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"4V"GBIZ2۷mG"&AB@4<[Q4/</<?BK*U,M/ ?<NNJ@k:`IG:ܹm*N2<0<4]Q:/</<?B/?< NNJ@kD f0B?<"NNTм/Hz /<NN 8LN<ilure IO SYSMSDOS SYS@`  @`! #@%`')+-/1 3@5`79;=?A C@E`GIKMOQ S@U`WY[]_a c@e`gikmoq s@u`wy{}@` @ ` @ ` @ ` @ ` ǀ ɠ @ ` ׀ ٠  @` @`!Aa   !Aa!!#A%a')+-/1!3A5a79;=?A!CAEaGIKMOQ!SAUaWY[]_a!cAeagikmoq!sAuawy{}!Aa!Aa!Aa!Aa!Aaǁɡ!Aaׁ١!Aa!Aa " B b  !"!B!b!!!!!"!""#B"%b"'")"+"-"/#1"#3B#5b#7#9#;#=#@`  @`! #@%`')+-/1 3@5`79;=?A C@E`GIKMOQ S@U`WY[]_a c@e`gikmoq s@u`wy{}@` @ ` @ ` @ ` @ ` ǀ ɠ @ ` ׀ ٠  @` @`!Aa   !Aa!!#A%a')+-/1!3A5a79;=?A!CAEaGIKMOQ!SAUaWY[]_a!cAeagikmoq!sAuawy{}!Aa!Aa!Aa!Aa!Aaǁɡ!Aaׁ١!Aa!Aa " B b  !"!B!b!!!!!"!""#B"%b"'")"+"-"/#1"#3B#5b#7#9#;#=#PHI2SAV TXT v!1SAV2URV TXT HBHURU2ZIM TXT '!8DESKTOP INF ,`?_@_Philippines _*_Geography _#_Total area: 300,000 km2; land area: 298,170 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 36,289 km _#_Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines); Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth _#_Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; claims Malaysian state of Sabah _#_Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October) _#_Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands _#_Natural resources: timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper _#_Land use: arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated 5% _#_Environment: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides, active volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution _*_People _#_Population: 65,758,788 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Filipino(s); adjective--Philippine _#_Ethnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3% _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3% _#_Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official _#_Literacy: 90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce 16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989) _#_Organized labor: 3,945 registered unions; total membership 5.7 million (includes 2.8 million members of the National Congress of Farmers Organizations) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of the Philippines _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Manila _#_Administrative divisions: 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato, Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur _#_Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US) _#_Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987 _#_Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898) _#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Corazon C. AQUINO (since 25 February 1986); Vice President Salvador H. LAUREL (since 25 February 1986) _#_Political parties and leaders: PDP-Laban, Aquilino PIMENTEL; Struggle of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES; Nacionalista Party, Salvador LAUREL, Juan Ponce ENRILE; Liberal Party, Jovito SALONGA _#_Suffrage: universal at age 15 _#_Elections: President--last held 7 February 1986 (next election to be held May 1992); results--Corazon C. AQUINO elected, precipitating the fall of the MARCOS regime; Senate--last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1992); results--pro-Aquino LDP 63%, liberal LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 25%, opposition Nationalista Party 4%, independent 8%; seats--(24 total) pro-Aquino LDP 15, liberal LDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 6, opposition Nationalista Party 1, independent 2; House of Representatives--last held on 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1992); results--pro-Aquino LDP 73%, liberal LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 10%, opposition Nationalista Party 17%; seats--(250 total, 180 elected) number of seats by party NA _#_Communists: the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls about 18,000-23,000 full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal party; a second Communist party, the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status _#_Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at 1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 483-1414; there are Philippine Consulates General in Agana (Guam), Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and Seattle; US--Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Manila (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96528); telephone [63] (32) 211-101 through 3; there is a US Consulate in Cebu _#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy continues to recover from the political turmoil following the ouster of former President Marcos and several coup attempts. After two consecutive years of economic contraction (1984 and 1985), the economy has since 1986 had positive growth, although in 1990 the economy slowed considerably from 1989. The agricultural sector together with forestry and fishing, plays an important role in the economy, employing about 45% of the work force and providing almost 30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter of coconuts and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 25% of GDP. Major industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles. _#_GNP: $45.2 billion, per capita $700; real growth rate 2.5% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.7% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: 9.3% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: $7.2 billion; expenditures $8.12 billion, including capital expenditures of $0.97 billion (1989 est.) _#_Exports: revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals and ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%, forest products 4%; partners--US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7% _#_Imports: $12.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.); commodities--raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum products 17%; partners--US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%, Middle East 10% _#_External debt: $28.4 billion (1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1990 est.); accounts for 30-35% of GNP _#_Electricity: 6,755,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced, 420 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing _#_Agriculture: accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor force; major crops--rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple, mango; animal products--pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products; fish catch of 2 million metric tons annually _#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis despite government eradication efforts _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $6.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1975-89), $123 million _#_Currency: Philippine peso (plural--pesos); 1 Philippine peso (1) = 100 centavos _#_Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (1) per US$1--28.055 (January 1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987), 20.386 (1986), 18.607 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982) _#_Highways: 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved earth _#_Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels _#_Pipelines: refined products, 357 km _#_Ports: Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi, Manila, Subic Bay _#_Merchant marine: 569 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,429,829 GRT/15,171,692 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 17 passenger-cargo, 163 cargo, 18 refrigerated cargo, 24 vehicle carrier, 8 livestock carrier, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 41 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 252 bulk, 7 combination bulk; note--many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the register for the purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their original owners who are principally in Japan and Germany _#_Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 280 total, 235 usable; 71 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 50 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones; stations--267 AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US); submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 11 domestic _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Coast Guard), Marine Corps, Air Force, Constabulary _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 16,254,775; 11,491,155 fit for military service; 715,462 reach military age (20) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $1.1 billion, 2% of GNP (1990) _%_ _@_Pitcairn Islands (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 47 km2; land area: 47 km2 _#_Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 51 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 3 nm _#_Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March) _#_Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky coastline with cliffs _#_Natural resources: miro trees (used for handicrafts), fish _#_Land use: arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and woodland NA%; other NA% _#_Environment: subject to typhoons (especially November to March) _#_Note: located in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Peru and New Zealand _*_People _#_Population: 56 (July 1991), growth rate 0.0% (1991) _#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Pitcairn Islander(s); adjective--Pitcairn Islander _#_Ethnic divisions: descendants of Bounty mutineers _#_Religion: Seventh-Day Adventist 100% _#_Language: English (official); also a Tahitian/English dialect _#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: NA; no business community in the usual sense; some public works; subsistence farming and fishing _#_Organized labor: NA _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie, and Oeno Islands _#_Type: dependent territory of the UK _#_Capital: Adamstown _#_Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Constitution: Local Government Ordinance of 1964 _#_Legal system: local island by-laws _#_National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989 _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, island magistrate _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Island Council _#_Judicial branch: Island Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by the Governor and UK High Commissioner to New Zealand David Joseph MOSS (since NA 1990); Head of Government--Island Magistrate and Chairman of the Island Council Brian YOUNG (since NA 1985) _#_Political parties and leaders: NA _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 with three years residency _#_Elections: Island Council--last held NA (next to be held NA); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(11 total, 5 elected) number of seats by party NA _#_Communists: none _#_Other political or pressure groups: NA _#_Member of: SPC _#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Pitcairn Islander coat of arms centered on the outer half of the flag; the coat of arms is yellow, green, and light blue with a shield featuring a yellow anchor _*_Economy _#_Overview: The inhabitants exist on fishing and subsistence farming. The fertile soil of the valleys produces a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including citrus, sugarcane, watermelons, bananas, yams, and beans. Bartering is an important part of the economy. The major sources of revenue are the sale of postage stamps to collectors and the sale of handicrafts to passing ships. _#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $430,440; expenditures $429,983, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY87 est.) _#_Exports: $NA; commodities--fruits, vegetables, curios; partners--NA _#_Imports: $NA; commodities--fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs; partners--NA _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: 110 kW capacity; 0.30 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: postage stamp sales, handicrafts _#_Agriculture: based on subsistence fishing and farming; wide variety of fruits and vegetables grown; must import grain products _#_Economic aid: none _#_Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6798 (January 1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6866 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Railroads: none _#_Highways: 6.4 km dirt roads _#_Ports: Bounty Bay _#_Airports: none _#_Telecommunications: 24 telephones; party line telephone service on the island; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; diesel generator provides electricity _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK _%_ _@_Poland _*_Geography _#_Total area: 312,680 km2; land area: 304,510 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Mexico _#_Land boundaries: 2,980 km total; Czechoslovakia 1,309 km, Germany 456 km, USSR 1,215 km _#_Coastline: 491 km _#_Maritime claims: Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers _#_Terrain: mostly flat plain, mountains along southern border _#_Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt _#_Land use: arable land 46%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 13%; forest and woodland 28%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: plain crossed by a few north-flowing, meandering streams; severe air and water pollution in south _#_Note: historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain _*_People _#_Population: 37,799,638 (July 1991), growth rate 0.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 12 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 77 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Pole(s); adjective--Polish _#_Ethnic divisions: Polish 97.6%, German 1.3%, Ukrainian 0.6%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 0.5% (1990 est.) _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95% (about 75% practicing), Russian Orthodox, Protestant, and other 5% _#_Language: Polish _#_Literacy: 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978) _#_Labor force: 17,104,000; industry and construction 36.1%; agriculture 27.3%; trade, transport, and communications 14.8%; government and other 21.8% (1989) _#_Organized labor: trade union pluralism _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Poland _#_Type: democratic state _#_Capital: Warsaw _#_Administrative divisions: 49 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular--wojewodztwo); Biala Podlaska, Bialystok, Bielsko, Bydgoszcz, Chelm, Ciechanow, Czestochowa, Elblag, Gdansk, Gorzow, Jelenia Gora, Kalisz, Katowice, Kielce, Konin, Koszalin, Krakow, Krosno, Legnica, Leszno, Lodz, Lomza, Lublin, Nowy Sacz, Olsztyn, Opole, Ostroleka, Pila, Piotrkow, Plock, Poznan, Przemysl, Radom, Rzeszow, Siedlce, Sieradz, Skierniewice, Slupsk, Suwalki, Szczecin, Tarnobrzeg, Tarnow, Torun, Walbrzych, Warszawa, Wloclawek, Wroclaw, Zamosc, Zielona Gora _#_Independence: 11 November 1918, independent republic proclaimed _#_Constitution: the Communist-imposed Constitution of 22 July 1952 will probably be replaced by a democratic Constitution in 1992 _#_Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 3 May (1794) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Zgromadzenie Narodowe) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or Diet (Sejm) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Lech WALESA (since 22 December 1990); Head of Government--Prime Minister Jan Krzysztof BIELECKI (since 4 January 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: center-right agrarian parties--Polish Peasant Party (PSL), Roman BARTOSZCZE, chairman; Polish Peasant Party-Solidarity, Gabriel JANOWSKI, chairman; other center-right parties--Center Alliance, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Christian National Union, Wieslaw CHRZANOWSKI, chairman; Christian Democratic Labor Party, Wladyslaw SILA-NOWICKI, chairman; Democratic Party, Jerzy JOZWIAK, chairman; center-left parties--Polish Socialist Party, Jan Jozef LIPSKI, chairman; Democratic Union, Tadeusz MAZOWIECKI, chairman; ROAD, Wladyslaw FRASYNIUK and Zbigniew BUJAK, chairmen; left-wing parties--Polish Socialist Party-Democratic Revolution, Piotr IKONOWICZ; other--Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (formerly the Communist party or Polish United Workers' Party/PZPR), Aleksander KWASNIEWSKI, chairman; Union of the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland (breakaway faction of the PZPR), Tadeusz FISZBACH, chairman _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--first round held 25 November 1990, second round held 9 December 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results--second round Lech WALESA 74.7%, Stanislaw TYMINSKI 25.3%; Senate--last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held late 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(100 total) Solidarity 99, independent 1; Diet--last held 4 and 18 June 1989 (next to be held late 1991); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(460 total) Communists 173, Solidarity 161, Polish Peasant Party 76, Democratic Party 27, Christian National Union 23; note--rules governing the election limited Solidarity's share of the vote to 35% of the seats; future elections, which will probably be held before late 1991, are to be freely contested _#_Communists: 70,000 members in the Communist successor parties (1990) _#_Other political or pressure groups: powerful Roman Catholic Church; Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN), a nationalist group; Solidarity (trade union); All Poland Trade Union Alliance (OPZZ), populist program; Clubs of Catholic Intellectuals (KIKs); Freedom and Peace (WiP), a pacifist group; Independent Student Union (NZS) _#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CERN (observer, but scheduled to become a member l July 1991), CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNDOF, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Kazimierz DZIEWANOWSKI; Chancery at 2640 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-3800 through 3802; there are Polish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York; US--Ambassador Thomas W. SIMONS, Jr.; Embassy at Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31, Warsaw (mailing address is American Embassy Warsaw, c/o American Consulate General (WAW) or APO New York 09213-5010); telephone [48] (22) 283041 through 283049; there is a US Consulate General in Krakow and a Consulate in Poznan _#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red--a crowned eagle is to be added; similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy, except for the agricultural sector, had followed the Soviet model of state ownership and control of productive assets. About 75% of agricultural production had come from the private sector and the rest from state farms. The economy has presented a picture of moderate but slowing growth against a background of underlying weaknesses in technology and worker motivation. GNP dropped by 2.0% in 1989 and by a further 8.9% in 1990. The inflation rate, after falling sharply from the 1982 peak of 100% to 22% in 1986, rose to a galloping rate of 640% in 1989 and dropped back to 250% in 1990. Shortages of consumer goods and some food items worsened in 1988-89. Agricultural products and coal are among the biggest hard currency earners, but manufactures are increasing in importance. Poland, with its hard currency debt of $48.5 billion, is severely limited in its ability to import much-needed hard currency goods. The sweeping political changes of 1989 disrupted normal economic channels and exacerbated shortages. In January 1990, the new Solidarity-led government adopted a cold turkey program for transforming Poland to a market economy. The government moved to eliminate subsidies, free prices, make the zloty convertible, and, in general, halt the hyperinflation. These financial measures were accompanied by plans to privatize the economy in stages. While inflation fell to an annual rate of 77.5% by November of 1990, the rise in unemployment and the drop in living standards have led to growing popular discontent and to a change of government in January 1991. The new government is continuing the previous government's economic program, while trying to speed privatization and to better cushion the populace from the dislocations associated with reform. Substantial outside aid will be needed if Poland is to make a successful transition in the 1990s. _#_GNP: $158.5 billion, per capita $4,200; real growth rate - 8.9% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 250% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: 6.1% (end-December 1990) _#_Budget: revenues $20.9 billion; expenditures $23.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.8 billion (1989) _#_Exports: $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--machinery and equipment 38%; fuels, minerals, and metals 21%; manufactured consumer goods 15%; agricultural and forestry products 4% (1989); partners--USSR 25%, FRG 14%, UK 6.5%, Czechoslovakia 5.5% (1989) _#_Imports: $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--machinery and equipment 37%; fuels, minerals, and metals 31%; manufactured consumer goods 17%; agricultural and forestry products 5% (1989); partners--USSR 18%, FRG 16%, Austria 6%, Czechoslovakia 6% (1989) _#_External debt: $48.5 billion (January 1991) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 23% (State sector 1990 est.) _#_Electricity: 31,530,000 kW capacity; 136,300 million kWh produced, 3,610 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles _#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 27% of labor force; 75% of output from private farms, 25% from state farms; productivity remains low by European standards; leading European producer of rye, rapeseed, and potatoes; wide variety of other crops and livestock; major exporter of pork products; normally self-sufficient in food _#_Economic aid: donor--bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries, $2.2 billion (1954-89) _#_Currency: zloty (plural--zlotych); 1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy _#_Exchange rates: zlotych (Zl) per US$1--11,100.00 (May 1991), 9,500 (1990), 1,439.18 (1989), 430.55 (1988), 265.08 (1987), 175.29 (1986), 147.14 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 27,041 km total; 24,287 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 397 km 1.520-meter broad gauge, 2,357 km narrow gauge; 8,987 km double track; 11,016 km electrified; government owned (1989) _#_Highways: 299,887 km total; 130,000 km improved hard surface (concrete, asphalt, stone block); 24,000 km unimproved hard surface (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000 km earth; 45,887 km other urban roads (1985) _#_Inland waterways: 3,997 km navigable rivers and canals (1989) _#_Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986 km for crude oil; 360 km for refined products (1987) _#_Ports: Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie; principal inland ports are Gliwice on Kanal Gliwice, Wroclaw on the Oder, and Warsaw on the Vistula _#_Merchant marine: 235 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,957,600 GRT/4,163,820 DWT; includes 5 short-sea passenger, 92 cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 107 bulk; Poland owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) of 6,333 DWT operating under Liberian registry _#_Civil air: 48 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 160 total, 160 usable; 85 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,659 m; 35 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: phone density is 10.5 phones per 100 residents (October 1990); 3.1 million subscribers; exchanges are 86% automatic (February 1990); stations--29 AM, 29 FM, 37 (5 Soviet relays) TV; 9.6 million TVs _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: External Front Ground Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Internal Defense Forces (WOW), Territorial Defense Forces (JOT), Border Guards (WOP), Paramilitary Forces, Civil Defense (OC) _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 9,571,708; 7,543,565 fit for military service; 302,000 reach military age (19) annually _#_Defense expenditures: 22.3 trillion zlotych, NA% of GDP (1991); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results _%_ _@_Portugal _*_Geography _#_Total area: 92,080 km2; land area: 91,640 km2; includes Azores and Madeira Islands _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Indiana _#_Land boundary: 1,214 km with Spain _#_Coastline: 1,793 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Indonesia _#_Climate: maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south _#_Terrain: mountainous north of the Tagus, rolling plains in south _#_Natural resources: fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble _#_Land use: arable land 32%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 40%; other 16%; includes irrigated 7% _#_Environment: Azores subject to severe earthquakes _#_Note: Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar _*_People _#_Population: 10,387,617 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 13 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Portuguese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Portuguese _#_Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000 _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant denominations 1%, other 2% _#_Language: Portuguese _#_Literacy: 85% (male 89%, female 82%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988) _#_Organized labor: about 55% of the labor force; the Communist-dominated General Confederation of Portuguese Workers--Intersindical (CGTP-IN) represents more than half of the unionized labor force; its main competition, the General Workers Union (UGT), is organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats and represents less than half of unionized labor _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Portuguese Republic _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Lisbon _#_Administrative divisions: 18 districts (distritos, singular--distrito) and 2 autonomous regions* (regioes autonomas, singular--regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu _#_Dependent area: Macau (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1999) _#_Independence: 1140; independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910 _#_Constitution: 25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982 and 1 June 1989 _#_Legal system: civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June _#_Executive branch: president, Council of State, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Assembleia da Republica) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justica) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Dr. Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes SOARES (since 9 March 1986); Head of Government--Prime Minister Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 6 November 1985) _#_Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PSD), Anibal CAVACO Silva; Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Jorge SAMPAIO; Party of Democratic Renewal (PRD), Herminio MARTINHO; Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro CUNHAL; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Andriano MORREIRA (interim); National Solidarity Party, Manuel SERGIO _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 13 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results--Dr. Mario Lopes SOARES 70%, Basilio HORTA 14%, Carlos CARVALHAS 13%, Carlos MARQUES 3%; Assembly of the Republic--last held 6 October 1991 (next to be held October 1995); results--Social Democrats 50.4%, Socialists 29.3%, United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) 8.8%, Christian Democrats 4.4%, National Solidarity Party 1.7%, Democratic Renewal 0.6%, other 4.8%; seats--(230 total) Social Democrats 132, Socialists 70, United Democratic Coalition (CDU; Communists) 17, Christian Democrats 5, National Solidarity Party 1; after absentee ballots counted five seats to be allocated _#_Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 200,753 (December 1983) _#_Member of: AfDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, FAO, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joao Eduardo M. PEREIRA BASTOS; Chancery at 2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-8610; there are Portuguese Consulates General in Boston, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Los Angeles, Newark (New Jersey), New Bedford (Massachusetts), and Providence (Rhode Island); US--Ambassador Everett E. BRIGGS; Embassy at Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600 Lisbon (mailing address is APO New York 09678-0002); telephone [351] (1) 726-6600 or 6659, 8670, 8880; there is a US Consulate in Ponta Delgada (Azores) _#_Flag: two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line _*_Economy _#_Overview: During the past four years, the economy has made a sustained recovery from the severe recession of 1983-85. The economy grew by 14% during the 1987-89 period, largely because of strong domestic consumption and investment spending. Unemployment has declined for the third consecutive year, but inflation continues to be about three times the European Community average. The government is pushing economic restructuring and privatization measures in anticipation of the 1992 European Community timetable to form a single large market in Europe. _#_GDP: $57.8 billion, per capita $5,580; real growth rate 3.5% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.4% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 5.5% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $21.6 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.9 billion (1990) _#_Exports: $16.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin, machinery, appliances; partners--EC 72%, other developed countries 13%, US 5% _#_Imports: $24.9 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--petroleum, cotton, foodgrains, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals; partners--EC 69%, other developed countries 11%, less developed countries 13%, US 4% _#_External debt: $18.4 billion (1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1989); accounts for 40% of GDP _#_Electricity: 6,729,000 kW capacity; 16,000 million kWh produced, 1,530 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism _#_Agriculture: accounts for 9% of GDP and 20% of labor force; small inefficient farms; imports more than half of food needs; major crops--grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; livestock sector--sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, meat, dairy products _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.8 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.13 billion _#_Currency: Portuguese escudo (plural--escudos); 1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos _#_Exchange rates: Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1--134.46 (January 1991), 142.55 (1990), 157.46 (1989), 143.95 (1988), 140.88 (1987), 149.59 (1986), 170.39 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,613 km total; state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km electrified and 426 km double track), 755 km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double track, privately owned _#_Highways: 73,661 km total; 61,599 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; 4,100 km unimproved earth (motorable tracks) _#_Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300-metric-ton cargo capacity _#_Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined products, 58 km _#_Ports: Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Velas (Azores), Setubal, Sines _#_Merchant marine: 52 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 684,350 GRT/1,190,454 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 20 cargo, 2 refrigerated cargo, 1 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 12 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 10 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--Portugal has created a captive register on Madeira (MAR) for Portuguese-owned ships that will have the taxation and crewing benefits of a flag of convenience; although only one ship currently is known to fly the Portuguese flag on the MAR register, it is likely that a majority of Portuguese flag ships will transfer to this subregister in a few years _#_Civil air: 29 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 69 total, 63 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 2,690,000 telephones; stations--57 AM, 66 (22 relays) FM, 25 (23 relays) TV; 7 submarine cables; communication satellite ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), EUTELSAT, and domestic systems (mainland and Azores) _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard, Fiscal Guard, Public Security Police _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,621,116; 2,131,628 fit for military service; 88,718 reach military age (20) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $1.6 billion, 3% of GDP (1990) _%_ _@_Puerto Rico (commonwealth associated with the US) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 9,104 km2; land area: 8,959 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Rhode Island _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 501 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 12 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m (depth); Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical marine, mild, little seasonal temperature variation _#_Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal plain belt in north; mountains precipitous to sea on west coast _#_Natural resources: some copper and nickel; potential for onshore and offshore crude oil _#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 41%; forest and woodland 20%; other 22% _#_Environment: many small rivers and high central mountains ensure land is well watered; south coast relatively dry; fertile coastal plain belt in north _#_Note: important location between the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands group along the Mona Passage--a key shipping lane to the Panama Canal; San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean _*_People _#_Population: 3,294,997 (July 1991), growth rate 0.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 19 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 16 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Puerto Rican(s); adjective--Puerto Rican _#_Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Hispanic _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant denominations and other 15% _#_Language: Spanish (official); English is widely understood _#_Literacy: 89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) _#_Labor force: 1,068,000; government 28%, manufacturing 15%, trade 14%, agriculture 3%, other 40% (1990) _#_Organized labor: 115,000 members in 4 unions; the largest is the General Confederation of Puerto Rican Workers with 35,000 members (1983) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico _#_Type: commonwealth associated with the US _#_Capital: San Juan _#_Administrative divisions: none (commonwealth associated with the US) _#_Independence: none (commonwealth associated with the US) _#_Constitution: ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952 _#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 25 July (1952) _#_Legal system: based on Spanish civil code _#_Executive branch: US president, US vice president, governor _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989); Head of Government Governor Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (since 2 January 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: Popular Democratic Party (PPD), Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon; New Progressive Party (PNP), Carlos ROMERO Barcelo; Puerto Rican Socialist Party (PSP), Juan MARI Bras and Carlos GALLISA; Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), Ruben BERRIOS Martinez; Puerto Rican Communist Party (PCP), leader(s) unknown _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections _#_Elections: Governor--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--Rafael HERNANDEZ Colon (PPD) 48.7%, Baltasar CORRADA Del Rio (PNP) 45.8%, Ruben BERRIOS Martinez (PIP) 5.5%; Senate--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(27 total) PPD 18, PNP 8, PIP 1; House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(53 total) PPD 36, PNP 15, PIP 2; US House of Representatives--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--Puerto Rico elects one nonvoting representative _#_Other political or pressure groups: all have engaged in terrorist activities--Armed Forces for National Liberation (FALN), Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution, Boricua Popular Army (also known as the Macheteros), Armed Forces of Popular Resistance _#_Member of: ECLAC, ICFTU, IOC, WCL, WFTU, WTO (associate) _#_Diplomatic representation: none (commonwealth associated with the US) _#_Flag: five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the US flag _*_Economy _#_Overview: Puerto Rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the Caribbean region. Industry has surpassed agriculture as the primary sector of economic activity and income. Encouraged by duty-free access to the US and by tax incentives, US firms have invested heavily in Puerto Rico since the 1950s. Important new industries include pharmaceuticals, electronics, textiles, petrochemicals, and processed foods. Sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. Tourism has traditionally been an important source of income for the island. The economy is slowly recovering from the disruptions caused by Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The tourism infrastructure was especially hard hit. _#_GNP: $20.1 billion, per capita $6,100; real growth rate 3.6% (FY89) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.3% (October 1989-90) _#_Unemployment rate: 14.9% (October 1990) _#_Budget: revenues $5.5 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (FY89) _#_Exports: $16.4 billion (f.o.b., FY89); commodities--pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, canned tuna, rum, beverage concentrates, medical equipment, instruments; partners--US 87% _#_Imports: $14.0 billion (c.i.f., FY89); commodities--chemicals, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products; partners--US 60% _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.6% (FY89) _#_Electricity: 4,149,000 kW capacity; 14,844 million kWh produced, 4,510 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, electronics, apparel, food products, instruments; tourism _#_Agriculture: accounts for 3% of labor force; crops--sugarcane, coffee, pineapples, plantains, bananas; livestock--cattle, chickens; imports a large share of food needs _#_Economic aid: none _#_Currency: US currency is used _#_Exchange rates: US currency is used _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 100 km rural narrow-gauge system for hauling sugarcane; no passenger railroads _#_Highways: 13,762 km paved _#_Ports: San Juan, Ponce, Mayaguez, Arecibo _#_Airports: 33 total; 23 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 900,000 or 99% of total households with TV; 1,067,787 telephones (1988); stations--50 AM, 63 FM, 9 TV (1990) _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: paramilitary National Guard, Police Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 830,133; NA fit for military service _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the US _%_ _@_Qatar _*_Geography _#_Total area: 11,000 km2; land area: 11,000 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Connecticut _#_Land boundaries: 60 km total; Saudi Arabia 40 km, UAE 20 km _#_Coastline: 563 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: not specific; Territorial sea: 3 nm _#_Disputes: boundary with UAE is in dispute; territorial dispute with Bahrain over the Hawar Islands _#_Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and sultry in summer _#_Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert covered with loose sand and gravel _#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, fish _#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 0%; other 95% _#_Environment: haze, duststorms, sandstorms common; limited freshwater resources mean increasing dependence on large-scale desalination facilities _#_Note: strategic location in central Persian Gulf near major crude oil sources _*_People _#_Population: 518,478 (July 1991), growth rate 5.3% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 35 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 4.0 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Qatari(s); adjective--Qatari _#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 40%, Pakistani 18%, Indian 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14% _#_Religion: Muslim 95% _#_Language: Arabic (official); English is commonly used as second language _#_Literacy: 76% (male 77%, female 72%) age 15 and over can read and write (1986) _#_Labor force: 104,000; 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983) _#_Organized labor: trade unions are illegal _*_Government _#_Long-form name: State of Qatar _#_Type: traditional monarchy _#_Capital: Doha _#_Administrative divisions: none _#_Independence: 3 September 1971 (from UK) _#_Constitution: provisional constitution enacted 2 April 1970 _#_Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 3 September (1971) _#_Executive branch: amir, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Advisory Council (Majlis al-Shura) _#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--Amir and Prime Minister Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI (since 22 February 1972); Heir Apparent Hamad bin Khalifa AL THANI (appointed 31 May 1977; son of Amir) _#_Political parties and leaders: none _#_Suffrage: none _#_Elections: Advisory Council--constitution calls for elections for part of this consultative body, but no elections have been held; seats--(30 total) _#_Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Hamad Abd al-Aziz AL-KAWARI, Chancery at Suite 1180, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-0111; US--Ambassador Mark G. HAMBLEY; Embassy at 149 Ali Bin Ahmed St., Farig Bin Omran (opposite the television station), Doha (mailing address is P. O. Box 2399, Doha); telephone [0974] 864701 through 864703 _#_Flag: maroon with a broad white serrated band (nine white points) on the hoist side _*_Economy _#_Overview: Oil is the backbone of the economy and accounts for more than 85% of export earnings and roughly 75% of government revenues. Proved oil reserves of 3.3 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for about 25 years. Oil has given Qatar a per capita GDP of about $12,500, among the highest in the world outside the OECD countries. _#_GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $12,500 (1989 est.); real growth rate 5.0% (1988) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.9% (1988 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $1.8 billion; expenditures $3.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $400 million (FY89 est.) _#_Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum products 85%, steel, fertilizers; partners--Japan, Italy, Thailand, Singapore _#_Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.), excluding military equipment; commodities--foodstuffs, beverages, animal and vegetable oils, chemicals, machinery and equipment; partners--Japan, UK, US, Italy _#_External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1989 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 0.6% (1987); accounts for 64% of GDP, including oil _#_Electricity: 1,514,000 kW capacity; 4,000 million kWh produced, 8,540 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: crude oil production and refining, fertilizers, petrochemicals, steel, cement _#_Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale, less than 2% of GDP; commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported _#_Economic aid: donor--pledged $2.7 billion in ODA to less developed countries (1979-88) _#_Currency: Qatari riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams _#_Exchange rates: Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1--3.6400 riyals (fixed rate) _#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Highways: 1,500 km total; 1,000 km bituminous, 500 km gravel or natural surface (est.) _#_Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 400 km _#_Ports: Doha, Umm Said, Halul Island _#_Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 465,371 GRT/707,089 DWT; includes 12 cargo, 5 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker _#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; none with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: modern system centered in Doha; 110,000 telephones; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Bahrain and UAE; stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 3 TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Department _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 235,516; 125,591 fit for military service; 4,243 reach military age (18) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $500 million, 8% of GDP (1989) _%_ _@_Reunion (overseas department of France) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 2,510 km2; land area: 2,500 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 201 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical, but moderates with elevation; cool and dry from May to November, hot and rainy from November to April _#_Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous; fertile lowlands along coast _#_Natural resources: fish, arable land _#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 35%; other 39%; includes irrigated 2% _#_Environment: periodic devastating cyclones _#_Note: located 750 km east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean _*_People _#_Population: 607,086 (July 1991), growth rate 1.9% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Reunionese _#_Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of intermixed French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian ancestry _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 94% _#_Language: French (official); Creole widely used _#_Literacy: 69% (male 67%, female 74%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) _#_Labor force: NA; agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981); 63% of population of working age (1983) _#_Organized labor: General Confederation of Workers of Reunion (CGTR) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Department of Reunion _#_Type: overseas department of France _#_Capital: Saint-Denis _#_Administrative divisions: none (overseas department of France) _#_Independence: none (overseas department of France) _#_Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) _#_Legal system: French law _#_National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) _#_Executive branch: French president, commissioner of the Republic _#_Legislative branch: unicameral General Council, unicameral Regional Council _#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeals (Cour d'appel) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN (since September 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Francois MAS; Union for French Democracy (UDF), Gilbert GERARD; Communist Party of Reunion (PCR), Paul VERGES; France-Reunion Future (FRA), Andre THIEN AH KOON; Socialist Party (PS), Jean-Claude FRUTEAU; Social Democrats (CDS), other small parties _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: General Council--last held March 1986 (next to be held 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(36 total) number of seats by party NA; Regional Council--last held 16 March 1986 (next to be held March 1991); results--RPR/UDF 36.8%, PCR 28.2%, FRA and other right wing 17.3%, PS 14.1%, other 3.6%; seats--(45 total) RPR/UDF 18, PCR 13, FRA and other right wing 8, PS 6; French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(3 total) RPR-UDF 1, PS 1, independent 1; French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(5 total) PCR 2, RPR 1, UDF-CDS 1, FRA 1 _#_Communists: Communist party small but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion (MPLR), and in the district of Le Port _#_Member of: FZ, WFTU _#_Diplomatic representation: as an overseas department of France, Reunionese interests are represented in the US by France _#_Flag: the flag of France is used _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which recently amounted to one-third of the labor force. The white and Indian communities are substantially better off than other segments of the population, adding to the social tensions generated by poverty and unemployment. The economic well-being of Reunion depends heavily on continued financial assistance from France. _#_GDP: $3.37 billion, per capita $6,000 (1987 est.); real growth rate 9% (1987 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.3% (1988) _#_Unemployment rate: 35% (February 1991) _#_Budget: revenues $358 million; expenditures $914 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1986) _#_Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--sugar 75%, rum and molasses 4%, perfume essences 4%, lobster 3%, vanilla and tea 1%; partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy _#_Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--manufactured goods, food, beverages, tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials, and petroleum products; partners--France, Mauritius, Bahrain, South Africa, Italy _#_External debt: NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%; about 25% of GDP _#_Electricity: 245,000 kW capacity; 546 million kWh produced, 965 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: sugar, rum, cigarettes, several small shops producing handicraft items _#_Agriculture: accounts for 30% of labor force; dominant sector of economy; cash crops--sugarcane, vanilla, tobacco; food crops--tropical fruits, vegetables, corn; imports large share of food needs _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $14.1 billion _#_Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes _#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earth _#_Ports: Pointe des Galets _#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; modern open-wire line and radio relay network; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros, France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones; stations--3 AM, 13 FM, 1 (18 relays) TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 162,017; 83,959 fit for military service; 5,979 reach military age (18) annually _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_Romania _*_Geography _#_Total area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon _#_Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, USSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km _#_Coastline: 225 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms _#_Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps _#_Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt _#_Land use: arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11% _#_Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air pollution in south _#_Note: controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans and western USSR _*_People _#_Population: 23,397,054 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Romanian(s); adjective--Romanian _#_Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%; Hungarian 8.9%; German 0.4%; Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6% _#_Religion: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 3%, Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15% _#_Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German _#_Literacy: 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1970 est.) _#_Labor force: 10,690,000; industry 34%, agriculture 28%, other 38% (1987) _#_Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system organized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu's overthrow, newly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining three umbrella organizations--Organization of Free Trade Unions, Fratia (Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cortel; many other trade unions have been formed _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: in transition from Communist state to republic _#_Capital: Bucharest _#_Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular--judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea _#_Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947 _#_Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted _#_Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being revised _#_National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) _#_Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies (Adunarea Deputatilor) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990, previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since 23 December 1989); Head of Government--Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN (since 2 October 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: National Salvation Front (FSN), Ion STOICA; Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS; National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU; National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu COPOSU; Ecology Movement (MER), leader NA; Romanian National Unity Party (AUR), Radu CEONTEA; there are now more than 100 other parties; note--although the Communist Party has ceased to exist, a small proto-Communist party, the Socialist Labor Party, has been formed _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results--Ion ILIESCU 85%, Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8%; Senate--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results--FSN 67%, other 33%; seats--(118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, AUR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1, other 1; House of Deputies--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992); results--FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, AUR 2%, other 15%; seats--(387 total) FSN 263, UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12, AUR 9, other 33 _#_Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased to exist _#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU; Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4747; US--Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr.; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9, Bucharest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40 _#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad _*_Economy _#_Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force and generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and persistent shortages of energy. The year 1990 witnessed about a 20% drop in industrial production because of energy and input shortages and labor unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs. A drought in 1990 contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption and a poor distribution system. The new government is slowly loosening the tight central controls of Ceausescu's command economy. It has instituted moderate land reforms, with close to one-half of cropland now in private hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private agricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, handicrafts, and small-scale industry. New laws providing for the privatization of large state firms have been passed. However, most of the early privatization will involve converting state firms into joint-stock companies. The selling of shares to the public has not yet been worked out. Furthermore, the government has halted the old policy of diverting food from domestic consumption to hard currency export markets. So far, the government does not seem willing to adopt a thoroughgoing market system, that is, there is great caution in decontrolling prices because of public opposition. The government has sharply raised price ceilings instead of lifting them entirely. _#_GNP: $69.9 billion, per capita $3,000; real growth rate - 10.8% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $28.4 billion; expenditures $28.