequiredction. :5DIFR@0@1@2@3@4R DROP OK.05DIFillive01234 AARIABLEUBJECT ScatteredllroundhroughhisoursereemarksnCONSTANT} andVARIABLE}.et'scratchheseogetherndddomeresh ones.owCONSTANT}ndVARIABLE}reothefiningords.hey canreateewntrynheictionary.t'suitebviousrom theirames,hatindfntryhatille.heordCONSTANT} issedoamendumberaluehaton'thangetun-time ofnpplication.tsseds0CONSTANT}AT.VATs BritishTW,wSt).nASICououldaverittenAT=10.he wordATnxecutionlaceshealue0OS.et'sssumeATs justaxf0ercent.healculationfricencl.AT wouldoikehis.RICEUPAT00/ereshat happens,henouype50RICE 165K.o50asxcl.,165s incl.AT.  STACK  WORDS  COMMENTS 50 UP uplicating50 5050 AT healue0oesOS 50500 00 00oesOS 5050000/ 500005 505  50565 65  rintsheesult Weouldavetefinedonstantndimplyavesedhe valuef0.fourseeouldavendtsetterractice inmallpplicationsfnerwoordsuthenn applicationnvolvesugemountfalculationsouetter defineonstant.orwoeasons.irstfllheovernment doesn'tetnowfhat0-percent-VAT,uthatfhenew Yes,heouldncreasetndououldaveiceob,hanging 10o0verywhere0ppearsnourrogram.owfouould haveefinedonstantAT,ounlyouldaveadohange0 {CONSTANT}ATn0CONSTANT}ATndverywherenhe applicationATouldaveroduced0.econdly,ATasore sensehan0or0).emember:healuefonstantsett itsreation.hyhouldoulterhealuefONSTANT don'tnow.taneoneet.ikehis:0'}VAT}!}. OK TypingVAT}.}ives 20Kheord'}say:ick)laceshe parameterieldddressfVAT}OS.eneathhatfafVAT}s theumber0.!}akesheecondtemnhetack,ssuming it'sumberndtoresttheOS-item,ssuminghat'sn address.ometimestappens,hathealuefonstant dependsnhealuefan)otherne(s).t'soodracticeo thenalculateheependantonstant.nxampleilllarify this: 2000CONSTANT}CREEN 80CONSTANT}OLUMNS SCREENOLUMNSCONSTANT}INES. TheonstantCREENsorth000.heonstantOLUMNSsorth 80.heonstantINESsonsequently00005.nyhange madenCREENnd/orOLUMNillffectINES'alue. AVARIABLE}seclaredikehis:VARIABLE}HANGE.ouee,o initialisingalueorCHANGE}.nomeORTH-dialects,ou haveonitialiseariablettsreation:VARIABLE} ANOTHER.entiontere,ecauseomeooksnORTHrite aboutt.t'sasyoriteordhatnitialisesariableo zero.ARREATE OKousetikehis:VAR}E OK {ME}asothealue.nitializingariableithnyalue isadeossibleyhisefinition:ARIANTREATE OK. Theses3456789VARIANT}NOMATOPEE OK.ONOMATOPEE}'salue is3456789.ANOTHER}'sVARIABLE}sonstructedikeVARIANT}. 'Our'VARIABLE}aneefinednigh-levelORTHomme-a; VARIABLEREATELLOTndustorunheefinitionf {CONSTANT}nigh-levelORTH:ONSTREATEOES>.t reallyorks!ousetikeCONSTANT}. IntroducedheordsCREATE}ndDOES>}ndheinyord,}. Theatterompilesumbernheirstvailableree dictionary-space.CREATE}ndDOES>}reeryowerfullords. Ioldou,hatORTHetsouxtendisictionary.ouan writeordsndddheseoheictionary.utORTHivesou stilloreower.lsooldou,hatCONSTANT}sefining word;tompilesictionaryntry,ustike:...........;}. Asouanee,heefiningordCONSTANT}asuiltith {CREATE....DOES>}.oouanlsoefineords,hichanefine new types ofords,sidithhreeypesfVARIABLE}!! Morenhatubjectmuch)later. TheordALLOT}llotsemory-space,sanyytessheumber precedingtndicates. Now,owoutomealuenariablese!}.heormat is23CHANGE}!}.ouanhangehatalueytoringotal newalue,34CHANGE}!},ryncreasing/decreasingtsalue with+!}.ncreasingoesikehis:6CHANGE}+!},hich brings00orCHANGE}234600).ecreasingollowshis method:66CHANGE}+!}ndCHANGE}sacko34gain.o getheariable'saluentoheomputationstack@}ssed: {CHANGE}@} 234K.on'tse.},fouidn'tntendo displaytsalue.orisplayingariable'saluesonen easierayith?}:CHANGE}?} 234K.fourse?}sefined inhisay:implees,ery! Noweiscussedhreeubjects.heemainingartboutoops, theeturnstackndonstantsndariables.extimee'llave aloserooktnputndutputnORTH. illhen! SUMMARY TheonditionaloopstructurenORTHsheIF...THEN}-loop. TheyntaxsomewhatifferentromASIC'sF..THEN.nORTH it'sayedutikehis:condition'Fwords'HEN.fhe conditionsRUE,heordsetweenFndHENrearriedut, ifALSEheseordsrekippedndontrolsandedverohe words,fny,ollowingHEN.hisonditionaltructureane extendedithELSE},lacedetweenIF}ndTHEN}.fhe conditionsALSE,heordsfterELSE}rexecuted,ollowed byheordsfterTHEN}. Thererehreendefiniteoops.BEGIN..WHILE..REPEAT},BEGIN.. UNTIL}ndBEGIN..AGAIN}.heespectiveyntactire:BEGIN (words)condition'HILEordsEPEAT},BEGINordscondition' UNTIL},BEGINordsGAIN}.heconditions'reestedy {WHILE}ndUNTIL}.songscondition'sRUEheords betweenWHILE}ndREPEAT}rexecuted.songscondition' isALSEheordsetweenBEGIN}ndUNTIL}illeerformed. Alloopsndonditionaltructureshouldnlyesedrom withinefinition.lloops,efinitendndefinite,nd conditionalranchesayeestedutually,rovidedhatach componentsullynclosedynother. Theeturnstackanesedyheseroremporarytoragef Parametersndumbers.tannlyeoneromithin definitionysefheords>R}ndR>}numerical conjunction:imes>R}equiresimesR>}tc.heordR@} copieshetemnopfheeturnstackntoheopfhe compu-stack. {CONSTANT}ndVARIABLE}reefiningords.heseanreate dictionary-entry.heyresedoeclarerogramm-constantsnd -variables.henitialaluefonstantsiventts creationndssuallyaintainedhroughouthepplication.he valuefariablestoredtaterointnhepplication byeansf!}.hisalueanehangedy!}nd+!}.n executionfonstanttsalueslacedOS.nxecutionf aariabletsddressslacedOS,tsalueaneetched fromheddressith@}.  REMEMBER Branchnnpplicationranchccurs,henontrolo ongerollowsheommonourseuteavesto ulfillasklsewherenemory.hepplication ayomeonndherertayeturnots ommonoursendon.ranchayeackwardsr orwards.ranchayccur,fertainonditions reulfilledrtayeorced.heserealled onditionalndnconditionalranchesespectively. |||| |ORDTACKACTIONESCRIPTION |||| |Ff-- Usednolondefinitions |  inheorms:Ftrue)..| |  ..THENndFtrue).....| |  ELSEfalse)....THEN. |HEN SeeF.arksheesti- |  nationforwardran- |  chesromFrLSE. |______________|_______________________|_________________________| |||| |ORDTACKACTIONESCRIPTION |||| |LSE SeeFndHEN. |Rn--) Movesumberromhe |  compu-stackoheeturn| |  stack.ustealanced |  with>.  |>---) Movesheopumberrom| |  ret-stackoheompu- |  stack.eeR.  |@---) Copiesheopfheet| |  stackoheompu-stack.| |!nddr--)Addsohealuet |  addressddr.  |______________|_______________________|_________________________| |||| |ORDTACKACTIONESCRIPTION |||| |EGIN Usednolondefinition| |  inheorms:EGIN......| |  AGAINEGIN...UNTILnd| |  BEGIN..WHILE..REPEAT. |  BEGINarkshetartf |  aepeatedlyxecutede-| |  quencendctss |  returnpointromGAIN, |  UNTILndEPEAT. |GAIN Forcesranchacko |  BEGIN,reatingnnd- |  lessoop.eeEGIN. |NTILf--) IfsALSExecution |  branchesackoEGIN,if| |  TRUExecutionoesn |  withheextordfter |  UNTIL.eeEGIN. |______________|_______________________|_________________________| |||| |ORDTACKACTIONESCRIPTION |||| |HILEf--) On=TRUExecutionon- |  tinuesnEPEAT,hich |  causesranchacko |  BEGIN.n=FALSExecu- |  tionkipsoheord |  nextoEPEAT.eeEGIN| |EPEAT InxecutionEPEATor- |  cesnnconditional |  branchackoEGIN.ee| |  BEGIN.  |LLOTn--) Reservesytesficti| |  onaryspace,ncreasing |  theictionarypointer |  with.eeaterP. |addr--Printshealuet |  addressddr. |---ddr)Givesfafheicked | seds:ordwordfnxecutionmode  EXTRAS AsnefheecularitiesfORTH,entionedhextensibility ofhisarvellousanguage.ouanxtendhexecutableords inheictionary,ouanxtendurthermoreheompilery creatingewefiningords,hichanriteewxecutableords inheictionary.hehirdayfxtendingORTHsroducing alternativeaysfeneratingewefiningords.hisrocesss ofteneferredoseta-FORTH.tnablesheritingfew FORTH-likeanguages!wneta-FORTH,utt'samaged! Meta-FORTHsareyondhecopefhisoursend......my knowledge,onestly. EXERCISES 1.ookponhemallerefinitions,hichakeutheSIZE}- word,separateefinitions.nefhemsuperfluous,fou makeomeinorhangesnnotherne.hichnesuperfluous andhichnesoehangedndow 2.hyan'touimplyubstitutehehangedefinitionnhe 'old'SIZE}-wordoormewSIZE-2}-word 3.efineewSIZE-3}-word,singestedIF..ELSE..THEN}- structures.heSIZE-3}-wordhouldorketterhanheSIZE}- word. 4.onsiderheollowing.ARIABLEL OKL OKEL DUP50UPFL!"xtraarge"HENLxecutehe newEL-word:00EL.eehatappens.owewriteheSIZE}- word,hatotnlyheomato-sizesrerintedut,utlso theirespectiveuantities.akearefood-lookingisplay withachizenewine. 5.heextxercise,hanksyother-in-law,sorite word,hichesultsnisplayike: Extraargeom.g Large0om.gtc. Now,sheizesreithinertainimitsfeight,.g.arge isithin00nd50r,ouhouldalculateheumberfg's, usingheowerimit.heverweightsesultfomatoesot alleingseavysxactly00rsotoeakenn account.yother-in-lawseryenerousoman!ndon't givepoooon!! 6.fouucceedednefiningheordskedornhe previousxercise,ouidreatob!ounctionroperlyn aachinehichasoarryutheomato-sortingontinuously, thisordasoextendedromoftwareointfiew.hich extensionseantere SOLUTIONSOART 1.heCLS)-wordsOTefinedord.e.ouustindutn yourystem,owolearhecreen. :INECLS)WAPOROOPPACES 2.SC1CLS)OMITOOP 3.SC2CLS)UPOT0INWAPOMITOOP 4.OWERLIFTWAPOɮɫLOOP 5.ACKOɮ1LOOP 6.eefineheowerraisingoutineirst. -DUPFVERROTOVEROOPWAPROPHEN Ifourystemacks-ROT},seROT}ROT}.exteefinehe wordTHICK}.HICK5޵500R"heapers ."mhickow!".oticeowheoundingserformed55 +).ividingy00sheamesultiplyingith,01.fou wantobserveheoldingtepytepouhouldefineTHICK} asHICKWAP޵500R"heapers"mhick now!".hennter8HICKornstance.heord^}ane usedeparatedlys:1^},hisillalculate^11. 7.heolutionoakeavesnxample.WO +HREEIX5 SEVENINEEN 5.t'sossibleoakendsell.uthat's forometherime! 8.nean'tigalfole.tayemall,uthole! 9.ABLE1ORUPUPɮ"آ"ɪOOP DROP.nheextart'lleachouowoerfectheutput. 10.AMEIN0OUPɽF"qualɮEAVEHEN LOOP Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.Nothatanakes,illrofane  Him,uthateavesim. Jesusazarenus0-33..) STRENGTHNORTH  art  LOSEROOKTORTH'SIGESTION1) Iaven'thelightestdeaowndhenhisourseillnd. Oneaytartedypingndtidn'ttopntilow.ustuck! I'veeenustucky,uttingnhingsnartwo,hich couldututnartour.t'sikeuyingusicoday,or whicholay'llindheightnstrumentexteek.ruying cattleithoutavingarmnduckyhreeaysaterour olduteryichmericanncleerishesndourehenend onlynheritorfisarmndortunet'susthatindf luck,hatslwaysithe.yisfortunesotavingich uncle.o'llontinuehistory,appy-go-luckysid before.uttingnords,hichillaveututtomeater date,sfeallyadhoughtft.et'seehateano withnputndutputnORTH,tsigestion. SHOWINGOMEHARACTER We'velreadyetomeutputperations:.},."}ndEMIT}, whichisplayumber,iteralharactertringndscii- codeespectively.ndllnputoarassedheeyboard interpreter.oouaveomexperienceithnputndutput. Let'startromheeryeginningithharacternput. AingleharacterayenputyhesefKEY}.hisord waitsoreyoeressed.fhatventasakenlace,t leaveshescii-codefheorrespondingeyOS.nany computerpplicationshesersxpectedoiteynrder totartomeubprogramm:ITNYEYOONTINUEasecomeery famousorhateason.nORTHheollowingequenceillait fornyeyoeressed:TARTGAMEEYROPfourse youansehescii-codeferiesfeysoauseranches toeparateubprogramms.ououldohatithhesefhe controltructuresfart.ikehisornstance:WIGGY KEYUP5FSUB1)LSEUP6FSUB2)LSEUP7F (SUB3)HENHENHENROP.SUB1),SUB2)ndSUB3)re dummies!).owherereetteraysomplementhisultiple branching.nORTHheresholeamilyfultipleranche controltructures.hisamilysnownyheamefASE- statement.nacthererewoamilies,othloselyelated. TheirstsheOSITIONAL-CASE-statementamily,heecondhe KEY-CASE-statementamily.erendowilliscussheast one.heEY-CASE-statementostlyakesfterhisorm: :WIGGYEY ASE UP5FSUB1)NDOF UP6FSUB2)NDOF UP7FSUB3)NDOF UP8FSUB4)NDOF NDCASE ROP ; FirstaluesuppliedyKEY}.henhataluesested againstequencefxplicitalues.fheestingivesRUE theordsfterOF}rexecutedndheollowingestsade. Theamealueayesedeveralimesnhatequence, althoughherereoogicalrrogrammingeedsooo.he valueseedotoenumericalrder.fonefheollowing testsivesRUE,rogramm-controloesoENDCASE}ndereby theasends.orheestingsedDUP}edalue,he originalaluesroppedfterheasended.indhathe testing-valueeedoteecessarilyrovidedyheordKEY}. Anyethodfeneratinguchalueserrilyxcepted,ven randomalues.heneilliscussheubjectforward references,'llntroduceositional-CASE-statement. EXPECTING.. TheordEXPECT}slsoelatedohenputfharacters.ou canseEXPECT}opecifyhenputfharactersoourxact need.heordEXPECT}tselftopsxecutionndaitsornput fromourerminal.EXPECT}eallyxpectsomethingromou.t alwaysxpectsarriageeturn.Youeedn'tpecifyhat.)nd itxpectsivenumberfeystrokes,hicheveromesirst. Furthermoretxpectsnddress.hencomingextille storednemoryeginningtheddressupplied.hetandard alsoequiresheordQUERY}.hisordillcceptnyequence ofharactersypednoureyboard.heresimitf0 characters.ressingETURNlsondicateshendfhe sequence.pecialegionfemorysllocatedortoring thesenputharactersemporarely.hisegionsallederminal Inputuffer,TIB}.heastharacterfverynputillet leastneero.oreeroesrerovidedyORTH,ntilll "places"nheTIB}reilled.extayeransportedrom {TIB}olsewherenemory.owQUERY}aneescribedy meansfEXPECT}.erets:UERYP00XPECT.t's worthnalysinghisefinition.tirstheppearancefSP0} mayeemerytrange.foursetsn't.souillndoubtedly rememberheeginningddressfheompu-stackstoredt {SP0}.econdlyouereold,hathetackrowsownwardn memory.ouereOToldhatasnhepsidefheSP0}- address.ell,tsTIB}.neointerufficesoontrolwo memory-regions.oingownromheddresstoredtSP0},ou enterheompu-stack,oingpillringountoheerminal inputuffer.oSP0}@}uppliesEXPECT}ithhexpected address,heddressfTIB}.heumberollowingheddress setsheimitfharactershichayentered80)ndssed byEXPECT},shisordonsistsfumberfordss keyboardcanningndharacterransferringrimitives.ost FORTH-programmersreferQUERY}oEXPECT},ecauseQUERY}an besednelationithheollowingord:WORD}.urthermore youhould'tresume,hatheefinitionfQUERY}ivenbove, ishexactescriptionfheord.t'sothatimple.he definitionivenbovenlyervedoxplainheainctionf {EXPECT}.thendfhisection,ou'llindomexamplesf thesefEXPECT},QUERY}ndheordsoollow.heord mostrequentlysedorransferringharactersshenlyord whichtselfsalledWORD}.heufferohichWORD} transfersharacterstringssheordbuffer.nostORTH- systemsheuffersedyWORD}tartstHERE}.HERE}sOT aixedufferaddressssheddresstoredtSP0}.ntering {HERE}illlacenddressnhetack.hatddressshe firstreeemoryspaceboveheictionary.ewordsrentered ...yesustERE..!!HERE}etchesheddressfheictionary Pointer,DP}.HERE}simplyefinedsEREP.s {DP}hangesachimeordsrenterednreletedromhe dictionary,hetarting-addressfheordbufferillqually change.romheamefWORD}ououldelltsunction.t scansheerminalnputuffer,eachingutoroalled "delimiter",ignalyhichtecognises,hatouheser -ornyonelse)asndicatedhendfharactersequence, suchsord.elimitershescii-codefharacter,.g. 32WORD}ellsORTHoakepaceorelimiter.henWORD} hasccomplishedtsask,tasransferredordots buffer,asountedowanyharactershatordonsistsf,as placedhatountnheirstyteftsufferndasefthe addressftsuffernhetack.eepnindhatheount doesn'tounttself,utnlyheharactersfheord.WORD} ignoresheccurencefeadingelimiters.heeading delimitersregnoredntilWORD}ncountersnyther character.ererewotringsnscii-code: String:222221410-pacesIPO String:1410 -pacesIPO NowWORD}illandleothtringsnxactlyheameay.n itsufferothtringsrelaceds1410.otehe count4)ndheerminatingero.uchtringsalled packedtring.  PERVERSEEMANDS ThreeordsreeryloseelatedoWORD}.heiramesre almostelfexplanatory,-TRAILING},COUNT}ndTYPE}. Beforeeaveookt-TRAILING},COUNT}ndTYPE},eill demonstrateurthereaturefWORD}.ooo,ouaveo enterheollowingefinition: :IPOPRINTUERY2ORDOUNTTRAILINGYPE. MyxperienceithWORD}s,hatnean'trustWORD}yts word.sedWORD}nourifferentomputersndnach computerWORD}asadecularitiesftswn.hebove definitionfPIPOPRINT}illorknBC-B-computerrcorn ELECTRON,utotithycove-FORTHnheood-oldI9/4a,s iton'tnyTithteastneORTH.ithhatORTHave toraseQUERY}nheefinitionfPIPOPRINT},ochievehe sameffect.oxecutePIPOPRINT}ouaveonterPIPOPRINT} OKndhenype DEMOSTRING ndressNTER.ORTHillype back DEMOSTRING K.esedWORD}nsideefinition.owe willsetirectlyromheeyboardsUERY2ORDOUNTYPE andeehatappens.otuchood,sn'tttsmportanto realisehatheeyboardnterpretertselfsesWORD}.ll keyboardnputsransferredordyordoheordbuffer, overwritinghereviousontents.oouetterseWORD}rom withinefinition.ow,hatappenedhenexecuted {PIPOPRINT}heordQUERY}topsxecutionndaitsor input.fterheharacterinputWORD}heckshenputufferor ascii-code2lankndhenransfersheoregoing charactersoHERE},asescribedbove.helankshich antecipateheirston-blankharacterreeglectedyWORD}. WhenWORD}eachesHERE},tnsertsheountnheirstree byte,laceshetringnheollowingreeemoryndutshe addressfhetringnactheddressfheount-byten thetack.henCOUNT}indsheddressheount-byteddress -etchesheontentsfhatyte,ncrementsheddress whichsfourseheddressfheirstharacterfhe stringeuthereutsheddressntohetackndhe countnopft.owTYPE}omesnction.eouldefine {TYPE}nigh-levelORTHs:YPOUPɫ@MITOOP DROP.yowouhouldebleoeadhatastefinitionf {TYP},sllordssedaveeenxplainedarlier.t'suno modifyTYP},oouanhapeheharacter-outputoourost perverseemands.nxample:YPOUPɫ@MITPACE LOOPROP.heutputsowntermittedithpaces.nother definitionfTYP},ithomemprovementndomerickyutput, coulde:YPUPFOUPɫ@RPACESMITOOP THEN.heainifferenceithheirstTYP}boveshat testsadeoeefhereStringoype..fhe count-bytes0.therwiseheresn'tnythingoype. MOVINGROUND Soareaveeensingxistinguffersortoringtrings. Youanreateourwnuffersorhaturpose.eforeelling youowoOo,ouhouldeoldowoSEourwn buffers.ntherords:owoesORTHanageoransfertrings fromneegiononother.eryimplefourse!ithheord {CMOVE}ornstanceCharacter MOVE).hisordransfers specifiedumberfharactersromddress1oddress2.here areomeitfallsowever.tirst:oroblemrisesfhe destinationddresssesshenheourceddress.utheres aifficulty,fheestinationddresssigherhanhatf theourcendhewoegionsverlap.hyecauseheyte withheowestddresssovedirstndheransferroceeds inherderfncreasingddresses.et'srawictureo show,hat'mryingoxplainoou.upposeeaveo transferharacters.heirstharacterstddresss0nd theastnetddress6.urthermore,upposehathe destinationddressfheirstharacters3.hisould happen:DDR10DDR13CMOVE}. 01234563456789 ____________________________________________________ |  __________________________ Firstove:rom0o3.  Theesults,hatheN'tddress3sverwrittenyhe 'S'ovedhereromddress0. __________________________ Secondove:rom1o4.  __________________________ Thirdove:rom2o5.  Fourthove:yhatimeheituationooksikeeneath. 01234563456789 ____________________________________________________ |  TheourthoveilloveheS'rom3o6,nduccessively theifthoveilllaceheT'rom4t7,ndheextove putshe-'rom5t8.heastoveringsheS'rom6 to9.heesultfllhatigglingsubbish. 01234563456789 ____________________________________________________ |  NowouhouldryCMOVE},ivenheollowingituation. ADDR13DDR10CMOVE}. 01234563456789 ____________________________________________________ |  Theesulthoulde 01234563456789 ____________________________________________________ |  MOREOVES Thisaserfectlyightndtouldeice,fCMOVE}ould alwayserformikehat,utton't.ovoidhenrequired effectssepictedbove,eouldefinerom/to/count-- RDUP>ROTFCMOVELSEMOVEHEN Asouayellotice,ouan'tefine}ithoutaving defined-MOVEddr--. Thisefinitionseauty,singimpleords,oainast effectivection.woommonaysflearingertainmountf memoryre)illingheegionithscii-code2pace, or)illingheegionithscii-code0ull.orach methodORTHaseperateord.heirstethodsesheord {BLANKS},heecondERASE}.nsteadfMYBUFF}02FILL}, youanseMYBUFF}0ERASE}rMYBUFF}0BLANKS}.nd insteadfheumber2ouanseBL},hichsonstantf thealue2,hescii-codeorpace.heellingsorhe secondound,hexamples.xplained,oworeateuffer fortoringscii-string.Perhapsoulreadyumpedohe conclusion,hatufferreatednuchayanlsoerves anveryimple)rray.)et'sutllmost)ordsogether.n manyomputer-applicationouilleskedomeblique questions,hichou'llaveonswernrderoersuehe thingoomeoction.ereoingoohatnORTHnde areoingoeephingsimple,nlysingordseetlready. NOTATERPROOF Theirsthingoesolves,hathouldheomputeros reactionnensweringtsuestionset'sssumeereoing torotectiecefoftwaregainstaliciousntrudersndhe computerilliveurthernformationfhatooext,hen andnlyhenertainame,ddressndlacereypedthe keyboard.ohreeuestionsreoeut.hepplicationaso comparehenputithtsinside'nformation.eon'tse stringcomparisingords,shoseordsfnynourystem mayiffersnctionsnamegiving.ndmotlair- voyant.heolutionohatroblemsoxtractomeharacters fromachesponseeetndomparehoseithhenese determinedreviously.eillesthooseomeharacteristic onestharacteristiclaces.eilliscussersionith {QUERY}ndWORD},ndnotherersionsingEXPECT}.irsthe {QUERY}-version. Let'sreatetring-buffers.heengthillependnhe actualnputfourame,ddressndesidence. CREATEAME4LLOTREATEDDRESS3LLOT CREATELACE1LLOT Toeeat,elearheuffers. :LEARALLAME4RASEDDRESS3RASELACE1RASE Noweeteadyornput. :NPUTNAMER"ourame:UERY2ORDOUNT WAPAMEMOVE :NPUTADDRESSR"ourddress:UERY2ORDOUNT WAPDDRESSMOVE :NPUTPLACER"ouresidence:UERY2ORDOUNT WAPLACEMOVE :NPUTLEARALLNPUTNAMENPUTADDRESSNPUTPLACE Theollowingefinitionhecksyteeruffer,oeefhe typistsntitledoorenformation.ouayhangehatyte. :CHEATINGAME@4--/f DDRESS@5 LACE@8NDND :LLRIGHTR"ouassedheheck.owypeOVEoead oday'san-mail." :ESOT Therandinalesowoome. :ESTEGINNPUTCHEATINGESHILEEPEATLLRIGHT- Thissotaterprooforureut'veanagedusingords stilloome)oevelopuiteicerotectingpplication.ou willearromenhatubjectater.owheEXPECT}-version, whichillroofoearorerotectinggainstreep. CREATEAME3LLOT CREATEDDRESS2LLOT CREATELACE0LLOT :IPEAME3RASEDDRESS2RASELACE0RASE CREATEBUF0LLOT :LEANBUF0RASE :*BUFBUF0XPECT :NPUTIPE LEANR"ourame:"*BUFBUFAME3MOVE LEANR"ourddress:"*BUFBUFDDRESS2MOVE LEANR"ouresidence:"*BUFBUFLACE0MOVE ; :CHEATINGAME@4 DDRESS@5 LACE@8NDND :LLRIGHT"ouassedheest.owypeOVEndouill ethatouant." ; :ESOT :ESTEGINNPUTCHEATINGESHILEEPEATLLRIGHT That'sll!oroweillesthile.extimeeontinue thetoryfnputndutput.ndt'settingimeoellou theactsboutditor-life. ayeavenrotectou!! SUMMARY Fromownummaryillonsistfustlossaryfhe words.heeasonshatileverorehanlusminus2000 bytes,an'teandledy STEWS.arthreefhisoursead toeplittedorheameeason. |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |ASE..OFsedsASEultiple-branchtructure. |NDOFFwords)heresoimitn |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |NDCASENDOF ranchingpoints. |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION | 1Fwords)  | NDOF  | NDCASE  |EY--aitsoreyoe |  ressed.hescii-valuef |  fheressedeysut |  OS. |XPECTddr--ddrsheddressfhe |  nputbufferoesed, |  heaximumumberfhars |  hichanenput.XPECT |  cceptsnputntilr |  ccurs,rheaximumum- |  erfharsseached. |IB--ddruppliesheddressfhe |  erminalnputuffer. |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |UERY---nputspo0harsermi-| |  atedyrromheey- |  oard.heextstoredn| |  heerminalnputuffer. |ORD--ddrcceptsharsromhenput| |  treamntilon-zeroe- |  imitingharsncount- |  red,rhenputstreams |  xhausted.eadingelimit- |  rsregnored.hehars |  retoredsacked |  tring,eginningtERE. |  heddressfheountbyte| |  seftnhetack. |ERE--ddruppliesheddressfhe |  irstreeictionaryspace. |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |P--ddrheictionarypointer.he |  ontentsfheddressddr| |  ointsoheirstree |  ytetheopfheic- |  ionary.  |OUNT(ddr1---addr2/n|eavesheddressddr2nd| |  ytecountfextstring |  tartingtddressddr1+| |TRAILING(addr/n1---addr/n2)|hangeshehar-count1f| |  heextstringtddress |  ddrosoxcludell |  railinglanks,heesult |  eavings2.  |YPE(ddr/count--ransmitscount'harsf| |  tringtddroheutput| |  evice.  |||| |ORDTACKNOTATIONESCRIPTION |||| |MOVE(from/to/count---)ovescount'ytes,tart- |  ngtromoemoryblock| |  tartingtddresso. |ILL(addr/n/b--illsytesfemory |  tartingtddrithhe |  alue.  |RASEddr/n--etsytesfemorytar-| |  ingtddressddro |  ontaineroes. |LANKSddr/n--illsytesfemory |  tartingtddressddr |  ithlanks.  |L--onstanthicheaveshe |  scii-codeorlank.32)|  EXTRAS BulletinoardseldomhowheubjectORTH.hetherayot theelephoneumberfulletinoardithORTH-corner.he FORTHsedsNIX-FORTH.Version.0,aneandroomputerlub) ThisORTHontainsbout100ordsndsearlytandard-83. ThisoardsperatedyheAARLEMGnheetherlands.he cornerontainsmongtheroodiesatabase,rittennORTH. Theelephoneumbers23-3599.heBSsn-line,everyay from9.007.00r.tses0barddisk.ivetry. EXERCISES 1.aveouefinitionfQUERY}.eplaceheequenceSP0} @}yustneord. 2.nart,ntroducedSIZE}-word.singKEY-CASE'- onstruction,ouhouldewritet.henputhoulde SIZE}.reateariableotorehis-value. 3.ewriteheefinitionf}aneefinednometheray. hichayowouasoentelligent! 5.hysheEXPECT}-versionfTEST}etterayf rotectionhanheQUERY}ne 6.ryohangeheEXPECT}-versionfTEST}.hehange houldvoidhesefheemporaryuffer*BUF}.  SOLUTIONS 1.akingherookedefinitionfSIZE}orranted,he superfluousords?EL}.ohanges?L}ikehis:LUP 250F"argeLSE"xtraargeHEN. 2.heriginalSIZE}heckesumbersesshan50ndigger than50,utotomatofxact50r.hehanged?L} checkesfumbersesshan50,ollumbersiggerhan 249reandedoheELSE}-clause50ncluded. 