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $12.3 billion (1989) _#_Exports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--machinery and equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods 16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986); partners--USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987) _#_Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--fuels, minerals, and metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry products 11.0%, manufactured consumer goods 4.2% (1986); partners--Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987) _#_External debt: $400 million (mid-1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 20% (1990 est.) _#_Electricity: 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum _#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major wheat and corn producer; other products--sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes _#_Economic aid: donor--$4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1956-89) _#_Currency: leu (plural--lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani _#_Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1--60.00 (June 1991), 22.432 (1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986), 17.141 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 370 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km double track; government owned (1987) _#_Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985) _#_Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984) _#_Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km natural gas _#_Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova _#_Merchant marine: 294 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,767,465 GRT/5,893,700 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 2 container, 1 rail-car carrier, 11 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk, 2 combination ore/oil _#_Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89% of phone network is automatic; present phone density is 9.85 per 100 residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990); stations--39 AM, 29 FM, 39 TV (1990) _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: French--Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,801,986; 4,912,789 fit for military service; 192,996 reach military age (20) annually _#_Defense expenditures: 15 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP (1991); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results _%_ _@_Rwanda _*_Geography _#_Total area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland _#_Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible _#_Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west _#_Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower _#_Land use: arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and pastures 18%; forest and woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic droughts _#_Note: landlocked _*_People _#_Population: 7,902,644 (July 1991), growth rate 3.8% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 54 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 8.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun and adjective--Rwandan(s) _#_Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1% _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%, indigenous beliefs and other 25% _#_Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in commercial centers _#_Literacy: 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985) _#_Organized labor: NA _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Rwanda _#_Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; on 31 December 1990, the government announced a National Political Charter to serve as a basis for transition to a presidential/parliamentary political system; the charter will be voted upon in a national referendum to be held June 1991 _#_Capital: Kigali _#_Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures, singular--prefecture in French; plural--NA, singular--prefegitura in Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama, Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri _#_Constitution: 17 December 1978 _#_Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration) _#_Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962) _#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council (Conseil National de Developpement) _#_Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of Cassation and the Council of State in joint session) _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973) _#_Political parties and leaders: only party--National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA; note--the MRND is officially a development movement, not a party _#_Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA _#_Elections: President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected; National Development Council--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--MRND is the only party; seats--(70 total); MRND 70 _#_Communists: no Communist party _#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 232-2882; US--Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali); telephone [250] 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128 _#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Guinea, which has a plain yellow band _*_Economy _#_Overview: Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector; coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only 16% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee exports and foreign aid, with no relief in sight. Weak international prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has dampened any prospects for economic improvement. _#_GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - 2.2% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.) _#_Exports: $117 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite, pyrethrum; partners--FRG, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US _#_Imports: $293 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material; partners--US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan _#_External debt: $689 million (December 1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for 16% of GDP _#_Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes _#_Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the labor force; cash crops--coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums); main food crops--bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth in population _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million _#_Currency: Rwandan franc (plural--francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes _#_Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1--120.00 (December 1990), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64 (1986), 101.26 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, 2,700 km unimproved _#_Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft _#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay system centered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations--2 AM, 5 FM, no TV; earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Gendarmerie _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,651,224; 842,480 fit for military service; no conscription _#_Defense expenditures: $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.) _%_ _@_Saint Helena (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 410 km2; land area: 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha _#_Comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 60 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered by trade winds _#_Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered plateaus and plains _#_Natural resources: fish; Ascension is a breeding ground for sea turtles and sooty terns; no minerals _#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 3%; other 83% _#_Environment: very few perennial streams _#_Note: located 1,920 km west of Angola, about two-thirds of the way between South America and Africa; Napoleon Bonaparte's place of exile and burial; the remains were taken to Paris in 1840 _*_People _#_Population: 6,695 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: NEGl migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 46 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 75 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Saint Helenian(s); adjective--Saint Helenian _#_Ethnic divisions: NA _#_Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic _#_Language: English _#_Literacy: 98% (male 97%, female 98%) age 15 and over can read and write (1987) _#_Labor force: NA _#_Organized labor: Saint Helena General Workers' Union, 472 members; crafts 17%, professional and technical 10%, service 10%, management and clerical 9%, farming and fishing 9%, transport 6%, sales 5%, and other 34% _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: dependent territory of the UK _#_Capital: Jamestown _#_Administrative divisions: 2 dependencies and 1 administrative area*; Ascension*, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha _#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Constitution: 1 January 1967 _#_Legal system: NA _#_National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989 _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Head of Government--Governor and Commander in Chief Robert F. STIMSON (since 1987) _#_Political parties and leaders: Saint Helena Labor Party, G. A. O. THORNTON; Saint Helena Progressive Party, leader unknown; note--both political parties inactive since 1976 _#_Suffrage: NA _#_Elections: Legislative Council--last held October 1984 (next to be held NA); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(15 total, 12 elected) number of seats by party NA _#_Communists: probably none _#_Member of: ICFTU _#_Diplomatic representation: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Saint Helenian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield features a rocky coastline and three-masted sailing ship _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy depends primarily on financial assistance from the UK. The local population earns some income from fishing, the rearing of livestock, and sales of handicrafts. Because there are few jobs, a large proportion of the work force has left to seek employment overseas. _#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.1% (1986) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $3.2 million; expenditures $2.9 million, including capital expenditures of NA (1984) _#_Exports: $23.9 thousand (f.o.b., 1984); commodities--fish (frozen and salt-dried skipjack, tuna), handicrafts; partners--South Africa, UK _#_Imports: $2.4 million (c.i.f., 1984); commodities--food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts; partners--UK, South Africa _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: 9,800 kW capacity; 10 million kWh produced, 1,390 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: crafts (furniture, lacework, fancy woodwork), fish _#_Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables; timber production being developed; crawfishing on Tristan da Cunha _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $184 million _#_Currency: Saint Helenian pound (plural--pounds); 1 Saint Helenian pound (5S) = 100 pence _#_Exchange rates: Saint Helenian pounds (5S) per US$1--0.5171 (January 1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985); note--the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound _#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Highways: 87 km bitumen-sealed roads, 20 km earth roads on Saint Helena; 80 km bitumen-sealed on Ascension; 2.7 km bitumen-sealed on Tristan da Cunha _#_Ports: Jamestown (Saint Helena), Georgetown (Ascension) _#_Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo ship totaling 6,767 GRT/5,600 DWT _#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659 m on Ascension _#_Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receivers; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 550 telephones in automatic network; HF radio links to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks; major coaxial cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK _%_ _@_Saint Kitts and Nevis _*_Geography _#_Total area: 269 km2; land area: 269 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly more than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 135 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 24 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: subtropical tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) _#_Terrain: volcanic with mountainous interiors _#_Natural resources: negligible _#_Land use: arable land 22%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and woodland 17%; other 41% _#_Environment: subject to hurricanes (July to October) _#_Note: located 320 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico _*_People _#_Population: 40,293 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 24 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 71 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1991) _#_Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent _#_Nationality: noun--Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective--Kittsian, Nevisian _#_Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic _#_Language: English _#_Literacy: 98% (male 98%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) _#_Labor force: 20,000 (1981) _#_Organized labor: 6,700 _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis _#_Type: constitutional monarchy _#_Capital: Basseterre _#_Administrative divisions: 14 parishs; Christ Church Nichola Town, Saint Anne Sandy Point, Saint George Basseterre, Saint George Gingerland, Saint James Windward, Saint John Capisterre, Saint John Figtree, Saint Mary Cayon, Saint Paul Capisterre, Saint Paul Charlestown, Saint Peter Basseterre, Saint Thomas Lowland, Saint Thomas Middle Island, Trinity Palmetto Point _#_Independence: 19 September 1983 (from UK) _#_Constitution: 19 September 1983 _#_Legal system: based on English common law _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 19 September (1983) _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly _#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clement Athelston ARRINDELL (since 19 September 1983, previously Governor General of the Associated State since NA November 1981); Head of Government--Prime Minister Dr. Kennedy Alphonse SIMMONDS (since 19 September 1983, previously Premier of the Associated State since NA February 1980); Deputy Prime Minister Michael Oliver POWELL (since NA) _#_Political parties and leaders: People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy SIMMONDS; Saint Kitts and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee MOORE; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon DANIEL; Concerned Citizens Movement (CCM), Vance AMORY _#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA _#_Elections: House of Assembly--last held 21 March 1989 (next to be held by 21 March 1994); seats--(14 total, 11 elected) PAM 6, SKNLP 2, NRP 2, CCM 1 _#_Communists: none known _#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, INTERPOL, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO _#_Diplomatic representation: Minister-Counselor (Deputy Chief of Mission), Charge d'Affaires ad interim Erstein M. EDWARDS; Chancery at Suite 540, 2501 M Street NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 833-3550; US--none _#_Flag: divided diagonally from the lower hoist side by a broad black band bearing two white five-pointed stars; the black band is edged in yellow; the upper triangle is green, the lower triangle is red _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has historically depended on the growing and processing of sugarcane and on remittances from overseas workers. In recent years, tourism and export-oriented manufacturing have assumed larger roles. _#_GDP: $97.5 million, per capita $2,400; real growth rate 4.6% (1988) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: 15% (1989) _#_Budget: revenues $38.1 million; expenditures $68.1 million, including capital expenditures of $31.5 million (1991) _#_Exports: $32.8 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--sugar, clothing, electronics, postage stamps; partners--US 53%, UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 5%, OECS 5% (1988) _#_Imports: $89.6 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--foodstuffs, intermediate manufactures, machinery, fuels; partners--US 36%, UK 17%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Canada 3%, Japan 3%, OECS 4% (1988) _#_External debt: $26.4 million (1988) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 11.8% (1988 est.); accounts for 17% of GDP _#_Electricity: 15,800 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: sugar processing, tourism, cotton, salt, copra, clothing, footwear, beverages _#_Agriculture: accounts for 10% of GDP; cash crop--sugarcane; subsistence crops--rice, yams, vegetables, bananas; fishing potential not fully exploited; most food imported _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-88), $10.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $57 million _#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge on Saint Kitts for sugarcane _#_Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved earth _#_Ports: Basseterre (Saint Kitts), Charlestown (Nevis) _#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin; 2,400 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 4 TV _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Royal Saint Kitts and Nevis Police Force, Coast Guard _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 38,090; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Saint Lucia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 620 km2; land area: 610 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 158 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 24 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season from January to April, rainy season from May to August _#_Terrain: volcanic and mountainous with some broad, fertile valleys _#_Natural resources: forests, sandy beaches, minerals (pumice), mineral springs, geothermal potential _#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 13%; other 54%; includes irrigated 2% _#_Environment: subject to hurricanes and volcanic activity; deforestation; soil erosion _#_Note: located 700 km southeast of Puerto Rico _*_People _#_Population: 153,075 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 31 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Saint Lucian(s); adjective--Saint Lucian _#_Ethnic divisions: African descent 90.3%, mixed 5.5%, East Indian 3.2%, Caucasian 0.8% _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 7%, Anglican 3% _#_Language: English (official), French patois _#_Literacy: 67% (male 65%, female 69%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1980) _#_Labor force: 43,800; agriculture 43.4%, services 38.9%, industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.) _#_Organized labor: 20% of labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: parliamentary democracy _#_Capital: Castries _#_Administrative divisions: 11 quarters; Anse-la-Raye, Castries, Choiseul, Dauphin, Dennery, Gros-Islet, Laborie, Micoud, Praslin, Soufriere, Vieux-Fort _#_Independence: 22 February 1979 (from UK) _#_Constitution: 22 February 1979 _#_Legal system: based on English common law _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 22 February (1979) _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly _#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Acting Governor General Sir Stanislaus Anthony JAMES (since 10 October 1988); Head of Government--Prime Minister John George Melvin COMPTON (since 3 May 1982) _#_Political parties and leaders: United Workers' Party (UWP), John COMPTON; Saint Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian HUNTE; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George ODLUM _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: House of Assembly--last held 6 April 1987 (next to be held by April 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(17 total) UWP 10, SLP 7 _#_Communists: negligible _#_Member of: ACCT (associate), ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dr. Joseph Edsel EDMUNDS; Chancery at Suite 309, 2100 M Street NW, Washington DC 30037; telephone (202) 463-7378 or 7379; there is a Saint Lucian Consulate General in New York; US--none _#_Flag: blue with a gold isosceles triangle below a black arrowhead; the upper edges of the arrowhead have a white border _*_Economy _#_Overview: Since 1983 the economy has shown an impressive average annual growth rate of almost 5% because of strong agricultural and tourist sectors. Saint Lucia also possesses an expanding industrial base supported by foreign investment in manufacturing and other activities, such as in data processing. The economy, however, remains vulnerable because the important agricultural sector is dominated by banana production. Saint Lucia is subject to periodic droughts and/or tropical storms, and its protected market agreement with the UK for bananas may end in 1992. _#_GDP: $273 million, per capita $1,830; real growth rate 4.0% (1989) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: 16.0% (1988) _#_Budget: revenues $131 million; expenditures $149 million, including capital expenditures of $71 million (FY90 est.) _#_Exports: $111.9 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--bananas 54%, clothing 17%, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, coconut oil; partners--UK 51%, CARICOM 20%, US 19%, other 10% _#_Imports: $265.9 million (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--manufactured goods 23%, machinery and transportation equipment 27%, food and live animals 18%, chemicals 10%, fuels 6%; partners--US 35%, CARICOM 16%, UK 15%, Japan 7%, Canada 4%, other 23% _#_External debt: $54.5 million (1989) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.); accounts for 7% of GDP _#_Electricity: 32,500 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced, 730 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: clothing, assembly of electronic components, beverages, corrugated boxes, tourism, lime processing, coconut processing _#_Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and 43% of labor force; crops--bananas, coconuts, vegetables, citrus fruit, root crops, cocoa; imports food for the tourist industry _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $118 million _#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) _#_Fiscal Year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved _#_Ports: Castries _#_Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 _#_Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system; 9,500 telephones; direct radio relay link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; interisland troposcatter link to Barbados; stations--4 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (cable) _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Royal Saint Lucia Police Force, Coast Guard _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 38,050; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Saint Pierre and Miquelon (territorial collectivity of France) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 242 km2; land area: 242 km2; includes eight small islands in the Saint Pierre and the Miquelon groups _#_Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 120 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France _#_Climate: cold and wet, with much mist and fog; spring and autumn are windy _#_Terrain: mostly barren rock _#_Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports _#_Land use: arable land 13%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 4%; other 83% _#_Environment: vegetation scanty _#_Note: located 25 km south of Newfoundland, Canada, in the North Atlantic Ocean _*_People _#_Population: 6,356 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 9 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 79 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women); adjective--French _#_Ethnic divisions: originally Basques and Bretons (French fishermen) _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 98% _#_Language: French _#_Literacy: 99% (male 99%, female 99%) age 15 and over can read and write (1982) _#_Labor force: 2,850 (1988) _#_Organized labor: Workers' Force trade union _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon _#_Type: territorial collectivity of France _#_Capital: Saint-Pierre _#_Administrative divisions: none (territorial collectivity of France) _#_Independence: none (territorial collectivity of France); note--has been under French control since 1763 _#_Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) _#_Legal system: French law _#_National holiday: National Day, 14 July (Taking of the Bastille) _#_Executive branch: commissioner of the Republic _#_Legislative branch: unicameral General Council _#_Judicial branch: Superior Tribunal of Appeals (Tribunal Superieur d'Appel) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); Head of Government--Commissioner of the Republic Jean-Pierre MARQUIE (since February 1989); President of the General Council Marc PLANTEGENEST (since NA) _#_Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS); Union for French Democracy (UDF/CDS), Gerard GRIGNON _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: General Council--last held September-October 1988 (next to be held September 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(19 total) Socialist and other left-wing parties 13, UDF and right-wing parties 6; French President--last held 8 May 1988 (next to be held May 1995); results--(second ballot) Jacques CHIRAC 56%, Francois MITTERRAND 44%; French Senate--last held 24 September 1989 (next to be held September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(1 total) PS 1; French National Assembly--last held 5 and 12 June 1988 (next to be held June 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(1 total) UDF/CDS 1 _#_Member of: FZ, WFTU _#_Diplomatic representation: as a territorial collectivity of France, local interests are represented in the US by France _#_Flag: the flag of France is used _*_Economy _#_Overview: The inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of Newfoundland. The economy has been declining, however, because the number of ships stopping at Saint Pierre has dropped steadily over the years. In March 1989, an agreement between France and Canada set fish quotas for Saint Pierre's trawlers fishing in Canadian and Canadian-claimed waters for three years. The agreement settles a longstanding dispute that had virtually brought fish exports to a halt. The islands are heavily subsidized by France. Imports come primarily from Canada and France. _#_GDP: $50 million, per capita $7,900; real growth rate NA% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% _#_Unemployment rate: 8.3% (1988) _#_Budget: revenues $18.3 million; expenditures $18.3 million, including capital expenditures of $5.5 million (1989) _#_Exports: $24.1 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fish and fish products, fox and mink pelts; partners--US 58%, France 17%, UK 11%, Canada, Portugal _#_Imports: $61.6 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials; partners--Canada, France, US, Netherlands, UK _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: 10,000 kW capacity; 25 million kWh produced, 3,970 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: fish processing and supply base for fishing fleets; tourism _#_Agriculture: vegetables, cattle, sheep and pigs for local consumption; fish catch, 20,500 metric tons (1989) _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $493 million _#_Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes _#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 120 km total; 60 km paved (1985) _#_Ports: Saint Pierre _#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 3,601 telephones; stations--1 AM, 3 FM, no TV; radiotelecommunication with most countries in the world; 1 earth station in French domestic system _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_Saint Vincent and the Grenadines _*_Geography _#_Total area: 340 km2; land area: 340 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 84 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 24 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November) _#_Terrain: volcanic, mountainous; Soufriere volcano on the island of Saint Vincent _#_Natural resources: negligible _#_Land use: arable land 38%; permanent crops 12%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 41%; other 3%; includes irrigated 3% _#_Environment: subject to hurricanes; Soufriere volcano is a constant threat _#_Note: some islands of the Grenadines group are administered by Grenada _*_People _#_Population: 114,221 (July 1991), growth rate 1.4% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 27 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 7 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 31 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.8 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Saint Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives--Saint Vincentian or Vincentian _#_Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African descent; remainder mixed, with some white, East Indian, Carib Indian _#_Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist _#_Language: English, some French patois _#_Literacy: 96% (male 96%, female 96%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) _#_Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.) _#_Organized labor: 10% of labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: constitutional monarchy _#_Capital: Kingstown _#_Administrative divisions: 6 parishes; Charlotte, Grenadines, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick _#_Independence: 27 October 1979 (from UK) _#_Constitution: 27 October 1979 _#_Legal system: based on English common law _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 27 October (1979) _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Assembly _#_Judicial branch: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General David JACK (since 29 Septermber 1989); Head of Government--Prime Minister James F. MITCHELL (since 30 July 1984) _#_Political parties and leaders: New Democratic Party (NDP), James (Son) MITCHELL; Saint Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Vincent BEACH; United People's Movement (UPM), Adrian SAUNDERS; Movement for National Unity (MNU), Ralph GONSALVES; National Reform Party (NRP), Joel MIGUEL _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: House of Assembly--last held 16 May 1989 (next to be held July 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(21 total; 15 elected representatives and 6 appointed senators) NDP 15 _#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, OAS, OECS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO _#_Diplomatic representation: none _#_Flag: three vertical bands of blue (hoist side), gold (double width), and green; the gold band bears three green diamonds arranged in a V pattern _*_Economy _#_Overview: Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of the economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist industry, is also important. The economy continues to have a high unemployment rate of 30% because of an overdependence on the weather-plagued banana crop as a major export earner. Government progress toward diversifying into new industries has been relatively unsuccessful. _#_GDP: $146 million, per capita $1,315; real growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.6% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: 30% (1989 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $62 million; expenditures $67 million, including capital expenditures of $21 million (FY90 est.) _#_Exports: $74.6 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--bananas 45%, eddoes and dasheen (taro), sweet potatoes, spices, light manufactures; partners--UK 43%, CARICOM 37%, US 15% _#_Imports: $127.5 million (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels; partners--US 42%, CARICOM 19%, UK 15% _#_External debt: $42.2 million (FY89) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1989); accounts for 14% of GDP _#_Electricity: 16,600 kW capacity; 64 million kWh produced, 570 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: food processing (sugar, flour), cement, furniture, clothing, starch, sheet metal, beverage _#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 60% of labor force; provides bulk of exports; products--bananas, coconuts, sweet potatoes, spices; small numbers of cattle, sheep, hogs, goats; small fish catch used locally _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $11 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $76 million _#_Currency: East Caribbean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.70 (fixed rate since 1976) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year (as of January 1991); previously 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Highways: about 1,000 km total; 300 km paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unimproved _#_Ports: Kingstown _#_Merchant marine: 242 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,855,061 GRT/2,919,872 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 132 cargo, 11 container, 15 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 9 refrigerated cargo, 13 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 44 bulk, 6 combination bulk, 1 vehicle carrier; note--China owns 3 ships; a flag of convenience registry _#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system; 6,500 telephones; VHF/UHF interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF links to Grenada and Saint Lucia; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV (cable) _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force, Coast Guard _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 28,339; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_San Marino _*_Geography _#_Total area: 60 km2; land area: 60 km2 _#_Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundary: 39 km with Italy _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers _#_Terrain: rugged mountains _#_Natural resources: building stones _#_Land use: arable land 17%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 83% _#_Environment: dominated by the Appenines _#_Note: landlocked; world's smallest republic; enclave of Italy _*_People _#_Population: 23,264 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 8 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 79 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.3 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Sanmarinese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Sanmarinese _#_Ethnic divisions: Sanmarinese, Italian _#_Religion: Roman Catholic _#_Language: Italian _#_Literacy: 96% (male 96%, female 95%) age 14 and over can read and write (1976) _#_Labor force: about 4,300 _#_Organized labor: Democratic Federation of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated General Federation of Labor, 1,400 members _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of San Marino _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: San Marino _#_Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular--castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle _#_Independence: 301 AD (by tradition) _#_Constitution: 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution _#_Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Foundation of the Republic, 3 September _#_Executive branch: two captains regent, Congress of State (cabinet); real executive power is wielded by the secretary of state for foreign affairs and the secretary of state for internal affairs _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Great and General Council (Consiglio Grande e Generale) _#_Judicial branch: Council of Twelve (Consiglio dei XII) _#_Leaders: Co-Chiefs of State--Captain Regent Aldamiro BARTOLINI and Captain Regent Ottaviano ROSSI (since 1 April 1990); Head of Government--Prime Minister Gabriele GATTI (since July 1986) _#_Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Gabriele GATTI; San Marino Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS) formerly San Marino Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto GHIOTTI; San Marino Socialist Party (PSS), Remy GIACOMINI; Democratic Movement (MD), Emilio Della BALDA; San Marino Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Augusto CASALI; San Marino Republican Party (PRS), Cristoforo BUSCARINI _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: Grand and General Council--last held 29 May 1988 (next to be held by May 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(60 total) DCS 27, PCS 18, PSU 8, PSS 7 _#_Communists: about 300 members _#_Other political parties or pressure groups: political parties influenced by policies of their counterparts in Italy _#_Member of: CE, CSCE, ICAO, ICFTU, ILO, IMF (observer), IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: San Marino maintains honorary Consulates General in Washington and New York, and an honorary Consulate in Detroit; US--no mission in San Marino, but the Consul General in Florence (Italy) is accredited to San Marino; Consulate General at Lungarno Amerigo Vespucci, 38, 50123 Firenze, Italy (mailing address is APO New York 09019-0007); telephone [39] (55) 239-8276 through 8279 and 217-605 _#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue with the national coat of arms superimposed in the center; the coat of arms has a shield (featuring three towers on three peaks) flanked by a wreath, below a crown and above a scroll bearing the word LIBERTAS (Liberty) _*_Economy _#_Overview: More than 2 million tourists visit each year, contributing about 60% to GDP. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is another important income producer. The manufacturing sector employs nearly 40% of the labor force and agriculture less than 4%. The per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to northern Italy. _#_GDP: $393 million, per capita $17,000; real growth rate 2% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 6.5% (1985) _#_Budget: revenues $99.2 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA (1983) _#_Exports: trade data are included with the statistics for Italy; commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer manufactures _#_Imports: see _#_Exports _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: supplied by Italy _#_Industries: wine, olive oil, cement, leather, textile, tourist _#_Agriculture: employs less than 4% of labor force; products--wheat, grapes, corn, olives, meat, cheese, hides; small numbers of cattle, pigs, horses; depends on Italy for food imports _#_Economic aid: NA _#_Currency: Italian lira (plural--lire); 1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; also mints its own coins _#_Exchange rates: Italian lire (Lit) per US$1--1,134.4 (January 1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 104 km _#_Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 11,700 telephones; stations--no AM, 20 FM, no TV; radio relay and cable links into Italian networks; no communication satellite facilities _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: public security or police force of less than 50 people _#_Manpower availability: all fit men ages 16-60 constitute a militia that can serve as an army _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Sao Tome and Principe _*_Geography _#_Total area: 960 km2; land area: 960 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than 5.5 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 209 km _#_Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines); Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May) _#_Terrain: volcanic, mountainous _#_Natural resources: fish _#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 75%; other 3% _#_Environment: deforestation; soil erosion _#_Note: located south of Nigeria and west of Gabon near the Equator in the North Atlantic Ocean _*_People _#_Population: 128,499 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 38 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 60 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 68 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 5.3 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Sao Tomean(s); adjective--Sao Tomean _#_Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descendents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), and Europeans (primarily Portuguese) _#_Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist _#_Language: Portuguese (official) _#_Literacy: 57% (male 73%, female 42%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) _#_Labor force: 21,096 (1981); most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers; 56% of population of working age (1983) _#_Organized labor: NA _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Sao Tome _#_Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos, singular--concelho); Principe, Sao Tome _#_Independence: 12 July 1975 (from Portugal) _#_Constitution: 5 November 1975, approved 15 December 1982 _#_Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July (1975) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Popular Nacional) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991); Head of Government--Prime Minister Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO (since 21 January 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: Party for Democratic Convergence-Reflection Group (PCD-GR), Prime Minister Daniel Lima Dos Santos DAIO, secretary general; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Carlos da GRACIA; Christian Democratic Front (FDC), Alphonse Dos SANTOS; Democratic Opposition Coalition (CODO), leader NA; other small parties _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 3 March 1991 (next to be held March 1996); results--Miguel TROVOADA was elected without opposition in Sao Tome's first multiparty presidential election; National People's Assembly--last held 20 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results--PCD-GR 54.4%, MLSTP 30.5%, CODO 5.2%, FDC 1.5%, other 8.3%; seats--(55 total) PCD-GR 33, MLSTP 21, CODO 1; note--this was the first National Assembly multiparty election in Sao Tome _#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Joaquim Rafael BRANCO; Chancery (temporary) at 801 Second Avenue, Suite 1504, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 697-4211; US--Ambassador Keith L. WAUCHOPE in Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands _#_Flag: three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has remained dependent on cocoa since the country gained independence nearly 15 years ago. Since then, however, cocoa production has gradually deteriorated because of drought and mismanagement, so that by 1987 output had fallen to less than 50% of its former levels. As a result, a shortage of cocoa for export has created a serious balance-of-payments problem. Production of less important crops, such as coffee, copra, and palm kernels, has also declined. The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports by a ratio of 4 to 1. The emphasis on cocoa production at the expense of other food crops has meant that Sao Tome has to import 90% of food needs. It also has to import all fuels and most manufactured goods. Over the years, Sao Tome has been unable to service its external debt, which amounts to roughly 80% of export earnings. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also implemented a Five-Year Plan covering 1986-90 to restructure the economy and reschedule external debt service payments in cooperation with the International Development Association and Western lenders. _#_GDP: $46.0 million, per capita $380; real growth rate 1.5% (1989) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 36% (1989 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $10.2 million; expenditures $36.8 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (1989) _#_Exports: $5.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--cocoa 85%, copra, coffee, palm oil; partners--FRG, GDR, Netherlands, China _#_Imports: $26.8 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--machinery and electrical equipment 54%, food products 23%, other 23%; partners--Portugal, GDR, Angola, China _#_External debt: $110 million (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 7.1% (1986) _#_Electricity: 5,000 kW capacity; 12 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: light construction, shirts, soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing _#_Agriculture: dominant sector of economy, primary source of exports; cash crops--cocoa (85%), coconuts, palm kernels, coffee; food products--bananas, papaya, beans, poultry, fish; not self-sufficient in food grain and meat _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $8 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $59 million _#_Currency: dobra (plural--dobras); 1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos _#_Exchange rates: dobras (Db) per US$1--122.48 (December 1988), 72.827 (1987), 36.993 (1986), 41.195 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 300 km (two-thirds are paved); roads on Principe are mostly unpaved and in need of repair _#_Ports: Sao Tome, Santo Antonio _#_Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: minimal system; 2,200 telephones; stations--1 AM, 2 FM, no TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, National Police _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 28,984; 15,287 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, 1.6% of GDP (1980) _%_ FCHAR  ."/\[]:|<>+=;,DBCS (C) Copyright Microsoft Corp 1981,1987 Version 3.30 tY_@_Saudi Arabia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 2,149,690 km2; land area: 2,149,690 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than one-fourth the size of US _#_Land boundaries: 4,410 km total; Iraq 488 km, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone 198 km, Jordan 742 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 40 km, UAE 586 km, Yemen 1,458 km _#_Coastline: 2,510 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 18 nm; Continental shelf: not specific; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: no defined boundaries with Yemen and UAE; shares Neutral Zone with Iraq--in December 1981, Iraq and Saudi Arabia signed a boundary agreement that divides the zone between them, but the agreement must be ratified before it becomes effective; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and Umm al Maradim Islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia _#_Climate: harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature _#_Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert _#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper _#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 39%; forest and woodland 1%; other 59%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal seawater desalination facilities; desertification _#_Note: extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal _*_People _#_Population: 17,869,558 (July 1991), growth rate 4.2% (1991); note--the population figure is based on growth since the last official Saudi census of 1974 that reported a total of 7 million persons and included foreign workers; estimates from other sources may be 15-30% lower _#_Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 12 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 69 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 68 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Saudi(s); adjective--Saudi or Saudi Arabian _#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10% _#_Religion: Muslim 100% _#_Language: Arabic _#_Literacy: 62% (male 73%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 4,200,000; about 60% are foreign workers; government 34%, industry and oil 28%, services 22%, and agriculture 16% _#_Organized labor: trade unions are illegal _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia _#_Type: monarchy _#_Capital: Riyadh _#_Administrative divisions: 14 emirates (imarat, singular--imarah); Al Bahah, Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah, Al Jawf, Al Madinah, Al Qasim, Al Qurayyat, Ar Riyad, Ash Sharqiyah, Asir, Hail, Jizan, Makkah, Najran, Tabuk _#_Independence: 23 September 1932 (unification) _#_Constitution: none; governed according to Sharia (Islamic law) _#_Legal system: based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Unification of the Kingdom, 23 September (1932) _#_Executive branch: monarch and prime minister, crown prince and deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers _#_Legislative branch: none _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Council of Justice _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--King and Prime Minister FAHD bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and Deputy Prime Minister ABDALLAH bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (half-brother to the King, appointed heir to the throne 13 June 1982) _#_Suffrage: none _#_Elections: none _#_Communists: negligible _#_Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador BANDAR Bin Sultan; Chancery at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-3800; there are Saudi Arabian Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, and New York; US--Ambassador Charles W. FREEMAN, Jr.; Embassy at Collector Road M, Diplomatic Quarter, Riyadh (mailing address is P. O. Box 9041, Riyadh 11143, or APO New York 09038); telephone [966] (1) 488-3800; there are US Consulates General in Dhahran and Jiddah (Jeddah) _#_Flag: green with large white Arabic script (that may be translated as There is no God but God; Muhammad is the Messenger of God) above a white horizontal saber (the tip points to the hoist side); green is the traditional color of Islam _*_Economy _#_Overview: The petroleum sector accounts for roughly 70% of budget revenues, 33% of GDP, and almost all export earnings. Saudi Arabia has the largest reserves of petroleum in the world, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, plays a leading role in OPEC, and invests substantial amounts abroad. _#_GDP: $79 billion, per capita $4,800; real growth rate 0.5% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: 0% (1989 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $31.5 billion; expenditures $38.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.9 billion (1990) _#_Exports: $28.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum and petroleum products 85%; partners--US 22%, Japan 20%, Singapore 7%, France 5% _#_Imports: $19.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials, processed food products; partners--UK 17%, US 15%, Japan 12%, FRG 6% _#_External debt: $18.9 billion (December 1989 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 1.1% (1989 est.); accounts for 37% of GDP, including petroleum _#_Electricity: 25,205,000 kW capacity; 50,500 million kWh produced, 2,950 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: crude oil production, petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement, small steel-rolling mill, construction, fertilizer, plastic _#_Agriculture: accounts for about 10% of GDP, 16% of labor force; fastest growing economic sector; subsidized by government; products--wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus fruit, mutton, chickens, eggs, milk; approaching self-sufficiency in food _#_Economic aid: donor--pledged $64.7 billion in bilateral aid (1979-89) _#_Currency: Saudi riyal (plural--riyals); 1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalas _#_Exchange rates: Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1--3.7450 (fixed rate since late 1986), 3.7033 (1986), 3.6221 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge _#_Highways: 74,000 km total; 35,000 km bituminous, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth _#_Pipelines: 6,400 km crude oil; 150 km refined products; 2,200 km natural gas, includes 1,600 km of natural gas liquids _#_Ports: Jiddah, Ad Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu al Bahr, Yanbu al Sinaiyah _#_Merchant marine: 84 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,492,174 GRT/2,436,635 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 6 short-sea passenger, 14 cargo, 12 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 container, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 livestock carrier, 26 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 8 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 1 bulk _#_Civil air: 182 major transport aircraft available _#_Airports: 207 total, 188 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways over 3,659 m; 38 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 103 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: good system with extensive microwave and coaxial cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones; stations--21 AM, 16 FM, 97 TV; radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait; submarine cable to Djibouti and Egypt; earth stations--3 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 INMARSAT, 1 ARABSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, National Guard, Coast Guard, Frontier Force, Special Security Force, Public Security Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,663,217; 3,724,610 fit for military service; 165,167 reach military age (17) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $13.9 billion, 16.9% of GDP (1990 est.) _%_ _@_Senegal _*_Geography _#_Total area: 196,190 km2; land area: 192,000 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Dakota _#_Land boundaries: 2,640 km total; The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km _#_Coastline: 531 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 24 nm; Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm; Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: short section of the boundary with The Gambia is indefinite; the International Court of Justice (ICJ) rendered its decision on the Guinea-Bissau/Senegal maritime boundary in favor of Senegal--that decision has been rejected by Guinea-Bissau; boundary with Mauritania _#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind _#_Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast _#_Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore _#_Land use: arable land 27%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and woodland 31%; other 12%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification _#_Note: The Gambia is almost an enclave _*_People _#_Population: 7,952,657 (July 1991), growth rate 3.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 86 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 56 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Senegalese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Senegalese _#_Ethnic divisions: Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 9%, Mandingo 9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2% _#_Religion: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly Roman Catholic) _#_Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo _#_Literacy: 38% (male 52%, female 25%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners--private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%; 52% of population of working age (1985) _#_Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying membership very limited; major confederation is National Confederation of Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of governing party _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Senegal _#_Type: republic under multiparty democratic rule _#_Capital: Dakar _#_Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular--region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor _#_Independence: 4 April 1960 (from France); The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 (effective 1 February 1982) that called for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989 _#_Constitution: 3 March 1963, last revised in 1984 _#_Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981); Head of Government--Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), President Abdou DIOUF; Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye WADE; 13 other small uninfluential parties _#_Suffrage: universal at age 21 _#_Elections: President--last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993); results--Abdou DIOUF (PS) 73%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 26%, other 1%; National Assembly--last held 28 February 1988 (next to be held February 1993); results--PS 71%, PDS 25%, other 4%; seats--(120 total) PS 103, PDS 17 _#_Communists: small number of Communists and sympathizers _#_Other political or pressure groups: students, teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhoods _#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ibra Deguene KA; Chancery at 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-0540 or 0541; US--Ambassador George E. MOOSE; Embassy on Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar (mailing address is B. P. 49, Dakar); telephone [221] 23-42-96 or 23-34-24 _#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia _*_Economy _#_Overview: The agricultural sector accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides employment for about 75% of the labor force. About 40% of the total cultivated land is used to grow peanuts, an important export crop. The principal economic resource is fishing, which brought in about $200 million or about 25% of total foreign exchange earnings in 1987. Mining is dominated by the extraction of phosphate, but production has faltered because of reduced worldwide demand for fertilizers in recent years. Over the past 10 years tourism has become increasingly important to the economy. _#_GDP: $4.6 billion, per capita $615; real growth rate 0.6% (1989) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.4% (1989 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: 3.5% (1987) _#_Budget: revenues $921 million; expenditures $1,024 million; including capital expenditures of $14 million (FY89 est.) _#_Exports: $801 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--manufactures 30%, fish products 27%, peanuts 11%, petroleum products 11%, phosphates 10%; partners--US, France, other EC, Ivory Coast, India _#_Imports: $1.0 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.); commodities--semimanufactures 30%, food 27%, durable consumer goods 17%, petroleum 12%, capital goods 14%; partners--US, France, other EC, Nigeria, Algeria, China, Japan _#_External debt: $4.1 billion (1989) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1989); accounts for 17% of GDP _#_Electricity: 210,000 kW capacity; 760 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: fishing, agricultural processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, building materials _#_Agriculture: including fishing, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than 75% of labor force; major products--peanuts (cash crop), millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; estimated two-thirds self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 299,000 metric tons in 1987 _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $551 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $589 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $295 million _#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes _#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; all single track except 70 km double track Dakar to Thies _#_Highways: 14,000 km total; 3,770 km paved, 10,230 km laterite or improved earth _#_Inland waterways: 900 km total; 785 km on the Senegal, 115 km on the Saloum _#_Ports: Dakar, Kaolack _#_Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 9,263 GRT/15,167 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 bulk _#_Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 25 total, 20 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: above-average urban system, using radio relay and cable; 40,200 telephones; stations--8 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie; Surete Nationale _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,749,540; 913,806 fit for military service; 91,607 reach military age (18) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $100 million, 2% of GDP (1989 est.) _%_ _@_Seychelles _*_Geography _#_Total area: 455 km2; land area: 455 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly more than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 491 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: claims Tromelin Island _#_Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May) _#_Terrain: Mahe Group is granitic, narrow coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral, flat, elevated reefs _#_Natural resources: fish, copra, cinnamon trees _#_Land use: arable land 4%; permanent crops 18%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 18%; other 60% _#_Environment: lies outside the cyclone belt, so severe storms are rare; short droughts possible; no fresh water, catchments collect rain; 40 granitic and about 50 coralline islands _#_Note: located north-northeast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean _*_People _#_Population: 68,932 (July 1991), growth rate 0.9% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 23 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 8 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 15 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 75 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.5 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Seychellois (sing. and pl.); adjective--Seychelles _#_Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans) _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 90%, Anglican 8%, other 2% _#_Language: English and French (official); Creole _#_Literacy: 58% (male 56%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) _#_Labor force: 27,700; industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985); 57% of population of working age (1983) _#_Organized labor: three major trade unions _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Seychelles _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Victoria _#_Administrative divisions: 23 administrative districts; Anse aux Pins, Anse Boileau, Anse Etoile, Anse Louis, Anse Royale, Baie Lazare, Baie Sainte Anne, Beau Vallon, Bel Air, Bel Ombre, Cascade, Glacis, Grand' Anse (on Mahe Island), Grand' Anse (on Praslin Island), La Digue, La Riviere Anglaise, Mont Buxton, Mont Fleuri, Plaisance, Pointe La Rue, Port Glaud, Saint Louis, Takamaka _#_Independence: 29 June 1976 (from UK) _#_Constitution: 5 June 1979 _#_Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law _#_National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 5 June (1977) _#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers _#_Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assemblee du Peuple) _#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977) _#_Political parties and leaders: only party--Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF), France Albert RENE _#_Suffrage: universal at age 17 _#_Elections: President--last held 9-11 June 1989 (next to be held June 1994); results--President France Albert RENE reelected without opposition; National Assembly--last held 5 December 1987 (next to be held December 1992); results--SPPF is the only party; seats--(25 total, 23 elected) SPPF 23 _#_Communists: negligible, although some Cabinet ministers espouse pro-Soviet line _#_Other political or pressure groups: trade unions, Roman Catholic Church _#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Second Secretary, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Marc R. MARENGO; Chancery (temporary) at 820 Second Avenue, Suite 201, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 687-9766; US--Ambassador James B. MORAN; Embassy at 4th Floor, Victoria House, Victoria (mailing address is Box 148, Victoria, and Victoria House, Box 251, Victoria, Mahe, Seychelles, or APO New York 09030-0006); telephone (248) 25256 _#_Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), white (wavy), and green; the white band is the thinnest, the red band is the thickest _*_Economy _#_Overview: In this small, open, tropical island economy, the tourist industry employs about 30% of the labor force and provides the main source of hard currency earnings. In recent years the government has encouraged foreign investment in order to upgrade hotels and other services. At the same time, the government has moved to reduce the high dependence on tourism by promoting the development of farming, fishing, and small-scale manufacturing. _#_GDP: $283 million, per capita $4,100; real growth rate 7.0% (1989) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: 9% (1987) _#_Budget: revenues $170 million; expenditures $173 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989) _#_Exports: $31 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--fish, copra, cinnamon bark, petroleum products (reexports); partners--France 63%, Pakistan 12%, Reunion 10%, UK 7% (1987) _#_Imports: $164 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--manufactured goods, food, tobacco, beverages, machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products; partners--UK 20%, France 14%, South Africa 13%, PDRY 13%, Singapore 8%, Japan 6% (1987) _#_External debt: $171 million (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 7% (1987); accounts for 10% of GDP _#_Electricity: 25,000 kW capacity; 67 million kWh produced, 960 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: tourism, processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, coir rope factory, boat building, printing, furniture, beverage _#_Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP, mostly subsistence farming; cash crops--coconuts, cinnamon, vanilla; other products--sweet potatoes, cassava, bananas; broiler chickens; large share of food needs imported; expansion of tuna fishing under way _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $26 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1978-88), $310 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $60 million _#_Currency: Seychelles rupee (plural--rupees); 1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Seychelles rupees (SR) per US$1--5.0878 (January 1991), 5.3369 (1990), 5.6457 (1989), 5.3836 (1988), 5.6000 (1987), 6.1768 (1986), 7.1343 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 260 km total; 160 km bituminous, 100 km crushed stone or earth _#_Ports: Victoria _#_Merchant marine: 1 refrigerated cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,827 GRT/2,170 DWT _#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 14 total, 14 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: direct radio communications with adjacent islands and African coastal countries; 13,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; USAF tracking station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Presidential Protection Unit, Police Force, Militia _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 17,399; 8,933 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $12 million, 6% of GDP (1990 est.) _%_ _@_Sierra Leone _*_Geography _#_Total area: 71,740 km2; land area: 71,620 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than South Carolina _#_Land boundaries: 958 km total; Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km _#_Coastline: 402 km _#_Maritime claims: Territorial sea: 200 nm _#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April) _#_Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps, wooded hill country, upland plateau, mountains in east _#_Natural resources: diamonds, titanium ore, bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite _#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and woodland 29%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: extensive mangrove swamps hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil degradation _*_People _#_Population: 4,274,543 (July 1991), growth rate 2.6% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 151 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 48 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.1 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Sierra Leonean(s); adjective--Sierra Leonean _#_Ethnic divisions: native African 99% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%); Creole, European, Lebanese, and Asian 1%; 13 tribes _#_Religion: Muslim 30%, indigenous beliefs 30%, Christian 10%, other or none 30% _#_Language: English (official); regular use limited to literate minority; principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; Krio is the language of the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area and is lingua franca _#_Literacy: 21% (male 31%, female 11%) age 15 and over can read and write English, Mende, Temne, or Arabic (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 1,369,000 (est.); agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981); only about 65,000 earn wages (1985); 55% of population of working age _#_Organized labor: 35% of wage earners _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Sierra Leone _#_Type: republic under presidential regime _#_Capital: Freetown _#_Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Eastern, Northern, Southern, Western _#_Independence: 27 April 1961 (from UK) _#_Constitution: 14 June 1978 _#_Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Republic Day, 27 April (1961) _#_Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH (since 28 November 1985); First Vice President Abu Bakar KAMARA (since 4 April 1987); Second Vice President Salia JUSU-SHERIFF (since 4 April 1987) _#_Political parties and leaders: only party--All People's Congress (APC), Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH; note--constitutional referendum to adopt a multiparty system is scheduled for June 1991 _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 1 October 1985 (next to be held October 1992); results--Gen. Joseph Saidu MOMOH was elected without opposition; House of Representatives--last held 30 May 1986 (next to be held February 1992); results--APC is the only party; seats--(127 total, 105 elected) APC 105 _#_Communists: no party, although there are a few Communists and a slightly larger number of sympathizers _#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador George CAREW; Chancery at 1701 19th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-9261; US--Ambassador Johnny YOUNG; Embassy at the corner of Walpole and Siaka Stevens Street, Freetown; telephone [232] (22) 26481 _#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of light green (top), white, and light blue _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economic and social infrastructure is not well developed. Subsistence agriculture dominates the economy, generating about one-third of GDP and employing about two-thirds of the working population. Manufacturing accounts for less than 10% of GDP, consisting mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. Diamond mining provides an important source of hard currency. The economy suffers from high unemployment, rising inflation, large trade deficits, and a growing dependency on foreign assistance. The government in 1990 was attempting to get the budget deficit under control and, in general, to bring economic policy in line with the recommendations of the IMF and the World Bank. _#_GDP: $1,302 million, per capita $325; real growth rate 1.8% (FY89) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): over 100% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $134 million; expenditures $187 million, including capital expenditures of $32 million (FY91 est.) _#_Exports: $138 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--rutile 50%, bauxite 17%, cocoa 11%, diamonds 3%, coffee 3%; partners--US, UK, Belgium, FRG, other Western Europe _#_Imports: $183 million (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--capital goods 40%, food 32%, petroleum 12%, consumer goods 7%, light industrial goods; partners--US, EC, Japan, China, Nigeria _#_External debt: $632 million (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 19% (FY88 est.); accounts for 8% of GDP _#_Electricity: 83,000 kW capacity; 180 million kWh produced, 45 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: mining (diamonds, bauxite, rutile), small-scale manufacturing (beverages, textiles, cigarettes, footwear), petroleum refinery _#_Agriculture: accounts for over 30% of GDP and two-thirds of the labor force; largely subsistence farming; cash crops--coffee, cocoa, palm kernels; harvests of food staple rice meets 80% of domestic needs; annual fish catch averages 53,000 metric tons _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $161 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $698 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $18 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $101 million _#_Currency: leone (plural--leones); 1 leone (Le) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: leones per US$1--196.0784 (January 1991), 144.9275 (1990), 58.1395 (1989), 31.2500 (1988), 30.7692 (1987), 8.3963 (1986), 4.7304 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 84 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge mineral line is used on a limited basis because the mine at Marampa is closed _#_Highways: 7,400 km total; 1,150 km bituminous, 490 km laterite (some gravel), remainder improved earth _#_Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year round _#_Ports: Freetown, Pepel _#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 12 total, 8 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: marginal telephone and telegraph service; national microwave radio relay system unserviceable at present; 23,650 telephones; stations--1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Police _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 939,214; 453,877 fit for military service; no conscription _#_Defense expenditures: $6 million, 0.7% of GDP (1988 est.) _%_ _@_Singapore _*_Geography _#_Total area: 632.6 km2; land area: 622.6 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 193 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive fishing zone: not specific; Territorial sea: 3 nm _#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no pronounced rainy or dry seasons; thunderstorms occur on 40% of all days (67% of days in April) _#_Terrain: lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve _#_Natural resources: fish, deepwater ports _#_Land use: arable land 4%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 5%; other 84% _#_Environment: mostly urban and industrialized _#_Note: focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes _*_People _#_Population: 2,756,330 (July 1991), growth rate 1.3% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 77 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.0 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Singaporean(s), adjective--Singapore _#_Ethnic divisions: Chinese 76.4%, Malay 14.9%, Indian 6.4%, other 2.3% _#_Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays are nearly all Muslim (minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists) _#_Language: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English (all official); Malay (national) _#_Literacy: 88% (male 93%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 1,280,000; financial, business, and other services 35.3%, manufacturing 29.0%, commerce 22.8%, construction 6.6%, other 6.3% (1989) _#_Organized labor: 210,000; 16.1% of labor force (1989) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Singapore _#_Type: republic within Commonwealth _#_Capital: Singapore _#_Administrative divisions: none _#_Independence: 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia) _#_Constitution: 3 June 1959, amended 1965; based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution _#_Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: National Day, 9 August (1965) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President WEE Kim Wee (since 3 September 1985); Head of Government--Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990); Deputy Prime Minister ONG Teng Cheong (since 2 January 1985) _#_Political parties and leaders: government--People's Action Party (PAP), LEE Kuan Yew, secretary general; opposition--Workers' Party (WP), J. B. JEYARETNAM; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), CHIAM See Tong; National Solidarity Party (NSP), SOON Kia Seng; United People's Front (UPF), Harbans SINGH; Barisan Sosialis (BS, Socialist Front), leader NA _#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 20 _#_Elections: President--last held 31 August 1989 (next to be held August 1993); results--President WEE Kim Wee was reelected by Parliament without opposition; Parliament--last held 3 September 1988 (next to be held 31 August 1991); results--PAP 61.8%, WP 18.4%, SDP 11.5%, NSP 3.7%, UPF 1.3%, other 3.3%; seats--(81 total) PAP 80, SDP 1; note--BS has 1 nonvoting seat _#_Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists; note--Communist party illegal _#_Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WHO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador S. R. NATHAN; Chancery at 1824 R Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 667-7555; US--Ambassador Robert D. ORR; Embassy at 30 Hill Street, Singapore 0617 (mailing address is FPO San Francisco 96699); telephone [65] 338-0251 _#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle _*_Economy _#_Overview: Singapore has an open entrepreneurial economy with strong service and manufacturing sectors and excellent international trading links derived from its entrepot history. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the economy expanded rapidly, achieving an average annual growth rate of 9%. Per capita GDP is among the highest in Asia. In 1985 the economy registered its first drop in 20 years and achieved less than a 2% increase in 1986. Recovery was strong based on rising demand for Singapore's products in OECD countries and improved competitiveness of domestic manufactures. The economy grew 8.3% in 1990. Singapore's position as a major oil refining and services center helped it weather the Persian Gulf crisis. _#_GDP: $34.6 billion, per capita $12,700; real growth rate 8.3% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.4% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 1.7% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $8.0 billion; expenditures $7.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.4 billion (FY90 est.) _#_Exports: $52.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--includes transshipments to Malaysia--petroleum products, rubber, electronics, manufactured goods; partners--US 21%, EC 14%, Malaysia 13%, Japan 9% _#_Imports: $60.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--includes transshipments from Malaysia--capital equipment, petroleum, chemicals, manufactured goods, foodstuffs; partners--Japan 20%, US 16%, Malaysia 14%, EC 13% _#_External debt: $3.9 billion (1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 9% (1990 est.); accounts for 29% of GDP (1989) _#_Electricity: 4,000,000 kW capacity; 14,400 million kWh produced, 5,300 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: petroleum refining, electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, financial services, biotechnology _#_Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy; self-sufficient in poultry and eggs; must import much of other food; major crops--rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $590 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $882 million _#_Currency: Singapore dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Singapore dollars per US$1--1.7454 (January 1991), 1.8125 (1990), 1.9503 (1989), 2.0124 (1988), 2.1060 (1987), 2.1774 (1986), 2.2002 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge _#_Highways: 2,597 km total (1984) _#_Ports: Singapore _#_Merchant marine: 435 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,259,085 GRT/13,553,438 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 121 cargo, 66 container, 6 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 refrigerated cargo, 18 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 118 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 chemical tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 75 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note--many Singapore flag ships are foreign owned _#_Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft (est.) _#_Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and television broadcast coverage; 1,110,000 telephones; stations--13 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; submarine cables extend to Malaysia (Sabah and peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 842,721; 625,546 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $1.7 billion, 4% of GDP (1990 est.) _%_ _@_Solomon Islands _*_Geography _#_Total area: 28,450 km2; land area: 27,540 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 5,313 km _#_Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines); Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather _#_Terrain: mostly rugged mountains with some low coral atolls _#_Natural resources: fish, forests, gold, bauxite, phosphates _#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 93%; other 4% _#_Environment: subject to typhoons, which are rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earth tremors _#_Note: located just east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean _*_People _#_Population: 347,115 (July 1991), growth rate 3.5% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 40 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Solomon Islander(s); adjective--Solomon Islander _#_Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 93.0%, Polynesian 4.0%, Micronesian 1.5%, European 0.8%, Chinese 0.3%, other 0.4% _#_Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, Baptist 17%, United (Methodist/Presbyterian) 11%, Seventh-Day Adventist 10%, other Protestant 5% _#_Language: 120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population _#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: 23,448 economically active; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%; services 25%; construction, manufacturing, and mining 7.0%; commerce, transport, and finance 4.7% (1984) _#_Organized labor: NA, but most of the cash-economy workers have trade union representation _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth _#_Capital: Honiara _#_Administrative divisions: 7 provinces and 1 town*; Central, Guadalcanal, Honiara*, Isabel, Makira, Malaita, Temotu, Western _#_Independence: 7 July 1978 (from UK; formerly British Solomon Islands) _#_Constitution: 7 July 1978 _#_Legal system: common law _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 7 July (1978) _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Parliament _#_Judicial branch: High Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General George LEPPING (since 27 June 1989, previously acted as governor general since 7 July 1988); Head of Government--Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI (since 28 March 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Sir Baddeley DEVESI (since NA October 1990) _#_Political parties and leaders: People's Alliance Party (PAP); United Party (UP), Sir Peter KENILOREA; Solomon Islands Liberal Party (SILP), Bartholemew ULUFA'ALU; Nationalist Front for Progress (NFP), Andrew NORI; Labor Party (LP), Joses TUHANUKU _#_Suffrage: universal at age 21 _#_Elections: National Parliament--last held 22 February 1989 (next to be held February 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(38 total) PAP 13, UP 6, NFP 4, SILP 4, LP 2, independents 9 _#_Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant) resides in Honiara (Solomon Islands); US--the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to the Solomon Islands; Embassy at Mud Alley, Honiara (mailing address is American Embassy, P. O. Box 561, Honiara); telephone (677) 23890 _#_Flag: divided diagonally by a thin yellow stripe from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is blue with five white five-pointed stars arranged in an X pattern; the lower triangle is green _*_Economy _#_Overview: About 90% of the population depend on subsistence agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of their livelihood. Agriculture, fishing, and forestry contribute about 75% to GDP, with the fishing and forestry sectors being important export earners. The service sector contributes about 25% to GDP. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. The economy suffered from a severe cyclone in mid-1986 that caused widespread damage to the infrastructure. _#_GDP: $156 million, per capita $500 (1988); real growth rate 5.0% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.9% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $44 million; expenditures $45 million, including capital expenditures of $22 million (1989 est.) _#_Exports: $75 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--fish 46%, timber 31%, copra 5%, palm oil 5%; partners--Japan 51%, UK 12%, Thailand 9%, Netherlands 8%, Australia 2%, US 2% (1985) _#_Imports: $117 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--plant and machinery 30%, fuel 19%, food 16%; partners--Japan 36%, US 23%, Singapore 9%, UK 9%, NZ 9%, Australia 4%, Hong Kong 4%, China 3% (1985) _#_External debt: $128 million (1988 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1987); accounts for 5% of GDP _#_Electricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 39 million kWh produced, 115 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: copra, fish (tuna) _#_Agriculture: including fishing and forestry, accounts for about 75% of GDP; mostly subsistence farming; cash crops--cocoa, beans, coconuts, palm kernels, timber; other products--rice, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, cattle, pigs; not self-sufficient in food grains; 90% of the total fish catch of 44,500 metric tons was exported (1988) _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1985), $16.1 million _#_Currency: Solomon Islands dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1--2.5934 (January 1991), 2.5288 (1990), 2.2932 (1989), 2.0825 (1988), 2.0033 (1987), 1.7415 (1986), 1.4808 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km sealed, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800 private logging and plantation roads of varied construction _#_Ports: Honiara, Ringi Cove _#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 31 total, 29 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Police Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 77,169; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Somalia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 637,660 km2; land area: 627,340 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Texas _#_Land boundaries: 2,340 km total; Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km _#_Coastline: 3,025 km _#_Maritime claims: Territorial sea: 200 nm _#_Disputes: southern half of boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible claims to Djibouti and parts of Ethiopia and Kenya based on unification of ethnic Somalis _#_Climate: desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), cooler southwest monsoon (May to October); irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons _#_Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north _#_Natural resources: uranium, and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt _#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and woodland 14%; other 38%; includes irrigated 3% _#_Environment: recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification _#_Note: strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal _*_People _#_Population: 6,709,161 (July 1991), growth rate 3.3% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 116 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 56 years male, 56 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 7.2 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Somali(s); adjective--Somali _#_Ethnic divisions: Somali 85%, rest mainly Bantu; Arabs 30,000, Europeans 3,000, Asians 800 _#_Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim _#_Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian, English _#_Literacy: 24% (male 36%, female 14%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 2,200,000; very few are skilled laborers; pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other 30%; 53% of population of working age (1985) _#_Organized labor: General Federation of Somali Trade Unions is controlled by the government _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Somali Democratic Republic _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Mogadishu _#_Administrative divisions: 16 regions (plural--NA, singular--gobolka); Bakool, Banaadir, Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Togdheer, Woqooyi Galbeed _#_Independence: 1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to form the Somali Republic) _#_Constitution: 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 _#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 21 October (1969) _#_Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Golaha Shacbiga) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Interim President ALI Mahdi Mohamed (since 27 January 1991); Head of Government--Prime Minister OMAR Arteh Ghalib (since 27 January 1991); Deputy Prime Minister MOHAMED Abshir Mussa (since 27 January 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the former regime on 27 January 1991; note--formerly the only party was the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), headed by former President and Commander in Chief of the Army Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad BARRE _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 23 December 1986 (next to be held NA); results--President Siad was reelected without opposition; People's Assembly--last held 31 December 1984 (next to be held NA); results--SRSP was the only party; seats--(177 total, 171 elected) SRSP 171; note--the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Maj. Gen. Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27 January 1991; the provisional government has promised that a democratically elected government will be established _#_Communists: probably some Communist sympathizers in the government hierarchy _#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador ABDIKARIM Ali Omar; Chancery at Suite 710, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 342-1575; there is a Somali Consulate General in New York; US--Ambassador James K. BISHOP; Embassy at K-7, AFGOI Road, Mogadishu (mailing address is P. O. Box 574, Mogadishu); telephone [252] (01) 39971; note--US Embassy evacuated and closed indefinitely in January 1991 _#_Flag: light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory) _*_Economy _#_Overview: One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few resources. Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, with the livestock sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads and seminomads who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihoods make up more than half of the population. Crop production generates only 10% of GDP and employs about 20% of the work force. The main export crop is bananas; sugar, sorghum, and corn are grown for the domestic market. The small industrial sector is based on the processing of agricultural products and accounts for less than 10% of GDP. Serious economic problems facing the nation are the external debt of $1.9 billion and double-digit inflation. _#_GDP: $1.7 billion, per capita $210; real growth rate - 1.4% (1988) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 81.7% (1988 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $190 million; expenditures $195 million, including capital expenditures of $111 million (1989 est.) _#_Exports: $58.0 million (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--livestock, hides, skins, bananas, fish; partners--US 0.5%, Saudi Arabia, Italy, FRG (1986) _#_Imports: $354.0 million (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--textiles, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials; partners--US 13%, Italy, FRG, Kenya, UK, Saudi Arabia (1986) _#_External debt: $1.9 billion (1989) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 5.0% (1988); accounts for 5% of GDP _#_Electricity: 72,000 kW capacity; 60 million kWh produced, 7 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum refining _#_Agriculture: dominant sector, led by livestock raising (cattle, sheep, goats); crops--bananas, sorghum, corn, mangoes, sugarcane; not self-sufficient in food; fishing potential largely unexploited _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $639 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $3.