3.heefinitionhouldookikehis. IZE-3UP5F"ejectedLSE UP0F"xtramallLSE UP25F"mallLSE UP00F"ediumLSE UP50F"argeLSE "xtraarge HENHENHENHENHENROP  4.irsteefineomeariables. VARIABLEEJARIABLESARIABLEM VARIABLEEDARIABLEAARIABLEL 0EJSMEDAL SIZE-4)UP5FEJ!LSE --UP0FS!LSE UP25FM!LSE UP00FED!LSE UP50FA!LSEL! HENHENHENHENHEN ; :IZE-4erensertcreenleaningord SIZE-4)R"ejectedEJ"r" -- R"xtramallS"r" R"mallM"r" R"ediumED"r" R"argeA"r" R"xtraargeL"r" ; 5.oolvehisxerciseeouldseomeoderomhe precedingne.heariablesantayotallynchanged. :SIZE-5)UP5FEJ!LSE UP0FS!LSE UP25FM!LSE UP00FED!LSE UP50FA!LSEL! HENHENHENHENHEN ; :IZE-5SIZE-5)erensertcreenleaningord R"ejectedEJUP"om""gr" R"xtramallSUP"om"5"gr" R"mallMUP"om"0"gr" R"ediumEDUP"om"25"gr" R"argeAUP"om"00"gr" R"xtraargeLUP"om"50"gr" ; 6.fterououldaveeclaredndnitialisedheariableso zero,ouhouldnsertheSIZE-5)-wordntonndlessoop. Thisouldoheob:OMATOSORTEGINIZE-5GAIN, assumingheardwareouldrovideheumberSIZE-5}xpectsn thetack.ndhecreen-outputouldeedomemprovement. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.THEBIOSDOSOUND'UNCTIONXPLAINED byichardarsmakers Beingsuchusicreaksm,eallyesiredooight throughoheottomfheT'suilt-inBIOSDosound' routine,BIOSumber2.ccordingoataecker'sSTntern", thisunctionfferedeallyomfortableayorogramounds onheT.ell,hought,et'sondaveookthehole thingndookhat'seallyappeningowntherehenouear music. First,et'saveooktheisassembledistingsfhe routineshataveooithoundnheT. ThectualoundoutineNDIRQSoundnterrupt) FC2F84OVEM.L0-D1/A0,-(A7)Saveegistersoraterse FC2F88OVE.L0E44(A5),D0Checkocationataresent? FC2F8CEQFC3016 Noeapondfoutine FC2F90OVE.L0,A0 Putddressfoundatan0 FC2F92OVE.B0E48(A5),D0Loadimeralue FC2F96EQFC2FA0 Newoundtarted? FC2F98UBQ.B1,D0 Timer-1fewoundtarted FC2F9AOVE.B0,$0E48(A5)Putackimer FC2F9ERAFC3016 Ready! FC2FA0OVE.BA0)+,D0 Getoundommandromable FC2FA2MIFC2FD2 BitetNegative)? Thisdentifiespecialommand FC2FA4OVE.B0,$FF8800Registerelectooundchip FC2FAAMPI.B$07,D0 Register? FC2FAENEFC2FCA No FC2FB0OVE.BA0)+,D1 Readataoregistern1 FC2FB2NDI.B$3F,D1 Isolateits-5 FC2FB6OVE.BFF8800,D0Readixer FC2FBCNDI.B$C0,D0 Isolateits-7 FC2FC0R.B1,D0 'Or'ataithhat FC2FC2OVE.B0,$FF8802Byteooundchip FC2FC8RAFC2FA0 Getextoundommand FC2FCAOVE.BA0)+,$FF8802Datairectlyooundchip FC2FD0RAFC2FA0 Getextoundommand Thisspecialommandoutine FC2FD2DDQ.B1,D0 CheckfommandasFF FC2FD4PLFC3008 Branchoimer-waitoop FC2FD6MPI.B$81,D0 Washeommand80? FC2FDANEFC2FE2 No FC2FDCOVE.BA0)+,$0E49(A5)Storeemporaryegister FC2FE0RAFC2FA0 Getextoundommand FC2FE2MPI.B$82,D0 Washeommand81? FC2FE6NEFC3008 No;ranchoimer-waitoop FC2FE8OVE.BA0)+,$FF8800Selectegister FC2FEEOVE.BA0)+,D0 Incrementalue FC2FF0DD.B0,$0E49(A5)Addemporaryalue FC2FF4OVE.BA0)+,D0 Endalue FC2FF6OVE.B0E49(A5),$FF8802Temporaryalueooundhip FC2FFEMP.B0E49(A5),D0Comparyemp.alueith0 FC3002EQFC3012 Endeached?hennd! FC3004UBQ.W4,A0 Pointerackoameommand FC3006RAFC3012 End FC3008OVE.BA0)+,$0E48(A5)Nextaluesait-timer FC300CNEFC3012 Notqualoero? FC300EOVE.W$0000,A0Soundectoro FC3012OVE.L0,$0E44(A5)Andavehat FC3016OVEM.LA7)+,D0-D1/A0Getackegisters FC301ATS Returnromubroutine Andere'shectualDosound'outine,hatsalledyBIOS function2. FC2ECEOVE.L0E44(A5),D0Getoundstatus FC2ED2OVE.L0004(A7),D1Getddressfoundable FC2ED6MIFC2EE0 Negative?henon'tett FC2ED8OVE.L1,$0E44(A5)Setewable FC2EDCLR.B0E48(A5)Startoundimerorhe aboveoutine FC2EE0TS Returnromubroutine Thissheoutinehatausesheelloound. FC201CTST$02,$0484(A5)Bellonenabled? FC2022EQFC2032 No?on'tound FC2024OVE.L$00FC301C,$0E44(A5)Moveellableddress FC202COVE.B$00,$0E48(A5)Startoundimer FC2032TS Returnromubroutine Andhissheoutinehatoundsheeyclick. FC2A14TST$00,$0484(A5)Keyclicknabled? FC2A1AEQFC2A2A No?on'tound FC2A1COVE.L$00FC303A,$0E44(A5)Movelickableddress FC2A24OVE.B$00,$0E48(A5)Startoundimer FC2A2ACHG$04,D1 Invertitf1 FC2A2EOVE.B1,$0E1B(A5)Storehatn0E1B FC2A32TS Returnromubroutine TheNDIRQoutinesctuallylwaysxecuted,utouormally neveroticehat;henoommandsivennoointerset) toxecuteoundthisaneeylick,elloner completeusicalomposition)heoutineustmmediatelyxits andivesackontroloheSrogramntiltsalled again,thichomenttgainesthetherointerset. Asaneeennheisassembledistingmadeithemplemon V1.6,yheay),hatointerasoeocatednocation $0E44byhichheontentsfddressegisterredded).o theoreticallynyddressnemoryanesedouthat pointer. Whenevernointerooundataablesutnhatddress, theusictartslaying.imple,h? Butow,et'saveookthepecificaynhichhat soundatasuiltp.hatsecessaryoreateound? Inheoundataable,heollowingommandayesed: 0x oadheextytenoundchipegister, herex'anaryrom0oF 80 oadsheextytentoemporaryegister Thiss0E49,ohich5sdded) 81 hisommandsollowedyhreeytes: st:pecifiesheegister$0-$F) nd:ncrementaluecompareithTEP aluenasic) rd:ndriteriumwhenheemporary egister,ohichhencrement aluesddedllheime,as eachedhisriterium,urrent xecutionstopped) 82-$FF imeraitoopommandthissollowed ytehatignifiesheumberfimer ickshathouldasseforeheext ommandhouldexecuted.f,he holeoundstopped;ndfusic) Inheirstnewlook'ssuef STEWSVolumessue),e hadncludediecefusichatasrogrammedsinghebios 'Dosound'ommandableyntax.llheusicalompositionsn ourynthampleVerelsoadesinghisonvention. ManyamesseheDosound'unctione.g.Wanderer"ndSpace Pilot"),ecausetffersomeasicoundossibilities,ndt automaticallydaptshepeedoheurrentesolutionVBL techniquesakearehatoundunsuchasternigh-or evennediumesodehannowesode).eallyerrific sounds,owever,illrobablyaveoerogrammedsingwn routinesthat'shatobubbardndolgerehrmanno, anyway).ostrogrammershoon'tseheDosound'unction, useheBL-queuethat'sistfongwordddressestarting on4CE,hatrexecutedtveryerticallankVBL)). AnxamplefusicrogramhatsesheDosound'unctions "Musix32"romommyoftwarenermanyreadureviewn ST NESolumessue).tnablesouoavenheDosound' format,oouanasilyncludeheusicalompositionsn yourwnrograms. Ainalint:nfAasic,thouldeossibleoeeprack ofDosound'usicsinghisollowinghortoutine: Firstou'llaveoxecuteheusic o =Xbios(32,L:-1) A oop Thisaneasilyoncludedhenouaveookthectual 'Dosound'isting;nddressFC2ED6herogramhecksfhe pointersegative.fts,hentoesn'tetheound anew,utustontinueslayingt. Oneasthing:heoutinesxplainednhisrticlereaken fromOMOSersion.19.fouryomefheintsnhis articleniskOS,ou'llinduthatheyon'tork! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.THEESKTOP.INFILE byichardarsmakers EverybodyustaveoticedilealledESKTOP.INFnomef hisisks.omefouillrobablyowhattoes,utome ofouillustsrobablyotnowhattoesrvenhat its.nhisrticleillryoellllnowbouthis file,ndbouthepecialanipulationshatreossibleith it.heileaneoadedntonditorrordrocessorhat doesotsePodendhentaneditedndavedack.f youustomesktoprashesourystem,ustesettith anothernormal)isknherivendllilleK. TheESKTOP.INFilesreatedheneverouelectSAVE DESKTOP"nderheOPTIONS"enuromheEMesktop.eill seehatstorednhile.heT'sESKTOP.INFiles actuallyeryimited.heppleacESKTOPileontainsot morenformationoteems,ndtslsoiddennhe directoryobviously,eopleon'tantouoessroundith it). EveryimeoutartpourTystem,esett,rwitch betweenheoloresolutions,heESKTOP.INFsoadednto memory,ndtsarametersresed.orebouthatater. Let'sookttandardESKTOP.INFile.hisasreatedy resettingheystemndmmediatelyelectingSAVEESKTOP"in Germany,hissARBEITICHERN"). #a000000 #b000000 #c7770007000600070055200505552220770557075055507703111103 #d  #EB3 #W0043300 #W00D8AB0 #W00E9AB0 #W00FAAB0 #M000FLOPPYISK@ #M010FLOPPYISK@ #T062FRASH@ #FF4.*@ #DF1.*@ #G3F.APP@ #G3F.PRG@ #F34.TOS@ #P34.TTP@ Let'sowaveookthendividualines.llinesre preceededy#"nddentifier,ollowedyomearameters. #a000000S232arameters ^^^^^ ||||| ||||it8 n,ff |||ts/Xoff/Off,ff/On ||| n/Offn/On ||its ,,, |arityoarity,dd,ven aud 600,800,200,00  uplexull,alf Thisinesnlynseheneskccessorysoadedhats suppliednheTystemisks.hisaneecognizednder "DESK"yheameRS232onfiguration". #b000000 ^^^^^rinteronfigurationarameters ||||| ||||aper ractoreed,ingleheets |||ort entronics,S232 ||ualityraft,aximal |ots 280,60 olor /W,olor  ype otatrix,aisywheel Thisinesnlynseheneskccessorysoadedhats suppliednheTystemisk.taneecognizedyhe optionInstallrinter"nderheDESK"enu. #c7770007000600070055200505552220770557075055507703111103    ellow  oystemolor  oystemolor  agenta  oystemolor  luegreen  oystemolor  ightrey  oystemolor  oystemolor  oystemolor  lue  oystemolor  ed  lack  hite Theastevenharactersnhisineaveothingooith colors.heireaningsheollowing: 3111103 ^^^^^^^ ||||||| |||||woexadecimaligitsfeyepeatate |||woexadecimaligitsfeyepeatime ||lockff,n |eylickff,n ousepeed-44sastest) Thisinesnlyctivatedhenouseheeskccessory calledControlanel".yctivatingheontrolanel,hese colorsndtherettingsreakenveryEM. #EB3xtras ^^ || | woigitsfexadecimalumber,fhichhe | ndividualitsaveheollowingeaning: | -2oeaning | onfirmopy0o,es) | onfirmelete0=o,es) | -6ortn....00ame,1ate, | 0ize,1ype) | hows....0cons,ext)  esolution:120*200ronochrome 240*200ronochrome 3onochromer20*200 Thisineslwaysctivated,ndhealuesontainedntan behangedysingheVIEW"ndOPTIONS"ull-downenusrom theEMesktop.nheESKTOP.INFilereatednheiskf STEWS,ou'lloticehatheesolutionseto02':edium ressctivatedhenoloronitorsresed,hereasonochrome (ofourse)snstallednonochromeonitors. #W0043300indows #W00D8AB0 #W00E9AB0 #W00FAAB0 ^^^^^^^ ||||||| ||||||| amefpenedindow |||||| alueferticalcrollbar ||||| eighthfheindow |||| idthfheindow ||| -Position || -Position | alueferticalliderar  alueforizontalliderar Thissnefheorenterestingartsoanipulate.ore abouthatater.healuesfX-Position'ndWidthfhe Window'aveoeultipliedyoethectualixels;Y- Position'ndHeightfheindow'aveoeultipliedy eithercolor)r6monochrome)orhis.hisasily explainshytsmpossibleoositionheindowizesy pixelslikeheacIntosh).poourindowsaneefined. #M000FLOPPYISK@iskrivecons #M010FLOPPYISK@ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ |||||||||||||| |||| amefhecon |||| rivedentifier ||| || conypehexadecimal) || 0iskrive,1older || 2rashcan3rogram || 4ile | -Positionmultiplyith0/w | r0oloroetealosition | nddd0)Hex)  -Positionmultiplyith0or ealosition)Hex) #T062FRASH@rashcan ^^^^^^^^ |||||||| |||| amefherashcan ||| || conypehexadecimal)Forypes || leaseooknhereviousage) | -Positionseereviousage)  -Positionseereviousage) #G3F.APP@ EMpplication #G3F.PRG@ ^^^^ |||| || xtensionfilehatsEMpp. | eeotenage2  ypefconorEMpp.see reviousage) #F34.TOS@ OSpplication ^^^^ |||| || xtensionfilehatsOSpp. | eeotenage2  ypefconorOSpp.see woagesack) #P34.TTP@ TPpplication ^^^^ |||| || xtensionfilehatsTPpp. | eeotenage2  ypefconorTPpp.see woagesack) NoteoelativelynknownytemostlyFF)nheinesor TTP-,EM-andOSpplications: Accordingor.ilfredilwingerseeDidounowhat....") inisrticlenAGagazineolumessue,hisyte indicatedhatherogramsesESfFF,ndEMDOS/TOShen $04.oturelynown,hough. Noworomeracticalanipulations.illotalkboutll theogicalanipulationschanginghebviousirstouplef lines),utillustooktwoewanipulationshatave noteteenreatednnytheragazines. TheirstnesayoakeurehatnlyNEileisplayed inheirectoryfisk.soesn'tatterhichtheriles arenheiskheyillimplyoteisplayed. Therick:fterachindowine,ouaneene@'ign.his ishelacehereheamefheurrentsub-)directorys placedhenindoworeveralindows)aspenedhenou SAVEdheesktop.fouivehisinerogramameather thansub-)directoryameupper-orowercaseoesn'tatter), onlyherogramithhatamesisplayed!akeareoto throwwayhe@',ndeavepaceetweenheamendhat character.xample: #W0043300 becomes #W0044300:\ST_NEWS.PRG Theecondechnique'dikeoiscussshenehatakes carehatoueenlyimitedmountfilenheisk.or example,ouanaveheollowingodes: -howoldersndrogramsnotheriles) -howatailesndrogramsnoolders) -howrogramsnooldersndtheriles) Theecretsiddennheollowingwoines: #FF4.*@ #DF1.