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $336 million _#_Currency: Somali shilling (plural--shillings); 1 Somali shilling (So.Sh.) = 100 centesimi _#_Exchange rates: Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1--3,800.00 (December 1990), 490.7 (1989), 170.45 (1988), 105.18 (1987), 72.00 (1986), 39.49 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 15,215 km total; including 2,335 km bituminous surface, 2,880 km gravel, and 10,000 km improved earth or stabilized soil (1983) _#_Pipelines: 15 km crude oil _#_Ports: Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimayu _#_Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,913 GRT/9,457 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo _#_Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 61 total, 46 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: minimal telephone and telegraph service; radio relay and troposcatter system centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; scheduled to receive an ARABSAT station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Somali National Army (including Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense Force), National Police Force, National Security Service _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,601,690; 902,732 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_South Africa _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1,221,040 km2; land area: 1,221,040 km2; includes Walvis Bay, Marion Island, and Prince Edward Island _#_Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Texas _#_Land boundaries: 4,973 km total; Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, Namibia 1,078 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km _#_Coastline: 2,881 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: claim by Namibia to Walvis Bay exclave and 12 offshore islands administered by South Africa _#_Climate: mostly semiarid; subtropical along coast; sunny days, cool nights _#_Terrain: vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain _#_Natural resources: gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas _#_Land use: arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 65%; forest and woodland 3%; other 21%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water conservation and control measures _#_Note: Walvis Bay is an exclave of South Africa in Namibia; South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely surrounds Swaziland _*_People _#_Population: 40,600,518 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991); includes the 10 so-called homelands, which are not recognized by the US; four independent homelands--Bophuthatswana 2,419,515, growth rate 2.83%; Ciskei 1,056,552, growth rate 2.96%; Transkei 4,553,994, growth rate 4.16%; Venda 691,273, growth rate 3.83%; six other homelands--Gazankulu 772,532, growth rate 3.98%; Kangwane 576,573, growth rate 3.62%; KwaNdebele 360,582, growth rate 3.38%; KwaZulu 5,546,082, growth rate 3.60%; Lebowa 2,812,630, growth rate 3.91%; QwaQwa 277,957, growth rate 3.60% _#_Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 51 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 67 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 4.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--South African(s); adjective--South African _#_Ethnic divisions: black 75.2%, white 13.6%, Colored 8.6%, Indian 2.6% _#_Religion: most whites and Coloreds and about 60% of blacks are Christian; about 60% of Indians are Hindu; Muslim 20% _#_Language: Afrikaans, English (both official); many vernacular languages, including Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho, Tswana _#_Literacy: 76% (male 78%, female 75%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) _#_Labor force: 11,000,000 economically active (1989); services 34%, agriculture 30%, industry and commerce 29%, mining 7% (1985) _#_Organized labor: about 17% of total labor force is unionized; African unions represent 15% of black labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of South Africa; abbreviated RSA _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein _#_Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; Cape, Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal; there are 10 homelands not recognized by the US--4 independent (Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, Venda) and 6 other (Gazankulu, Kangwane, KwaNdebele, KwaZulu, Lebowa, QwaQwa) _#_Independence: 31 May 1910 (from UK) _#_Constitution: 3 September 1984 _#_Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May (1910) _#_Executive branch: state president, Executive Council (cabinet), Ministers' Councils (from the three houses of Parliament) _#_Legislative branch: tricameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of the House of Assembly (Volksraad; whites), House of Representatives (Raad van Verteenwoordigers; Coloreds), and House of Delegates (Raad van Afgevaardigdes; Indians) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--State President Frederik W. DE KLERK (since 13 September 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: white political parties and leaders--National Party (NP), Frederik W. DE KLERK (majority party); Conservative Party (CP), Dr. Andries P. TREURNICHT (official opposition party); Herstigte National Party (HNP), Jaap MARAIS; Democratic Party (DP), Zach DE BEER; Colored political parties and leaders--Labor Party (LP), Allan HENDRICKSE (majority party); Democratic Reform Party (DRP), Carter EBRAHIM; United Democratic Party (UDP), Jac RABIE; Freedom Party; Indian political parties and leaders--Solidarity, J. N. REDDY (majority party); National People's Party (NPP), Amichand RAJBANSI; Merit People's Party _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18, but voting rights are racially based _#_Elections: House of Assembly (whites)--last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by March 1995); results--NP 58%, CP 23%, DP 19%; seats--(178 total, 166 elected) NP 103, CP 41, DP 34; House of Representatives (Coloreds)--last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by September 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(85 total, 80 elected) LP 69, DRP 5, UDP 3, Freedom Party 1, independents 2; House of Delegates (Indians)--last held 6 September 1989 (next to be held by September 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(45 total, 40 elected) Solidarity 16, NPP 9, Merit People's Party 3, United Party 2, Democratic Party 2, People's Party 1, National Federal Party 1, independents 6 _#_Communists: small Communist party legalized in 1990 after 30-year ban, Daniel TLOOME, chairman, and Joe SLOVO, general secretary _#_Other political or pressure groups: African National Congress (ANC), Nelson MANDELA, president; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), Clarence MAKWETU, president _#_Member of: BIS, CCC, ECA, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTELSAT, ISO, ITU, LORCS, SACU, UN, UNCTAD, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO (suspended) _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Harry SCHWARZ; Chancery at 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4400; there are South African Consulates General in Beverly Hills (California), Chicago, Houston, and New York; US--Ambassador William L. SWING; Embassy at Thibault House, 225 Pretorius Street, Pretoria; telephone [27] (12) 28-4266; there are US Consulates General in Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg _#_Flag: actually four flags in one--three miniature flags reproduced in the center of the white band of the former flag of the Netherlands which has three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and blue; the miniature flags are a vertically hanging flag of the old Orange Free State with a horizontal flag of the UK adjoining on the hoist side and a horizontal flag of the old Transvaal Republic adjoining on the other side _*_Economy _#_Overview: Many of the white one-seventh of the South African population enjoy incomes, material comforts, and health and educational standards equal to those of Western Europe. In contrast, most of the remaining population suffers from the poverty patterns of the Third World, including unemployment, lack of job skills, and barriers to movement into higher-paying fields. Inputs and outputs thus do not move smoothly into the most productive employments, and the effectiveness of the market is further lowered by international constraints on dealings with South Africa. The main strength of the economy lies in its rich mineral resources, which provide two-thirds of exports. Average growth of less than 2% in output in recent years falls far short of the 5-6% level needed to cut into the high unemployment rate. _#_GDP: $101.7 billion, per capita $2,600; real growth rate - 0.9% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14.4% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 22% (1989); blacks 25-30%, up to 50% in homelands (1988 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $28.9 billion; expenditures $32.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.1 billion (FY92 est.) _#_Exports: $23.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--gold 39%, minerals and metals 33%, food 5%, chemicals 3%; partners--Italy, Japan, US, FRG, UK, other EC, Hong Kong _#_Imports: $17 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--machinery 32%, transport equipment 15%, chemicals 11%, oil, textiles, scientific instruments, base metals; partners--FRG, Japan, UK, US, Italy _#_External debt: $19.5 billion (July 1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 45% of GDP _#_Electricity: 34,941,000 kW capacity; 158,000 million kWh produced, 4,100 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium), automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textile, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer, foodstuffs _#_Agriculture: accounts for about 5% of GDP and 30% of labor force; diversified agriculture, with emphasis on livestock; products--cattle, poultry, sheep, wool, milk, beef, corn, wheat; sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; self-sufficient in food _#_Economic aid: NA _#_Currency: rand (plural--rand); 1 rand (R) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: rand (R) per US$1--2.5625 (January 1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 20,638 km route distance total; 35,079 km of 1.067-meter gauge trackage (counts double and multiple tracking as single track); 314 km of 610 mm gauge _#_Highways: 188,309 km total; 54,013 km paved, 134,296 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth _#_Pipelines: 931 km crude oil; 1,748 km refined products; 322 km natural gas _#_Ports: Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richard's Bay, Saldanha, Mosselbaai, Walvis Bay _#_Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 229,245 GRT/218,929 DWT; includes 6 container, 1 vehicle carrier _#_Civil air: 81 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 917 total, 765 usable; 130 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 224 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity in Africa; it consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio relay links, fiber optic cable, and radiocommunication stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 4,500,000 telephones; stations--14 AM, 286 FM, 67 TV; 1 submarine cable; earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical Services _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 9,797,349; 5,980,786 fit for military service; 426,615 reach military age (18) annually; obligation for service in Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation is one year; figures include the so-called homelands not recognized by the US _#_Defense expenditures: $3.67 billion, 11% of GDP (FY92) _%_ _@_South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 4,066 km2; land area: 4,066 km2; includes Shag and Clerke Rocks _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Rhode Island _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: undetermined _#_Maritime claims: Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: administered by the UK, claimed by Argentina _#_Climate: variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year, interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow _#_Terrain: most of the islands, rising steeply from the sea, are rugged and mountainous; South Georgia is largely barren and has steep, glacier-covered mountains; the South Sandwich Islands are of volcanic origin with some active volcanoes _#_Natural resources: fish _#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%; largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen _#_Environment: reindeer, introduced early in this century, live on South Georgia; weather conditions generally make it difficult to approach the South Sandwich Islands; the South Sandwich Islands are subject to active volcanism _#_Note: the north coast of South Georgia has several large bays, which provide good anchorage _*_People _#_Population: no permanent population; there is a small military garrison on South Georgia and the British Antarctic Survey has a biological station on Bird Island; the South Sandwich islands are uninhabited _*_Government _#_Long-form name: South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (no short-form name) _#_Type: dependent territory of the UK _#_Capital: Grytviken on South Georgia is the garrison town _#_Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Constitution: 3 October 1985 _#_Legal system: English common law _#_National holiday: Liberation Day, 14 June (1982) _#_Executive branch: British monarch, commissioner _#_Legislative branch: none _#_Judicial branch: none _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Commissioner William Hugh FULLERTON (since 1988; resident at Stanley, Falkland Islands) _*_Economy _#_Overview: Some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. There is a potential source of income from harvesting fin fish and krill. The islands receive income from postage stamps produced in the UK. _#_Budget: revenues $291,777; expenditures $451,011, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY88 est.) _#_Electricity: 900 kW capacity; 2 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1990) _*_Communications _#_Highways: NA _#_Ports: Grytviken on South Georgia _#_Airports: 5 total, 5 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m _#_Telecommunications: coastal radio station at Grytviken; no broadcast stations _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK _%_ _@_Soviet Union _*_Geography _#_Total area: 22,402,200 km2; land area: 22,272,000 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of US _#_Land boundaries: 19,933 km total; Afghanistan 2,384 km, Czechoslovakia 98 km, China 7,520 km, Finland 1,313 km, Hungary 135 km, Iran 1,690 km, North Korea 17 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland 1,215 km, Romania 1,307 km, Turkey 617 km _#_Coastline: 42,777 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; US Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR _#_Climate: mostly temperate to arctic continental; winters vary from cool along Black Sea to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from hot in southern deserts to cool along Arctic coast _#_Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in Siberia, deserts in Central Asia, mountains in south _#_Natural resources: self-sufficient in oil, natural gas, coal, and strategic minerals (except bauxite, alumina, tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar, and molybdenum), timber, gold, manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, mercury, potash, phosphates; note--the USSR is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas, third in coal _#_Land use: arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 17%; forest and woodland 41%; other 32%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: despite size and diversity, small percentage of land is arable and much is too far north; some of most fertile land is water deficient or has insufficient growing season; many better climates have poor soils; hot, dry, desiccating sukhovey wind affects south; desertification; continuous permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development _#_Note: largest country in world, but unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of world _*_People _#_Population: 293,047,571 (July 1991), growth rate 0.7% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 74 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Soviet(s); adjective--Soviet _#_Ethnic divisions: Russian 50.78%, Ukrainian 15.45%, Uzbek 5.84%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 3.51%, Kazakh 2.85%, Azeri 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%, Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldovan 1.17%, Lithuanian 1.07%, Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%, Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, other 9.75% _#_Religion: Russian Orthodox 20%, Muslim 10%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%, Jewish less than 1%, atheist 60% (est.) _#_Language: Russian (official); more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); Slavic group 75%, other Indo-European 8%, Altaic 12%, Uralian 3%, Caucasian 2% _#_Literacy: 98% (male 99%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1989) _#_Labor force: 152,300,000 civilians; industry and other nonagricultural fields 80%, agriculture 20%; shortage of skilled labor (1989) _#_Organized labor: the vast majority of workers are union members; official unions are organized within the General Confederation of Trade Unions (GCTU) and still operate within general guidelines set up by the CPSU and Soviet Government; a large number of independent trade unions have been formed since President Gorbachev came to power; most are locally or regionally based and represent workers from one enterprise or a group of enterprises; there are a few independent unions that claim a nationwide following, the most prominent of which is Independent Miners Trade Union set up by the country's coal miners _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; abbreviated USSR _#_Type: in transition to multiparty federal system _#_Capital: Moscow _#_Administrative divisions: 1 soviet federative socialist republic* (sovetskaya federativnaya sotsialistcheskaya respublika) and 14 soviet socialist republics (sovetskiye sotsialisticheskiye respubliki, singular--sovetskaya sotsialisticheskaya respublika); Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic, Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic*, Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic; note--Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic is often abbreviated RSFSR and Soviet Socialist Republic is often abbreviated SSR; the parliaments in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, and Lithuania have removed the words Soviet Socialist from the names of their republics, but the central government has not recognized those changes; the parliament in Kirghiziya changed the name Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic to Republic of Kyrgyzstan, but the central government has not recognized that change _#_Independence: 30 December 1922 (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics established) _#_Constitution: 7 October 1977 _#_Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Great October Socialist Revolution, 7-8 November (1917) _#_Executive branch: president _#_Legislative branch: the Congress of People's Deputies (S'ezd Narodnykh Deputatov) is the supreme organ of USSR state power and selects the bicameral Supreme Soviet (Verkhovnyi Sovyet) which consists of two coequal houses--Soviet of the Union (Soviet Soiuza) and Soviet of Nationalities (Soviet Natsional'nostei) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of the USSR _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Mikhail Sergeyevich GORBACHEV (since 14 March 1990; former General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party since 11 March 1985--resigned August 1991); Head of Government--Prime Minister (vacant); Chairman of the Committee for the Operational Management of the USSR National Economy Ivan SILAYEV (since 24 August 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: nascent multiparty system _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 14 March 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results--Mikhail Sergeyevich GORBACHEV was elected by the Congress of People's Deputies; Congress of People's Deputies--last held 17 December 1990 (next to be held NA); results--NA; seats--(2,250 total) CPSU NA, non-CPSU NA; note--dissolved September 1991 USSR Supreme Soviet--consists of the Council of the Union and the Council of Republics; Council of the Union--last held Spring 1991 (next to be held Fall 1991); results--NA; seats--(271 total) CPSU NA, non-CPSU NA; Council of Republics--last held Spring 1991 (next to be held Fall 1991); results--NA; seats--(271 total) CPSU NA, non-CPSU NA; note--to be reconstituted as a new legislature--date not set _#_Communists: prior to August 1991 about 15 million party members, with membership declining _#_Other political or pressure groups: formal parties, regional popular fronts, trade unions, and informal organizations _#_Member of: CSCE, ECE, ESCAP, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICFTU, IIB, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Viktor KOMPLEKTOV; Chancery at 1125 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 628-7551 or 8548; there is a Soviet Consulate General in San Francisco; US--Ambassador Robert S. STRAUSS; Embassy at Ulitsa Chaykovskogo 19/21/23, Moscow (mailing address is APO New York 09862); telephone [7] (095) 252-2450 through 59; there is a US Consulate General in St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad) _#_Flag: red with the yellow silhouette of a crossed hammer and sickle below a yellow-edged five-pointed red star in the upper hoist-side corner _*_Economy _#_Overview: The first six years of perestroyka (economic and political restructuring) have undermined the institutions and processes of the Soviet command economy without replacing them with efficiently functioning markets. The initial reforms have featured greater authority for enterprise managers over prices, wages, product mix, investment, sources of supply, and customers. But in the absence of effective market discipline, the result has been the disappearance of low-price goods, excessive wage increases, an even larger volume of unfinished construction projects, and, in general, continued economic stagnation. The Gorbachev regime has made at least four serious errors in economic policy in these six years: the unpopular and short-lived antialcohol campaign; the initial cutback in imports of consumer goods; the failure to act decisively at the beginning for the privatization of agriculture; and the buildup of a massive overhang of unspent rubles in the hands of households and enterprises. The regime has vacillated among a series of ambitious economic policy prescriptions put forth by leading economists and political leaders. The plans vary from proposals for (a) quick marketization of the economy; (b) gradual marketization; (c) a period of retrenchment to ensure a stable base for future marketization; and (d) a return to disciplined central planning and allocation. The economy, caught between two systems, is suffering from even greater mismatches between what is being produced and what would serve the best interests of enterprises and households. Meanwhile, the seething nationality problems have been dislocating regional patterns of economic specialization and pose a further major threat to growth prospects over the next few years. Official Soviet statistics report GNP fell by 2% in 1990, but the actual decline was substantially greater. Whatever the numerical decline, it does not capture the increasing disjointures in the economy evidenced by emptier shelves, longer lines, increased barter, and widespread strikes. _#_GNP: approximately $2,660 billion, per capita $9,130; real growth rate - 2.4% to - 5.0% (1990 est. based on a reconstruction of official Soviet statistics); note--because of the continued unraveling of Soviet economic and statistical controls, the estimate is subject to even greater uncertainties than in earlier years; the dollar estimates most likely overstate Soviet GNP to some extent because of an incomplete allowance for the poor quality, narrow assortment, and low performance characteristics of Soviet goods and services; the - 2.4% growth figure is based on the application of CIA's usual estimating methods whereas the - 5.0% figure is corrected for measurement problems that worsened sharply in 1990 _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: official Soviet statistics imply an unemployment rate of 1 to 2 percent in 1990; USSR's first official unemployment estimate, however, is acknowledged to be rough _#_Budget: revenues 422 billion rubles; expenditures 510 billion rubles, including capital expenditures of 53 billion rubles (1990 est.) _#_Exports: $109.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods (primarily capital goods and arms); partners--Eastern Europe 46%, EC 16%, Cuba 6%, US, Afghanistan (1989) _#_Imports: $114.7 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--grain and other agricultural products, machinery and equipment, steel products (including large-diameter pipe), consumer manufactures; partners--Eastern Europe 50%, EC 13%, Cuba, China, US (1989) _#_External debt: $55 billion (1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 2.4% (1990 est.) _#_Electricity: 350,000,000 kW capacity; 1,740,000 million kWh produced, 5,920 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: diversified, highly developed capital goods and defense industries; comparatively less developed consumer goods industries _#_Agriculture: accounts for roughly 20% of GNP and labor force; production based on large collective and state farms; inefficiently managed; wide range of temperate crops and livestock produced; world's third-largest grain producer after the US and China; shortages of grain, oilseeds, and meat; world's leading producer of sawnwood and roundwood; annual fish catch among the world's largest _#_Illicit drugs: illegal producer of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption; government has begun eradication program to control cultivation; used as a transshipment country for illicit drugs to Western Europe _#_Economic aid: donor--extended to non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89), $49.6 billion; extended to other Communist countries (1954-89), $154 billion _#_Currency: ruble (plural--rubles); 1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks _#_Exchange rates: rubles (R) per US$1--0.580 (1990), 0.629 (1989), 0.629 (1988), 0.633 (1987), 0.704 (1986), 0.838 (1985); note--as of 1 April 1991 the official exchange rate remained administratively set; it should not be used indiscriminately to convert domestic rubles to dollars; in November 1990 the USSR introduced a commercial exchange rate of 1.8 rubles to the dollar used for accounting purposes within the USSR and which was still in force on 1 April 1991; on 1 April 1991 the USSR introduced a new foreign-currency market for foreign companies and individuals; the rate will be fixed twice a week based on supply and demand; as of 4 April 1991 the rate was 27.6 rubles to the dollar; Soviet citizens traveling abroad are restricted to buying $200 a year at prevailing rates _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 147,400 km total; 53,900 km electrified; does not include industrial lines (1989) _#_Highways: 1,757,000 km total; 1,310,600 km hard-surfaced (asphalt, concrete, stone block, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone); 446,400 km earth (1989) _#_Inland waterways: 123,700 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1989) _#_Pipelines: 82,000 km crude oil and refined products; 206,500 km natural gas (1987) _#_Ports: St. Petersburg (formerly Leningrad), Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevastopol', Vladivostok, Nakhodka; inland ports are Astrakhan', Baku, Nizhniy Novgorod (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Kiev _#_Merchant marine: 1,565 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,243,228 GRT/20,874,488 DWT; includes 52 passenger, 898 cargo, 52 container, 11 barge carrier, 4 roll-on/float off cargo, 5 railcar carrier, 114 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 230 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 liquefied gas, 17 combination ore/oil, 4 specialized liquid carrier, 13 chemical tanker, 160 bulk; note--594 merchant ships are based in Black Sea, 366 in Baltic Sea, 398 in Soviet Far East, and 207 in Barents Sea and White Sea; the Soviet Union has been transferring merchant ships to a variety of flags of convenience; at the beginning of 1991 the USSR had 64 ships under foreign flags (Cyprus 52, Malta 7, Panama 2, Vanuatu 2, and Honduras 1) _#_Civil air: 4,000 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 7,192 total, 4,607 usable; 1,163 with permanent-surface runways; 33 with runways over 3,659 m; 491 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 661 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 37 million telephone subscribers; phone density of 37 per 100 households; urban phone density is 9.2 phones per 100 residents; rural phone density is 2.9 per 100 residents (June 1990); automatic telephone dialing with 70 countries and between 25 Soviet cities (April 1989); stations--457 AM, 131 FM, over 900 TV; 90 million TVs (December 1990) _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Forces, Air Defense Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces, Command and General Support, Security Forces _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 70,058,651; 55,931,817 fit for military service; 2,265,935 reach military age (18) annually (down somewhat from 2,500,000 a decade ago); approximately 35-40% receive deferments for health, education, or other reasons _#_Defense expenditures: 63.9 billion rubles, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Spain _*_Geography _#_Total area: 504,750 km2; land area: 499,400 km2; includes Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, and five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco--Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera _#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Oregon _#_Land boundaries: 1,903.2 km total; Andorra 65 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km _#_Coastline: 4,964 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: Gibraltar question with UK; Spain controls five places of sovereignty (plazas de soberania) on and off the coast of Morocco--the coastal enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla which Morocco contests as well as the islands of Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera, and Islas Chafarinas _#_Climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast _#_Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills; Pyrenees in north _#_Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, potash, hydropower _#_Land use: arable land 31%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 21%; forest and woodland 31%; other 7%; includes irrigated 6% _#_Environment: deforestation; air pollution _#_Note: strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar _*_People _#_Population: 39,384,516 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 11 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 82 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Spaniard(s); adjective--Spanish _#_Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 99%, other sects 1% _#_Language: Castilian Spanish; second languages include Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% _#_Literacy: 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 14,621,000; services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, constrction 9% (1988) _#_Organized labor: less 10% of labor force (1988) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Spain _#_Type: parliamentary monarchy _#_Capital: Madrid _#_Administrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular--comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valencia, Extremadura, Galicia, Islas Baleares, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco; note--there are five places of sovereignty on and off the coast of Morocco (Ceuta, Mellila, Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera) with administrative status unknown _#_Independence: 1492 (expulsion of the Moors and unification) _#_Constitution: 6 December 1978, effective 29 December 1978 _#_Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: National Day, 12 October _#_Executive branch: monarch, president of the government (prime minister), deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Council of State _#_Legislative branch: bicameral The General Courts or National Assembly (Las Cortes Generales) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--King JUAN CARLOS I (since 22 November 1975); Head of Government--Prime Minister Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez (since 2 December 1982); Deputy Prime Minister Narcis SERRA (since 13 March 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: principal national parties, from right to left--Popular Party (PP), Jose Maria AZNAR; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Luis DE GRANDES; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo SUAREZ Gonzalez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez; Socialist Democracy Party (DS), Ricardo Garcia DAMBORENEA; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Julio ANGUITA; chief regional parties-- Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi PUJOL Saley, in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier ARZALLUS; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos GARAICOETXEA Urizza; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon IDIGORAS; Basque Left (EE), Kepa AULESTIA; Andalusian Party (PA), Pedro PACHECO; Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); Valencian Union (UV) _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: Senate --last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held October 1993); results--NA; seats (208) PSOE 106, PP 79, CiU 10, PNV 4, HB 3, AIC 1, other 5; Congress of Deputies--last held 29 October 1989 (next to be held October 1993); results--PSOE 39.6%, PP 25.8%, CDS 9%, Communist-led coalition (IU) 9%, CiU 5%, Basque Nationalist Party 1.2%, HB 1%, Andalusian Party 1%, other 8.4%; seats--(350 total) PSOE 175, PP 106, CiU 18, IU 17, CDS 14, PNV 5, HB 4, other 11 _#_Communists: PCE membership declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly 60,000 in 1987; the party gained almost 1 million voters and 10 deputies in the 1989 election; voters came mostly from the disgruntled socialist left; remaining strength is in labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions trade union (one of the country's two major labor centrals), which claims a membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 national election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982 _#_Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university students _#_Member of: AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-8, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Jaime de OJEDA; Chancery at 2700 15th Street NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 265-0190 or 0191; there are Spanish Consulates General in Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico); US--Ambassador Joseph ZAPPALA; Embassy at Serrano 75, 28006 Madrid (mailing address is APO New York 09285); telephone [34] (1) 577-4000; there is a US Consulate General in Barcelona and a Consulate in Bilbao _#_Flag: three horizontal bands of red (top), yellow (double width), and red with the national coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band; the coat of arms includes the royal seal framed by the Pillars of Hercules which are the two promontories (Gibraltar and Ceuta) on either side of the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar _*_Economy _#_Overview: This Western capitalistic economy has done well since Spain joined the EC in 1986. With annual increases in real GNP averaging about 5% in the 1987-90 period, Spain has been the fastest growing member of the EC. Increased investment--both domestic and foreign--has been the most important factor pushing the economic expansion. Inflation moderated to 4.8% in 1988, but an overheated economy caused inflation to reach almost 7% in 1989-90. Another economic problem facing Spain is an unemployment rate of 16.3%, the highest in Europe. _#_GDP: $435.9 billion, per capita $11,100; real growth rate 3.7% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.7% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 16.3% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $100.1 billion; expenditures $111.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990) _#_Exports: $55.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--foodstuffs, live animals, wood, footwear, machinery, chemicals; partners--EC 67.8%, US 6.5%, other developed countries 9% _#_Imports: $87.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--petroleum, footwear, machinery, chemicals, grain, soybeans, coffee, tobacco, iron and steel, timber, cotton, transport equipment; partners--EC 59.7%, US 8.5%, other developed countries 11.5%, Middle East 3.4% _#_External debt: $37 billion (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 3.5% (1990 est.) _#_Electricity: 46,589,000 kW capacity; 141,000 million kWh produced, 3,590 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles, machine tools _#_Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GNP and 14% of labor force; major products--grain, vegetables, olives, wine grapes, sugar beets, citrus fruit, beef, pork, poultry, dairy; largely self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 1.4 million metric tons is among top 20 nations _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1.9 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-79), $545.0 million; not currently a recipient _#_Currency: peseta (plural--pesetas); 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos _#_Exchange rates: pesetas (Ptas) per US$1--95.20 (January 1991), 101.93 (1990), 118.38 (1989), 116.49 (1988), 123.48 (1987), 140.05 (1986), 170.04 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km 1.668-meter gauge, 6,184 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate 918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track _#_Highways: 150,839 km total; 82,513 km national (includes 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block) and 68,326 km provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block) _#_Inland waterways: 1,045 km, but of minor economic importance _#_Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,794 km refined products; 1,666 km natural gas _#_Ports: Algeciras, Alicante, Almeria, Barcelona, Bilbao, Cadiz, Cartagena, Castellon de la Plana, Ceuta, El Ferrol del Caudillo, Puerto de Gijon, Huelva, La Coruna, Las Palmas (Canary Islands), Mahon, Malaga, Melilla, Rota, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Sagunto, Tarragona, Valencia, Vigo, and 175 minor ports _#_Merchant marine: 304 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,367,529 GRT/5,984,306 DWT; includes 2 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger, 105 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 14 container, 29 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 50 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 14 chemical tanker, 7 liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 4 specialized tanker, 48 bulk _#_Civil air: 172 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 104 total, 98 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities; 15,350,464 telephones; stations--206 AM, 411 (134 relays) FM, 143 (1,297 relays) TV; 17 coaxial submarine cables; communications satellite earth stations operating in INTELSAT (5 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and ENTELSAT systems _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Civil Guard _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 10,134,256; 8,222,987 fit for military service; 339,749 reach military age (20) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $8.6 billion, 2% of GDP (1990) _%_ _@_Spratly Islands _*_Geography _#_Total area: less than 5 km2; land area: less than 5 km2; includes 100 or so islets, coral reefs, and sea mounts scattered over the South China Sea _#_Comparative area: undetermined _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 926 km _#_Maritime claims: undetermined _#_Disputes: China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam claim all or part of the Spratly Islands _#_Climate: tropical _#_Terrain: flat _#_Natural resources: fish, guano; oil and natural gas potential _#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100% _#_Environment: subject to typhoons; includes numerous small islands, atolls, shoals, and coral reefs _#_Note: strategically located near several primary shipping lanes in the central South China Sea; serious navigational hazard _*_People _#_Population: no permanent inhabitants; garrisons _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _*_Economy _#_Overview: Economic activity is limited to commercial fishing and phosphate mining. Geological surveys carried out several years ago suggest that substantial reserves of oil and natural gas may lie beneath the islands; commercial exploitation has yet to be developed. _#_Industries: some guano mining _*_Communications _#_Airports: 3 total, 2 usable; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Ports: no natural harbors _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: approximately 50 small islands or reefs are occupied by China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam _%_ _@_Sri Lanka _*_Geography _#_Total area: 65,610 km2; land area: 64,740 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than West Virginia _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 1,340 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 24 nm; Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; monsoonal; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October) _#_Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior _#_Natural resources: limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay _#_Land use: arable land 16%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and woodland 37%; other 23%; includes irrigated 8% _#_Environment: occasional cyclones, tornados; deforestation; soil erosion _#_Note: only 29 km from India across the Palk Strait; near major Indian Ocean sea lanes _*_People _#_Population: 17,423,736 (July 1991), growth rate 1.2% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Sri Lankan(s); adjective--Sri Lankan _#_Ethnic divisions: Sinhalese 74%; Tamil 18%; Moor 7%; Burgher, Malay, and Veddha 1% _#_Religion: Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 8% _#_Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil spoken by about 18%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population _#_Literacy: 86% (male 91%, female 81%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) _#_Labor force: 6,600,000; agriculture 45.9%, mining and manufacturing 13.3%, trade and transport 12.4%, services and other 28.4% (1985 est.) _#_Organized labor: about 33% of labor force, over 50% of which are employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Colombo _#_Administrative divisions: 24 districts; Amparai, Anuradhapura, Badulla, Batticaloa, Colombo, Galle, Gampaha, Hambantota, Jaffna, Kalutara, Kandy, Kegalla, Kurunegala, Mannar, Matale, Matara, Moneragala, Mullaittivu, Nuwara Eliya, Polonnaruwa, Puttalam, Ratnapura, Trincomalee, Vavuniya; note--the administrative structure may now include 8 provinces (Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, and Western) and 25 districts (with Kilinochchi added to the existing districts) _#_Independence: 4 February 1948 (from UK; formerly Ceylon) _#_Constitution: 31 August 1978 _#_Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Independence and National Day, 4 February (1948) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Ranasinghe PREMADASA (since 2 January 1989); Head of Government--Prime Minister Dingiri Banda WIJETUNGE (since 6 March 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: United National Party (UNP), Ranasinghe PREMADASA; Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE; Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), M. H. M. ASHRAFF; All Ceylon Tamil Congress (ACTC), Kumar PONNAMBALAM; People's United Front (MEP, or Mahajana Eksath Peramuna), Dinesh GUNAWARDENE; Eelam Democratic Front (EDF), Edward Sebastian PILLAI; Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), leader (vacant); Eelam Revolutionary Organization of Students (EROS), Velupillai BALAKUMARAN; New Socialist Party (NSSP, or Nava Sama Samaja Party), Vasudeva NANAYAKKARA; Lanka Socialist Party/Trotskyite (LSSP, or Lanka Sama Samaja Party), Colin R. de SILVA; Sri Lanka People's Party (SLMP, or Sri Lanka Mahajana Party), Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARANATUNGA; Communist Party/Moscow (CP/M), K. P. SILVA; Communist Party/Beijing (CP/B), N. SHANMUGATHASAN; note--the United Socialist Alliance (USA) includes the NSSP, LSSP, SLMP, CP/M, and CP/B _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December 1994); results--Ranasinghe PREMADASA (UNP) 50%, Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE (SLFP) 45%, other 5%; Parliament--last held 15 February 1989 (next to be held by February 1995); results--UNP 51%, SLFP 32%, SLMC 4%, TULF 3%, USA 3%, EROS 3%, MEP 1%, other 3%; seats--(225 total) UNP 125, SLFP 67, other 33 _#_Other political or pressure groups: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) and other smaller Tamil separatist groups; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP or People's Liberation Front); Buddhist clergy; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; labor unions _#_Member of: AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador W. Susanta De ALWIS; Chancery at 2148 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-4025 through 4028; there is a Sri Lankan Consulate in New York; US--Ambassador Marion V. CREEKMORE, Jr.; Embassy at 210 Galle Road, Colombo 3 (mailing address is P. O. Box 106, Colombo); telephone [94] (1) 448007 _#_Flag: yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword and there is a yellow bo leaf in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the entire flag and extends between the two panels _*_Economy _#_Overview: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing dominate the economy, employing about 45% of the labor force and accounting for 26% of GDP. The plantation crops of tea, rubber, and coconuts provide about 35% of export earnings. The economy has been plagued by high rates of unemployment since the late 1970s. Economic growth, which has been depressed by ethnic unrest, accelerated in 1990 as domestic conditions began to improve. _#_GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $380; real growth rate 4.5% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 20% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $0.5 billion (1990) _#_Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--tea, textiles and garments, petroleum products, coconut, rubber, agricultural products, gems and jewelry, marine products; partners--US 26%, FRG, Japan, UK, Belgium, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China _#_Imports: $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--food and beverages, textiles and textile materials, petroleum, machinery and equipment; partners--Japan, Saudi Arabia, US 5.6%, India, Singapore, FRG, UK, Iran _#_External debt: $5.6 billion (1989) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 6% (1989 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP _#_Electricity: 1,300,000 kW capacity; 4,200 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities; cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco, clothing _#_Agriculture: accounts for 26% of GDP and nearly half of labor force; most important staple crop is paddy rice; other field crops--sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseeds, roots, spices; cash crops--tea, rubber, coconuts; animal products--milk, eggs, hides, meat; not self-sufficient in rice production _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1980-88), $4.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $169 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $369 million _#_Currency: Sri Lankan rupee (plural--rupees); 1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Sri Lankan rupees (SLRs) per US$1--40.272 (January 1991), 40.063 (1990), 36.047 (1989), 31.807 (1988), 29.445 (1987), 28.017 (1986), 27.163 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1,948 km total (1989); all 1.868-meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no electrification; government owned _#_Highways: 75,263 km total (1988); 27,637 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 32,887 km crushed stone or gravel, 14,739 km improved earth or unimproved earth; several thousand km of mostly unmotorable tracks (1988 est.) _#_Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft _#_Pipelines: crude and refined products, 62 km (1987) _#_Ports: Colombo, Trincomalee _#_Merchant marine: 34 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,466 GRT/551,686 DWT; includes 18 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 5 container, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 bulk _#_Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1 leased) _#_Airports: 14 total, 13 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: good international service; 114,000 telephones (1982); stations--12 AM, 5 FM, 5 TV; submarine cables extend to Indonesia and Djibouti; 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth stations _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 4,636,767; 3,625,289 fit for military service; 178,010 reach military age (18) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $300 million, 5% of GDP (1991) _%_ _@_Sudan _*_Geography _#_Total area: 2,505,810 km2; land area: 2,376,000 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly more than one quarter the size of US _#_Land boundaries: 7,697 km total; Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Ethiopia 2,221 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km, Zaire 628 km _#_Coastline: 853 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 18 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: administrative boundary with Kenya does not coincide with international boundary; administrative boundary with Egypt does not coincide with international boundary _#_Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season (April to October) _#_Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain; mountains in east and west _#_Natural resources: small reserves of crude oil, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, crude oil _#_Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and woodland 20%; other 51%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: dominated by the Nile and its tributaries; dust storms; desertification _#_Note: largest country in Africa _*_People _#_Population: 27,220,088 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 85 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 54 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Sudanese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Sudanese _#_Ethnic divisions: black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1% _#_Religion: Sunni Muslim (in north) 70%, indigenous beliefs 20%, Christian (mostly in south and Khartoum) 5% _#_Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process _#_Literacy: 27% (male 43%, female 12%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 6,500,000; agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%; labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); 52% of population of working age (1985) _#_Organized labor: trade unions suspended following 30 June 1989 coup; now in process of being legalized anew _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of the Sudan _#_Type: military; civilian government suspended and martial law imposed after 30 June 1989 coup _#_Capital: Khartoum _#_Administrative divisions: 9 states (wilayat, singular--wilayat or wilayah*); Aali an Nil, Al Wusta*, Al Istiwaiyah*, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah*, Ash Sharqiyah*, Bahr al Ghazal, Darfur, Kurdufan _#_Independence: 1 January 1956 (from Egypt and UK; formerly Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) _#_Constitution: 12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989 _#_Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the six northern states of Al Wusta, Al Khartum, Ash Shamaliyah, Ash Sharqiyah, Darfur, and Kurdufan; the council is still studying criminal provisions under Islamic law; Islamic law will apply to all residents of the six northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January (1956) _#_Executive branch: executive and legislative authority vested in a 13-member Revolutionary Command Council (RCC); chairman of the RCC acts as prime minister; in July 1989 RCC appointed a predominately civilian 22-member cabinet to function as advisers _#_Legislative branch: none _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Special Revolutionary Courts _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--Revolutionary Command Council Chairman and Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 30 June 1989); Deputy Chairman of the Command Council and Deputy Prime Minister Maj. Gen. al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH Ahmed (since 9 July 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: none; banned following 30 June 1989 coup _#_Suffrage: none _#_Elections: none _#_Member of: ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdallah Ahmad ABDALLAH; Chancery at 2210 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 338-8565 through 8570; there is a Sudanese Consulate General in New York; US--Ambassador James R. CHEEK; Embassy at Shar'ia Ali Abdul Latif, Khartoum (mailing address is P. O. Box 699, Khartoum, or APO New York 09668); telephone 74700 or 74611 _#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with a green isosceles triangle based on the hoist side _*_Economy _#_Overview: Sudan, one of the world's poorest countries, is buffeted by civil war, chronic political instability, adverse weather, and counterproductive economic policies. The economy is dominated by governmental entities that account for more than 70% of new investment. The private sector's main areas of activity are agriculture and trading, with most private industrial investment predating 1980. The economy's base is agriculture, which employs 80% of the work force. Industry mainly processes agricultural items. Sluggish economic performance over the past decade, attributable largely to declining annual rainfall, has reduced levels of per capita income and consumption. A high foreign debt and huge arrearages continue to cause difficulties. In 1990 the International Monetary Fund took the unusual step of declaring Sudan noncooperative on account of its nonpayment of arrearages to the Fund. _#_GDP: $8.5 billion, per capita $330; real growth rate - 7% (FY90 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 60% (FY90 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA _#_Budget: revenues $514 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $183 million (FY89 est.) _#_Exports: $465 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.); commodities--cotton 52%, sesame, gum arabic, peanuts; partners--Western Europe 46%, Saudi Arabia 14%, Eastern Europe 9%, Japan 9%, US 3% (FY88) _#_Imports: $1.0 billion (c.i.f., FY90 est.); commodities--petroleum products 28%, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, medicines and chemicals; partners--Western Europe 32%, Africa and Asia 15%, US 13%, Eastern Europe 3% (FY88) _#_External debt: $12.3 billion (December 1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 0.7% (FY89); accounts for 11% of GDP _#_Electricity: 606,000 kW capacity; 900 million kWh produced, 37 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: cotton ginning, textiles, cement, edible oils, sugar, soap distilling, shoes, petroleum refining _#_Agriculture: accounts for 35% of GNP and 80% of labor force; water shortages; two-thirds of land area suitable for raising crops and livestock; major products--cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sheep; marginally self-sufficient in most foods _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.5 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.1 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $588 million _#_Currency: Sudanese pound (plural--pounds); 1 Sudanese pound (5Sd) = 100 piasters _#_Exchange rates: official rate--Sudanese pounds (5Sd) per US$1--4.5004 (fixed rate since 1987), 2.8121 (1987), 2.5000 (1986), 2.2883 (1985); note--commercial exchange rate 12.2 (May 1990) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 5,500 km total; 4,784 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter-gauge plantation line _#_Highways: 20,000 km total; 1,600 km bituminous treated, 3,700 km gravel, 2,301 km improved earth, 12,399 km unimproved earth and track _#_Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable _#_Pipelines: refined products, 815 km _#_Ports: Port Sudan, Suakin _#_Merchant marine: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 42,277 GRT/59,588 DWT; includes 3 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo _#_Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 78 total, 66 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 30 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: large, well-equipped system by African standards, but barely adequate and poorly maintained; consists of radio relay, cables, radio communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14 stations; 73,400 telephones; stations--4 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,176,917; 3,792,635 fit for military service; 306,695 reach military age (18) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $610 million, 7.2% of GDP (1989 est) _%_ _@_Suriname _*_Geography _#_Total area: 163,270 km2; land area: 161,470 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia _#_Land boundaries: 1,707 km total; Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km _#_Coastline: 386 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: claims area in French Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); claims area in Guyana between New (Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Kutari Rivers (all headwaters of the Courantyne) _#_Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds _#_Terrain: mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps _#_Natural resources: timber, hydropower potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron ore, and small amounts of nickel, copper, platinum, gold _#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and woodland 97%; other 3%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: mostly tropical rain forest _*_People _#_Population: 402,385 (July 1991), growth rate 1.4% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 6 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 39 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.9 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Surinamer(s); adjective--Surinamese _#_Ethnic divisions: Hindustani (East Indian) 37.0%, Creole (black and mixed) 31.0%, Javanese 15.3%, Bush black 10.3%, Amerindian 2.6%, Chinese 1.7%, Europeans 1.0%, other 1.1% _#_Religion: Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant (predominantly Moravian) 25.2%, indigenous beliefs about 5% _#_Language: Dutch (official); English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others; also Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a variant of Bhoqpuri) and Javanese _#_Literacy: 95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 104,000 (1984) _#_Organized labor: 49,000 members of labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Suriname _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Paramaribo _#_Administrative divisions: 10 districts (distrikten, singular--distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne, Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini, Wanica _#_Independence: 25 November 1975 (from Netherlands; formerly Netherlands Guiana or Dutch Guiana) _#_Constitution: ratified 30 September 1987 _#_Legal system: NA _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 25 November (1975) _#_Executive branch: president, vice president and prime minister, Cabinet of Ministers, Council of State; note--commander in chief of the National Army maintains significant power _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Ronald VENETIAAN (since 16 September 1991); Vice President and Prime Minister Jules AJODHIA (since 16 September 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: traditional ethnic-based parties--The New Front (NF), Henck ARRON, a coalition formed of four parties following the 24 December 1990 military coup--Progressive Reform Party (VHP), Jaggernath LACHMON; National Party of Suriname (NPS), Henck ARRON; Indonesian Peasants Party (KTPI), Willy SOEMITA; and Suriname Labor Party (SLP), Frank DERBY; promilitary New Democratic Party (NDP), Jules Albert WIJDENBOSCH, Frank PLAYFAIR; Democratic Alternative '91 (DA '91), Gerard BRUNINGS, a coalition of five parties formed in January 1991--Alternative Forum, Gerard BRUNINGS, Winston JESSURUN; Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Panalall PARMISSER; Party for Brotherhood and Unity in Politics (BEP), Caprino ALLENDY; Pendawalima, Marsha JAMIN; and Independent Progressive Group, Karam RAMSUNDERSINGH; leftists--Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Michael NAARENDORP; Progressive Workers and Farmers (PALU), Iwan KROLIS _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 6 September 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results--elected by the National Assembly--Ronald VENETIAAN (NF) 80% (645 votes), Jules WIJDENBOSCH (NDP) 14% (115 votes), Hans PRADE (DA '91) 6% (49 votes) National Assembly--last held 25 May 1991 (next to be held May 1996); results--percent of vote NA; seats--(51 total) NF 30, NDP 12, DA '91 9 _#_Member of: ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, GATT, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Willem A. UDENHOUT; Chancery at Suite 108, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 244-7488 or 7490 through 7492; there is a Surinamese Consulate General in Miami; US--Ambassador John (Jack) P. LEONARD; Embassy at Dr. Sophie Redmonstraat 129, Paramaribo (mailing address is P. O. Box 1821, Paramaribo); telephone [597] 72900, 77881, or 76459 _#_Flag: five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple width), white, and green (double width); there is a large yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for about 70% of export earnings and 40% of tax revenues. The economy has been in trouble since the Dutch ended development aid in 1982. A drop in world bauxite prices that started in the late 1970s and continued until late 1986, was followed by the outbreak of a guerrilla insurgency in the interior. The guerrillas targeted the economic infrastructure, crippling the important bauxite sector and shutting down other export industries. These problems have created high inflation, high unemployment, widespread black market activity, and a bad climate for foreign investment. A small gain in economic growth of 2.0% was registered in 1989 due to reduced guerrilla activity and improved international markets for bauxite. _#_GDP: $1.35 billion, per capita $3,400; real growth rate 2.0% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1989 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: 33% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $466 million; expenditures $716 million, including capital expenditures of $123 million (1989 est.) _#_Exports: $425 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products, shrimp and fish, bananas; partners--Norway 33%, Netherlands 20%, US 15%, FRG 9%, Brazil 5%, UK 5%, Japan 3%, other 10% _#_Imports: $370 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods; partners--US 37%, Netherlands 15%, Netherlands Antilles 11%, Trinidad and Tobago 9%, Brazil 5%, UK 3%, other 20% _#_External debt: $138 million (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 16.4% (1988 est.); accounts for 22% of GDP _#_Electricity: 458,000 kW capacity; 2,018 million kWh produced, 5,090 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing, fishing _#_Agriculture: accounts for 11% of both GDP and labor force; paddy rice planted on 85% of arable land and represents 60% of total farm output; other products--bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts, beef, chicken; shrimp and forestry products of increasing importance; self-sufficient in most foods _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-83), $2.5 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $1.45 billion _#_Currency: Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (plural--guilders, gulden, or florins); 1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1--1.7850 (fixed rate) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned, and 80 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single track _#_Highways: 8,300 km total; 500 km paved; 5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay _#_Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways _#_Ports: Paramaribo, Moengo _#_Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,472 GRT/8,914 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 container _#_Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 46 total, 42 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: international facilities good; domestic radio relay system; 27,500 telephones; stations--5 AM, 14 FM, 6 TV, 1 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: National Army (including Navy which is company-size, small Air Force element), Civil Police _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 107,544; 64,146 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $91 million, 7.2% of GDP (1990 est.) _%_ _@_Svalbard (territory of Norway) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 62,049 km2; land area: 62,049 km2; includes Spitsbergen and Bjornoya (Bear Island) _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 3,587 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm unilaterally claimed by Norway, not recognized by USSR; Territorial sea: 4 nm _#_Disputes: focus of maritime boundary dispute between Norway and USSR _#_Climate: arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year _#_Terrain: wild, rugged mountains; much of high land ice covered; west coast clear of ice about half the year; fjords along west and north coasts _#_Natural resources: coal, copper, iron ore, phosphate, zinc, wildlife, fish _#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%; there are no trees and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry _#_Environment: great calving glaciers descend to the sea _#_Note: located 445 km north of Norway where the Arctic Ocean, Barents Sea, Greenland Sea, and Norwegian Sea meet _*_People _#_Population: 3,942 (July 1991), growth rate NA% (1991); about one-third of the population resides in the Norwegian areas (Longyearbyen and Svea on Vestspitsbergen) and two-thirds in the Soviet areas (Barentsburg and Pyramiden on Vestspitsbergen); about 9 persons live at the Polish research station _#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991) _#_Ethnic divisions: Russian 64%, Norwegian 35%, other 1% (1981) _#_Language: Russian, Norwegian _#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: NA _#_Organized labor: none _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: territory of Norway administered by the Ministry of Industry, Oslo, through a governor (sysselmann) residing in Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen; by treaty (9 February 1920) sovereignty was given to Norway _#_Capital: Longyearbyen _#_Leaders: Chief of State--King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Head of Government--Governor Leif ELDRING (since NA) _#_Member of: none _#_Flag: the flag of Norway is used _*_Economy _#_Overview: Coal mining is the major economic activity on Svalbard. By treaty (9 February 1920), the nationals of the treaty powers have equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to Norwegian regulation. Although US, UK, Dutch, and Swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still mining are Norwegian and Soviet. Each company mines about half a million tons of coal annually. The settlements on Svalbard are essentially company towns. The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. There is also some trapping of seal, polar bear, fox, and walrus. _#_Budget: revenues $13.3 million, expenditures $13.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990) _#_Electricity: 21,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 11,420 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Currency: Norwegian krone (plural--kroner); 1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 ore _#_Exchange rates: Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--5.9060 (January 1991), 6.2597 (1990), 6.9045 (1989), 6.5170 (1988), 6.7375 (1987), 7.3947 (1986), 8.5972 (1985) _*_Communications _#_Ports: limited facilities--Ny-Alesund, Advent Bay _#_Airports: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 5 meteorological/radio stations; stations--1 AM, 1 (2 relays) FM, 1 TV _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: demilitarized by treaty (9 February 1920) _%_ _@_Swaziland _*_Geography _#_Total area: 17,360 km2; land area: 17,200 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than New Jersey _#_Land boundaries: 535 km total; Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Climate: varies from tropical to near temperate _#_Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains _#_Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin, hydropower, forests, and small gold and diamond deposits _#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 67%; forest and woodland 6%; other 19%; includes irrigated 2% _#_Environment: overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion _#_Note: landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa _*_People _#_Population: 859,336 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 44 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 101 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 59 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Swazi(s); adjective--Swazi _#_Ethnic divisions: African 97%, European 3% _#_Religion: Christian 60%, indigenous beliefs 40% _#_Language: English and siSwati (official); government business conducted in English _#_Literacy: 55% (male 57%, female 54%) age 15 and over can read and write (1976) _#_Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage earners (many only intermittently), with agriculture and forestry 36%, community and social services 20%, manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other 21%; 24,000-29,000 employed in South Africa (1987) _#_Organized labor: about 10% of wage earners _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Swaziland _#_Type: monarchy; independent member of Commonwealth _#_Capital: Mbabane (administrative); Lobamba (legislative) _#_Administrative divisions: 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni _#_Independence: 6 September 1968 (from UK) _#_Constitution: none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended on 12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but has not been formally presented to the people _#_Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence) Day, 6 September (1968) _#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament is advisory and consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Assembly _#_Judicial branch: High Court, Court of Appeal _#_Leaders: Chief of State--King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986); Head of Government--Prime Minister Obed DLAMINI (since 12 July 1989) _#_Political parties: none; banned by the Constitution promulgated on 13 October 1978 _#_Suffrage: none _#_Elections: no direct elections _#_Communists: no Communist party _#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SACU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Absalom Vusani MAMBA; Chancery at 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-6683; US--Ambassador Stephen H. ROGERS; Embassy at Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane (mailing address is P. O. Box 199, Mbabane); telephone [268] 46441 through 5 _#_Flag: three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, which occupies much of the labor force and contributes about 23% to GDP. Manufacturing, which includes a number of agroprocessing factories, accounts for another 26% of GDP. Mining has declined in importance in recent years; high-grade iron ore deposits were depleted in 1978, and health concerns cut world demand for asbestos. Exports of sugar and forestry products are the main earners of hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa, from which it receives 92% of its imports and to which it sends about 40% of its exports. _#_GNP: $563 million, per capita $670; real growth rate 5.0% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $322.9 million; expenditures $325.5 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY92 est.) _#_Exports: $543 million (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, citrus, canned fruit; partners--South Africa 40% (est.), EC, Canada _#_Imports: $651 million (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, chemicals; partners--South Africa 92% (est.), Japan, Belgium, UK _#_External debt: $290 million (1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA; accounts for 26% of GDP (1989) _#_Electricity: 50,000 kW capacity; 130 million kWh produced, 170 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: mining (coal and asbestos), wood pulp, sugar _#_Agriculture: accounts for 23% of GDP and over 60% of labor force; mostly subsistence agriculture; cash crops--sugarcane, citrus fruit, cotton, pineapples; other crops and livestock--corn, sorghum, peanuts, cattle, goats, sheep; not self-sufficient in grain _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $142 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $488 million _#_Currency: lilangeni (plural--emalangeni); 1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: emalangeni (E) per US$1--2.5625 (January 1991), 2.5863 (1990), 2.6166 (1989), 2.2611 (1988), 2.0350 (1987), 2.2685 (1986), 2.1911 (1985); note--the Swazi emalangeni is at par with the South African rand _#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 297 km plus 71 km disused, 1.067-meter gauge, single track _#_Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earth _#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 23 total, 22 usable; 1 with permanent-surfaced runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low-capacity radio relay links; 15,400 telephones; stations--6 AM, 6 FM, 10 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 185,562; 107,254 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $8 million, 1.3% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Sweden _*_Geography _#_Total area: 449,964 km2; land area: 410,928 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than California _#_Land boundaries: 2,205 km total; Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km _#_Coastline: 3,218 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north _#_Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west _#_Natural resources: zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower potential _#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and woodland 64%; other 27%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: water pollution; acid rain _#_Note: strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas _*_People _#_Population: 8,564,317 (July 1991), growth rate 0.4% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 81 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Swede(s); adjective--Swedish _#_Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; foreign born or first-generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks) about 12% _#_Religion: Evangelical Lutheran 94%, Roman Catholic 1.5%, Pentecostal 1%, other 3.5% (1987) _#_Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native languages _#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979 est.) _#_Labor force: 4,572,000 (October 1990); government services 37.4%, mining, manufacturing, electricity, and water service 23.1%, private services 22.2%, transportation and communications 7%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 3.8%, other 0.2% (1988) _#_Organized labor: 80% of labor force (1990 est.) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Sweden _#_Type: constitutional monarchy _#_Capital: Stockholm _#_Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (lan, singular and plural); Alvsborgs Lan, Blekinge Lan, Gavleborgs Lan, Goteborgs och Bohus Lan, Gotlands Lan, Hallands Lan, Jamtlands Lan, Jonkopings Lan, Kalmar Lan, Kopparbergs Lan, Kristianstads Lan, Kronobergs Lan, Malmohus Lan, Norrbottens Lan, Orebro Lan, Ostergotlands Lan, Skaraborgs Lan, Sodermanlands Lan, Stockholms Lan, Uppsala Lan, Varmlands Lan, Vasterbottens Lan, Vasternorrlands Lan, Vastmanlands Lan _#_Independence: 6 June 1809, constitutional monarchy established _#_Constitution: 1 January 1975 _#_Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Day of the Swedish Flag, 6 June _#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Riksdag) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Hogsta Domstolen) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--King CARL XVI Gustaf (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the King (born 14 July 1977); Head of Government--Prime Minister Carl BILDT (since 3 October 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: ruling four-party coalition consists of the Moderate Party (conservative), Carl BILDT; Liberal People's Party, Bengt WESTERBERG; Center Party, Olof JOHANSSON; and the Christian Democratic Party, Alf SVENSSON; Social Democratic Party, Ingvar CARLSSON; New Democracy Party, Count Ian WACHMEISTER; Left Party (VP; Communist), Lars WERNER; Swedish Communist Party (SKP), Rune PETTERSSON; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf HAGEL; Green Party, no formal leader _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: Riksdag--last held 15 September 1991 (next to be held September 1994); results--Social Democratic 37.6%, Moderate (conservative) 21.9%, Liberal People's Party 9.1%, Center Party 8.5%, Christian Democrats 7.1%, New Democracy 6.7%, Left Party (Communist) 4.5%, Green Party 3.4%, other 1.2%; seats--(349 total) Social Democratic 138, Moderate (conservative) 80, Liberal People's Party 33, Center Party 31, Christian Democrats 26, New Democracy 25, Left Party (Communist) 16; note: the Green Party leaves the Riksdag because it received less than the required 4% of the vote _#_Communists: VP and SKP; VP, formerly the Left Party-Communists, is reported to have roughly 17,800 members and attracted 5.8% of the vote in the 1988 election; VP dropped the Communist label in 1990, but maintains a Marxist ideology _#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer) AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-6, G-8, G-9, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Anders THUNBORG; Chancery at Suite 1200, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 944-5600; there are Swedish Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, and New York; US--Ambassador Charles E. REDMAN; Embassy at Strandvagen 101, S-115 89 Stockholm; telephone [46] (8) 783-5300 _#_Flag: blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) _*_Economy _#_Overview: Aided by a long period of peace and neutrality during World War I through World War II, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has essentially full employment, a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy that is heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. For some observers, the Swedish model has succeeded in making economic efficiency and social egalitarianism complementary, rather than competitive, goals. Others argue that the Swedish model is on the verge of collapsing by pointing to the serious economic problems Sweden faces in 1991: high inflation and absenteeism, growing unemployment and deficits, and declining international competitiveness. In 1990, to improve the economy, the government approved a mandate for Sweden to seek EC membership and an austerity and privatization package and implemented a major tax reform. These reforms may succeed in turning the economy around in 1992. _#_GDP: $137.8 billion, per capita $16,200; real growth rate 0.3% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 10.9% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 1.6% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $60.1 billion; expenditures $56.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY89) _#_Exports: $57.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products; partners--EC 54.4%, (FRG 14.2%, UK 10.1%, Denmark 6.6%), US 8.6%, Norway 8.2% _#_Imports: $54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing; partners--EC 55.3%, US 8.4% _#_External debt: $14.1 billion (December 1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 2.0% (1990) _#_Electricity: 39,716,000 kW capacity; 142,000 million kWh produced, 16,700 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles _#_Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops--grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets _#_Economic aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $10.3 billion _#_Currency: Swedish krona (plural--kronor); 1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 ore _#_Exchange rates: Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1--5.6402 (January 1991), 5.9188 (1990), 6.4469 (1989), 6.1272 (1988), 6.3404 (1987), 7.1236 (1986), 8.6039 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 12,000 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ)--10,819 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 6,955 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways--511 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (332 km electrified); 371 km 0.891-meter gauge (all electrified) _#_Highways: 97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved earth) _#_Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges _#_Pipelines: 84 km natural gas _#_Ports: Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Kalmar, Malmo, Stockholm; numerous secondary and minor ports _#_Merchant marine: 182 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,226,923 GRT/2,879,057 DWT; includes 9 short-sea passenger, 29 cargo, 3 container, 45 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 vehicle carrier, 2 railcar carrier, 28 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 27 chemical tanker, 6 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 8 combination ore/oil, 12 bulk, 1 combination bulk _#_Civil air: 115 major transports _#_Airports: 256 total, 254 usable; 137 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 92 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international facilities; 8,200,000 telephones; stations--4 AM, 56 (321 relays) FM, 111 (925 relays) TV; 5 submarine coaxial cables; communication satellite earth stations operating in the INTELSAT (1 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Navy, Royal Swedish Air Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,136,227; 1,865,645 fit for military service; 55,198 reach military age (19) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $4.9 billion, 2.5% of GDP (FY90) _%_ _@_Switzerland _*_Geography _#_Total area: 41,290 km2; land area: 39,770 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of New Jersey _#_Land boundaries: 1,852 km total; Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 km _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Climate: temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers _#_Terrain: mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with a central plateau of rolling hills, plains, and large lakes _#_Natural resources: hydropower potential, timber, salt _#_Land use: arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and woodland 26%; other 23%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: dominated by Alps _#_Note: landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe _*_People _#_Population: 6,783,961 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 83 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Swiss (sing. & pl.); adjective--Swiss _#_Ethnic divisions: total population--German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6%; Swiss nationals--German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1% _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 47.6%, Protestant 44.3%, other 8.1% (1980) _#_Language: total population--German 65%, French 18%, Italian 12%, Romansch 1%, other 4%; Swiss nationals--German 74%, French 20%, Italian 4%, Romansch 1%, other 1% _#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.) _#_Labor force: 3,310,000; 904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian; services 50%, industry and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and forestry 6%, other 1% (1989) _#_Organized labor: 20% of labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Swiss Confederation _#_Type: federal republic _#_Capital: Bern _#_Administrative divisions: 26 cantons (cantons, singular--canton in French; cantoni, singular--cantone in Italian; kantone, singular--kanton in German); Aargau, Ausser-Rhoden, Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Bern, Fribourg, Geneve, Glarus, Graubunden, Inner-Rhoden, Jura, Luzern, Neuchatel, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Sankt Gallen, Schaffhausen, Schwyz, Solothurn, Thurgau, Ticino, Uri, Valais, Vaud, Zug, Zurich _#_Independence: 1 August 1291 _#_Constitution: 29 May 1874 _#_Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Founding of the Swiss Confederation, 1 August (1291) _#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Federal Council (German--Bundesrat, French--Conseil Federal, Italian--Consiglio Federale) _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (German--Bundesversammlung, French--Assemblee Federale, Italian--Assemblea Federale) consists of an upper council or Council of States (German--Standerat, French--Conseil des Etats, Italian--Consiglio degli Stati) and a lower council or National Council (German--Nationalrat, French--Conseil National, Italian--Consiglio Nazionale) _#_Judicial branch: Federal Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Flavio COTTI (1991 calendar year; presidency rotates annually); Vice President Rene FELBER (term runs concurrently with that of president) _#_Political parties and leaders: Free Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno HUNZIKER, president; Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut HUBACHER, chairman; Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP), Eva SEGMULLER-WEBER, chairman; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Hans UHLMANN, president; Green Party (GPS), Peter SCHMID, president; Automobile Party (AP), DREYER; Alliance of Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz JAEGER, president; Swiss Democratic Party (SD), NA; Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Max DUNKI, president; Workers' Party (PdA; Communist), Jean SPIELMANN, general secretary; Ticino League, leader NA Liberal Party (LPS), Gilbert COUTAU, president; National Action Party (NA), Rudolph KELLER, chairman; Republican Party (RP), Franz BAUMGARTNER, president; Progressive Organizations of Switzerland (POCH), Georg DEGEN, secretary; Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), Dario ROBBIANI, president _#_Suffrage: universal at age 20 _#_Elections: Council of States--last held throughout 1991 (next to be held 1995; results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(46 total) FDP 15, CVP 14, SVP 4, LPS 3, LDU 1; note--9 seats require run-off elections, to be held in November1991 National Council--last held 20 October 1991 (next to be held October 1995); results--FDP %, SPS %, CVP %, SVP %, GPS %, LPS %, AP %, LDU %,SD %, EVP %, Workers Party %, Ticino League 23%, other %; seats--(200 total) FDP 44, SPS 42, CVP 37, SVP 25, GPS 14, LPS 10, AP 8, LDU 6, SD 5, EVP 3, Workers Party 2, Ticino League 2, other 2 _#_Communists: 4,500 members (est.) _#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, ESA, FAO, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMF (observer), IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), NEA, OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Edouard BRUNNER; Chancery at 2900 Cathedral Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 745-7900; there are Swiss Consulates General in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco; US--Ambassador Joseph B. GILDENHORN; Embassy at Jubilaeumstrasse 93, 3005 Bern; telephone [41] (31) 437-011; there is a Branch Office of the Embassy in Geneva and a Consulate General in Zurich _#_Flag: red square with a bold, equilateral white cross in the center that does not extend to the edges of the flag _*_Economy _#_Overview: Switzerland's economic success is matched in few, if any, other nations. Per capita output, general living standards, education and science, health care, and diet are unsurpassed in Europe. Inflation remains low because of sound government policy and harmonious labor-management relations. Unemployment is negligible, a marked contrast to the larger economies of Western Europe. This economic stability helps promote the important banking and tourist sectors. Since World War II, Switzerland's economy has adjusted smoothly to the great changes in output and trade patterns in Europe and presumably can adjust to the challenges of the 1990s, in particular, the further economic integration of Western Europe and the amazingly rapid changes in East European political/economic prospects. _#_GDP: $126 billion, per capita $18,700; real growth rate 2.6% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.3% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 0.5% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $24.0 billion; expenditures $23.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990) _#_Exports: $63.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--machinery and equipment, precision instruments, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles and clothing; partners--Western Europe 64% (EC 56%, other 8%), US 9%, Japan 4% _#_Imports: $70.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--agricultural products, machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles, construction materials; partners--Western Europe 78% (EC 71%, other 7%), US 6% _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate 2.1% (1990) _#_Electricity: 17,710,000 kW capacity; 59,070 million kWh produced, 8,930 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments _#_Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages--fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat _#_Economic aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $3.5 billion _#_Currency: Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural--francs, franken, or franchi); 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi _#_Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1--1.2724 (January 1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988), 1.4912 (1987), 1.7989 (1986), 2.4571 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 5,174 km total; 2,971 km are government owned and 2,203 km are nongovernment owned; the government network consists of 2,897 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 74 km 1.000-meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 710 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km 1.000-meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge track, 100% electrified _#_Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads _#_Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,506 km natural gas _#_Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable lakes _#_Ports: Basel (river port) _#_Merchant marine: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 258,678 GRT/441,555 DWT; includes 6 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 7 bulk _#_Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 67 total, 65 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5,890,000 telephones; stations--6 AM, 36 (400 relays) FM, 145 (1,250 relays) TV; communications satellite earth stations operating in the INTELSAT (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Air Force, Frontier Guards, Fortification Guards _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,802,005; 1,549,347 fit for military service; 42,619 reach military age (20) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $4.6 billion, 2% of GDP (1990) _%_ _@_Syria _*_Geography _#_Total area: 185,180 km2; land area: 184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory) _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than North Dakota _#_Land boundaries: 2,253 km total; Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km _#_Coastline: 193 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 6 nm beyond territorial sea limit; Territorial sea: 35 nm _#_Disputes: separated from Israel by the 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over Euphrates water rights; ongoing dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR _#_Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast _#_Terrain: primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west _#_Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum _#_Land use: arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 46%; forest and woodland 3%; other 20%; includes irrigated 3% _#_Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification _#_Note: there are 38 Jewish settlements in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights _*_People _#_Population: 12,965,996 (July 1991), growth rate 3.8% (1991); in addition, there are at least 12,000 Druze and 13,000 Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (1990 est.) _#_Birth rate: 43 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 37 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 71 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Syrian(s); adjective--Syrian _#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 90.3%; Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% _#_Religion: Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian (various sects) 10%, tiny Jewish communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo _#_Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French widely understood _#_Literacy: 64% (male 78%, female 51%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 2,400,000; miscellaneous and government services 36%, agriculture 32%, industry and construction 32%; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor (1984) _#_Organized labor: 5% of labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Syrian Arab Republic _#_Type: republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963 _#_Capital: Damascus _#_Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular--muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda, Dara, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus _#_Independence: 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration); formerly United Arab Republic _#_Constitution: 13 March 1973 _#_Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: National Day, 17 April (1946) _#_Executive branch: president, three vice presidents, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral People's Council (Majlis al-Chaab) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court, High Judicial Council, Court of Cassation, State Security Courts _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Hafiz al-ASAD (since 22 February 1971); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, Rifat al-ASAD, and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984); Head of Government--Prime Minister Mahmud ZUBI (since 1 November 1987); Deputy Prime Minister Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Salim YASIN (since NA December 1981); Deputy Prime Minister Mahmud QADDUR (since NA May 1985) _#_Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Bath) Party; the Progressive National Front is dominated by Bathists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Syrian Communist Party (SCP), Arab Socialist Unionist Movement, and Democratic Socialist Union Party _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 10-11 February 1985 (next to be held February 1992); results--President Hafiz al-ASAD was reelected without opposition; People's Council--last held 22-23 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results--Bath 53.6%, ASU 3.2%, SCP 3.2%, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 2.8%, ASP 2%, Democratic Socialist Union Party 1.6%, independents 33.6%; seats--(250 total) Bath 134, ASU 8, SCP 8, Arab Socialist Unionist Movement 7, ASP 5, Democratic Socialist Union Party 4, independents 84; the People's Council was expanded to 250 seats total prior to the May 1990 election _#_Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering about 5,000 _#_Other political or pressure groups: non-Bath parties have little effective political influence; Communist party ineffective; greatest threat to Asad regime lies in factionalism in the military; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood _#_Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Walid MOUALEM; Chancery at 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-6313; US--Ambassador Edward P. DJEREJIAN; Embassy at Abu Rumaneh, Al Mansur Street No.2, Damascus (mailing address is P. O. Box 29, Damascus); telephone [963] (11) 333052 or 332557, 330416, 332814, 332315, 714108, 337178, 333232, 334352 _#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Yemen which has a plain white band and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band _*_Economy _#_Overview: Syria's rigidly structured Bathist economy turned out slightly more goods in 1990 than in 1983, when the population was 20% smaller. Economic difficulties are attributable, in part, to severe drought in several recent years, costly but unsuccessful attempts to match Israel's military strength, a falloff in Arab aid, and insufficient foreign exchange earnings to buy needed inputs for industry and agriculture. Socialist policy, embodied in a thicket of bureaucratic regulations, in many instances has driven away or pushed underground the mercantile and entrepreneurial spirit for which Syrian businessmen have long been famous. Two bright spots: a sizable number of villagers have benefited from land redistribution, electrification, and other rural development programs; and a recent find of light crude oil has enabled Syria to cut oil imports. A long-term concern is the additional drain of upstream Euphrates water by Turkey when its vast dam and irrigation projects are completed toward the end of the 1990s. Output in 1990 rebounded from the very bad year of 1989, as agricultural production and oil revenues increased substantially. _#_GDP: $20.0 billion, per capita $1,600; real growth rate 12% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $4.8 billion; expenditures $5.