*@ Ifoueleteheirstne,nlyoldersndRGconsille displayed.foueleteheecond,nlyatailesndRG iconsilleisplayed.ndfoueleteoth,nlyRGcons areisplayed. Ilmostorgotnemallhirdanipulation.orxample,ts possibleoakerogramsxecutablehataveifferent extensionshatustTOS,TTP,APPrPRG.orxample,f youantllileshatndnAAAoereatedsrogram filessell,ouhouldddheollowingine: #G3F.AAA@ TheG'tandsorEMpplication,ndhusakesheile exactlyheamesnyAPPrPRGile.he3efinesRG iconyouanhangehatsell),ndheFrobablyeans thatherogramsesEMseeotenage2). ButootxpecthatouanowustenamellilesoAAA extensions!heileseedoaveroperxecutablerogram formatsoesedorrectly. That'sllorow.fouhinkouaveoundewindf DESKTOP.INFanipulationechnique,leaseootesitateo writeoeoraybeouanvenritenrticleboutt!). Originallyublishedn STEWS Volumessue.UNDOCUMENTEDARIABLES byichardarsmakers Severalonthsack,rankndyselflreadyentiggingnto theT'sOMndamepithomenterestinghings.ow,e haveoneomeorenvestigatingndgainantofferoun evenargeristfndocumentedystemariables. Warning:incetariasadeignificanthangesoheSf theewEGATstupid,tupid),anyfheseocationsill probablyavehangedow.heEGATsoteryuchnough compatiblendllntertainmentoftwareilltilleritten forheT,odviseounlyoseheseystemariables whenecessaryandfossibleotnrogramshatlsoeedo worknEGAT). $502 ardcopyhardcopyoutineector) $506 istinparallelorttatusoutine) $50A stout/Prt_vec outputhar.oarallelortoutine) $50E uxostatRS-232utputtatusoutine) $512 uxoutRS-232utputoutine) $840* athnameuffer $93A eturnddressfheutoiles $93E athnameddress/auto/*.prg) $942 ilenameddress/*.prg)  $946 MAddress  $964* ilenamenutofolderuffer $972* holeameuffer HARDCOPYOUTINEARIABLES $992 ufferor_v_bas_ad"henardcopy $996 ffset $998 creenidth  $99A creeneight  $99C eftargin  $99E ightargin  $9A0 ufferorsshiftmd"  $9A2 ualityode  $9A4 oloraletteddress  $9A8 rinterable  $9AA arallel/serialodelag  $9AC askointer  MEMORYSEDYHELOPPIES  $9B0 etrycntRetryount)  $9B2 riterotecttatus  $9B4 platchStatusnsure?)  $9B6 cctimAccessime)  $9BE otornlag  $9C0 eslflgDeselectlag)  $9C2 devDeviceumber)  $9C4 trackTrackumber)  $9C6 sectSectorumber)  $9C8 sideSideumber)  $9CA countSectorumber)  $9CC DMADMAufferoradectorist) $9CD MAigh  $9CE MAid  $9CF MAow  $9D0 dmaEndfMAddress)  $9D4 ptSectorserrackorormat) $9D6 nterlvInterleaveactororormat) $9D8 irginDefaultillalueorormat) $9DB MAddress  $9DC MAddress  $9DD MAddress  $9DE efaultrror  $9E0 urrerrDiskriveOSrrorumber) $A06 ddressSB0Drive)  $A0A ddressSB1Drive)  BUFFERS $A0E* S-232nputuffer $B0E* S-232utputuffer $C0E* eyboarduffer $D0E* IDIuffer $D8E orecorS232 $DB0 orecoreyboard $DBE orecorIDI  $DCC eyboard/MIDIable  $DD0 ointeroeyboardrroroutine $DD4 ointeroIDIrroroutine $DD8 tatvecIKBDtatusackage) $DDC ousevecMousection)  $DE0 dostimeTimeector)  $DE4 oyvecJoystickction)  $DE8 IDIys-vector $DEC KBDys-vector $DF0 eyboardtatus $DF1 KBDndex  $DFE ouseosition  $E01 ointerolockimeuffer $E07 oystickata  $E0A ewime  $E0E imeoeonverted  $E18 ointerondfimeuffer/mouse mulatoruffer $E1B hifttatus  $E20 ointerohiftedeyboardable $E28 ouseuffer $E39 epeatlag  $E3C eyboardelay1 $E3D eyboardelay2 $E3E astime  $E44 usicataointerforbios2 $E48 emporarytorageegisterXbios2) $E4A S232rinterhecklag  $E4C andshakelag  $167A1879ectorufferbootuffer)/alsoseds nternalTSINrray $16A2 orizontallignment  $16A4 erticallignment MEMORYSEDOREXTUPUTITHDIUNCTIONSND1 $16A6 extidthnixels  $16A8 exteigthnixels  $16AA -differenceornter-wordpacing $16AC -differenceornter-wordpacing $16AE estounterornter-wordpacing $16B0 -restornter-wordpacing $16B2 -restornter-wordpacing $16B4 -diferenceornter-characterpacing $16B6 -differenceornter-characterpac. $16B8 estounterornter-characterpac. $16BA -restornter-characterpacing $16BC -restornter-characterpacing $16BE ?? $197A1A7AnternalopyfTSINrray28W $25AE tartngle  $25B0 urrentontddress  $25B4 artfircleength  $25BC ndngle  $25BE ounter  $25C0 -maximumorilledrea  $25C2 -minimumorilledrea  $25C4  $25C8 egintyle  $25CA ndtyle  $25CC olorndexorolygonill $25CE illerimeterisibility  $25D8 -cordinatefircleiddle $25DA adius  $25DE -cordinatefircleiddle $25E0 adius  SPRITEEFINITIONLOCK $25E2 -offsetctionoint  $25E4 -offsetctionoint  $25E6 ormatlagXOR/VDI)  $25E8 ackgroundolor $25EA oregroundolor $25EC ackgroundattern  $25EE oregroundattern  $25F0 ackgroundattern  $25F2 oregroundattern  $25F4 ackgroundattern  $25F6 oregroundattern  $25F8 ackgroundattern  $25FA oregroundattern  $25FC ackgroundattern  $25FE oregroundattern  $2600 ackgroundattern  $2602 oregroundattern  $2604 ackgroundattern  $2606 oregroundattern  $2608 ackgroundattern  $260A oregroundattern  $260C ackgroundattern  $260E oregroundattern  $2610 ackgroundattern  $2612 oregroundattern  $2614 ackgroundattern0  $2616 oregroundattern0  $2618 ackgroundattern1  $261A oregroundattern1  $261C ackgroundattern2  $261E oregroundattern2  $2620 ackgroundattern3  $2622 oregroundattern3  $2624 ackgroundattern4  $2626 oregroundattern4  $2628 ackgroundattern5  $262A oregroundattern5  EXTENDEDORKSTATIONNFORMATION $262C creenype  $262E umberfackgroundolorsnolpal $2630 upportedextffects  $2632 astercaling  $2634 umberfitlanes  $2636 ookupableupport  $2638 erformanceactor $263A ontourillossibility  $263C extotationossibility  $263E umberfritingodes  $2640 evelnputossibility  $2642 extlignmentossibility  $2644 nkingossibility $2646 ubberbandingossibility  $2648 aximalumberfordinatesor olyline,olymarkerndill $264A aximalizefNTIN  $264C umberfouseuttons  $264E tyleorideines  $2650 ritingodesorideines $26522684eserved 6W WORKSTATIONNFORMATION $2686 creenidthnixels  $2688 creeneightnixels  $268A xactcalingossibility  $268C idthfixelnicrometer $268E eightfixelnicrometer $2690 umberfharacterseights $2692 umberfineypes  $2694 umberfineidths  $2696 umberfarkerypes  $2698 umberfarkerizes  $269A umberfextfaces  $299C umberfatterns $299E umberfatchtyles  $26A0 umberfredefinedolors $26A2 umberfDPs  $26A4 DPectangle $26A6 DPartfircle  $26A8 DPiecefie  $26AA DPircle  $26AC DPllipse $26AE DPartfllipse  $26B0 DPartfllipticalie $26B2 DPoundedectangle  $26B4 DPilledoundedectangle $26B6 DP0pecifiedraphicsext $26B8 DPttribute $26BA DPttribute $26BC DPttribute $26BE DPttribute $26C0 DPttribute $26C2 DPttribute $26C4 DPttribute $26C6 DPttribute $26C8 DPttribute $26CA DP0ttribute $26CC olorossibility $26CE extotationossibility  $26D0 reaillossibility  $26D2 ellrrayossibility  $26D4 umberfolorsbtainable $26D6 umberfocatorevices  $26D8 umberfaluatorevices  $26DA umberhhoiceevices  $26DC umberftringevices  $26DE orkstationype MOUSEATA $26E0 ouse-position $26E2 ouse-position $26E4 ousehow/hidelag  $26E6 ouseuttontatus  RGBNTENSITIESOROLORS-15 $26E8 ed $26EA reen  $26EC lue $26EF ed $26F0 reen  $26F2 lue $26F4 ed $26F6 reen  $26F8 lue $26FA ed $26FC reen  $26FE lue $2700 ed $2702 reen  $2704 lue $2706 ed $2708 reen  $270A lue $270C ed $270E reen  $2710 lue $2712 ed $2714 reen  $2716 lue $2718 ed $271A reen  $271C lue $271E ed $2720 reen  $2722 lue $2724 ed0 $2726 reen0  $2728 lue0  $272A ed1 $272C reen1  $272E lue1  $2730 ed2 $2732 reen2  $2734 lue2  $2736 ed3 $2738 reen3  $273A lue3  $273C ed4 $273E reen4  $2740 lue4  $2742 ed5 $2744 reen5  $2746 lue5  WORKSTRATIONTSOUTNFO $2748 inimalharacteridth  $274A inimalharactereigth  $274C aximalharacteridth  $274E aximalharactereigth  $2750 inimalineidth $2752  $2754 aximalineidth $2756  $2758 inimalarkeridth  $275A inimalarkereight  $275C aximalarkeridth  $275E aximalarkereight  $2766 SCII-andcanodefressedey $2768 nputode,hoice $276A irtualorkstationarameterddress $276E ontaddressfefaultystemontace able $2772 ddressf*6ontnAM  $2776 ddressf*8ontnAM  $277A ontddressfoadedont $277E ontddress  $2782 umberfsystem)extaces $2786 nputode,ocator  $27DA nputode,tring $27DC nputode,aluator  $27DE ouselagmousebuttonressed,ouse ove) $27E0 ursornlag  $27E2 ddressfouseordinates $27E7 ousepdatelag $27E8 eturnddressfEMDOSall $27EC ddressfavereaorursoros. SPRITEAVEUFFER $28F8 imernterrupt $28FC ldectorimernterrupt  $2900 uttonhangeectorfromouse) $2904 ursorhangeector  $2908 ouseovementector  VDISC_VARIABLES $290C haractereight $290E aximalursorolumn  $2910 aximalursorine  $2912 yteserharacterine  $2914 ackgroundolor $2916 haracterolor $2918 creenddressfursor  $291C ffsetnytes $291E urrentursorolumn  $2920 urrentursorine  $2922 oadursorlashatelag $2923 ursorlashounter  $2924 ointeroontata  $2928 argestSCIIodenont  $292A owestSCIIodenont  $292C orm_widthwidthfont) $292E creenidthnits  $2930 ointeroontffsetata $2934 ursorlag  itursorlashn/off itursorhase itursorn/off itinerapn/off iteversen/off itositionavedes/no itpdatelag $2936 creeneightnits  $2938 ytesercreenine  LINEARIABLESThisighteheotoriousDIBASE) $293A _planesNumberfitlanes) $293C _lin_wrBytesercreenine) $293E ddressfONTRLrray  $2942 ddressfNTINrray  $2946 ddressfTSINrray  $294A ddressfNTOUTrray  $294E ddressfSTOUTrray  $2952 Fg_bp_1  $2954 Fg_bp_2  $2956 Fg_bp_3  $2958 Fg_bp_4  $295A Lst_lin  $295C Ln_maskVDIinetyle)  $295E Wrt_modewritingode)  $2960 X1 $2962 Y1 $2964 X2 $2966 Y2 $2968 Patptrpointeroillattern) $296C Patmskfillatternask) $296E Multifillmulti-planeilllag) $2970 Clipclippinglag)  $2972 Xmn_clip  $2974 Ymn_clip  $2976 Xmx_clip  $2978 Ymx_clip  $297A Xacc_dda  $297C Dda_inc  $297E T_sclsts  $2980 Mono_status  $2982 Sourcex  $2984 Sourcey  $2986 Destx $2988 Desty $298A Delx $298C Dely $298E Fbase $2992 Fwidth  $2994 Style $2996 Litemask  $2998 Skewmask  $299A Weight  $299C R_off $299E L_off $29A0 Scale $29A2 Chup $29A4 Text_fg  $29A6 Scrtchp  $29AA Scrpt2  $29AC Text_bg  $29AE Copytran  $29B0 ddressfoutineorontourill $29B4 aximumccessime*20s) $29B8 astandomumber USEDITHARDCOPY $29BC rinterortlag $29BE _blkptrPointeroufferemoryor ardcopy)  $29C2 _offset  $29C4 _width  $29C6 _height  $29C8 _left $29CA _write  $29CC _srcresScreenesolution) $29CE _destresPrinteresolution) $29D0 _colpalpointerooloralette) $29D4 _type $29D6 _port $29D8 _masksdefaultask)  $4150 lueevelorolorrinterhardcopy) $415C4147*8onteader $4DB8 ddressfPB  $4DBA ??? $5220*irectoryuffer $5622 arkisketteumber  $5624 edevelorolorrinterhardcopy) $575E tarioloratrixrinterlag $5780 pson/Watrixrinterlag $578C*orkstationarameteruffer $5FE4 ediumesolutionndicatorf.ardcop)B $5FE6 ighesolutionndicatorforardcopy)B $5FE8 reenevelorolorrinterhardcopy)W $5FFE ualityodelagforardcopy) $60326079*16ystemonteader $609A owesolutionndicatorforardcopy) $609C tariaisywheelrinterlag Theollowingonventionseresednhisable:irst,he addresssivennexadecimalotation.hen*'sdded afterheddress,hiseanshattsoumericariableut aiecefemoryoftensedotoreotfumericariables ortrings).nheiddleolumn,ou'llinderyrief description.heightmostolumneholdsheariableength character:eansyte,eansordndeansongword. ThenformationisplayednhisrticleasakenromT InternndtariTem,othromataecker,sellsy personaliggingnheperatingystemsometimeogetherith Frank). Noworomeracticalsefomefheseariables.hen checkingheariableshatresedyheloppies,ssery handyose9C2o9C8.fouanheckheseariables constantlyusingnnterruptoutine)ouanlwayseepn eyenhichrive,ide,rackndectorherivesorking. Inourwnrograms,ouightustantoheckfherite protectotchslosedrotsohatouanrannotrite onisk).hesereheossiblealuesfhePtatuslag at9B2whichsord): 0000000000000000 ritensells 1111111100000000 riteossiblenlyn 0000000011111111 riteossiblenlyn 1111111111111111 oritingossibletll Thissread-only'ariable.ouannotimplyOKEaluen itohatouanritenrite-protectedisks,orxample (thatouldaveeenice,ouldn'tt?).hisariablesandy tosenopyrogramromethingikehat. Whenou'reritingame,ou'llndoubtedlyantonowhere toetoystickata.nocation593decimal),ou'llind byteithheollowingits: 00000000 ^^^ ||| ||p |own eft  ight Combinationsrelsoossiblenhataseeveralitsill beet.heirebuttonataaneetchedromf582 (decimal).hatocationilliveheollowingalues: 11111000 outtonsressed 11111001 oystickortuttonressed 11111010 oystickort/mouseuttonressed Theseethodsnlyorkoeadoystickorttheackne). Dootsehisariableoheckheouseey! Weerealkingboutheouse,eren'te?omewherenemory, youanasilyEEKhealuesfheouseosition,ndhe nicehings:heseariablesreEADndRITEariablesthat meanshatouanlsohangeheouseositionsinghis piecefemory!). Thenterestingocationsre: 26E0 ouseositionword) 26E2 ouseositionword) 26E6 ouseuttontatusword) Asheseocationsreldordong,ou'llaveosePEEK infAasicrEEKnTasicPEEKnfAlwaysorksn onlyneyte,hichnfortunatelyappensoeoorehan halford). ThisollowingmallfAasicrogramsemonstrateshe possibilitiesfheseOKEsndEEKs.timplyrintsllhe contentsfheppropriateouseddresses,ndhenouit keytutsheousenheightoporner. Do rintt(10,12);Dpeek(&H26E0) rintt(10,14);Dpeek(&H26E2) rintt(10,18);Dpeek(&H26E6) fnp?(2) poke&H26E0),0 poke&H26E2),0 =Inp(2) ndif Loop Thererelsowoocationshatontainheinendolumn thatheursorsnalsoossibleoEADsellsRITE): 291E ursorolumn 2920 ursorine Thesereothords16its)ndouanEEKheurrent cursorositionsellsOKEingsomewherenhecreen. Thenhere'sastsefulocation:hehifttatusytet $E1BwhichsctuallyresenttE61nheEGAT!).his locationslsosedyfAasicoheckfheLT-CONTRL- SHIFTeysreressed.hisoesn'torknheEGATnymore, butfouunheollowingrogramithourfAasiciskn therive,tillodifyhefAasiconlyersion.0!!).t wasoundutndrittenriginallyylaudrodndublished ineptember'sSTomputer"agazine. OpenU",#1,"\GFABASIC.PRG" Seek1,&H63AD Out1,&H61 Close1 Andhatbouthectualalueshathisariableanet?he individualitsnhisyteachaveheirwnpecific meaning: it ighthift 1) it efthift 2) it ontrol 4) it lternate 8) it apsock 16) Ifou'dEEKhisddressndou'detaluef1,his wouldeanhatllhepecialeysreressed. Originallyublishedn STEWS Volumessue.SOFTWAREEVIEW:NIGHTRC byichardarsmakers Youooktheunisingeyondheistantorizon.he photonslyinghroughheorningky'spectraolorhelouds inanyolorsfurplendedightostleasingo everyone'syes.ell,lmostveryone.ouon'tiket,ince youimplyatenythinghat'sair,eautifulrhatoesn't leavemellhatouldakeeweratropead.orou're anrc,ndotustnrc,utrindleguts.therrcson't seemohinkou'renrdinaryrcither,orhey'veeftou toightheattlefhampionsiedoablenomentf alcoholbuse.omeursesollffourhitheredongueshe Humansragouutsidendieounorse,hileoteing particularlyarefulithheemovalfheightopesround yourristsndnkles.herereutewhingshatouate morehanheunisingndnefhosesumans. "Whataveoneoeservehis?",ouhinknote:hisso plagiarism,sheethopoysidn'tvenxistnimese're nowalkingbout)soutrokeourleedingrists.ouad alwaysookedeallyellorhetherangembers.specially theeader,rok,eallyikedt.tasitoreurnthan Oink'srubhichfteneanthatupperanwayeforeou couldrabtithourilthynduddylaws.o,ouere goodookllright,utbviouslyotoodnoughoakeour fellow-Orcsealisehatheyouldeithoutookoonf thingsouldonheayheyereevelopingtheoment. Andfhingsren'torsenough,here'shishickung-fly whizzingroundourangover-infestedead.tbviouslyeems toikeheellowhicktuffrippingromournnerarnd isarefullyvaluatingandingpeed,indsndtherelevant thingshatreftenamednheorldfviary.helyeems tohinkeeplyeforeantingorushntoourarotart feastingponllhateliciousastronomicalaterialresent therecomparableithargelatefampingpaghetti BologneseorumansnywaytASndeedamping),utouot irritatedeforehatoment.mash!helyaslattened betweenourwoilthyrcandsndfterwardseeledrom betweenhehickairsndatenliveorartlylive,she wingstilleemooveit).oulwaysikedung-flies,s theyasteditikehatheysuallytendhat'shatou reallyiked,speciallyhenriedponewer-rattewith snake-eyeudding. Andowouerehere....aboutoattlegainstuman... Thusshetoryehindainbird'seveldventureKnight Orc",ellingt 19.95.heameorksnolor-asells monochromeonitorsndomesuppliednwoisks. WithKnightrc",ainbirdasaunchedndventureamehat setstandardsoramesoomespeciallyithegardohe parser.hisarserseryxtensivendnhancedndeed,nd understandseryomplexommandsike:DENZYL,INDHEELL, TAKEVERYTHING,INDE,IVEVERYTHINGOE"rDRAGON,LY SOUTHNDILLROK,HENOLLOWE".hesewoxampleslso functionoisplaynotherossibilityfheame:haracter interaction.ctually,heameannoteompletedithout interactingiththerreaturesnheame.ouaveoake themollowourommandsirst,ndhenouanssueommands asuchsouike.uringheame,ou'reikelyounnto someuitedvanceduzzleshataveoeolvedith interactionithnereveralreatures.urther,ommandsike "GOO......"rFOLLOW...."reossible.eferenceoT,ER andIManlsoeade,husakinghearsernehat's outstandingntsind.fou'renurry,ouanven replaceGOO....."yRUNO......". Thelotslsouiteriginal.ornce,helayersnrc insteadfheommonrc-killinguman,obbitrwarf.he targetfhishree-partamesoetackorcountain, easyshatayound.heirstart,Loosedrc",sevised asutorial,oetheastefheame.ourbjectiveso tiehatanyopesogetherohatouanrosshehasm, thusnteringartwoAindfagic".ovingetweenart twondarthree"Hordesfheountaining")sossible. Nowerrivetheeakestointfheame.heres terrificovella,oodlot,uperbarser,ut.....lousy graphics.lthoughllraphicsreoadedhileheossibility remainspenoypenentenceswhatainbirdalls "Multitaskingapability",uthichoundsoreikelever programmingoe),heyeallyhouldaveeenetter.heyre inactigitizedromencilrawings,ndhisreateshe 'close-your-eyes-for-95%-to-see-something-beautiful'yndrome. Thiseallyshameorameithoodlotikehis.f theyouldavesedheamelotndarserithagnetic Scrollsrtwork,tighteryellurnedutoaveeenhe veryestdventureeteennnyomputer.... Gameating: Title: nightrc Company: ainbirdLevel) Graphics:  Plot:  Parser:  Addictability: .5Iishadoreime) Sound: one Overallating: .5 Remarks: eryooddventure.oderate raphics. Manyhanksustoos.ueinslow,horrangedeview copyfheame. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.CHANGINGOURCONS byichardarsmakersndStrike-a-Light" PeoplehoseacIntoshrmigaomputersrerobablyuite familiarithheacthatachrogramanepecifiedyn iconftswn.amerogramanctuallyeignifiedy joystickrvenmallhigh-res'creenakenromhe program.henlyimitation,ostfheime,shathecon cannlyseneolorndheackgroundolor. TheT'sossibilitiesithegardohishangingfhecons arearoreimited:hererenlyiveossiblecons, excludinghetariignnheAbout"ptionfheesktop. Thesean,owever,ehanged. Therinciplesxtremelyimple.ouimplyakeitattern ofnconndalculatehatntoumbers.ouhentart huntingorhoseumbersndhat'sll.ewconanimply beoadedntohatpace,omewherenAM.rogramochieve this,rittenorataecker'sProfimat",sheollowing (writtenyoberteessels): EXT lr.l(sp) upervisorode ove$20,-(sp) rap1 ddq.l6,sp ove.l0,d7 ove.l0,$4d2 isableSTARTGEM"nterrupt ove.l$d000,a6 untorcontartddress ove.l$20000,a1 ndhendingddress zoek: mp.l$80000263,(a6) hissitatternnhe iskrivecon eqoek_einde ound?hentopearch! dd.l2,a6 mp.l1,a6 ndddresseached? neoek oontinue rainde umpond zoek_einde: ub.l180,a6 tartfllcons ove0,-(sp) penileorewconata ove.lnaam,-(sp) ove$3d,-(sp) penile rap1 ddq.l8,sp st0 rror? miinde ove0,d6 ove.l6,-(sp) oadiletconata ove.l1280,-(sp) ileength5*256) ove6,-(sp) ove$3f,-(sp) ead rap1 dd.l12,sp einde: serode ove.l7,-(sp) ove$20,-(sp) rap1 ddq.l6,sp lr.l(sp) erminate rap1 ATA naam:c.ba:\new_icon.icn',0 ND Onheisk,ou'llindampleconilesellsrogram calledEMSTARThatseedednheUTOolderfouanto starttromnystemootup.implyopyheEMSTARTrogram inheutoolderndakeurehectualrogramsnhe rootirectory.fherogramouldeEW_ICON.PRG,ou'dave toreateilealledEMSTART.INFnheisk,ontaininghe followingine: A:NEW_ICON.PRG Ofourse,ouanlsoseolders,tc.,rtheriskrives. AnytherrogramsingEManlsoetartedputomatically usinghisrogram. Butoworeboutheconormat.achconsadepf maskndsprite'.achnefhesesepresented28ytes: 4ytesidend2ytesigh.orizontally,heitsresed topecifyfitsrenrff.ou'llustaveoooktt binary.itatternikehisouldreatesprite'ike chessboard: 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 11111111000000001111111100000000 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 00000000111111110000000011111111 Gett?t'shatasy!henlyroblemshatheconsre alwaysocatednifferentocationnemorythishangesf yousenUTOolderrot).hat'shyearchoutineas beenncludednheourceileromewagesack. Byheay,fherogrameedotetartedromnUTO folder,heEMSTARTrogramanemitted. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.EXECUTABLEOOTSECTORS byuusurtel Therereometilitieseoplelwaysreferouneforeoing anythinglseithheirtariT.orxampletilityhat setsheateretsheynco0hz.ecauseheylwaysant tounteforenythinglseheyuthosetilitiesnton autoolder.hedvantagefnutooldershatouon't haveolicknherogramsnrderotarthem,heystem automaticallytartshemhileootting.isadvantagefhis systemshattostsiskspacendoulwaysaveoopyhe autoolderndtsontentsoewisk. Wheneadboutxecutableootsectors,houghttoulde niceoutometandardoutinesntoheootsector,ohat eachimeheystemestartstillxecutehosetilities. Firstillellouhatsnheootsector. Byteseaning =========== 0achinecoderanchnstructionoheeginningfhe xecutableachinecodenhisector. 2eservedatheomentqualoheirginataE). 8erialumberfhisisk.henlyayhathe peratingystemnowshatouavehangeheisks yeansfheerialumber.heerialumbers lsosednumberfopyrotectionchemes. Bytes/Sector.owyteirstorS-DOSompatibility. Dumberfectors/clustersnormally) Eheumberfeservedector. 10heumberfAT'sFilellocationables). 11-12heumberfirectoryntries.owyteirst 13-14heumberfectorsnheisk. 15ediaescriptorNotsedyhetariT). 16-17heumberfectorsnachAT. 18-19heumberfectorserracknormally). 1A-1Bheumberfidesnheisknormallyr). 1C-1DheumberfiddenectorsNotsedyhetari). 1E-1FDootodeifny) 1FE-1FFhecksumfootsector.fhishecksum=$1234hen hissnxecutableootsector. Inrderoreatexecutableootsectoreeadhexisting bootsector,odifytndriteheootsectorack.eanead andriteheootsectorithheelevantBIOSoutinesFLOPRD andLOPWR). Inrderoakeheootsectorxecutableeutheachinecode intoherearomEillFFnheootsectorndutranch instructionoheeginningfheachinecodeBRA1C)t position.henherototypeoutinesalledoeneratehe requiredhecksumorootsector. Thessemblyourceodeforheetacomcossembler)upplied containsoutinealledXECUTE.hisoutinesopiednto theootsector.ouanasilyxtendreplacehisoutine withomeew,sefuloutines. TheXECUTEoutineowontainsoutineoetherinter parameterssoanetoodardcopiesfhecreen), routineoopyheatendimefheeyboardrocessoro GEMyouownlyaveoetheatendimence,henou powerpouromputer)ndoutineohangehecreen synchronisationto0hznyase). Therogramseryimpleose.usttarttndnserthe diskouantoodify.llnformationexceptossible machinecodeoutinenheootsector)seftntouched. Originallyublishedn STEWS Volumessue.ADVANCEDASTERNTERRUPTROGRAMMINGR:OWOETORE THAN6OLORSTNCE bydoromEX Theroblem:oetorehan6olorstncenhecreent once,ouusthangeheoloraletteomewhereomewheren thecreen.hisaneoneithbiosunctionsetpalette) becausehisaitsorhelectroneamoreventlickering. Theperatingystemsaitsorheerticallanknterrupt beforehealetteset.orxample,e'daveohangehe coloralettenheiddlefhecreenoebleose6 otherolorsnheoweralffhecreen.nd,fourse, we'daveouthereviousoloralettefterheBLohat thepperalffhecreensesheirst6olorsgain.o thathecreensplittingsoneithachetupfhecreen (50r0imeserecond)ithoutheainrogrameing harasseditht,eaveosenterruptechniques.hetari hashreeossibilitiesherefore:heevelnterrupt,he Levelnterruptndheevelnterrupt. Allhreeethodsavenommonhatevelssedoethe upperoloralettendonitialiseheataorheurther interruptrocedure. Installationfevelnterrupt: nstal4: ove.l70,old4+2markldector ove.lnew4,$70setewector ts Thisoutineasoexecutednupervisorodee.g.yse ofbios8,upexec). Theeweveloutine: ew4: herereheeperatenitialiseoutine ld4: mp000000afterld4+2omesheldnterruptvector, ohathenterruptroutinesromheS retilleingxecuted AllrogramxamplesererittenorheEKAssembler,ndan bee-writtenorseiththerssemblersithoutuchrouble (a;'enotesomment). Rasternterruptsithevel: Thisnterruptssuallyisabledhroughnterruptmask0300f therocessortatusegistersr),ecausetsausedyhe electroneamoingackoheeginningfine15625imes perecond).henhenterruptsleared,saltsheain programtheiggestisadvantagefhisethod).oraster programming,nenstallseveloutine,hatakeshe variegatedcreenogetherithheeveloutine: nstal: shouldgainexecutedrom supervisorode ove.l70,old4+2 ove.lnew4,$70 ove.l68,old2 ove.lnew2,$68 ts  ert0 ld2:c.l eile:c.w al_o:lk.w6,0 al_u:lk.w6,0 ew4: ovem.l0-d7/a0-a1,-(sp) ove.wwert,zeilesetnhichinehealette shouldewitched ove.lpal_o,a0upperalette ove.l$ff8240,a1paletteegister ovem.la0),d0-d7loadolorsnegisters ovem.l0-d7,(a1)setolors ovem.lsp)+,d0-d7/a0-a1 ld4: mp00000 ew2: ove.l0,-(sp) ove.weile,d0 ubq.w1,d0 decreaseounter ove.w0,zeile neo2 notetero,henothing ovem.l1-d7/a0-a1,-(sp) ove.lpal_u,a0paletteelow ove.l$ff8240,a1paletteegisters ovem.la0),d0-d7loadolorsnegisters ovem.l0-d7,(a1)setolors ovem.lsp)+,d1-d7/a0-a1 o2: ove.lsp)+,d0 te Towitchffhenterrupt,ouaveoutackheldalues ofheectorsacko68nd70. Theisadvantagefhisethodshatothheevelndhe levelnterruptaveriorityboveheevelnterruptnd thusanlocktrvennterruptt.hisausesheolors notoewitchednheameinesllheimes,hichreates alickeringffectjustikenheGauntlet"exthen there'soitlesusicoeeard).henoulockhe interruptevel,ouannotseheouserheeyboard,nd youan'tvenerformiskperations! Rasternterruptsithevel: Becauseouanreatetableasternterruptsithhis techniquehat,owever,akepuchotfimeohathe mainrogramlmosttopsompletelyandheevelnterrupt hasoelockersell),ouldustikeoentionhe possibilityfhisethodutotxplainingtnoreetail (Iaveiscoveredhisossibilitynhe2-Crewemo): Afterhewitch-offfheevelnterrupt,heevel routinesodifiednuchayhatteadsemoryocations $ff8205/6/7ftereingalled.nheseocations,ts possibleoeadheurrentositionfheideoddress Pointerstheddresshatheideohipomentarilyseso fetchtscreenatarom).towaitsntilertainalue iseached.stheirstaluefine,tseachedthe endfherecedinginendheolorsanehangedhilehe electroneamsoingackoheeginningfheextine.f theolorsnine80houldehanged,herogramasoait untilhisineseached,hichakes0%fhevailable