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.1 billion (1990 est.) _#_Exports: $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--petroleum 40%, textiles 30%, farm products 13%, phosphates (1989); partners--USSR and Eastern Europe 42%, EC 31%, Arab countries 17%, US/Canada 2% (1989) _#_Imports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--foodstuffs and beverages 21%, metal and metal products 16%, machinery 14%, textiles, petroleum (1989); partners--EC 42%, USSR and Eastern Europe 13%, other Europe 13%, US/Canada 8%, Arab countries 6% (1989) _#_External debt: $5.2 billion in hard currency (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 17% (1990 est.); accounts for 19% of GDP _#_Electricity: 2,867,000 kW capacity; 6,000 million kWh produced, 500 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, petroleum _#_Agriculture: accounts for 27% of GDP and one-third of labor force; all major crops (wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas) grown mainly on rainfed land causing wide swings in production; animal products--beef, lamb, eggs, poultry, milk; not self-sufficient in grain or livestock products _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-81), $538 million; Western (non-US) ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $12.3 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $3.3 billion _#_Currency: Syrian pound (plural--pounds); 1 Syrian pound (5S) = 100 piasters _#_Exchange rates: Syrian pounds (5S) per US$1--11.2250 (fixed rate since 1987), 3.9250 (fixed rate 1976-87) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 2,241 km total; 1,930 km standard gauge, 311 km 1.050-meter narrow gauge; note--the Tartus-Latakia line is nearly complete _#_Highways: 27,000 km total; 21,000 km paved, 3,000 km gravel or crushed stone, 3,000 km improved earth _#_Inland waterways: 672 km; of little economic importance _#_Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products _#_Ports: Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas _#_Merchant marine: 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 61,951 GRT/86,552 DWT; includes 18 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 bulk _#_Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 99 total, 96 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 512,600 telephones; stations--9 AM, 1 FM, 40 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station, with 1 Intersputnik station under construction; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive) _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Air Defense Forces, Police and Security Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,825,214; 1,584,887 fit for military service; 149,105 reach military age (19) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $1.6 billion, 10.9% of GDP (1988 est.) _%_ _@_Tanzania _*_Geography _#_Total area: 945,090 km2; land area: 886,040 km2; includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of California _#_Land boundaries: 3,402 km total; Burundi 451 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km _#_Coastline: 1,424 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: boundary dispute with Malawi in Lake Nyasa; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled _#_Climate: varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands _#_Terrain: plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south _#_Natural resources: hydropower potential, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones, gold, natural gas, nickel _#_Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 40%; forest and woodland 47%; other 7%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affected marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa _*_People _#_Population: 26,869,175 (July 1991), growth rate 3.4% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 50 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 105 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 55 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 7.0 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Tanzanian(s); adjective--Tanzanian _#_Ethnic divisions: mainland--native African consisting of well over 100 tribes 99%; Asian, European, and Arab 1% _#_Religion: mainland--Christian 33%, Muslim 33%, indigenous beliefs 33%; Zanzibar--almost all Muslim _#_Language: Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in Swahili _#_Literacy: 46% (male 62%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978) _#_Labor force: 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.) _#_Organized labor: 15% of labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: United Republic of Tanzania _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Dar es Salaam; some government offices have been transferred to Dodoma, which is planned as the new national capital in the 1990s _#_Administrative divisions: 25 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Iringa, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Lindi, Mara, Mbeya, Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Pemba North, Pemba South, Pwani, Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Singida, Tabora, Tanga, Zanzibar Central/South, Zanzibar North, Zanzibar Urban/West, Ziwa Magharibi _#_Independence: Tanganyika became independent 9 December 1961 (from UN trusteeship under British administration); Zanzibar became independent 19 December 1963 (from UK); Tanganyika united with Zanzibar 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; renamed United Republic of Tanzania 29 October 1964 _#_Constitution: 15 March 1984 (Zanzibar has its own Constitution but remains subject to provisions of the union Constitution) _#_Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Union Day, 26 April (1964) _#_Executive branch: president, first vice president and prime minister of the union, second vice president and president of Zanzibar, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) _#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Ali Hassan MWINYI (since 5 November 1985); First Vice President John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990); Second Vice President Salmin AMOUR (since 9 November 1990); Head of Government--Prime Minister John MALECELA (since 9 November 1990) _#_Political parties and leaders: only party--Chama Cha MAPINDUZI (CCM or Revolutionary Party), Ali Hassan MWINYI, party chairman _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results--Ali Hassan MWINYI was elected without opposition; National Assembly--last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results--CCM is the only party; seats--(241 total, 168 elected) CCM 168 _#_Communists: no Communist party; a few Communist sympathizers _#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-6, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Charles Musama NYIRABU; Chancery at 2139 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-6125; US--Ambassador Edmund DE JARNETTE; Embassy at 36 Laibon Road (off Bagamoyo Road), Dar es Salaam (mailing address is P. O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam); telephone [255] (51) 37501 through 37504 _#_Flag: divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue _*_Economy _#_Overview: Tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which accounts for about 47% of GDP, provides 85% of exports, and employs 90% of the work force. Industry accounts for 8% of GDP and is mainly limited to processing agricultural products and light consumer goods. The economic recovery program announced in mid-1986 has generated notable increases in agricultural production and financial support for the program by bilateral donors. The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have increased the availability of imports and provided funds to rehabilitate Tanzania's deteriorated economic infrastructure. _#_GDP: $5.92 billion, per capita $240; real growth rate 4.3% (FY89 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 31.2 (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $495 million; expenditures $631 million, including capital expenditures of $118 million (FY90) _#_Exports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--coffee, cotton, sisal, tea, cashew nuts, meat, tobacco, diamonds, coconut products, pyrethrum, cloves (Zanzibar); partners--FRG, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, Hong Kong, US _#_Imports: $1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--manufactured goods, machinery and transportation equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs; partners--FRG, UK, US, Japan, Italy, Denmark _#_External debt: $5.8 billion (December 1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.2% (1988); accounts for 8% of GDP _#_Electricity: 401,000 kW capacity; 895 million kWh produced, 35 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products, fertilizer _#_Agriculture: accounts for over 40% of GDP; topography and climatic conditions limit cultivated crops to only 5% of land area; cash crops--coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), cashews, tobacco, cloves (Zanzibar); food crops--corn, wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits, and vegetables; small numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats; not self-sufficient in food grain production _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $400 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $9.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $44 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $614 million _#_Currency: Tanzanian shilling (plural--shillings); 1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1--196.60 (January 1991), 195.06 (1990), 143.377 (1989), 99.292 (1988), 64.260 (1987), 32.698 (1986), 17.472 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km double track, 962 km Tazara Railroad 1.067-meter gauge; 115 km 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade _#_Highways: total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder improved and unimproved earth _#_Pipelines: 982 km crude oil _#_Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, Lake Nyasa _#_Ports: Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga, and Zanzibar are ocean ports; Mwanza on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika are inland ports _#_Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,784 GRT/25,860 DWT; includes 2 passenger-cargo, 3 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker _#_Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 105 total, 93 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 44 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800 telephones; stations--12 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force (TPDF; including Army, Navy, and Air Force); paramilitary Police Field Force Unit; Militia _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,545,022; 3,200,744 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $111 million, 3.9% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Thailand _*_Geography _#_Total area: 514,000 km2; land area: 511,770 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of Wyoming _#_Land boundaries: 4,863 km total; Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km _#_Coastline: 3,219 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved maritime boundary with Vietnam _#_Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid _#_Terrain: central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere _#_Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, lead, fish, gypsum, lignite, fluorite _#_Land use: arable land 34%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 30%; other 31%; includes irrigated 7% _#_Environment: air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area _#_Note: controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore _*_People _#_Population: 56,814,069 (July 1991), growth rate 1.4% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 20 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 37 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Thai (sing. and pl.); adjective--Thai _#_Ethnic divisions: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11% _#_Religion: Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.5% (1991) _#_Language: Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regional dialects _#_Literacy: 93% (male 96%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 30,870,000; agriculture 62%, industry 13%, commerce 11%, services (including government) 14% (1989 est.) _#_Organized labor: 309,000 union members (1989) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Thailand; under martial law since military takeover 23 February 1991 _#_Type: constitutional monarchy; under martial law since military coup of 23 February 1991 _#_Capital: Bangkok _#_Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (changwat, singular and plural); Ang Thong, Buriram, Chachoengsao, Chai Nat, Chaiyaphum, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Chon Buri, Chumphon, Kalasin, Kamphaeng Phet, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Krung Thep Mahanakhon, Lampang, Lamphun, Loei, Lop Buri, Mae Hong Son, Maha Sarakham, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Phanom, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Nan, Narathiwat, Nong Khai, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani, Pattani, Phangnga, Phatthalung, Phayao, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phichit, Phitsanulok, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Phrae, Phuket, Prachin Buri, Prachuap Khiri Khan, Ranong, Ratchaburi, Rayong, Roi Et, Sakon Nakhon, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Samut Songkhram, Sara Buri, Satun, Sing Buri, Sisaket, Songkhla, Sukhothai, Suphan Buri, Surat Thani, Surin, Tak, Trang, Trat, Ubon Ratchathani, Udon Thani, Uthai Thani, Uttaradit, Yala, Yasothon _#_Independence: 1238 (traditional founding date); never colonized _#_Constitution: 22 December 1978; interim constitution promulgated by National Peace-Keeping Council on 1 March 1991 _#_Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; martial law in effect since 23 February 1991 military coup _#_National holiday: Birthday of His Majesty the King, 5 December (1927) _#_Executive branch: monarch, interim prime minister, three interim deputy prime ministers, interim Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council; following the military coup of 23 February 1991 a National Peace-Keeping Council was set up _#_Legislative branch: bicameral National Assembly (Rathasatha) consists of an upper house or Senate (Vuthisatha) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Saphaphoothan-Rajsadhorn); following the military coup of 23 February 1991 the National Assembly was dissolved and a new interim National Legislative Assembly has been formed until elections are held in April 1992 _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Sarndika) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--King PHUMIPHON ADUNLAYADET (since 9 June 1946); Heir Apparent Crown Prince WACHIRALONGKON (born 28 July 1952); Head of Government--Interim Prime Minister ANAN Panyarachun (since 4 March 1991); Interim Deputy Prime Minister SANO Unakun (since 6 March 1991); Interim Deputy Prime Minister Police Gen. PHAO Sarasin (since 6 March 1991); Interim Deputy Prime Minister MICHAI Ruchupan (since 6 March 1991); National Peace-Keeping Council (ruling junta)--Chairman Gen. SUNTHON Khongsomphong; Vice Chairman Gen. SUCHINDA Khraprayun; Vice Chairman Adm. PRAPHAT Kritsanachan; Vice Chairman Air Chief Mar. KASET Rotchananin; Vice Chairman Police Gen. SAWAT Amonwiwat _#_Political parties and leaders: under martial law political parties are prohibited from meeting; leaders of several parties have resigned and other parties are fragmenting; it is unclear which of the following parties functioning at the time of the military coup will still be in existence by the time new elections are held; Thai Nation Party (TNP); Solidarity Party; Thai Citizens Party (TCP); People's Party (Ratsadon); Thai People's Party; Social Action Party (SAP); Democrat Party (DP); Mass Party; Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma); People's Party (Prachachon); New Aspiration Party; United Democracy Party; Liberal Party; Social Democratic Force _#_Suffrage: universal at age 21 _#_Elections: House of Representatives--last held 24 July 1988 (next to be held by April 1992 for a new National Legislative Assembly according to the National Peace-Keeping Council); results--TNP 27%, SAP 15%, DP 13%, TCP 9%, other 36%; seats--(357 total) TNP 96, Solidarity 62, SAP 53, DP 48, TCP 31, People's Party (Ratsadon) 21, Thai People's Party (Prachachon) 17, Force of Truth Party (Phalang Dharma) 15, United Democracy Party 5, Mass Party 5, Liberal 3, Social Democratic Force 1; note--the House of Representatives was dissolved 23 February 1991; the new interim National Legislative Assembly has 292 seats with 148 of the seats held by active and retired military officers _#_Communists: illegal Communist party has 500 to 1,000 members; armed Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total 300 to 500 (est.) _#_Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate PHIRAPHONG Kasemsi; Embassy at 2300 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7200; there are Thai Consulates General in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York; US--Ambassador Daniel A. O'DONAHUE; Embassy at 95 Wireless Road, Bangkok (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96346); telephone [66] (2) 252-504019; there is a US Consulate General in Chiang Mai and Consulates in Songkhla and Udorn _#_Flag: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue (double width), white, and red _*_Economy _#_Overview: Thailand, one of the more advanced developing countries in Asia, enjoyed a year of 9% growth in 1990, although down from the double-digit rates of 1987-89. The increasingly sophisticated manufacturing sector benefited from export-oriented investment, but the agricultural sector contracted 2%, primarily because of weaker demand in Thailand's major overseas markets for commodities such as rice. The trade deficit almost doubled in 1990, to $9 billion, but earnings from tourism ($4.7 billion), remittances, and net capital inflows helped keep the balance of payments in surplus. The government has followed fairly sound fiscal and monetary policies, aided by increased tax receipts from the fast-moving economy. In 1990 the government approved new projects--especially for telecommunications and roads--needed to refurbish the country's now overtaxed infrastructure. Although growth in 1991 will slow further, Thailand's economic outlook remains good, assuming the continuation of prudent government policies in the wake of the 23 February 1991 military coup. _#_GNP: $79 billion, per capita $1,400; real growth rate 10% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: 4.9% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $15.2 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $4.1 billion (FY91) _#_Exports: $23.0 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--light manufactures 66%, fishery products 12%, rice 8%, tapioca 8%, manufactured gas, corn, tin; partners--US 22%, Japan 17%, Singapore 7%, Netherlands, FRG, Hong Kong, UK, Malaysia, China (1989) _#_Imports: $32.0 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.); commodities--machinery and parts 23%, petroleum products 13%, chemicals 11%, iron and steel, electrical appliances; partners--Japan 30%, US 11%, Singapore 8%, FRG 5%, Taiwan, South Korea, China, Malaysia, UK (1989) _#_External debt: $26.9 billion (end 1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 14% (1990 est.); accounts for almost 27% of GDP _#_Electricity: 7,270,000 kW capacity; 29,000 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: tourism is the largest source of foreign exchange; textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light manufacturing, such as jewelry; electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture, plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest tin producer _#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 62% of labor force; leading producer and exporter of rice and cassava (tapioca); other crops--rubber, corn, sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans; except for wheat, self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 2.8 million tons (1989) _#_Illicit drugs: a minor producer, major illicit trafficker of heroin, particularly from Burma and Laos, and cannabis for the international drug market; eradication efforts have reduced the area of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring countries; opium poppy cultivation has been affected by eradication efforts _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $870 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $8.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $19 million _#_Currency: baht (plural--baht); 1 baht (B) = 100 satang _#_Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1--25.224 (January 1991), 25.585 (1990), 25.702 (1989), 25.294 (1988), 25.723 (1987), 26.299 (1986), 27.159 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge, 99 km double track _#_Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km under development _#_Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft _#_Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined products, 67 km _#_Ports: Bangkok, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip, Si Racha _#_Merchant marine: 136 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 521,565 GRT/791,570 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 79 cargo, 9 container, 29 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1 chemical tanker, 3 bulk, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 combination bulk _#_Civil air: 41 (plus 2 leased) major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 127 total, 103 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: service to general public inadequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and radio relay network; 739,500 telephones (1987); stations--over 200 AM, 100 FM, and 11 TV in government-controlled networks; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT; domestic satellite system being developed _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (including Royal Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 16,028,159; 9,778,003 fit for military service; 604,483 reach military age (18) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $2.4 billion, 3% of GNP (1990 est.) _%_ _@_Togo _*_Geography _#_Total area: 56,790 km2; land area: 54,390 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than West Virginia _#_Land boundaries: 1,647 km total; Benin 644 km, Burkina 126 km, Ghana 877 km _#_Coastline: 56 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 30 nm _#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north _#_Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes _#_Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble _#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 28%; other 42%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter; recent droughts affecting agriculture; deforestation _*_People _#_Population: 3,810,616 (July 1991), growth rate 3.6% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 54 years male, 58 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 7.1 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Togolese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Togolese _#_Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese _#_Religion: indigenous beliefs about 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10% _#_Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabye in the north _#_Literacy: 43% (male 56%, female 31%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: NA; agriculture 78%, industry 22%; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985) _#_Organized labor: one national union, the National Federation of Togolese Workers _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Togo _#_Type: republic; one-party presidential regime _#_Capital: Lome _#_Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions, singular--circonscription); Amlame (Amou), Aneho (Lacs), Atakpame (Ogou), Badou (Wawa), Bafilo (Assoli), Bassar (Bassari), Dapaong (Tone), Kante (Keran), Klouto (Kloto), Kpagouda (Binah), Lama-Kara (Kozah), Lome (Golfe), Mango (Oti), Niamtougou (Doufelgou), Notse (Haho), Sotouboua, Tabligbo (Yoto), Tchamba, Tchaoudjo, Tsevie (Zio), Vogan (Vo); note--the 21 units may now be called prefectures (prefectures, singular--prefecture) and reported name changes for individual units are included in parentheses _#_Independence: 27 April 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration, formerly French Togo) _#_Constitution: 30 December 1979, effective 13 January 1980 _#_Legal system: French-based court system _#_National holiday: Liberation Day (anniversary of coup), 13 January (1967) _#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) _#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal (Cour d'Appel), Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967); Head of Government--interim Prime Minister Kokou KOFFIGOH (since 28 August 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) led by President EYADEMA was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12 April 1991; more than 10 parties formed as of mid-May, though none yet legally registered; a national conference to determine transition regime took place 10-20 June 1991 _#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA _#_Elections: President--last held 21 December 1986 (next to be held December 1993); results--Gen. EYADEMA was reelected without opposition; National Assembly--last held 4 March 1990 (next to be held 14 June 1992); results--RPT was the only party; seats--(77 total) RPT 77 _#_Communists: no Communist party _#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CEAO (observer), ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ellom-Kodjo SCHUPPIUS; Chancery at 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 234-4212 or 4213; US--Ambassador Harmon E. KIRBY; Embassy at Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome (mailing address is B. P. 852, Lome); telephone [228] 21-29-91 through 94 and 21-77-17 _#_Flag: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is heavily dependent on subsistence agriculture, which accounts for about 35% of GDP and provides employment for 78% of the labor force. Primary agricultural exports are cocoa, coffee, and cotton, which together account for about 30% of total export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal. In the industrial sector phosphate mining is by far the most important activity, with phosphate exports accounting for about 40% of total foreign exchange earnings. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government actively encourages foreign investment. _#_GDP: $1.4 billion, per capita $395; real growth rate 3.6% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): - 1.2% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1987) _#_Budget: revenues $330 million; expenditures $363 million, including capital expenditures of $101 million (1990 est.) _#_Exports: $331 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--phosphates, cocoa, coffee, cotton, manufactures, palm kernels; partners--EC 70%, Africa 9%, US 2%, other 19% (1985) _#_Imports: $344 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--food, fuels, durable consumer goods, other intermediate goods, capital goods; partners--EC 61%, US 6%, Africa 4%, Japan 4%, other 25% (1989) _#_External debt: $1.3 billion (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.9% (1987 est.); 6% of GDP _#_Electricity: 179,000 kW capacity; 209 million kWh produced, 60 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, beverages _#_Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, cocoa, cotton; food crops--yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; livestock production not significant; annual fish catch, 10,000-14,000 tons _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $132 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $51 million _#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural--francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes _#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 515 km 1.000-meter gauge, single track _#_Highways: 6,462 km total; 1,762 km paved; 4,700 km unimproved roads _#_Inland waterways: none _#_Ports: Lome, Kpeme (phosphate port) _#_Merchant marine: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 38,906 GRT/70,483 DWT; includes 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier _#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 9 total, 9 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m none with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: fair system based on network of open-wire lines supplemented by radio relay routes; 12,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 3 (2 relays) TV; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 799,597; 420,092 fit for military service; no conscription _#_Defense expenditures: $44 million, 3.7% of GDP (1987) _%_ _@_Tokelau (territory of New Zealand) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 10 km2; land area: 10 km2 _#_Comparative area: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 101 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November) _#_Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons _#_Natural resources: negligible _#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100% _#_Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt _#_Note: located 3,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand _*_People _#_Population: 1,700 (July 1991), growth rate 0.0% (1991) _#_Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: NA migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: NA years male, NA years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Tokelauan(s); adjective--Tokelauan _#_Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with cultural ties to Western Samoa _#_Religion: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2%; on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian Church predominant _#_Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language) and English _#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: NA _#_Organized labor: NA _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: territory of New Zealand _#_Capital: none, each atoll has its own administrative center _#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand) _#_Independence: none (territory of New Zealand) _#_Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970 _#_Legal system: British and local statutes _#_National holiday: Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840) _#_Executive branch: administrator (appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in New Zealand), official secretary _#_Legislative branch: Council of Elders (Taupulega) on each atoll _#_Judicial branch: High Court in Niue, Supreme Court in New Zealand _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Head of Government--Administrator Neil WALTER; Official Secretary M. NORRISH, Office of Tokelau Affairs _#_Suffrage: NA _#_Elections: NA _#_Communists: probably none _#_Member of: SPC _#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of New Zealand) _#_Flag: the flag of New Zealand is used _*_Economy _#_Overview: Tokelau's small size, isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people must rely on aid from New Zealand to maintain public services, annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand. _#_GDP: $1.4 million, per capita $800; real growth rate NA% (1988 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $430,830; expenditures $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (FY87) _#_Exports: $98,000 (f.o.b., 1983); commodities--stamps, copra, handicrafts; partners--NZ _#_Imports: $323,400 (c.i.f., 1983); commodities--foodstuffs, building materials, fuel; partners--NZ _#_External debt: none _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: 200 kW capacity; 300,000 kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: small-scale enterprises for copra production, wood work, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing _#_Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsistence crops--breadfruit, papaya, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $24 million _#_Currency: New Zealand dollar (plural--dollars); 1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.6798 (January 1991), 1.6750 (1990), 1.6711 (1989), 1.5244 (1988), 1.6886 (1987), 1.9088 (1986), 2.0064 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only _#_Airports: none; lagoon landings by amphibious aircraft from Western Samoa _#_Telecommunications: telephone service between islands and to Western Samoa _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand _%_ _@_Tonga _*_Geography _#_Total area: 748 km2; land area: 718 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 419 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: no specific limits; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December) _#_Terrain: most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base _#_Natural resources: fish, fertile soil _#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 55%; meadows and pastures 6%; forest and woodland 12%; other 2% _#_Environment: archipelago of 170 islands (36 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October to April); deforestation _#_Note: located about 2,250 km north-northwest of New Zealand, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand _*_People _#_Population: 102,272 (July 1991), growth rate 0.9% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 70 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Tongan(s); adjective--Tongan _#_Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Europeans _#_Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents _#_Language: Tongan, English _#_Literacy: 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can read and write a simple message in Tongan or English (1976) _#_Labor force: NA; 70% agriculture; 600 engaged in mining _#_Organized labor: none _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Kingdom of Tonga _#_Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy _#_Capital: Nukualofa _#_Administrative divisions: three island groups; Haapai, Tongatapu, Vavau _#_Independence: 4 June 1970 (from UK; formerly Friendly Islands) _#_Constitution: 4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967 _#_Legal system: based on English law _#_National holiday: Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970) _#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet), Privy Council _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fale Alea) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965); Head of Government--Prime Minister Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE (since 16 December 1965) _#_Political parties and leaders: Democratic Reform Movement, 'Akolisi POHIVA _#_Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and all literate females over 21 _#_Elections: Legislative Assembly--last held 14-15 February 1990 (next to be held NA February 1993); results--percent of vote NA; seats--(29 total, 9 elected) 6 proreform, 3 traditionalist _#_Communists: none known _#_Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Siosaia a'Ulupekotofa TUITA resides in London; US--the US has no offices in Tonga; the Ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga and makes periodic visits _#_Flag: red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy's base is agriculture, which employs about 70% of the labor force and contributes 50% to GDP. Coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops and make up two-thirds of exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. The manufacturing sector accounts for only 11% of GDP. Tourism is the primary source of hard currency earnings, but the island remains dependent on sizable external aid and remittances to sustain its trade deficit. _#_GDP: $86 million, per capita $850; real growth rate 3.6% (FY89 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (FY89) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $30.6 million; expenditures $48.9 million, including capital expenditures of $22.5 million (FY89 est.) _#_Exports: $9.6 million (f.o.b., FY90 est.); commodities--coconut oil, desiccated coconut, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla beans, fruits, vegetables, fish; partners--NZ 54%, Australia 30%, US 8%, Fiji 5% (FY87) _#_Imports: $59.9 million (c.i.f., FY90 est.); commodities--food products, beverages and tobacco, fuels, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, building materials; partners--NZ 39%, Australia 25%, Japan 9%, US 6%, EC 5% (FY87) _#_External debt: $42.0 million (FY89) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 15% (FY86); accounts for 11% of GDP _#_Electricity: 6,000 kW capacity; 8 million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: tourism, fishing _#_Agriculture: dominated by coconut, copra, and banana production; vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $16 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $240 million _#_Currency: pa'anga (plural--pa'anga); 1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti _#_Exchange rates: pa'anga (T$) per US$1--1.2832 (January 1991), 1.2809 (1990), 1.2637 (1989), 1.2799 (1988), 1.4282 (1987), 1.4960 (1986), 1.4319 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tongatapu); 74 km (Vavau); 94 km unsealed roads usable only in dry weather _#_Ports: Nukualofa, Neiafu, Pangai _#_Merchant marine: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 35,857 GRT/480,726 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 container, 1 liquefied gas _#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 6 total, 6 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones; 66,000 radios; no TV sets; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Land Force, Maritime Division, Royal Tongan Marines, Royal Tongan Guard, Police _#_Manpower availability: NA _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Trinidad and Tobago _*_Geography _#_Total area: 5,130 km2; land area: 5,130 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Delaware _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 362 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: outer edge of continental margin or 200 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to December) _#_Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and low mountains _#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, asphalt _#_Land use: arable land 14%; permanent crops 17%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and woodland 44%; other 23%; includes irrigated 4% _#_Environment: outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms _#_Note: located 11 km from Venezuela _*_People _#_Population: 1,285,297 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 21 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 73 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective--Trinidadian, Tobagonian _#_Ethnic divisions: black 43%, East Indian 40%, mixed 14%, white 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1% _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 32.2%, Hindu 24.3%, Anglican 14.4%, other Protestant 14%, Muslim 6%, none or unknown 9.1% _#_Language: English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish _#_Literacy: 95% (male 97%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1980) _#_Labor force: 463,900; construction and utilities 18.1%; manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14.8%; agriculture 10.9%; other 56.2% (1985 est.) _#_Organized labor: 22% of labor force (1988) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago _#_Type: parliamentary democracy _#_Capital: Port-of-Spain _#_Administrative divisions: 8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro, Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria _#_Independence: 31 August 1962 (from UK) _#_Constitution: 31 August 1976 _#_Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 31 August (1962) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives _#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Noor Mohammed HASSANALI (since 18 March 1987); Head of Government--Prime Minister Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since 18 December 1986) _#_Political parties and leaders: National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), A. N. R. ROBINSON; People's National Movement (PNM), Patrick MANNING; United National Congress (UNC), Basdeo PANDAY; Movement for Social Transformation (MOTION), David ABDULLAH _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: House of Representatives--last held 15 December 1986 (next to be held by December 1991); results--NAR 66%, PNM 32%, other 2%; seats--(36 total) NAR 33, PNM 3; note--in 1989 six members were expelled from the NAR and formed the UNC, while retaining their parliamentary seats; as a result seats held are NAR 27, UNC 6, PNM 3 _#_Communists: Communist Party of Trinidad and Tobago; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, James MILLETTE _#_Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), radical antigovernment black-identity organization; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress, moderate labor federation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor federation _#_Member of: ACP, C, CARICOM, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Angus Albert KHAN; Chancery at 1708 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202) 467-6490; Trinidad and Tobago has a Consulate General in New York; US--Ambassador Charles A. GARGANO; Embassy at 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain (mailing address is P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain); telephone (809) 622-6372 through 6376, 6176 _#_Flag: red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side _*_Economy _#_Overview: Trinidad and Tobago's petroleum-based economy began to emerge from a lengthy depression in 1990. The economy fell sharply through most of the 1980s, largely because of the decline in oil prices. This sector accounts for 80% of export earnings and more than 25% of GDP. The government, in response to the oil revenue loss, pursued a series of austerity measures that pushed the unemployment rate as high as 22% in 1988. The economy showed signs of recovery in 1990, however, helped along by rising oil prices. Agriculture employs only about 11% of the labor force and produces about 3% of GDP. Since this sector is small, it has been unable to absorb the large numbers of the unemployed. The government currently seeks to diversify its export base. _#_GDP: $4.05 billion, per capita $3,363; real growth rate - 3.7% (1989) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.4% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: 20% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991 est.) _#_Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--includes reexports--petroleum and petroleum products 82%, steel products 9%, fertilizer, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus (1988); partners--US 53%, CARICOM 16%, EC 10%, Latin America 3% (1989) _#_Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.); commodities--raw materials and intermediate goods 47%, capital goods 26%, consumer goods 26% (1988); partners--US 51%, Latin America 10%, UK 8%, Canada 5%, CARICOM 6% (1989) _#_External debt: $2.5 billion (1989) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.2%, excluding oil refining (1986); accounts for 30% of GDP, including petroleum _#_Electricity: 1,176,000 kW capacity; 3,468 million kWh produced, 2,730 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton textiles _#_Agriculture: highly subsidized sector; major crops--cocoa and sugarcane; sugarcane acreage is being shifted into rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry sector most important source of animal protein; must import large share of food needs _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $373 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $443 million _#_Currency: Trinidad and Tobago dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1--4.2500 (January 1991), 4.2500 (1990), 4.2500 (1989), 3.8438 (1988), 3.6000 (1987), 3.6000 (1986), 2.4500 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: minimal agricultural system near San Fernando _#_Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000 km unimproved earth _#_Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined products; 904 km natural gas _#_Ports: Port-of-Spain, Point Lisas, Pointe-a-Pierre _#_Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 6 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 109,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (Army), Coast Guard, Air Wing, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 339,260; 245,086 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $59 million, 1.6% of GDP (1989 est.) _%_ _@_Tromelin Island (French possession) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 1 km2; land area: 1 km2 _#_Comparative area: about 1.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 3.7 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 12 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: claimed by Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles _#_Climate: tropical _#_Terrain: sandy _#_Natural resources: fish _#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other--scattered bushes 100% _#_Environment: wildlife sanctuary _#_Note: located 350 km east of Madagascar and 600 km north of Reunion in the Indian Ocean; climatologically important location for forecasting cyclones _*_People _#_Population: uninhabited _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic Daniel CONSTANTIN, resident in Reunion _*_Economy _#_Overview: no economic activity _*_Communications _#_Airports: 1 with runway less than 1,220 m _#_Ports: none; offshore anchorage only _#_Telecommunications: important meteorological station _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_Tunisia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 163,610 km2; land area: 155,360 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Georgia _#_Land boundaries: 1,424 km total; Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km _#_Coastline: 1,148 km _#_Maritime claims: Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: maritime boundary dispute with Libya _#_Climate: temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south _#_Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara _#_Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt _#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops 10%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 4%; other 47%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification _#_Note: strategic location in central Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy across the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on east _*_People _#_Population: 8,276,096 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 38 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 74 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Tunisian(s); adjective--Tunisian _#_Ethnic divisions: Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish less than 1% _#_Religion: Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish less than 1% _#_Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and French (commerce) _#_Literacy: 65% (male 74%, female 56%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 2,250,000; agriculture 32%; shortage of skilled labor _#_Organized labor: about 360,000 members claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Constitutional Democratic Party _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Tunisia; note--may be changed to Tunisian Republic _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Tunis _#_Administrative divisions: 23 governorates (wilayat, singular--wilayah); Al Kaf, Al Mahdiyah, Al Munastir, Al Qasrayn, Al Qayrawan, Aryanah, Bajah, Banzart, Bin Arus, Jundubah, Madanin, Nabul, Qabis, Qafsah, Qibili, Safaqis, Sidi Bu Zayd, Silyanah, Susah, Tatawin, Tawzar, Tunis, Zaghwan _#_Independence: 20 March 1956 (from France) _#_Constitution: 1 June 1959 _#_Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session _#_National holiday: National Day, 20 March (1956) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab) _#_Judicial branch: Court of Cassation (Cour de Cassation) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987); Head of Government--Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (RCD), President BEN ALI (official ruling party); Movement of Democratic Socialists (MDS), Ahmed Mestiri; five other political parties are legal, including the Communist Party _#_Suffrage: universal at age 20 _#_Elections: President--last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994); results--Gen. Zine el Abidine BEN ALI was reelected without opposition; Chamber of Deputies--last held 2 April 1989 (next to be held April 1994); results--RCD 80.7%, independents/Islamists 13.7%, MDS 3.2%, other 2.4%; seats--(141 total) RCD 141 _#_Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students _#_Member of: ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Habib LAZREG; Chancery at 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20005; telephone (202) 862-1850; US--Ambassador Robert H. PELLETREAU, Jr.; Embassy at 144 Avenue de la Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere; telephone [216] (1) 782-566 _#_Flag: red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy depends primarily on petroleum, phosphates, tourism, and exports of light manufactures for continued growth. Following two years of drought-induced economic decline, the economy made a strong recovery in 1990 as a result of a bountiful harvest, continued export growth, and higher domestic investment. Continued high inflation and unemployment have eroded popular support for the government, however, and forced Tunis to slow the pace of economic reform. Nonetheless, the government appears committed to implementing its IMF-supported structural adjustment program and to servicing its foreign debt. _#_GDP: $10 billion, per capita $1,235; real growth rate 6.5% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.4% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: 15.4% (1989) _#_Budget: revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $4.