time! Rasternterruptsithevel: Theevelnterruptsontrolledyeripheralhiphatan recognise6ifferentnterruptsndivesheseohe processorsevelnterrupt.nhetari,heollowingre used:S232,eyboard,entronicsusy,onochromeonitoretect andimerèonefimers).imeranowountcreen lines,hereheifferenceithheevelnterruptiesn theacthatnlyhecreeninesreountedhatre displayedndotheumberfimeshelectroneamoesack toheeginningfine!ecausefhisact,neannotse stableastersnheorderinurSuper-Neo-Demo-Show"here isoowerorderorheideohip). Butoworracticalroceedings;henstallationsfheimer B: nstal6: ove.lnew6,$120interruptvektor r.b1,$fffa07enableimer r.b1,$fffa13 ove.l70,old4+2divertevel ove.lnew4,$70 ove.b0,$fffa1bTimertop ts Ifhisoutineasalledromupervisorode,hanhenew6' routineaitsorheirstall.hisseachedhenheevel 4nterruptetsounteraluendhustartsimer.imer thenecreaseshatalueyneachimenndfcreen lineseached,ntileroseached.henhatappens,n interruptsxecutedifouhangehealettenlynce,his willappen0r0imeserecondnsteadf5625imesor theevelnterrupt). Theeweveloutine: ew4: ovem.l0-d7/a0-a1,-(sp) ove.b0,$fffa1bTimertop ove.bwert,$fffa21Counteralue ove.b8,$fffa1bTimertart ove.lpal_o,a0Upperalette ove.l$ff8240,a1 ovem.la0),d0-d7 ovem.l0-d7,(a1)Setolors ovem.lsp)+,d0-d7/a0-a1 ld4: mp000000 Andheimeroutine: ew6: ovem.l0/d3-d7/a0-a6,-(sp) ove.w$fa21,a4Takesfffa21>4 lr.b6(a4) Timertop ove.b240,(a4)Pseudoalueseeemark) ove.b8,-(a4)Timertart ove.lpal_u,a6Pointernoloralette ovem.l(a6),d4-d7/a0-a2Loadolorsnegisters ove.w$8240,a5 ove.w0(a6),d3 ove.ba4),d0 Trick!Seeemark) ait: mp.ba4),d0 eqait ovem.l4-d7/a0-a2,2(a5)Trick!Seeemark) ove.w3,30(a5) ove.wa6),(a5) ovem.lsp)+,d0/d3-d7/a0-a6 clr0,$fffa0fClearnterruptgain te Remark:nhisxample,heoloralettesoehanged onlynce.hat'shyaluesrittenoheounteregister thatsevereachedmaximum00). Remark:ohateally nothingtartlickering,heolors haveoeetnheordernduringheimeeededorhe electroneamoetackoeginningfine.henterrupt isxecutedtheeginningfheightorder,utsoons therocessoreacheshectualommandoetheolorshe electroneamslreadyooaroreventlickering.he colorsaveoeettheeginningfheordernds fastsossibleTrickheovem.lsheastest).rick readsheimerounterndaitsntilthangesnther words,taitsntilhendfineseached.ecauset nowtillaitsntilheextine,hisaysnlyuitableo changeheoloralettetveryecondine. Problematicalspects: TheFPnterruptsreeportedoherocessorsevel interruptsndreotutuallynterrupted! Ifystemnterruptsretillnstalled,hisanauseuite someroblems.oreventhis,hererehreeossibilities: 1)neolerateshelickeringndoesothingboutt absolutelyutfheuestionnuremos!) 2)newitchesffheazardousnterruptslikeeidnur EXEMOS-3) 3)nerogramshenterruptsnuchayhatheyan nterrupthemselvesbeareful!)Thisshateidn uruper-Neo-Demo-Show) Remarkor):azardousreimer,hatsimplyurnedff. Whenoinghat,heeyboardepeatsellsheossibility tooadithEMDOSrelocked.ecauseeyboardheckshrough GEMDOSretillossible,herogramantilleact,urnff theasternterruptsndurnnhethernterruptsgain beforeoingnithhectualrogram. Addheretoheompleteamplerogram,hatescueshe startingaluesnhblon',etsheasternterruptsndhen waitsoreyoeressed.fterressingESC',heaster interruptswitchedffndhetartingaluesreetack. Theiatancealuespecifyheistancesetweenheurrentnd thereviousasternterrupt.umberfdditionalaster interruptsanensertedsongsouakeureheistance valuesreotargerhan99.fourse,nougholoralettes haveoeresent. Remarko):oreateheossibilityooad,tsossible toiveriorityonnterruptyoftware.oiveriorityo theasternterrupt,orxample,ouaveoakearehat Timeranenterrupted.hisaneoneheollowingay (initialisingfhethernterruptoutinesasoeoneike Ixplainedarlier): ewtimc: Newimeroutine st.wlagtctestimerlag neoirq ove.w1,flagtcSetlagoreventecondall ove.w$2500,sr clr5,$fffa11ClearSRitonableevel ove.lhier,-(sp)Toperatingystemfterhier:' ove.wr,-(sp) mp000000Thisshereheldimerector hasoo ier: FromheSromeren lr.wlagtcClearlag oirq: clr5,$fffa11Interruptnd te Withhisethod,lickeringanerevented.heperating Systemoesn'tikehis,owever,ndakesevengeithot ofeadrrorsdependingnomputer,rivendisk,hisan varyetween5%nd0%).hisshyurSuper-Neo-Demo-Show" keepsneadingntil2128yteserebleoeead.ecause thissotlwaysossible,oulddviseheecondethodo preventlickeringQuote:uckilyhererenlyewaster interruptsoanagenurame....ovem.l..wap..te.. aaarghh...")! P.S.:ecauseEMeallyoesn'tikethenanyaster interruptsreresentnhecreenbecausefeasons unknown),herogramrashedhenovingheouse.elp:tart therogramsTOSilerendommandoheeyboard processor$12urnffheouse).honowsxactlyhyPRG filesrash,houldleaseriteosnheddressentioned below: Foruestionsndupportouanlsoontactshroughhe followingddress: TEX- ostfach322 -6702adrkheim estermany Haveunhileryingheoutines! doTEX) Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.ABOUTVERTICALASTERNTERRUPTS"yrikromEX Hiollreaks,hatightlyhinkhathe8000sotust thereoerogrammednèurgh!)rascaleeeeek!)hat wouldeoneustastnssemblernn-bitachine. Hereouldikeoesribemalletxtremelyimpleoutine that,owever,nablesouoseorehan6oloursnNE LINE.verythingoueedonderstandhisricksocket calculatorndomenowledgefheardwarefothhe computerndheonitor... Butirstaveoayhatheameverticalasterinterrupt" isnactoadfon-sense.asternterruptsrexecutedy thelectronbeampositionithinheonitorndhiseamoves (likeverybodynows,ope)norizontalirection.efer todo'srticlelsewherenhisssuef STEWSorore detailsbouthat!urittlerogramasothingooith interruptshatsoevernactthutshemffompletely! SoeantutoodldTowitchheackgroundolors severalimeshileheonitorsettingpNEINEnhe screen.nacthissoroblemtll,uthisasoappen simultaenouslynachine,husreatingstanding'eamsn thecreen.oeeedoutinehateedsxactlysuchime asheonitoreedsoriteneine.oetermineheime thatheoutineighthusakepeforetandhecreen line)tartsromheeginning,neeedsonowheollowing: Theonitorwhensing0zerticalrequency)rites25 linesnne5thfecond2alfscreens).hisesultsn horizontalinefrequencyf5625z.oneineakes 56254 s. Soar,oood. The8000rocessornheTperatesnnhzlock frequencyndhateanshatnelockycleakes 00000025s. Theimenumberflockycles)hatherogramsllowedo usenneoops,uitelearly,heimehatseededor oneineevidedyheimeeededornelockcycle: 4 s25s12lockycles Noweaveoriterogramhathangesheackgroundolor (ornyolor)n12lockyclesndhentartsightromhe beginning. Whenouaveooktachineanguagerogrammingook,ou caneeherehat,orxampleOVE.W$xxxx,$xxxxxxmove immediateobsolutedress)eeds0lockcyclesndMP $xxxxxxxjumpobsolutedress)eeds2lockycles.otay withinhe12lockycles,eeedoseheommandOVE.W #$xxxx,$xxxxxx5imesndheMPneimeotartgainrom theeginning. Inurase,eakeomeoodatchingolorsorheource and,heackgroundoloregistersargete.g.OVE.W$700, $ff8240). Beforeetart,llnterruptsaveoewitchedff,ecause annterruptionfherogramillfourseampur12 clockycleum.elsowitchheachineo0z,ohathe calculationseadelsoappenoatch.nheiskou'll findourcefheuper-duperrogramalledERTRAST.S, containednheolderROGRAMS.eadyssembledrograms calledERTRAST.TOSslsoncluded. Youightonderhyotllhe5olorshatreetnhe programrectuallyisiblenhecreen.hat'secausehe electroneameedsittleimeoetackoheeginning. Duringhisime,tswitchedoark,ohatartfhe colorssnvisible.uchoreunnyffectschievablehen youetheoutineunn0zinerequencydoesotorkn allonitors,ometimesheytartoingeirdhings,D).his caneoneyOVE.W$0,$FF820A).tsvidenthatherick, liketunctionsow,asn'totuchracticalseecausehe computeroesn'touchorehanwitchingolorstheight timeow.owever,tsossibleoddumberoopsreyboard checksoherogramjuston'torgethe12lockycles!). Thatay,tanlsoeeftnnotherayhanustressing RESET. IfouumphroughhisoutinetachBLVerticallank Interrupt,ooktDO'srticlelsewherenhisssuef ST NEWS),nlyartfhecreensuppliedithheamiliar verticaleams.hatay,imeseftorormalroceduresike asefulainrogram.ethoduchikeheneescribed heressednheSPECTRUM12"oloremo. That'stolks,otfextroundittlerogram.ts justiceonowhatouanetromheardwareithelpf aittlessemblerode,on'touhink? oodbye, RIKromHEXCEPTIONS.. Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.FLIGHTSIMULATORI byichardarsmakers In STEWS Volumessue,aducceedednre-viewinghe longwaitedFlightsimulatorI",uthisimefferou aull-sizethisoundsitikeommercialt'sull sizetick,ealumithealaste)eview,ithersion suppliedyommedia,eooiersdwarsstraat2,016M, Amsterdam,heetherlands. Therogramsrittenyrucertwickndikeulas,nds publishedyheubLOGICorporation.tommedia,herogram isoldt59utchuildersalthoughheyeren'theirsto haveherogramueoomeaultyheeoplefheilica Shopnnglandsars'venderstood,ommediaurelys onefheheapestomputerhopsround). ThelightsimulatorIackagesxcellentlyesigned.t consistsfnperatingandbook,hreeerialapsfreasn the.S.,uick-referenceeyboardardndeveralocuments likepdateervice,tc.heandbooksheest'vevereen withnyrogramneatlyoundogetherithingsnsteadf gluero).nesvenemptedouyherogramustorhe neatackagingndheewmellfheandbookwhichsndeed onfheest-writtenandbooks'veveraidyesn!). Butet'startescribingherogram.soulreadyustave understood,e'realkingboutlightimulationrogramere, andurelynefheestvailablenheT.ndethe programfvailableorheomputerystemsheest flightimulationrogramroundnnyomputer!lthoughhe manualndhelightapserendhereentionhatou shouldn'tseitherorealorlderialavigation,he averageserndndeedhinkvenheverageilotight getohinke'sorkingithheealtuff! Ontartup,hectualcenerylsoooksuiteeal.ndheig advantagefFlightsimulatorI"shattffersolid-shape 3DmoothnimationtheeopletubLOGICallhishe68000 Precisionraphicsriver").taneelectedoseine models,owever,uthiserelyncreaseshepeedit,hich isastnoughsts. Therogramupportspple-likeEMonventionssooueedo clicknositionnheenuareforehectualrop-down menuppears).urtheron,herogramsespoourindows, whichanelacedlsewherenhecreen,losedndhanged withegardoize.heseindowsre:heainisplay,he secondisplaydoesn'teedoen),heapdoesn'teedo benither)ndhenstrumentanel.heatterannlye transferedprown,uttsizeannotyhanged,orhould itelosed.eneralemarksoheindows:heargerhe windows,ndheoreindowshererenhecreen,helower screenefreshilleothatouurnutoooktASIC- likehings,uttoeslowownheholehing! Let'saveooktheull-downenusow.tirst,here's theILEenu,hichasheollowingenutems:ropthis selectsouolyropellorirplanefheessna82lass), Jetthisakesouontroletirplanefheatesearjet 25glass),W1cethisetsouombatnheirstorldar, inhichouaveoombactoriesndogfightourayut again),ultilayermakestossibleolayithwo computersogetherithhesefheubLOGICablerven throughodem),emoaemonstrationption,ohathe programliestselfhroughheariousceneries,ndetting theatchereeostfheraphicsptions),uietemothis optionerformsheemoithoutnyounddealorhops), Orientationarkerthisogglesherientationarkerhe- shapedhinghateemsoenheosefourirplanen orff),itlesnindowthisogglesheisplayfitlesn topfheindowsnndff),spectatioookthisption determinesfheDiewhouldeelatedoheindowizer not)ndhaderusedorogglingolid/shadedraphicsode). TheextenuaritlesalledView".heollowing individualull-downenuntriesrepecifiedere:ockpit (specifiesockpitiew),owerenablesrackingrom stationaryower,.g.heontrolowerfheirport),rack (thisetermineshetherheoweriewillrackourovements wheneverouoooarwayutfightrot.his createsiceffectshenouryly-by),potselectsiew optionromhichtookssfou'reookingtourlane fromnotherlanelyingearby),iewirectiondeterminesn whichirectionouookromheockpitnlyffectsockpit viewirection.hisanlsoechievedyeveraleysnhe keyboard,hichilleisplayedurthernnhiseview), Zoomletsouncreaserecreaseheight),etpotlane (enablesouopecifyherehelaneslyinghatsooking atouromSpot'ode.ouanerebyelectheltitude relatedoourltitude,heositionndheistanceoour plane.ouanlsoelectlowrastpdateomulate followingrhasingirplane.inally,ouanelecthether thelanehouldollowouelativeoouringtiposition (Loop)relativeooureadingRoll)),ainDturnshe mainDffrn)ndecondDturnsheecondDindown orff). Thehirdenuitle,alledEnviro",ffersheollowing optionsntsull-downenu:inter,pring,ummer,alleach ofheseeasonsoogetherithpecificlyingroblems; summerringsot,umidayshatncreaseensityltitudend reduceift,hereas.g.interausestartuproblemses, inheireartsverylanesiatndcyunways),louds (youanefinewoloudayers,ndroundogsell.he heightndhicknessfachayeranendividuallyefined. Veryrofessionally,roundogseasuredneetGLbove GroundevelndloudayersreeasuredneetSLbove Seaevel)ndindsyouanethreeindevels,ithn additionnheormfurfaceind.irection,urbulence, speedndeightsreefinable). "Sim"sheitlefheextenuarption.hisncorporates theseull-downenuitles:oundsoundadeuringhe simulationaneurnedffrnithhiselection),ause (stopsrogramxecution;aneoggledngain),ausen Cursor"FlightsimulatorI"ncorporateswoodes:okeode (inhichouly)ndursorodeinhichouelectptions oro).witchingheseodesaneoneylickingnYoke" orCursor"nheighthandidefhecreen,rittinghe rightouseutton,rouble-clickingheeftouseutton. Whenhisptionsheckmarked,herogramutomaticallyauses wheneverounterursorode,oouanuietlyelect somethingithoutavingoorryboutlanerashesro), AutooordAuto-Coordination;hisodeinksogetherhe aileronsndudder.pecific,dvancederobaticaneuversre notossiblehenhisodesn,uttreatlyncreaseshe easeithhichouanlyfhisptionsheckmarked.ft isn't,ouhouldseheuddersithhe0'nd.'eysn theeypad),eliabilitythisetsouelectheeliabilityf theirplaneithelpflider-bar.