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $970 million (1991 est.) _#_Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--hydrocarbons, agricultural products, phosphates and chemicals; partners--EC 73%, Middle East 9%, US 1%, Turkey, USSR _#_Imports: $4.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--industrial goods and equipment 57%, hydrocarbons 13%, food 12%, consumer goods; partners--EC 68%, US 7%, Canada, Japan, USSR, China, Saudi Arabia, Algeria _#_External debt: $7.4 billion (December 1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 5% (1989); accounts for 38% of GDP, including petroleum _#_Electricity: 1,493,000 kW capacity; 4,210 million kWh produced, 530 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), textiles, footwear, food, beverages _#_Agriculture: accounts for 16% of GDP and one-third of labor force; output subject to severe fluctuations because of frequent droughts; export crops--olives, dates, oranges, almonds; other products--grain, sugar beets, wine grapes, poultry, beef, dairy; not self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 99,200 metric tons (1987) _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $730 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $684 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $410 million _#_Currency: Tunisian dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes _#_Exchange rates: Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1--0.8408 (January 1991), 0.8783 (1990), 0.9493 (1989), 0.8578 (1988), 0.8287 (1987), 0.7940 (1986), 0.8345 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 2,154 km total; 465 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 1,689 km 1.000-meter gauge _#_Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km bituminous; 8,600 km improved and unimproved earth _#_Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km refined products; 742 km natural gas _#_Ports: Bizerte, Gabes, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, La Goulette, Zarzis _#_Merchant marine: 21 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 160,172 GRT/218,970 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 4 cargo, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 6 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 5 bulk _#_Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 29 total, 28 usable; 14 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and radio relay; key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 233,000 telephones; stations--18 AM, 4 FM, 14 TV; 4 submarine cables; earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT with back-up control station; coaxial cable to Algeria; radio relay to Algeria, Libya, and Italy _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,052,191; 1,180,614 fit for military service; 90,218 reach military age (20) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $315 million, 2.6% of GDP (1990 est.) _%_ _@_Turkey _*_Geography _#_Total area: 780,580 km2; land area: 770,760 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas _#_Land boundaries: 2,715 km total; Bulgaria 240 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 331 km, Syria 822 km, USSR 617 km _#_Coastline: 7,200 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only--to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the USSR; Territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Sea, 12 nm in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea _#_Disputes: complex maritime and air (but not territorial) disputes with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question; Hatay question with Syria; ongoing dispute with downstream riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the USSR _#_Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior _#_Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal plain; high central plateau (Anatolia) _#_Natural resources: antimony, coal, chromium, mercury, copper, borate, sulphur, iron ore _#_Land use: arable land 30%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and woodland 26%; other 28%; includes irrigated 3% _#_Environment: subject to severe earthquakes, especially along major river valleys in west; air pollution; desertification _#_Note: strategic location controlling the Turkish straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean Seas; Turkey and Norway only NATO members having a land boundary with the USSR _*_People _#_Population: 58,580,993 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 68 years male, 72 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Turk(s); adjective--Turkish _#_Ethnic divisions: Turkish 80%, Kurdish 17%, other 3% (est.) _#_Religion: Muslim (mostly Sunni) 99.8%, other (Christian and Jews) 0.2% _#_Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic _#_Literacy: 81% (male 90%, female 71%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 18,800,000; agriculture 56%, services 30%, industry 14%; about 1,000,000 Turks work abroad (1987) _#_Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Turkey _#_Type: republican parliamentary democracy _#_Capital: Ankara _#_Administrative divisions: 73 provinces (iller, singular--il); Adana, Adiyaman, Afyon, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli, Diyarbakir, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Icel, Isparta, Istanbul, Izmir, Kahraman Maras, Karaman, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli, Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mugla, Mus, Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon, Tunceli, Urfa, Usak, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak _#_Independence: 29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire) _#_Constitution: 7 November 1982 _#_Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Declaration of the Republic, 29 October (1923) _#_Executive branch: president, Presidential Council, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Grand National Assembly (Buyuk Millet Meclisi) _#_Judicial branch: Court of Cassation _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Turgut OZAL (since 9 November 1989); Head of Government--Prime Minister Mesut YILMAZ (since 30 June 1991); Deputy Prime Minister Ekrem PAKDAMIRLI (since 30 June 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: Motherland Party (ANAP), Mesut YILMAZ; Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), Erdal INONU; Correct Way Party (DYP), Suleyman DEMIREL; People's Labor Party (HEP), Fehmi ISIKLAR; Socialist Unity Party (SBP), leader NA; Democratic Center Party (DMP), Bedrettin DALAN; Great Anatolia Party (BAP), leader NA; Democratic Left Party (DSP), Bulent ECEVIT; Refah Party (RP), Necmettin ERBAKAN; Democratic Center Party (DSP), Bedrettin DALAN; Grand National Party (GNP), leader NA _#_Suffrage: universal at age 21 _#_Elections: Grand National Assembly--last held 29 November 1987 (next to be held November 1992); results--ANAP 36%, SHP 25%, DYP 19%, other 20%; seats--(450 total) ANAP 275, SHP 82, DYP 60, HEP 9, SBP 4, DMP 2, BAP 1, independent 6, vacant 11 _#_Communists: strength and support negligible _#_Member of: AsDB, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN (observer), COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNRWA, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Nuzhet KANDEMIR; Chancery at 1606 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 387-3200; there are Turkish Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, and New York; US--Ambassador Morton ABRAMOWITZ; Embassy at 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Ankara (mailing address is APO New York 09257-0006); telephone [90] (4) 126 54 70; there are US Consulates General in Istanbul and Izmir, and a Consulate in Adana _#_Flag: red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the crescent opening _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economic reforms that Turkey launched in 1980 continue to bring an impressive stream of benefits. The economy has grown steadily since the early 1980s, with real growth in per capita GDP increasing more than 6% annually. Agriculture remains the most important economic sector, employing about 55% of the labor force, accounting for almost 20% of GDP, and contributing about 20% to exports. Impressive growth in recent years has not solved all of the economic problems facing Turkey. Inflation and interest rates remain high, and a large budget deficit will continue to provide difficulties for a country undergoing a substantial transformation from a centrally controlled to a free market economy. The government has launched a multimillion-dollar development program in the southeastern region, which includes the building of a dozen dams on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to generate electric power and irrigate large tracts of farmland. The planned tapping of huge additional quantities of Euphrates water has raised serious concern in the downstream riparian nations of Syria and Iraq. _#_GDP: $178.0 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth rate 7.6% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 60.3% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 10.4% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $27.6 billion; expenditures $34.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.6 billion (1991) _#_Exports: $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--industrial products 78%, crops and livestock products 20%; partners--FRG 18%, Italy 8%, Iraq 8%, US 8%, UK 5%, France 4% _#_Imports: $16.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics, rubber, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals; partners--FRG 15%, US 11%, Iraq 10%, Italy 7%, France 6%, UK 5% _#_External debt: $42.8 billion (June 1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 5.9% (1989 est.); accounts for 32% of GDP _#_Electricity: 14,315,000 kW capacity; 41,000 million kWh produced, 720 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper _#_Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs majority of population; products--tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, pulses, citrus fruit, variety of animal products; self-sufficient in food most years _#_Illicit drugs: one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $2.3 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $8.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $665 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $4.5 billion _#_Currency: Turkish lira (plural--liras); 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus _#_Exchange rates: Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--2,873.9 (December 1990), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3 (1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 8,401 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 479 km electrified _#_Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 16,500 km gravel or crushed stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km unimproved earth (1985) _#_Inland waterways: about 1,200 km _#_Pipelines: 1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km refined products; 708 km natural gas _#_Ports: Iskenderun, Istanbul, Mersin, Izmir _#_Merchant marine: 340 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,583,720 GRT/6,220,642 DWT; includes 8 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 190 cargo, 1 container, 4 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 1 livestock carrier, 37 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 7 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 72 bulk, 4 combination bulk _#_Civil air: 39 major transport aircraft (1990) _#_Airports: 115 total, 109 usable; 64 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio relay network; 3,400,000 telephones; stations--15 AM; 45 (60 repeaters) FM; 67 (504 repeaters) TV; satellite communications ground stations operating in the INTELSAT (2 Atlantic Ocean) and EUTELSAT systems; 1 submarine telephone cable _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Land Forces, Navy (including Naval Air and Naval Infantry), Air Force, Coast Guard, Gendarmerie _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 14,861,358; 9,083,559 fit for military service; 606,871 reach military age (20) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $5.6 billion, 5% of GDP (1990) _%_ _@_Turks and Caicos Islands (dependent territory of the UK) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 430 km2; land area: 430 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 389 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry _#_Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps _#_Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch _#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures; 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 98% _#_Environment: 30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes _#_Note: located 190 km north of the Dominican Republic in the North Atlantic Ocean _*_People _#_Population: 9,983 (July 1991), growth rate 2.2% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 25 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 14 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms _#_Ethnic divisions: majority of African descent _#_Religion: Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%, other 19.9% (1980) _#_Language: English (official) _#_Literacy: 98% (male 99%, female 98%) age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970) _#_Labor force: NA; majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence agriculture _#_Organized labor: Saint George's Industrial Trade Union _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: dependent territory of the UK _#_Capital: Grand Turk (Cockburn Town) _#_Administrative divisions: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Independence: none (dependent territory of the UK) _#_Constitution: introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional Commission is currently reviewing its contents _#_Legal system: based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas _#_National holiday: Constitution Day, 30 August (1976) _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor, Executive Council _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael J. BRADLEY (since 1987); Head of Government--Chief Minister Oswald O. SKIPPINGS (since 3 March 1988) _#_Political parties and leaders: People's Democratic Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; Progressive National Party (PNP), Dan MALCOLM and Norman SAUNDERS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel MISSICK _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: Legislative Council--last held on 3 March 1988 (next to be held NA); results--PDM 60%, PNP 30%, other 10%; seats--(20 total, 13 elected) PDM 11, PNP 2 _#_Communists: none _#_Member of: CDB _#_Diplomatic representation: as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos Islands are represented in the US by the UK; US--none _#_Flag: blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Subsistence farming--corn and beans--exists only on the Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be imported. _#_GDP: $44.9 million, per capita $5,000; real growth rate NA% (1986) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% _#_Unemployment rate: 12% (1989) _#_Budget: revenues $12.4 million; expenditures $15.8 million, including capital expenditures of $2.6 million (FY87) _#_Exports: $2.9 million (f.o.b., FY84); commodities--lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells; partners--US, UK _#_Imports: $26.3 million (c.i.f., FY84); commodities--foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing; partners--US, UK _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: 9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: fishing, tourism, offshore financial services _#_Agriculture: subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more important than farming; not self-sufficient in food _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $100 million _#_Currency: US currency is used _#_Exchange rates: US currency is used _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac _#_Ports: Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour _#_Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service) _#_Airports: 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; stations--3 AM, no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK _%_ _@_Tuvalu _*_Geography _#_Total area: 26 km2; land area: 26 km2 _#_Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 24 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March) _#_Terrain: very low-lying and narrow coral atolls _#_Natural resources: fish _#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100% _#_Environment: severe tropical storms are rare _#_Note: located 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean _*_People _#_Population: 9,317 (July 1991), growth rate 1.9% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 33 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 63 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.1 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Tuvaluans(s); adjective--Tuvaluan _#_Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian _#_Religion: Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i 1%, other 0.06% _#_Language: Tuvaluan, English _#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: NA _#_Organized labor: none _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: democracy _#_Capital: Funafuti _#_Administrative divisions: none _#_Independence: 1 October 1978 (from UK; formerly Ellice Islands) _#_Constitution: 1 October 1978 _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October (1978) _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (Palamene) _#_Judicial branch: High Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Tupua LEUPENA (since 1 March 1986); Head of Government--Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: none _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: Parliament--last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by September 1993); results--percent of vote NA; seats--(12 total) _#_Member of: ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPC, SPF, UPU _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador (vacant); US--none _#_Flag: light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands _*_Economy _#_Overview: Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. _#_GNP: $4.6 million, per capita $530; real growth rate NA% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.9% (1984) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989) _#_Exports: $1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); commodities--copra; partners--Fiji, Australia, NZ _#_Imports: $2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.); commodities--food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods; partners--Fiji, Australia, NZ _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA _#_Electricity: 2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: fishing, tourism, copra _#_Agriculture: coconuts, copra _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $96 million _#_Currency: Tuvaluan dollar and Australian dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.2834 (January 1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987), 1.4905 (1986), 1.4269 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: NA _*_Communications _#_Highways: 8 km gravel _#_Ports: Funafuti, Nukufetau _#_Merchant marine: 1 passenger-cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,043 GRT/450 DWT _#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios; 108 telephones _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Police Force _#_Manpower availability: NA _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Uganda _*_Geography _#_Total area: 236,040 km2; land area: 199,710 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon _#_Land boundaries: 2,698 km total; Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km, Zaire 765 km _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast _#_Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of mountains _#_Natural resources: copper, cobalt, limestone, salt _#_Land use: arable land 23%; permanent crops 9%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and woodland 30%; other 13%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion _#_Note: landlocked _*_People _#_Population: 18,690,070 (July 1991), growth rate 3.7% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 94 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 52 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Ugandan(s); adjective--Ugandan _#_Ethnic divisions: African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1% _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, rest indigenous beliefs _#_Language: English (official); Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages _#_Literacy: 48% (male 62%, female 35%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 4,500,000 (est.); subsistence agriculture 94%, wage earners (est.) 6%; 50% of population of working age (1983) _#_Organized labor: 125,000 union members _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Uganda _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Kampala _#_Administrative divisions: 10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda, Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western _#_Independence: 9 October 1962 (from UK) _#_Constitution: 8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision _#_Legal system: government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October (1962) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Resistance Council _#_Judicial branch: Court of Appeal, High Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991); Head of Government--Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: only party--National Resistance Movement (NRM); note--the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), and Conservative Party (CP) are all proscribed from conducting public political activities _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: National Resistance Council--last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held after January 1995); results--NRM is the only party; seats--(278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210 members elected without party affiliation _#_Other political parties or pressure groups: Uganda People's Front (UPF), Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army (UPCDA), Ruwenzori Movement _#_Communists: possibly a few sympathizers _#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI; 5909 16th Street NW, Washington DC 20011; telephone (202) 726-7100 through 7102; US--Ambassador James CARSON; Embassy at Parliament Avenue, Kampala (mailing address is P. O. Box 7007, Kampala); telephone [256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795 _#_Flag: six equal horizonal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side _*_Economy _#_Overview: Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has been devastated by much political instability, mismanagement, and civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing petroleum prices, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300% in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings. _#_GDP: $4.9 billion, per capita $290 (1988); real growth rate 6.1% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 30% (FY90) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.) _#_Exports: $273 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--coffee 97%, cotton, tea; partners--US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10% _#_Imports: $652 million (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation equipment, food; partners--Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13% _#_External debt: $1.9 billion (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 15.0% (1989 est.); accounts for 5% of GDP _#_Electricity: 173,000 kW capacity; 312 million kWh produced, 18 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement _#_Agriculture: accounts for 57% of GDP and 83% of labor force; cash crops--coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops--cassava, potatoes, corn, millet, pulses; livestock products--beef, goat meat, milk, poultry; self-sufficient in food _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169 million _#_Currency: Ugandan shilling (plural--shillings); 1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1--563.18 (January 1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.09 (1989), 106.14 (1988), 42.84 (1987), 14.00 (1986), 6.72 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track _#_Highways: 26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks _#_Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell, both on Lake Victoria _#_Merchant marine: 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,697 GRT _#_Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 37 total, 28 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: fair system with radio relay and radio communications stations; 61,600 telephones; stations--10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, about 3,980,637; about 2,162,241 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $68 million, 1.5% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_United Arab Emirates _*_Geography _#_Total area: 83,600 km2; land area: 83,600 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maine _#_Land boundaries: 1,016 km total; Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 586 km, Qatar 20 km _#_Coastline: 1,448 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 3 nm (assumed), 12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah) _#_Disputes: boundary with Qatar is in dispute; no defined boundary with Saudi Arabia; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims three islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu Musa, Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb) _#_Climate: desert; cooler in eastern mountains _#_Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert wasteland; mountains in east _#_Natural resources: crude oil and natural gas _#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and woodland NEGL%; other 98%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being overcome by desalination plants; desertification _#_Note: strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil _*_People _#_Population: 2,389,759 (July 1991), growth rate 5.7% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 3 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 30 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 23 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 74 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Emirian(s), adjective--Emirian _#_Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian (fluctuating) 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%; less than 20% of the population are UAE citizens (1982) _#_Religion: Muslim 96% (Shia 16%); Christian, Hindu, and other 4% _#_Language: Arabic (official); Persian and English widely spoken in major cities; Hindi, Urdu _#_Literacy: 68% (male 70%, female 63%) age 10 and over but definition of literacy not available (1980) _#_Labor force: 580,000 (1986 est.); industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5%; 80% of labor force is foreign _#_Organized labor: trade unions are illegal _*_Government _#_Long-form name: United Arab Emirates (no short-form name); abbreviated UAE _#_Type: federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and other powers reserved to member emirates _#_Capital: Abu Dhabi _#_Administrative divisions: 7 emirates (imarat, singular--imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah, Dubayy, Ras al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn _#_Independence: 2 December 1971 (from UK; formerly Trucial States) _#_Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional) _#_Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains influential _#_National holiday: National Day, 2 December (1971) _#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, Council of Ministers _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad) _#_Judicial branch: Union Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler of Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy; Head of Government--Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990), ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since 20 November 1990) _#_Political parties and leaders: none _#_Suffrage: none _#_Elections: none _#_Communists: NA _#_Other political or pressure groups: a few small clandestine groups are active _#_Member of: ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Abdullah bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN; Chancery at Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 338-6500; US--Ambassador Edward S. WALKER, Jr.; Embassy at Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi (mailing address is P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi); telephone [971] (2) 336691; there is a US Consulate General in Dubayy (Dubai) _#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker vertical red band on the hoist side _*_Economy _#_Overview: The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities. Since 1973, when petroleum prices shot up, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves should last for over 100 years. _#_GDP: $27.3 billion, per capita $12,100; real growth rate 10% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3-4% (1989 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NEGL (1988) _#_Budget: revenues $3.8 billion; expenditures $3.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1989 est.) _#_Exports: $15.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--crude oil 65%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates; partners--US, EC, Japan _#_Imports: $9.0 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--food, consumer and capital goods; partners--EC, Japan, US _#_External debt: $11.0 billion (December 1989 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 9.3% (1986) _#_Electricity: 5,773,000 kW capacity; 15,400 million kWh produced, 6,830 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat building, handicrafts, pearling _#_Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GNP and 5% of labor force; cash crop--dates; food products--vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25% self-sufficient in food _#_Economic aid: donor--pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries (1979-89) _#_Currency: Emirian dirham (plural--dirhams); 1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils _#_Exchange rates: Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1--3.6710 (fixed rate) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth _#_Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 870 km natural gas, including natural gas liquids _#_Ports: Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina Jabal Ali, Mina Khalid, Mina Rashid, Mina Saqr, Mina Zayid _#_Merchant marine: 57 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 925,424 GRT/1,543,716 DWT; includes 22 cargo, 8 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 20 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 5 bulk _#_Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 38 total, 35 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; stations--8 AM, 3 FM, 12 TV; satellite communications ground stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio relay to Saudi Arabia _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 940,130; 516,218 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $1.59 billion, 6.8% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_United Kingdom _*_Geography _#_Total area: 244,820 km2; land area: 241,590 km2; includes Rockall and Shetland Islands _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon _#_Land boundary: Ireland 360 km _#_Coastline: 12,429 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundaries; Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) _#_Climate: temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than half of the days are overcast _#_Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast _#_Natural resources: coal, crude oil, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, lead, silica _#_Land use: arable land 29%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 48%; forest and woodland 9%; other 14%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: pollution control measures improving air, water quality; because of heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters _#_Note: lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now being linked by tunnel under the English Channel _*_People _#_Population: 57,515,307 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 79 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective--British _#_Ethnic divisions: English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8% _#_Religion: Anglican 27.0 million, Roman Catholic 5.3 million, Presbyterian 2.0 million, Methodist 760,000, Jewish 410,000 _#_Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) _#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1978 est.) _#_Labor force: 28,966,000; services 60.6%, manufacturing and construction 27.2%, government 8.9%, energy 2.1%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1990) _#_Organized labor: 35.7% of labor force (1989) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; abbreviated UK _#_Type: constitutional monarchy _#_Capital: London _#_Administrative divisions: 47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands areas; England--39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham, Cambridge, Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater Manchester*, Hampshire, Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk, Northampton, Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford, Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and Wear*, Warwick, West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire; Northern Ireland--26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane; Scotland--9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife, Grampian, Highland, Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside, Western Isles*; Wales--8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South Glamorgan, West Glamorgan _#_Independence: 1 January 1801, United Kingdom established _#_Constitution: unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice _#_Dependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of China in 1997), Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands _#_Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June), 10 June 1989 _#_Executive branch: monarch, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a lower house or House of Commons _#_Judicial branch: House of Lords _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948); Head of Government--Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990) _#_Political parties and leaders: Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, Neil KINNOCK; Social and Liberal Democratic Party (SLDP; formed from the merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party, Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd THOMAS; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party (SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry ADAMS; Alliance Party (Northern Ireland), John ALDERDICE; Communist Party, Nina TEMPLE _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: House of Commons--last held 11 June 1987 (next to be held by June 1992); results--Conservative 43%, Labor 32%, Liberal/Social Democratic 23%, other 2%; seats--(650 total) Conservative 376, Labor 228, Liberal/Social Democratic 22, Ulster Unionist (Northern Ireland) 9, Scottish National 4, Welsh National 3, Democratic Unionist (Northern Ireland) 3, Social Democratic and Labor (Northern Ireland) 3, Ulster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland) 1, Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) 1; note--the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party merged to become the Social and Liberal Democratic Party in 1988 _#_Communists: 15,961 _#_Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament _#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, BIS, C, CCC, CDB, CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Sir Antony ACLAND; Chancery at 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-1340; there are British Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco, and Consulates in Dallas, Miami, and Seattle; US--Ambassador Raymond SEITZ; Embassy at 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W.1A1AE, (mailing address is FPO New York 09509); telephone [44] (71) 499-9000; there are US Consulates General in Belfast and Edinburgh _#_Flag: blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack; the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and others _*_Economy _#_Overview: The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is essentially capitalistic with a generous admixture of social welfare programs and government ownership. Over the last decade the Thatcher government halted the expansion of welfare measures and promoted extensive reprivatization of the government economic sector. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the labor force. Industry is a mixture of public and private enterprises, employing about 27% of the work force and generating 22% of GDP. The UK is an energy-rich nation with large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. In mid-1990 the economy fell into recession after eight years of strong economic expansion, which had raised national output by one quarter. Britain's inflation rate, which has been consistently well above those of her major trading partners, is expected to decline in 1991. Between 1986 and 1990 unemployment fell from 11% to about 6%, but it is now rising rapidly because of the economic slowdown. As a major trading nation, the UK will continue to be greatly affected by world boom or recession, swings in the international oil market, productivity trends in domestic industry, and the terms on which the economic integration of Europe proceeds. _#_GDP: $858.3 billion, per capita $15,000; real growth rate 0.8% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.3% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 5.7% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $385.0 billion; expenditures $385.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $35.0 billion (FY91 est.) _#_Exports: $188.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, transport equipment; partners--EC 50.7% (FRG 11.9%, France 10.2%, Netherlands 7.0%), US 13.1% _#_Imports: $222 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods; partners--EC 52.6% (FRG 16.6%, France 8.9%, Netherlands 7.9%), US 10.8% _#_External debt: $10.5 billion (1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 0% (1990) _#_Electricity: 98,000,000 kW capacity; 316,500 million kWh produced, 5,520 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: machinery and transportation equipment, metals, food processing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing, other consumer goods, motor vehicles, aircraft, shipbuilding, petroleum, coal _#_Agriculture: accounts for only 1.5% of GNP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced; about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000 metric tons (1987) _#_Economic aid: donor--ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion _#_Currency: British pound or pound sterling (plural--pounds); 1 British pound (5) = 100 pence _#_Exchange rates: British pounds (5) per US$1--0.5171 (January 1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March _*_Communications _#_Railroads: Great Britain--16,629 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 16,629 km 1.435-meter standard gauge (4,205 km electrified and 12,591 km double or multiple track); several additional small standard-gauge and narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 332 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track _#_Highways: UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel) _#_Inland waterways: 2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km; other, 979 km _#_Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insignificant; 2,993 km refined products; 12,800 km natural gas _#_Ports: London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe, Southampton _#_Merchant marine: 251 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,643,056 GRT/6,214,450 DWT; includes 7 passenger, 21 short-sea passenger, 39 cargo, 34 container, 22 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 railcar carrier, 74 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 1 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 25 bulk, 2 combination bulk _#_Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 520 total, 388 usable; 252 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 37 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 133 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: modern, efficient domestic and international system; 30,200,000 telephones; excellent countrywide broadcast systems; stations--223 AM, 165 (401 relays) FM, 207 (3,210 relays) TV; 40 coaxial submarine cables; satellite communication ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), MARISAT, and EUTELSAT systems _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 14,475,433; 12,167,324 fit for military service; no conscription _#_Defense expenditures: $41 billion, 4.8% of GDP (FY90) _%_ _@_United States _*_Geography _#_Total area: 9,372,610 km2; land area: 9,166,600 km2; includes only the 50 states and District of Colombia _#_Comparative area: about four-tenths the size of USSR; about one-third the size of Africa; about one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil); slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of Western Europe _#_Land boundaries: 12,248 km total; Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Mexico 3,326 km, Cuba (US naval base at Guantanamo) 29 km _#_Coastline: 19,924 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 12 nm; Continental shelf: not specified; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: maritime boundary disputes with Canada; US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island _#_Climate: mostly temperate, but varies from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic (Alaska); arid to semiarid in west with occasional warm, dry chinook wind _#_Terrain: vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in Hawaii _#_Natural resources: coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, crude oil, natural gas, timber _#_Land use: arable land 20%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and woodland 29%; other 25%; includes irrigated 2% _#_Environment: pollution control measures improving air and water quality; acid rain; agricultural fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse natural water resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake activity around Pacific Basin; continuous permafrost in northern Alaska is a major impediment to development _#_Note: world's fourth-largest country (after USSR, Canada, and China) _*_People _#_Population: 252,502,000 (July 1991), growth rate 0.8% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 79 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--American(s); adjective--American _#_Ethnic divisions: white 85%, black 12%, other 3% (1985) _#_Religion: Protestant 61% (Baptist 21%, Methodist 12%, Lutheran 8%, Presbyterian 4%, Episcopalian 3%, other Protestant 13%), Roman Catholic 25%, Jewish 2%, other 5%, none 7% _#_Language: predominantly English; sizable Spanish-speaking minority _#_Literacy: 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1980) _#_Labor force: 126,424,000 (includes armed forces and unemployed); civilian labor force 124,787,000 (1990) _#_Organized labor: 16,729,000 members; 16.1% of total wage and salary employment which was 103,905,000 (1990) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: United States of America; abbreviated US or USA _#_Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition _#_Capital: Washington, DC _#_Administrative divisions: 50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming _#_Independence: 4 July 1776 (from England) _#_Constitution: 17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789 _#_Dependent areas: American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island; Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island. Since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with three of the four political units. The Northern Mariana Islands is a Commonwealth associated with the US (effective 3 November 1986). Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. The Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986). The Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986). _#_Legal system: based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July (1776) _#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or House of Representatives _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989); Vice President Dan QUAYLE (since 20 January 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Clayton YEUTTER, national committee chairman; Jeanie AUSTIN, co-chairman; Democratic Party, Ronald H. BROWN, national committee chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 8 November 1988 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--George BUSH (Republican Party) 53.37%, Michael DUKAKIS (Democratic Party) 45.67%, other 0.96%; Senate--last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--Democratic Party 51%, Republican Party 47%, other 2%; seats--(100 total) Democratic Party 56, Republican Party 44; House of Representatives--last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 44%, other 4%; seats--(435 total) Democratic Party 267, Republican Party 167, Socialist 1 _#_Communists: Communist Party (claimed 15,000-20,000 members), Gus HALL, general secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed 1,800 members), Jack BARNES, national secretary _#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: US Representative to the UN, Ambassador Thomas R. PICKERING; Mission at 799 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017; telephone (212) 415-4444 (afternoon hours) _#_Flag: thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50 small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies; known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico _*_Economy _#_Overview: The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy in the world, with a per capita GNP of $21,800, the largest among major industrial nations. In 1989 the economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates, Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and a general decline in business and consumer confidence. Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in education and other economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade deficits. _#_GNP: $5,465 billion, per capita $21,800; real growth rate 1.0% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.4% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 5.5% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $1,106 billion; expenditures $1,272 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.) _#_Exports: $393.