%etsouuffer frequentlyromngineroblems,tc.,hereas00%etsouly aompleteyleliableircraft,ealismthisetsouelect specificlightharacteristicsoeurnednrff,o increaserecreaseheifficultyevelfheimulation. Theollowingeaturesaneoggled,ithheollowing effects:nginerefersoheeedoseagnetowitcheso startheirplane),asthrottleenableshengineorop outfouncreasehrottleooast),levatorrimensures thatoueedorimheirplaneroperly,stowlies accordingoerodynamiconditionsndhelevatorrim setting),nstrightyourightsilloutncet'sarkf youon'turnnourights),yrondaromriftcauseshe gyrorarometeroriftfterhileheyoweedrequent adjustment),rashetectifhissurnedf,herogramill 'bounce'hentrashesntoheround)ndighturnyour lightsillowurnutfoulyithourightsnuring dayoursrequently)),om.ate,artialanelthisivesou annstrumentanelithontroloxesextoachnstrument. Clickinghemauseshemoisappearhisimulates instrumentailuresndsoodrainingorlyingnder visual-referencenly)ndontrolensitivitydefineshe distanceverhichheousehouldeovedoetertain effecthenontrollingheirplane:ileron,levator,hrottle andrakeensitivityanedjusted). Thenhere'sNav",hichffersheollowingptions:ap Displaythisurnsheapindowffrnhisanlsoe doneyressingey,eeurthernorxplanationoey usagenFlightsimulatorI"),apoomenablesouoncrease orecreaseheapoomode),ircraftndorthrientation (Whenircraftrientationssed,heapsisplayedithhe currenteadingfourlanetheop.henorthrientation iselected,heopfheapsimplyheorthirection), Positionetwithhisouanpecifyheositionfour planerfheontrolower),lewThisnablesouoly quicklyndasilyverargeistances)ndutoilotthis enablesouolynnutopilot,husnablingheiloto devoteoreimeolightssentials.hexplanationfhis featuresuchooomplicatedoexplainedere.ts enoughoayhattfferserydvancedanipulationorhis review). TheastenuartemsalledSituation"ndashe followingeatures:electrerecordedthisillctivateenu fromhichouanelecteveralrerecordedituationsne, forxample,sustbovehetatuefiberty),avendame (thisnablesindfsave-game",itheroAMrisk.ever useheSIIiskoaven,ndewarefheacthat situationsavedoAMilleosthenheomputersurned off!),ecallthisllowsecallingfavedituation,ither fromAMrisk),istthisisplaysistfituationshat wereavedreviously),eleteallowsheseroelete situationileromiskrromAM),aveAMoiskinase thatouantossureheafetyfouravedituationsn RAM,tsowossibleoavetoisk),oadAMromisk (thisllowsouooadAMacknromiskgainftertas beenavedtreviousession)ndnstanteplaythisllows youolayheastecondsfourlightgain). That'sllboutheenus,oowet'saveookthe instrumentanel,hichoesookuiterofessionally. Theixoundlocksnheeftfheanelrealledhe "Standardizednstrumentluster".heyontaintopow,rom leftoight)heirspeedndicator,ttitudendicator, Altimeter,lowestow,romeftoight)urnoordinatorith slid/skipoordinator,eadingndicatorndheerticalpeed Indicator.urthern,henstrumentanelsuppliedithhe strangestndicators,adioontrollersDME,DFndORust meanomethingorueilots...),ontrolositionndicators andeveraltherhingsikeandingearp/downndicator, lightsndicatornduchore.tllooksikeheealhing toe! Now,et'saveooktheser-friendlynessfherogram: Theeyssignments. 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Productame lightsimulatorI Authors rucertwickndikeulas Company ubLOGIC Remark(s) eviewedersionsolornly; onochromeersionsnreparation Playability youaveoetsedot,hough) Graphics  Reality .9 Details .9 Documentation .5looksxtremelyrofessional) Hookability butnlyorheans) Sound noteautifuluteryealistic) Valueoroney Overallating 0!) Idviseverylightnthusiasticandllheess-enthusiastic asell)ouyhisamemmediately.ogetherithGfAasic", "Degaslite",GfAasicompiler"sFlightsimulatorI"ne ofheltimateamesorthuying!! Originallyublishedn STEWSolumessue.SOFTWAREEVIEW:RACKER byichardarsmakers YouwitchnheV.ithinanoseconds,nrtificiallymiling face,pparentlyelongingoheanehindheniverse'sost successfullVhow:Tracker",ppearsnhelatcreen.he liquidrystalsnhecreenuicklyormndaketherhapes toatchheransmittedignalfrumbelullard,heame master.ouadlreadyeenhehowanyimesefore,utt exercisedtrangeindfttraction,oouusteepatching ithenevertasumanelyossible.ndoueren't particularlyhenlyneatchingTracker";ighlyffective networkfattelitesndablesroadcastedheholehingo anveragef0%fheniverse'sopulationveryime actually,gronotostftsncomehroughdvertisements before,uringndfterhehow.nmountunningnto billionsfredits. Theetupaseryimple.nhearlyaysfgron,he Imperialratoraseennonqueringsuchromheniverse asossible,ndhereforeecidedoraineryffectivermy tochievehisoal.xpertsnniversalarfareerengaged intoomitteehatasoesignheosterfectraining machinebtainable.oheyamepithndvancedraining centrendeed,uiltotimulateoungilotsoelpgron achieveheoalfalacticomination.tasnntelligent combatachinehatouldncreaseheeactionpeedfrainees -ndivehemelltheameime.heeartfhis "Tracker"ombatrainingachineasheentrepointomputer, thatontrolledheefenseromntruders,heepairshatad toeerformedfterraineeadlastedomethingoits, andhingsikehat. Butow,verwoenturiesfterheachineasuilt,ver0% ofheniverseasndergronulendheachineasseless. Destruction,owever,asadeirtuallympossibleecausef theentrecomputereingnntelligentower,illingllhat wantedoestroytndonstantlyepairingveryittleamage thatasaused.hedeaoseoreateheiggestV attractionnumanistoryutfhisormerrainingomplex peopleromllverheniverseouldryolykimmer craftntoheazendestroyheentrepointomputer.he priceasmmortality,hexpectationaseath. Thousandsfeopleadlreadyied,ncludinganynhabitants ofovenia,ouromelanet.heameasterasurrently interviewingnotherotentialorpse:he387th.tasirl. Prettyoodookin'heas,ndouonderhatadeerommit thisctoqualouicide.ecently,ostontestantsadeen oldereople,eopleithuicidalendenciesrithoope whatsoeverorheuture.heyadarooloweactionpeeds, andsuallyidn'tuiteurviveheirstouplefycloid attacks.hisirladlancefriumphneryes.height havehance. Afterheriefnterview,heirlteppedntohekimmer, almostertainlyeadingoruickeathnheazef ahousandrackways.hemilesrecariouslytheameraonde thatoversuietlyrounderkimmernefheouplef dozenameraondeshatereooverachorribleetailf theattleorifendeath.fterll,hat'shatheeople likedotsfloodnduts.earneryes.weatouring downereck,ettingerhirthatheotromheame mastersheasriginallyearinghirtithuneral Director'slogannt,hichasgainsthetrictTracker" rules).hatsedoncreaseheatingpover0ometimes! Youeeereavingheafetyfhearbour,ntoheicious andostileorldhatasontrolledyhenscrutable Centrepointomputer.ithinatterfeconds,heirst Scoutsppear,iringnccasionallasmaall.heodgeshem likehe'deveronenythinglsenerifendappshemo hell.oudxplosioneleasehemselveshroughheour ovradiallyontrolledrecisionpeakerselongingoour somewhatld-fashionedVet.oulowlyoveohedgef youreat.illhisirleallyavehance?shere possibilityhatheillotndpnheatterednd neutronisedemainsferkimmer,lastedgainstomeallous wall?uthenoueehrougherechniqueshe'sothe wrongne.ouantohoutoelper,utealisehatt won'tefuchsenyway.he'suchoolowsell,nd withinewinutedhe'simitedoerastkimmer reincarnation.heranticallylutchesoheontrolsfer machine,henuddenlyefenderppearsroundheextorner. Theholeniverseateast,nstimatedercentagefell over0%)sowitnessingheameasterhoutingthe frightenedirl:Sorryabe,ou'veivensneorerackero remember.....Shameou'reoingoienreconds!"he Cameraondeoomsnteryes,ndheextomentouee herarge,eautifulyesouringithearsndureear.ne momenturther,hecreensilledyhitelash,ndgain aoudxplosionillsouroom.hecreenobblesndurns blank.oulmostearheameasterurseecausee'sost onefisreciousondes.he'sistory.olood.herogram ratingillrobablyoown. YouNOWhatheidrong.heollowedhebviousoadlike allontestantsid)ightoheentrepointomputerather thanestroyingneectortime,husraduallyorkinger wayot.ndheorgotoestroyheommunicationentress wellustlewightasthem,lmostithemithheips oferkimmer'sings.es,hehouldaveakenheutside sectorsirst.ourhoughtsocusnnedea:ou,estroying theTracker"omplex... You'veheckedverything.heoutinenterviewthatille permanentlyisplayednpecialonitornourravestone untillhendfheniverse,oheameasterddedith bitfaugh)asusteenerformed.tvenadeourorget theroubleshatouenthroughettingogronbeing Novenian,ndtarithgron,hisasomewhatifficult). WillouebleoestroyheTracker"entrepiontomputer? Canouvadeheozensfirelessightingachineshatou willndoubtedlyeetnourattle?anouut-runheepair speeds?anouvenreetourumndadhileoingt? You'llevernow,nlessou'veecidedooinheideange ofeopleholreadyoughtainbird'sewameTracker", strategicalrcadectionameithrtificialntelligence elements,ellingt24.95.helotandnmazinglottay bealledndeed)sreat,utsheamefheameuality? Theackages,gainlikenostainbirdroducts'vead theleasureoeerlay),eryompleteisk,mall novellaromamesollett,ontestant'slayguide,n3 posterndlayereferencehard.herogramorksnoth color-andonochromeonitors,ndsksasswordtheery beginningfamelayonefbout0ords,hichaneound onivenage,aragraphndordnhe9-pageovella). Whenheameasctuallytarted,heraphicsmmediately leaveighlyunctionalmpressionnhelayer.nd,ater, iturnsutoeomeindfulti-screenDombat simulatorwitholidraphicstighpeeds).heamendeed livespohetandardsetyhelotndheovel accompanyingt. Theamesontrolledyeansfheousenombinationith theeyboard,ndhelayingreasormedyebf trackwaysividedntoevenectors.ou'llaveoestroyll sixutsideectors,ndinallyou'llaveoestroyhe Centrepointomputer.hecreensividedntowocreens:ne combat/mapcreenndneradar'creenorheurrentkimmer you'resingyouaveightfhserafts).avingndoading aameslsoossible,husssuringanyaysfameplayn thisighlyntelligentndtrategicalnvironment.utust don'tettntooureadooadamealled*"aveou evereenheindwareebugger? Iaveakenheibertyfuttingomelightintsipsnto myntroductorytory,oou'dettereadtgainfou alreadyaveTracker".ouightearnomethingromt, althoughoubthatou'llearnorehanusthetmosphere theamereathsamefhrillingxcitementndear... Gameating: Name: racker Company: ainbird Graphics: .5 Sounds:  Addictability:  Playability: .5 Overallating:  Price:  24.95 Remark: ncrediblelotndepth Thanksoainbirdorendingeheameoeview! 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CN0`@k Ap0(/.NuA Nup)@JphNLtH &JKBCH .A/~0 1PP1P1PA L? &<@>AFG0000X0000X0000X0000C ~AJ0g0  pi, N"F QNuYp-KNu _b@gGHpp 0f NuGNp @"l`Yd&-KNNL"l`YepN&#k"C-KN"Cփk փk2##`փk"`2`& $Y8gHRDD*D%H8#$c2g# HRDD%H`p"l`Qd&&| NuNL"l`QepZN"X0gBPHR@@"D#NuANބ~NtA}4NAoNAiNA|N <N`ARbNAJNAHVNAmNAdpNAnNAnnNAJDNN6`NNXpNCtNHPN Scrolling Message"_NJBfN-zAjNpNCtNHPN Select Music"_NJBfN-A~NpNCtNHPN Quit"_NJBfN.dHxNAre you sure about this?HPNYES|NOr"_ N+@ -UgN.6N.dAQN?Hx-Ad0NpNCtNHPN Terrorpods4"_NJBfN>HHx.Ad0NpNCtNHPN MC 68000 Course Part I4"_NJBfN>Hx/Ad0NpNCtNHPN MC 68000 Course Part II"_NJBfN>Hx0Ad0NpNCtNHPN MC 68000 Course Part III4"_NJBfN?.Hx1Ad0NpNCtNHPN MC 68000 Course Part IV"_NJBfN?zHx2Ad0NpNCtNHPN MC 68000 Course Part V"_NJBfN?Hx3Ad0NpNCtNHPN MC 68000 Course Part VI"_NJBfN@Hx4Ad0NpNCtNHPN MC 68000 Course Part VII4"_NJBfN@`Hx5Ad0NpNCtNHPN MC 68000 Course Part VIII "_NJBfN@Hx6Ad0NpNCtNHPN Forth Course Part I"_NJBfN@Hx7Ad0NpNCtNHPN Forth Course Part II4"_NJBfNABHx8Ad0NpNCtNHPN Forth Course Part IIIa 4"_NJBfNAHx9Ad0NpNCtNHPN Forth Course Part IIIb"_NJBfNAHx:Ad0NpNCtNHPN Forth Course Part IV"_NJBfNB&Hx;Ad0NpNCtNHPN Forth Course Part V"_NJBfNBnHxAd0NpNCtNHPN The DESKTOP.INF File4"_NJBfNCTHx?Ad0NpNCtNHPN Undocumented System Variables"_NJBfNCHx@Ad0NpNCtNHPN Knight Orcm"_NJBfNCHxAAd0NpNCtNHPN Changing your Icons"_NJBfND.HxBAd0NpNCtNHPN Programming the Bootsector4"_NJBfND~HxCAd0NpNCtNHPN Advanced Raster Programming"_NJBfNDHxDAd0NpNCtNHPN Vertical Rastersi"_NJBfNEHxEAd0NpNCtNHPN Flightsimulator II 4"_NJBfNE^HxFAd0NpNCtNHPN Tracker"_NJBfNEHxGAd0NN <@N(+@ -NNNJBfNEp"<@NnNEp"<@NnN BNt ST NEWS Volume 2 Compendium| by Richard Karsmakers...|Published on Januari 23rd 1988| * Dedicated to Willeke *HPNKoolr"_ N+@N ?<NAT+@ -A+@ -NCZNHxN(Please Insert the|ST NEWS Disk|in drive HPAZ"_NHPN Swell|Abort r"_ N+@ANވpN pN+@BAZNN NDATAN8NzN^JBfNGAFN -UgNG+|NHRNGNG4pNv -CzN+@BBR -NH -CzNNL8NN+@ -f -NH -CzNNL8NN+@pINHPNdatar"_N: -rNpN -"-NpNpNvBN pGCzNJ+|/-NCzNR - GopPCtNJA~XNN <NC`NHxpC큀~NLpdC큆NJpdC큌NJp C큒NJp C큘NJ?<NNT+@ <N(+@pA큀N)| +|pANh+|pANh/-/- -R/ -C큀~NC큀~N4N`NqNqN+@/-/-pC큀~N4N`NqNq <$NCfN <"<NClN)| +|NA NޜHml/-A NބNr "_NR - wop"<NCrNN AtN)|-4 J)|L, NAR6NN NpNpNpNprN <"<NHAtN)|-4 J)|L, NAR6NN ?<NNT+@ -UgNJ+|p"<@NnA 0NK -JgNKzNNNSorry! No Low res allowed!NNNThis program only works inNNN Medium or High resolution....%NpNANNA 0AKN+|N ANވvN\HA$NވvN\L8NA*NpNN?Bg?<NN\A0NވvN\HA6NވvN\L8NA+@ <BN>+@ <DN>+@ <FN>+@Bm"Bm(A* @0A0 `0A6 `0A< `0N -JgNSZHxN#Please insert TARGET disk|in Drive 4HPAx"_NHPN |(Formatting)4"_NHPNOKr"_ N+@BpOANh?Something went wrong!|1st Word Plus file probably|not created!HPNShit!r"_ N+@N\BN!1st Word Plus file|is now creatediHPNOKr"_ N+@pNvN NBmRH - @NLx+@ -N&<x*<NFANNޜANNވN,ANNޜANNވ&<x*<NANNޜ -NH -N&<x*<NF&<x*<NL8NATNޜNN +This document has the following statistics:4NNNSize : -NNNNLines : -NNNNPages : ANNNNNAppr. Decrunched : ATNNNNNN -Press any key to return to Page Viewing Mode!!NpNANBmRBBBmXN pNpNpNANވ&<x*<NNNANވ&<x*<NN"<NANވ&<x*<NN"<NHANވ&<x*<NN"<NANވ&<x*<NN"<NHANވ&<x*<NN"<NNGENERAL HELP MENU4NANވ&<x*<NN"<NNPAGE MODE COMMANDSNANވ&<x*<NN"<NNG - GOTO PAGE4NANވ&<x*<NN"<NNP - WP SAVE CURRENT DOC4NANވ&<x*<NN"<NNM - TOGGLE MUSICNANވ&<x*<NN"<NNX - INVERT SCREEN (B/W)4NANވ&<x*<NN"<NNS - DISPLAY DOC STATISTICSNANވ&<x*<NN"<NpNHPN - PAGE UP"_NNANވ&<x*<NN"<NpNHPN - PAGE DOWN"_NNANވ&<x*<NN"<NNUNDO - ABORT PAGE VIEW MODE4NANވvN\N"<NNMENU MODE COMMANDSNANވ&<x*<NN"<NNALT+Q - QUIT BUT KEEP PALETTE4NANވ&<x*<NN"<NNALT+S - QUIT TO ST PALETTENANވ&<x*<NN"<NNHELP - DISPLAY THIS MENUNANވ&<x*<NN"<NNF1-F5 - SELECT MUSIXNANވ&<x*<NN"<NNPRESS ANY KEY/MOUSE TO EXIT4NpN/Nr$VHgNd`pNAJDNN A퀸NlAG4N -SgNd^NdlNdlB AqvNN +|+|+|+| -J+@ NCODE1JHP -"_Nt??< @N\LN A(Nl ANl A$Nl+|pANhB, -(NH -NH <r$<L8NNTL8NNN>+@p+@0 <,Ѝ/ -0N&<x*<N:&<x*<NN _ѐpp+@0 -0NvN\N+@0 <,Ѝ/ -0N&<x*<N:&<x*<NN _ѐ <+@0 -0NvN\N+@0 <,Ѝ/ -0N&<x*<N:vN\N _ѐ -,NH <r$<&<x*<NvN\L8N@&<x*<NNxN+@,+|pANh -NH <r$<L8NvN\&<x*<NH -NH <r$<L8NL8NN/ -,R/ -C큀~N" AN`pNq+| pANh -NH <r$<L8NvN\&<x*<NH -NH <r$<L8NL8NN/ -,R/ -C큀~N" AN`pNqN`Nq??< @N\L? `fNjHxN5Some options might not work|perfectly on the Mega ST!4HPNOKr"_ N+@+| 8Nj+| 8?<NAT+@?< @N\LNnB\ApNN NCODE40HP <"_Nt <NZ 0603fNnAoNN+|Ap NAo6NHy <"<@"_NN Bp"<AN - / - NZ"<" A N`NqNqN <8NZ+@d <*NZ+@h <NZ+@l < "<8N < "<*N < "<NN -d"<8N -h"<*N -l"<NN -[gNp.pANC퀄NNpT -N&<x*<NNC퀄NA퀄N8N&<x*<N^JBfNpAFNNpTNcodeHPA퀄"_NHP < "_NtN ApN??< @N\LA`Nj?<Bgpr _N:pN?<Bgpr _N:pN?<Bgpr _N:pN -"<NnHy@ <"< "_NN NB -NH -NL8NH -NL8NNr @R -YoN\H < Ѝ//- -T @NPLx+@pNzNprN^N N -p .gNr(A|N -p gNrNA\NAR6N -p "gNrjAz2N -p 2gNrAnnN -pN&<x*<N^pJBgp/ -N&<x*<N^pJBgp$fNrAEN -pN&<x*<N^pJBgp/ -N&<x*<NpJBgp$fNs>A|zN -p gNsdASNAR6N -pN&<x*<N^pJBgp/ -pN&<x*<N^pJBgp/ -pN&<x*<N^pJBgp$gHxN1Back to the menu bar:|Are you sure you want to?| HPNOK|No!!4r"_ N+@ -UgNtFNqAJDNN -UgNttp"<@NnNtpp@pWBg?<NN\pp@pW?<?<NN\pp@pW?<?<NN\pp@pW?<?<NN\ApNN HxN)An error has occured!|Quit to desktop....4HPNOh...r"_ N+@ApNAoNNN BN\*.DOCHPA HPA퀊""_NHmA "_NJBfNuAvN+|NvpN+@ -NH -N&<x*<NF&<x*<NL8NN+@4 -4nNvHxN"Maybe not enough room|on the disk!HPN Cont|Quitr"_ N+@ -UgNvAvN+|NvAvNH -/ -`/ -PNH -XNL8NH <r$<L8NN//- -P @NLx+@N NpNpNp NprN <"<NHpNpNANވ&<x*<NNr2NANވ&<x*<NN"<NNB -UgNwpNpNp NNwpNpNpNANވ&<x*<NNrdNNCreate 1st Word Plus File4NANވ&<x*<NNrNANވ&<x*<NN"<lNBANވ&<x*<NN"<NANވ&<x*<NN"<NANވ&<x*<NN"<NANވ&<x*<NN"<NANވ&<x*<NN"<NANވ&<x*<NN"<NpNpNANވ&<x*<NNNANވ&<x*<NN"<NNInitialize Disk4NANވ&<x*<NN"< NN Write WP File4NANވ&<x*<NN"<NNQuit Create WP Mode4NN H - @NLx+@ -N&<x*<NFANNޜANNވN,ANNޜANNވ&<x*<NNC퀐N - N&<x*<NNC퀖NHxN3To which page do you|wish to go?|(Maximum allowed: 4HPA퀐"_NHPp)N"_NHPN-|HPA퀖"_NHPN|+"_Nr"_ N+@ -WgN{ - R+@ - NANNpNJBfN{ - NH <r$<L8NN+@ Nz -SgN| - NH <r$<L8NN+@ - JmN|B NzN - N&<x*<NNCZNHxNThe Current page is HPAZ"_NHPNOKr"_ N+@N A*Nވ&<x*<N^JBfN|Bm.N|A* @0AKNN -8Э>6 4 D : : > F > : B F H J H 8 B B B J D F J F 6 > F D F 4 8 > 4 4 . @ N > 2 4 6 4 8 4 < 4 6 B B D B B B D F > @ D B @ > @ H @ H 6 > F F < @ 2 0D"(VVVR L L P": z X80((H08"*,44 R" R" ~ r"V" zj  $X,Df@JN"0 : N .f VV t^ HbZ(08 "RB0 Hello Freaks, May I hereby present to you (with NOT quite so modest proudness) the newest, most up to date and most stunning "ST NEWS" yet - the "ST NEWS" Volume 2 Compendium, reprising the most interesting articles and other things contained in "ST NEWS" Volume 2 Issues 1 to 8. This disk is double-sided and maxi-formatted (DS, 81 TR/10 SEC), so you'll probably need to use "FastCopy" to make a copy of it (Select "Disk Def. Info ON"). Since I do not have a particular surplus of time to my disposal (I am already a bit late and I am finishing this project at Elektronika- Land in Den Bosch) I quit this "read_me" now. Just load the "ST_NEWS.PRG" file and you'll see the rest. Ciao. Richard Karsmakers (Editor of "ST NEWS") GfABASIC Z"#8#D#\###########ADEVNODISKACMINUTECOUNTER STARTTIMEOSWPBPADBUFDUMMYDEVNONORMEXECEXEDEXECFLAGATARICURVIRKEYFREEZERSAFEIMMUTIMEMINUTESECONDCOUNTERXROBTHE_ENDAGAINCANCELWIDEROUTOF THE_ENDENDIFXITCNTIMMUNIZEREPAIRCHECK"VDU - Virus Destruction Utility " Written by Richard Karsmakers  December 18th 1987 c *Version 2.2 update on Januari 20th 1988  (This program is Public Domain and may (be copied freely to anyone you want, 8"but in the original form only! B *** Variable initialisation  E9FGet start time ,E4@ FGet operating system address " ]2 pFaNormal ST? $E  F Write-protect status  ]F MEGA ST? $E F Write-protect status  F.E@ F BIOS 'Get_bpb' pointer address *E@ F _Drvbits, drives attached rE FDisk buffer i *** Startup sequence f )!oTHE VIRUS DESTRUCTION UTILITY|V.2.2GB by Richard Karsmakers|Thanks to Frank Lemmen and| STRIKE-a-LIGHT!!OK|More|Cancel!F c"FR^)!LThis is version 2.2!|Recognizes '1st Freezer' disks|and non-exec boot stuff.!!OK!F `)!NIt also recognizes|many auto-booting programs and|'Aladin'-and MS-DOS disks...!!OK!FZ)!HAdditional ideas by:| Math Claessens| W.F. Kilwinger| Eerk Hofmeester!!OK!FX)!GAdditional thanx to:| Marcel van Valen| Frank Lemmen| STRIKE-a-LIGHT!!OK!FR)!AYou computer should be|turned off/on before|running this utility!!!OK!FR)!@When a virus is recognized,|it will be eliminated|automatically!!!OK!F>)!,Cases of doubt will be|recognized as well...!!OK!Ft)!pIn '100% Safe' cases, it is|possible to immunize the disk|so that it cannot be infected|by the current ST virus.!!OK!FMx)!fIf you have an auto-boot|program that this version does|not recognize, please|contact me at 'ST NEWS'!!!OK!FF)!5An 'ST NEWS' production|for Atari ST Public Domain...!!OK!FL)!;ST NEWS|Kievitstraat 50|NL-5702 LE Helmond|The Netherlands!!OK!F`)!N(Don't forget to enclose|reply postage or|Int. Reply Coupons so|I can answer!)!!OK!Ft F c6F0F F *** Get drive to check s 8)!%DRIVE SELECTION|Which drive to check?!!A|B!Fe EF   Ep4 FrGet active drives . d6 Fe RAM-and/or harddisks attached EF& d&FOnly drive A or A+B attached EF F 6*** Check if computer is infected by current virus l "E4 F Get 'Bpb_get' pointer e eDFPointer to RAM? t6 e@4 | F Virus recognition e^)!JRED ALERT|Waddowegot here?!?|Your computer is already|infected by a virus!!!Shit!F F F FF *** Read bootsector  "E!z !!!!!! F f F!b)!PSYSTEM ERROR|An error occured during|boot sector read....|Is the disk formatted?!!OK!F -FA w|Fn **** Check executability of boot sector  & E3z  FBuffer checksum t!z !!! Fa" E3z  FNew checksum $ f  FCompare both checksums " EFThe same? Then executable m fFT EF F "*** Check for Atari bootsector m ^ g3z @p3z   3z  6E4z @ фFc EF gFz EF F *** Check for current virus  F h 3z @p4z t 4z ` |F EF hFz EF F*** Check for key setting   h\3z   FnEF hfFzEF F $*** Check for "1st Freezer" disks  & h?@uu@` freezerFEF hFEF F *** Check 100% safe  & i"2z 3z FEF i,FzEF F *** Check if 'immunized'   it3z @pFeEF i~FzEF F ,*** Check for known auto-booting programs  * Aladin Disks h & j8?@@@ ALADINF2@)!/DIAGNOSIS|This is an 'Aladin' disk!|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F *2* Rob Northern Protection (Can't be immunized) y & k?@ @@ ** ROBFnX)!EDIAGNOSIS|This is a Rob Northern Protected|Disk. Cannot be Immunized.!!Oh.!FMF?-F? F * Terrorpods disk A  8 k4z 00 \c4z p CFtV)!EDIAGNOSIS|This is Disk A of Psygnosis'|'Terrorpods' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Barbarian disk A i 8 ll4z 00 94z p bF V)!DDIAGNOSIS|This is Disk A of Psygnosis'|'Barbarian' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F!-FD F * Sentinel I * m?@11@   TFINAL.BINFMJ)!9DIAGNOSIS|This is Firebird's|'Sentinel' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Tai Pan  H m?@!!@ READER.S?@q@ CRUNCH.SFF)!5DIAGNOSIS|This is Ocean's|'Tai Pan' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Airball  8 nL4z 00 8Nu4z p ApF!J)!9DIAGNOSIS|This is Microdeal's|'Airball' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!F-FD F * Backlash  8 n4z 00 GD4z p ŀFJ)!8DIAGNOSIS|This is Novagen's|'Backlash' game.|Disk is OK!!!OK!FS-FD F * MS DOS Disks   pF3z k4F 6 o?@@ IBMF MS-DOS Version 3.30 disk L)!;DIAGNOSIS|This is a disk for|MS-DOS Version 3.30.|It is OK!!!OK!F-FD FB pB?@@ MSDOS3.2FsMS-DOS Version 3.20 disk L)!;DIAGNOSIS|This is a disk for|MS-DOS Version 3.20.|It is OK!!!OK!F-FD F F L* Programs to add: Deep Space Disk A, Arena Disk A, Brataccas, Starglider D Sapiens, Goldrunner, Obliterator, B.I.G. Demo, D Karate Kid II, Jupiter Probe, Space Shuttle II 2 Guus Surtel Bootsector disk r $*** Display results of the check e q FyAtari bootsector? e@)!/DIAGNOSIS|This disk is OK!|(and already immune)!!OK!F-FT F$ rpFifirst two bytes zero? F)!+DIAGNOSIS|This disk is OK!|(but not immune)!! OK|Immunize!F rfFiMF F-F F, s FVirus present and key set? n)!XRED ALERT DIAGNOSIS|Watch it! This disk is|not only infected but|the 'key' is also set!!!!Repair!!FMFW-FW F6 s  FNon-executable infected boot sector? r)!VALERT DIAGNOSIS|The virus is on the disk|all right, but is not|executable...(harmless)!! Repair|Cancel!F sFrMF F-F F* t\ FrVirus bootsector executable? @)!*RED ALERT DIAGNOSIS|This disk is infected!!!Repair!!FMFT-FT F2 t F1st Freezer disk and executable o^)!LDIAGNOSIS|This is a '1st Freezer' disk!|This disk is executable but|it's OK!!!OK!F-FT F6 uFS1st Freezer disk but not executable (?!) j)!YDIAGNOSIS|This is a '1st Freezer' disk,|but it's not executable?!?!|(Disk is OK, however)!!OK!F-FT F* vd F Executable sector? Warning! z)!]ALERT DIAGNOSIS|This disk is executable!|Might be an auto-boot program|or an unknown virus...!! Repair|Cancel!FO vZFiMF F-F F vFs Disk immune zF)!5DIAGNOSIS|This disk is OK!|(it was immunized already)!!OK!F-FT wxFh)!iThis disk is non-executable|but I cannot call it 100%|safe...There's something|written on the bootsector!!! Repair|Cancel!Fe wnFiMF F-F F F|F8)!"INPUT|Should I check another disk?!!YES|NO!F0 wZFeHFE#9 HFaEpFE#p FEA 'A B F EA F'L)!This session took |and  viruses were destroyed.!!OK!FP)!?If you meet the guy who|made the virus, tell him|to f.ck off!!!!!OK!F)!pSpecial remark from Eerk of|STRIKE-a-LIGHT: Virus makers|are completely ignorant of all|sense of responsibility!!!OK!FF+FS z6FlDrive A or B? e|F: z22 F?Check if disk is write protected b)!ISYSTEM MESSAGE|Please remove write-protect|so that I can repair|the disk!!! OK|Cancel!Fe z(F -F F-F F F *** Clear virus  >#z !@pFClear 2nd and 3rd byte (key) and immunize <zEGFdErase irrelevant bootsector data #z  !F zF  (*** Write bootsector back (repaired) v "E!z !!!!!! F { F!8)!'SYSTEM ERROR|Error writing boot sector!!!OK!F {Fr4FF F|FF.F+FF |~FwDrive A or B? c|F: |z2 F?Check if disk is write protected d)!KSYSTEM MESSAGE|Please remove write-protect|so that I can immunize|the disk!!! OK|Cancel!Fb |pF -F F-F F F F*** POKE bytes that virus uses to recognize if it's already present  #z !@pFa (*** Write bootsector back (repaired) o "E!z !!!!!! F }x F!8)!'SYSTEM ERROR|Error writing boot sector!!!OK!F F|FE.F+FD|F2 }2 FH)!4As a safety precation please|WRITE PROTECT your disk!!Right!F ~F-FF F-FF|FZ.F>LFq` rP wyv{{}~~ }{yT}