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer goods, agricultural products; partners--Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989) _#_Imports: $516.2 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--crude and partly refined petroleum, machinery, automobiles, consumer goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages; partners--Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989) _#_External debt: $581 billion (December 1989) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.0% (1990) _#_Electricity: 776,550,000 kW capacity; 3,020,000 million kWh produced, 12,080 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, fishing, lumber, mining _#_Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GNP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second-largest producer and number-one exporter of grain; surplus food producer; fish catch of 5.0 million metric tons (1988) _#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana; ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not reduced production _#_Economic aid: donor--commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion _#_Currency: United States dollar (plural--dollars); 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: British pounds (5) per US$--0.5171 (January 1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988), 0.6102 (1987), 0.6817 (1986), 0.7714 (1985); Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$--1.1559 (January 1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988), 1.3260 (1987), 1.3895 (1986), 1.3655 (1985); French francs (F) per US$--5.1307 (January 1991), 5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261 (1986), 8.9852 (1985); Italian lire (Lit) per US$--1,134.4 (January 1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985); Japanese yen (3) per US$--133.88 (January 1991), 144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988), 144.64 (1987), 168.52 (1986), 238.54 (1985); German deutsche marks (DM) per US$--1.5100 (January 1991), 1.6157 (1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988), 1.7974 (1987), 2.1715 (1986), 2.9440 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 270,312 km _#_Highways: 6,365,590 km, including 88,641 km expressways _#_Inland waterways: 41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.) _#_Pipelines: 275,800 km petroleum, 305,300 km natural gas (1985) _#_Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Cleveland, Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco, Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington _#_Merchant marine: 404 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling NA GRT/NA DWT); includes 3 passenger-cargo, 44 cargo, 23 bulk, 180 tanker, 13 tanker tug-barge, 11 liquefied gas, 130 intermodal; in addition there are 231 government-owned vessels _#_Civil air: 3,297 commercial multiengine transport aircraft, including 2,989 jet, 231 turboprop, 77 piston (1985) _#_Airports: 14,177 total, 12,417 usable; 4,820 with permanent surface-runways; 63 with runways over 3,659 m; 325 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2,524 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 182,558,000 telephones; stations--4,892 AM, 5,200 FM (including 3,915 commercial and 1,285 public broadcasting), 7,296 TV (including 796 commercial, 300 public broadcasting, and 6,200 commercial cable); 495,000,000 radio receivers (1982); 150,000,000 TV sets (1982); satellite communications ground stations--45 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps), Department of the Air Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 66,458,000; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $312.9 billion, 5.7% of GNP (1990) _%_ _@_Uruguay _*_Geography _#_Total area: 176,220 km2; land area: 173,620 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Washington State _#_Land boundaries: 1,564 km total; Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km _#_Coastline: 660 km _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm) _#_Disputes: short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute (Arroyo de la Invernada area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay) _#_Climate: warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown _#_Terrain: mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland _#_Natural resources: soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals _#_Land use: arable land 8%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 78%; forest and woodland 4%; other 10%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods _*_People _#_Population: 3,121,101 (July 1990), growth rate 0.6% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 17 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 22 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 76 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Uruguayan(s); adjective--Uruguayan _#_Ethnic divisions: white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4% _#_Religion: Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church regularly) 66%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30% _#_Language: Spanish _#_Literacy: 96% (male 97%, female 96%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 1,300,000; government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications 12%, other services 21% (1988 est.) _#_Organized labor: Interunion Workers' Assembly/National Workers' Confederation (PIT/CNT) Labor Federation _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Montevideo _#_Administrative divisions: 19 departments (departamentos, singular--departamento); Artigas, Canelones, Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres _#_Independence: 25 August 1828 (from Brazil) _#_Constitution: 27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980 _#_Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August (1828) _#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Representatives (Camera de Representantes) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo AGUIRRE (since 1 March 1990) _#_Political parties and leaders: National (Blanco) Party, Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera; Colorado Party, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez; Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera--includes Communist Party led by Jaime PEREZ and National Liberation Movement (MLN) or Tupamaros led by Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; New Space Coalition consists of the Party of the Government of the People (PGP), Hugo BATALLA; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Hector LESCANO; and Civic Union, Humberto CIGANDA _#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1994); results--Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado) 29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20%; Chamber of Senators--last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held November 1994); results--Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats--(30 total) Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2; Chamber of Representatives--last held NA November 1989 (next to be held November 1994); results--Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats--(99 total) number of seats by party NA _#_Communists: 50,000 _#_Member of: AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNMOGIP, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLICUDDEY; Chancery at 1918 F Street NW, Washington DC 20006; telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316; there are Uruguayan Consulates General in Los Angeles, Miami, and New York, and a Consulate in New Orleans; US--Ambassador Richard C. BROWN; Embassy at Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo (mailing address is APO Miami 34035); telephone [598] (2) 23-60-61 _#_Flag: nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately triangular and wavy _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is slowly recovering from the deep recession of the early 1980s. In 1988 real GDP grew by only 0.5% and in 1989 by 1.5%. The recovery was led by growth in the agriculture and fishing sectors, agriculture alone contributing 20% to GDP, employing about 11% of the labor force, and generating a large proportion of export earnings. Raising livestock, particularly cattle and sheep, is the major agricultural activity. In 1990, despite healthy exports and an improved current account, domestic growth remained weak because of government concentration on the external sector, adverse weather conditions, and prolonged strikes. Bringing down high inflation, reducing a large fiscal deficit, and avoiding frequent strikes remain major economic problems for the government. _#_GDP: $9.2 billion, per capita $2,970; real growth rate 1% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 129% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 8.8% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $165 million (1988) _#_Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4%; partners--Brazil 17%, US 15%, FRG 10%, Argentina 10% (1987) _#_Imports: $1.28 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--fuels and lubricants 15%, metals, machinery, transportation equipment, industrial chemicals; partners--Brazil 24%, Argentina 14%, US 8%, FRG 8% (1987) _#_External debt: $4.2 billion (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 2.1% (1989 est.) _#_Electricity: 1,950,000 kW capacity; 5,274 million kWh produced, 1,740 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel, tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine _#_Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $293 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million _#_Currency: new Uruguayan peso (plural--pesos); 1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos _#_Exchange rates: new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1--1,626.4 (January 1991), 1,171.0 (1990), 605.5 (1989), 359.44 (1988), 226.67 (1987), 151.99 (1986), 101.43 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,000 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge and government owned _#_Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth _#_Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft _#_Ports: Montevideo, Punta del Este _#_Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 65,212 GRT/116,613 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 container, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker _#_Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 91 total, 86 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide radio relay network; 337,000 telephones; stations--99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm and Marines), Air Force, Coast Guard, Grenadier Guards, Police _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 735,971; 597,302 fit for military service; no conscription _#_Defense expenditures: $168 million, 2.2% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Vanuatu _*_Geography _#_Total area: 14,760 km2; land area: 14,760 km2; includes more than 80 islands _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Connecticut _#_Land boundary: none _#_Coastline: 2,528 km _#_Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines); Contiguous zone: 24 nm; Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds _#_Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains _#_Natural resources: manganese, hardwood forests, fish _#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 5%; meadows and pastures 2%; forest and woodland 1%; other 91% _#_Environment: subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism causes minor earthquakes _#_Note: located 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia _*_People _#_Population: 170,319 (July 1991), growth rate 3.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 36 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 72 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 5.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural); adjective--Ni-Vanuatu _#_Ethnic divisions: indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders _#_Religion: Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%, Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7% _#_Language: English and French (official); pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) _#_Literacy: 53% (male 57%, female 48%) age 15 and over can read and write (1979) _#_Labor force: NA _#_Organized labor: 7 registered trade unions--largest include Oil and Gas Workers' Union, Vanuatu Airline Workers' Union _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Vanuatu _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Port-Vila _#_Administrative divisions: 11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula, Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea _#_Independence: 30 July 1980 (from France and UK; formerly New Hebrides) _#_Constitution: 30 July 1980 _#_Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and British systems _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July (1980) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament; note--the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of custom and land _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989); Head of Government--Prime Minister Father Walter Hadye LINI (since 30 July 1980); Deputy Prime Minister (vacant) _#_Political parties and leaders: National Party (Vanua'aku Pati), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties, Maxine CARLOT; Melanesian Progressive Party, Barak SOPE _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: Parliament--last held 30 November 1987 (next to be held by November 1991); byelections were held in December 1988 to fill vacancies resulting from the expulsion of opposition members for boycotting sessions; results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(46 total) National Party 26, Union of Moderate Parties 19, independent 1 _#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, IOC, ITU, NAM, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO _#_Diplomatic representation: Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington; US--the ambassador in Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu _#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green (bottom) with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming that provides a living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties. _#_GDP: $137 million, per capita $860; real growth rate 4.3% (1989 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7.8% (1989 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $90.0 million; expenditures $103.0 million, including capital expenditures of $45.0 million (1989 est.) _#_Exports: $14.5 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4%; partners--Netherlands 34%, France 27%, Japan 17%, Belgium 4%, New Caledonia 3%, Singapore 2% (1987) _#_Imports: $58.4 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%, raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6%; partners--Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 5% (1987) _#_External debt: $30 million (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: 17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: food and fish freezing, forestry processing, meat canning _#_Agriculture: export crops--copra, cocoa, coffee, and fish; subsistence crops--copra, taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, and vegetables _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $565 million _#_Currency: vatu (plural--vatu); 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes _#_Exchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1--109.62 (January 1991), 116.57 (1990), 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988), 109.85 (1987), 106.08 (1986), 106.03 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: none _#_Highways: 1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads _#_Ports: Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu _#_Merchant marine: 129 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,242,850 GRT/3,447,671 DWT; includes 33 cargo, 13 refrigerated cargo, 8 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1 livestock carrier, 5 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 55 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry; the USSR has 2 ships under the Vanuatu flag _#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 32 total, 28 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: stations--2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; satellite communications ground stations--1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: no military forces; Vanuatu Police Force, paramilitary force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 41,183; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Vatican City _*_Geography _#_Total area: 0.438 km2; land area: 0.438 km2 _#_Comparative area: about 0.7 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC _#_Land boundary: 3.2 km with Italy _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Climate: temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to mid-May) with hot, dry summers (May to September) _#_Terrain: low hill _#_Natural resources: none _#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100% _#_Environment: urban _#_Note: landlocked; enclave of Rome, Italy; world's smallest state; outside the Vatican City, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel Gandolfo (the pope's summer residence) enjoy extraterritorial rights _*_People _#_Population: 778 (July 1991), growth rate NEGL% (1991) _#_Nationality: no noun or adjectival forms _#_Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also Swiss and other nationalities _#_Religion: Roman Catholic _#_Language: Italian, Latin, and various other languages _#_Literacy: 100% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: high dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live outside the Vatican _#_Organized labor: Association of Vatican Lay Workers, 1,800 members (1987) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: State of the Vatican City; note--the Vatican City is the physical seat of the Holy See, which is the central government of the Roman Catholic Church _#_Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state _#_Capital: Vatican City _#_Independence: 11 February 1929 (from Italy) _#_Constitution: Apostolic Constitution of 1967 (effective 1 March 1968) _#_National holiday: Installation Day of the Pope (John Paul II), 22 October (1978); note--Pope John Paul II was elected on 16 October 1978 _#_Executive branch: pope _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Pontifical Commission _#_Judicial branch: none; normally handled by Italy _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Pope JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA; since 16 October 1978); Head of Government--Secretary of State Archbishop Angelo SODANO _#_Political parties and leaders: none _#_Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 years old _#_Elections: Pope--last held 16 October 1978 (next to be held after the death of the current pope); results--Karol WOJTYlA was elected for life by the College of Cardinals _#_Communists: NA _#_Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers) _#_Member of: CSCE, IAEA, ICFTU, IMF (observer), INTELSAT, IOM (observer), ITU, OAS (observer), UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNHCR, UPU, WIPO, WTO (observer) _#_Diplomatic representation: Apostolic Pro-Nuncio Archbishop Agostino CACCIAVILLAN; 3339 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 333-7121; US--Ambassador Thomas P. MELADY; Embassy at Villino Pacelli, Via Aurelia 294, 00165 Rome (mailing address is APO New York 09794); telephone [396] 639-0558 _#_Flag: two vertical bands of yellow (hoist side) and white with the crossed keys of Saint Peter and the papal tiara centered in the white band _*_Economy _#_Overview: This unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by contributions (known as Peter's Pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world, the sale of postage stamps, tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of publications. The incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to, or somewhat better than, those of counterparts who work in the city of Rome. _#_Budget: revenues $76.6 million; expenditures $168 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1991) _#_Electricity: 5,000 kW standby capacity (1990); power supplied by Italy _#_Industries: printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; worldwide banking and financial activities _#_Currency: Vatican lira (plural--lire); 1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi _#_Exchange rates: Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1--1,134.4 (January 1991), 1,198.1 (1990), 1,372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988), 1,296.1 (1987), 1,490.8 (1986), 1,909.4 (1985); note--the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 850 m, 750 mm gauge (links with Italian network near the Rome station of Saint Peter's) _#_Highways: none; all city streets _#_Telecommunications: stations--3 AM, 4 FM, no TV; 2,000-line automatic telephone exchange; no communications satellite systems _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss Papal Guards are posted at entrances to the Vatican City _%_ _@_Venezuela _*_Geography _#_Total area: 912,050 km2; land area: 882,050 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of California _#_Land boundaries: 4,993 km total; Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km _#_Coastline: 2,800 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 15 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela _#_Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands _#_Terrain: Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast _#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds _#_Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 20%; forest and woodland 39%; other 37%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo _#_Note: on major sea and air routes linking North and South America _*_People _#_Population: 20,189,361 (July 1991), growth rate 2.4% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 4 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 26 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 71 years male, 78 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Venezuelan(s); adjective--Venezuelan _#_Ethnic divisions: mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2% _#_Religion: nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2% _#_Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the remote interior _#_Literacy: 88% (male 87%, female 90%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.) _#_Labor force: 5,800,000; services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985) _#_Organized labor: 32% of labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Venezuela _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Caracas _#_Administrative divisions: 20 states (estados, singular--estado), 2 territories* (territorios, singular--territorio), 1 federal district** (distrito federal), and 1 federal dependence*** (dependencia federal); Amazonas*, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro*, Dependencias Federales***, Distrito Federal**, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia; note--the federal dependence consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands _#_Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain) _#_Constitution: 23 January 1961 _#_Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811) _#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Republica) consists of an upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justica) _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President Carlos Andres PEREZ (since 2 February 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (COPEI), Eduardo FERNANDEZ, secretary general; Democratic Action (AD), Gonzalo BARRIOS, president, and Humberto CELLI, secretary general; Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Argelia LAYA, president, and Freddy MUNOZ, secretary general _#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18, though poorly enforced _#_Elections: President--last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--Carlos Andres PEREZ (AD) 54.6%, Eduardo FERNANDEZ (COPEI) 41.7%, other 3.7%; Senate--last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(49 total) AD 23, COPEI 22, other 4; note--3 former presidents (1 from AD, 2 from COPEI) hold lifetime senate seats; Chamber of Deputies--last held 4 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--AD 43.7%, COPEI 31.4%, MAS 10.3%, other 14.6%; seats--(201 total) AD 97, COPEI 67, MAS 18, other 19 _#_Communists: 10,000 members (est.) _#_Other political or pressure groups: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers, the Democratic Action-dominated labor organization _#_Member of: AG, CDB, CG, ECLAC, FAO, G-3, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Simon Alberto CONSALVI Bottaro; Chancery at 2445 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 797-3800; there are Venezuelan Consulates General in Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico); US--Ambassador Michael Martin SKOL; Embassy at Avenida Francisco de Miranda and Avenida Principal de la Floresta, Caracas (mailing address is P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A, or APO Miami 34037); telephone [58] (2) 285-3111 or 2222; there is a US Consulate in Maracaibo _#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band _*_Economy _#_Overview: Petroleum is the cornerstone of the economy and accounted for 21% of GDP, 60% of central government revenues, and 81% of export earnings in 1989. President Perez introduced an economic readjustment program when he assumed office in February 1989. Lower tariffs and price supports, a free market exchange rate, and market-linked interest rates have thrown the economy into confusion, causing about an 8% decline in GDP in 1989, but the economy recovered part way in 1990. _#_GDP: $42.4 billion, per capita $2,150; real growth rate 4.4% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 40.7% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 10.4% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $8.4 billion; expenditures $8.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.9 billion (1989) _#_Exports: $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum 81%, bauxite and aluminum, iron ore, agricultural products, basic manufactures; partners--US 50.7%, Europe 13.7%, Japan 4.0% (1989) _#_Imports: $8.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--foodstuffs, chemicals, manufactures, machinery and transport equipment; partners--US 44%, FRG 8.0%, Japan 4%, Italy 7%, Canada 2% (1989) _#_External debt: $33.2 billion (1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 11% (1989 est.); accounts for one-fourth of GDP, including petroleum _#_Electricity: 19,733,000 kW capacity; 54,660 million kWh produced, 2,780 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction materials, food processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly _#_Agriculture: accounts for 6% of GDP and 16% of labor force; products--corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee, beef, pork, milk, eggs, fish; not self-sufficient in food other than meat _#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis and coca leaf for the international drug trade on a small scale; however, large quantities of cocaine do transit the country _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-86), $488 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $10 million _#_Currency: bolivar (plural--bolivares); 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos _#_Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1--51.331 (January 1991), 46.900 (1990), 34.6815 (1989), 14.5000 (fixed rate 1987-88), 8.0833 (1986), 7.5000 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 542 km total; 363 km 1.435-meter standard gauge all single track, government owned; 179 km 1.435-meter gauge, privately owned _#_Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth _#_Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels _#_Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km refined products; 4,010 km natural gas _#_Ports: Amuay Bay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Ordaz _#_Merchant marine: 58 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 811,650 GRT/1,294,077 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 22 cargo, 1 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 17 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 9 bulk, 1 vehicle carrier, 1 combination bulk _#_Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 296 total, 277 usable; 137 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 88 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: modern and expanding; 1,440,000 telephones; stations--181 AM, no FM, 59 TV, 26 shortwave; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite communications ground stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Ground Forces (Army), Naval Forces (including Navy, Marines, Coast Guard), Air Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (National Guard) _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,220,183; 3,782,548 fit for military service; 216,132 reach military age (18) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $1.9 billion, 4.3% of GDP (1991) _%_ _@_Vietnam _*_Geography _#_Total area: 329,560 km2; land area: 325,360 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than New Mexico _#_Land boundaries: 3,818 km total; Cambodia 982 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 1,555 km _#_Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands) _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 24 nm; Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Cambodia are in dispute; maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; occupied Cambodia on 25 December 1978; sporadic border clashes with China; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, and Taiwan; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand; maritime boundary dispute with China in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; unresolved maritime boundary with Thailand _#_Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March) _#_Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest _#_Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil deposits, forests _#_Land use: arable land 22%; permanent crops 2%; meadows and pastures 1%; forest and woodland 40%; other 35%; includes irrigated 5% _#_Environment: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding _*_People _#_Population: 67,568,033 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 67 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.7 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Vietnamese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Vietnamese _#_Ethnic divisions: predominantly Vietnamese 85-90%; Chinese 3%; ethnic minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham; other mountain tribes _#_Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic, Protestant _#_Language: Vietnamese (official), French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) _#_Literacy: 88% (male 92%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 32.7 million; agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.) _#_Organized labor: reportedly over 90% of wage and salary earners are members of the Vietnam Federation of Trade Unions (VFTU) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam; abbreviated SRV _#_Type: Communist state _#_Capital: Hanoi _#_Administrative divisions: 41 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thanh pho, singular and plural); An Giang, Bac Thai, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Cao Bang, Cuu Long, Dak Lak, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai-Kon Tum, Ha Bac, Hai Hung, Hai Phong*, Ha Nam Ninh, Ha Noi*, Ha Son Binh, Ha Tuyen, Hau Giang, Hoang Lien Son, Ho Chi Minh*, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Long An, Minh Hai, Nghe Tinh, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam-Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Song Be, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien, Thuan Hai, Tien Giang, Vinh Phu, Vung Tau-Con Dao; note--diacritical marks are not included _#_Independence: 2 September 1945 (from France) _#_Constitution: 18 December 1980 _#_Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 2 September (1945) _#_Executive branch: chairman of the Council of State, Council of State, chairman of the Council of Ministers, Council of Ministers _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Quoc-Hoi) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Chairman of the Council of State Vo Chi CONG (since 18 June 1987); Head of Government--Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Premier) Vo Van KIET (since 9 August 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: only party-- Vietnam Communist Party (VCP), Nguyen Van LINH _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: National Assembly--last held 19 April 1987 (next to be held April 1992); results--VCP is the only party; seats--(496 total) VCP or VCP-approved 496 _#_Communists: nearly 2 million _#_Member of: ACCT, AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IIB, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: none _#_Flag: red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center _*_Economy _#_Overview: This is a centrally planned, developing economy with extensive government ownership and control of productive facilities. The economy is primarily agricultural; the sector employs about 65% of the labor force and accounts for almost half of GNP. Rice is the staple crop; substantial amounts of maize, sorghum, cassava, and sweet potatoes are also grown. The government permits sale of surplus grain on the open market. Most of the mineral resources are located in the north, including coal, which is an important export item. Oil was discovered off the southern coast in 1986 with production reaching 54,000 b/d in 1990 and expected to increase in the years ahead. Following the end of the war in 1975, heavy-handed government measures undermined efforts at an efficient merger of the agricultural resources of the south and the industrial resources of the north. The economy remains heavily dependent on foreign aid and has received assistance from Communist countries, Sweden, and UN agencies. Inflation, although down from recent triple-digit levels, is still a major weakness and is showing signs of accelerating upwards again. Per capita output is among the world's lowest. Since late 1986 the government has sponsored a broad reform program that seeks to turn more economic activity over to the private sector. _#_GNP: $15.2 billion, per capita $230; real growth rate 2.4% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 65% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: 33% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $892 million; expenditures $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $344 million (1990 est.) _#_Exports: $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, crude petroleum, ores, seafood; partners--USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, Singapore _#_Imports: $2.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.); commodities--petroleum products, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain; partners--USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, Singapore _#_External debt: $16.8 billion (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 10% (1989); accounts for 30% of GNP _#_Electricity: 2,740,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, fishing _#_Agriculture: accounts for half of GNP; paddy rice, corn, potatoes make up 50% of farm output; commercial crops (rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas) and animal products other 50%; since 1989 self-sufficient in food staple rice; fish catch of 943,100 metric tons (1989 est.) _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-74), $3.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $2.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $61 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $12.0 billion _#_Currency: new dong (plural--new dong); 1 new dong (D) = 100 xu _#_Exchange rates: new dong (D) per US$1--7,530 (May 1991), 7,280 (December 1990), 3,996 (March 1990), 2,047 (1988), 225 (1987), 18 (1986), 12 (1985); note--1985-89 figures are end of year _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 3,059 km total; 2,454 1.000-meter gauge, 151 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 230 km dual gauge (three rails), and 224 km not restored to service _#_Highways: about 85,000 km total; 9,400 km bituminous, 48,700 km gravel or improved earth, 26,900 km unimproved earth _#_Pipelines: 150 km, refined products _#_Inland waterways: about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8 meter draft _#_Ports: Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City _#_Merchant marine: 87 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,596 GRT/539,174 DWT; includes 2 short-sea passenger, 69 cargo, 4 refrigerated cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 8 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 bulk; note--Vietnam owns 11 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 106,759 DWT under the registry of Panama and Malta _#_Civil air: controlled by military _#_Airports: 100 total, 100 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 35,000 telephones in Ho Chi Minh City (1984); stations--16 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000 radio receivers; at least 2 satellite earth stations, including 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines and Naval Infantry), Air Force _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 16,260,120; 10,377,105 fit for military service; 809,617 reach military age (17) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, 19.4% of GNP (1986 est.) _%_ _@_Virgin Islands (territory of the US) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 352 km2; land area: 349 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 188 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 12 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m (depth); Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: subtropical, tempered by easterly tradewinds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season May to November _#_Terrain: mostly hilly to rugged and mountainous with little level land _#_Natural resources: sun, sand, sea, surf _#_Land use: arable land 15%; permanent crops 6%; meadows and pastures 26%; forest and woodland 6%; other 47% _#_Environment: rarely affected by hurricanes; subject to frequent severe droughts, floods, earthquakes; lack of natural freshwater resources _#_Note: important location 1,770 km southeast of Miami and 65 km east of Puerto Rico, along the Anegada Passage--a key shipping lane for the Panama Canal; Saint Thomas has one of the best natural, deepwater harbors in the Caribbean _*_People _#_Population: 99,404 (July 1991), growth rate 0.7% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 10 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 19 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 2.7 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Virgin Islander(s); adjective--Virgin Islander _#_Ethnic divisions: West Indian (45% born in the Virgin Islands and 29% born elsewhere in the West Indies) 74%, US mainland 13%, Puerto Rican 5%, other 8%; black 80%, white 15%, other 5%; Hispanic origin 14% _#_Religion: Baptist 42%, Roman Catholic 34%, Episcopalian 17%, other 7% _#_Language: English (official), but Spanish and Creole are widely spoken _#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: 45,500 (1988) _#_Organized labor: 90% of the government labor force _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Virgin Islands of the United States _#_Type: organized, unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Office of Territorial and International Affairs, US Department of the Interior _#_Capital: Charlotte Amalie _#_Administrative divisions: none (territory of the US) _#_Independence: none (territory of the US) _#_Constitution: Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954 serves as the constitution _#_Legal system: based on US _#_National holiday: Transfer Day (from Denmark to US), 31 March (1917) _#_Executive branch: US president, governor, lieutenant governor _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Senate _#_Judicial branch: US District Court handles civil matters over $50,000, felonies (persons 15 years of age and over), and federal cases; Territorial Court handles civil matters up to $50,000 small claims, juvenile, domestic, misdemeanors, and traffic cases _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--President George BUSH (since 20 January 1989), represented by Governor Alexander A. FARRELLY (since 5 January 1987); Lieutenant Governor Derek HODGE (since 5 January 1987) _#_Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party, Marilyn STAPLETON; Independent Citizens' Movement (ICM), Virdin BROWN; Republican Party, Charlotte-Poole DAVIS _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections _#_Elections: Governor--last held NA 1986 (next to be held NA 1990); results--Alexander FARRELLY (Democratic Party) defeated Adelbert BRYAN (ICM); Senate--last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(15 total) number of seats by party NA; US House of Representatives--last held 6 November 1990 (next to be held 3 November 1992); results--the Virgin Islands elects one nonvoting representative _#_Member of: ECLAC (associate), IOC _#_Diplomatic representation: none (territory of the US) _#_Flag: white with a modified US coat of arms in the center between the large blue initials V and I; the coat of arms shows an eagle holding an olive branch in one talon and three arrows in the other with a superimposed shield of vertical red and white stripes below a blue panel _*_Economy _#_Overview: Tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for more than 70% of GDP and 70% of employment. The manufacturing sector consists of textile, electronics, pharmaceutical, and watch assembly plants. The agricultural sector is small, most food being imported. International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. The world's largest petroleum refinery is at Saint Croix. _#_GDP: $1.0 billion, per capita $9,000; real growth rate NA% (1985) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% _#_Unemployment rate: 2.0% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $470 million; expenditures $322 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY90) _#_Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--refined petroleum products; partners--US, Puerto Rico _#_Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1988); commodities--crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials; partners--US, Puerto Rico _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate 12% _#_Electricity: 358,000 kW capacity; 532 million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: tourism, petroleum refining, watch assembly, rum distilling, construction, pharmaceuticals, textiles, electronics _#_Agriculture: truck gardens, food crops (small scale), fruit, sorghum, Senepol cattle _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $34.5 million _#_Currency: US currency is used _#_Exchange rates: US currency is used _#_Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September _*_Communications _#_Highways: 856 km total _#_Ports: Saint Croix--Christiansted, Frederiksted; Saint Thomas--Long Bay, Crown Bay, Red Hook; Saint John--Cruz Bay _#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m; international airports on Saint Thomas and Saint Croix _#_Telecommunications: 44,280 telephones; stations--4 AM, 6 FM, 3 TV; modern system using fiber-optic cable, submarine cable, microwave radio, and satellite facilities; 90,000 radios; 56,000 TVs _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the US _%_ _@_Wake Island (territory of the US) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 6.5 km2; land area: 6.5 km2 _#_Comparative area: about 11 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 19.3 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: 12 nm; Continental shelf: 200 m (depth); Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: claimed by the Republic of the Marshall Islands _#_Climate: tropical _#_Terrain: atoll of three coral islands built up on an underwater volcano; central lagoon is former crater, islands are part of the rim; average elevation less than four meters _#_Natural resources: none _#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100% _#_Environment: subject to occasional typhoons _#_Note: strategic location 3,700 km west of Honolulu in the North Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and the Northern Mariana Islands; emergency landing location for transpacific flights _*_People _#_Population: 195 (January 1990); no indigenous inhabitants; 302 temporary population _#_Note: population peaked about 1970 with over 1,600 persons during the Vietnam conflict _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Air Force (under an agreement with the US Department of Interior) since 24 June 1972 _#_Flag: the US flag is used _*_Economy _#_Overview: Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must be imported. _#_Electricity: supplied by US military _*_Communications _#_Ports: none; because of the reefs, there are only two offshore anchorages for large ships _#_Airports: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440 to 3,659 m _#_Telecommunications: underwater cables to Guam and through Midway to Honolulu; AFRTS radio and television service provided by satellite; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV _#_Note: formerly an important commercial aviation base, now used only by US military and some commercial cargo planes _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of the US _%_ _@_Wallis and Futuna (overseas territory of France) _*_Geography _#_Total area: 274 km2; land area: 274 km2; includes Ile Uvea (Wallis Island), Ile Futuna (Futuna Island), Ile Alofi, and 20 islets _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Washington, DC _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 129 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October) _#_Terrain: volcanic origin; low hills _#_Natural resources: negligible _#_Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops 20%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 75% _#_Environment: both island groups have fringing reefs _#_Note: located 4,600 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand _*_People _#_Population: 16,590 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 8 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 30 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 71 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.7 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective--Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander _#_Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian _#_Religion: largely Roman Catholic _#_Language: French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language) _#_Literacy: 50% (male 50%, female 51%) at all ages can read and write (1969) _#_Labor force: NA _#_Organized labor: NA _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands _#_Type: overseas territory of France _#_Capital: Mata-Utu (on Ile Uvea) _#_Administrative divisions: none (overseas territory of France) _#_Independence: none (overseas territory of France) _#_Constitution: 28 September 1958 (French Constitution) _#_Legal system: French _#_National holiday: Taking of the Bastille, 14 July (1789) _#_Executive branch: French president, high administrator; note--there are three traditional kings with limited powers _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Territorial Assembly (Assemblee Territoriale) _#_Judicial branch: none; justice generally administered under French law by the chief administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Francois MITTERRAND (since 21 May 1981); Head of Government--Chief Administrator Roger DUMEC (since 15 July 1988) _#_Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR); Union Populaire Locale (UPL); Union Pour la Democratie Francaise (UDF); Lua kae tahi (Giscardians); Mouvement des Radicaux de Gauche (MRG) _#_Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 _#_Elections: Territorial Assembly--last held 15 March 1987 (next to be held March 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(20 total) RPR 7, UPL 6, UDF and Lua kae tahi 7; French Senate--last held NA September 1989 (next to be held by September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(1 total) RPR 1; French National Assembly--last held 12 June 1988 (next to be held by September 1992); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(1 total) MRG 1 _#_Member of: FZ, SPC _#_Diplomatic representation: as an overseas territory of France, local interests are represented in the US by France _#_Flag: the flag of France is used _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. Revenues come from French Government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia. Wallis and Futuna imports food, fuel, clothing, machinery, and transport equipment, but its exports are negligible, consisting of copra and handicrafts. _#_GDP: $7.5 million, per capita $470; real growth rate NA% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $2.7 million; expenditures $2.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1983) _#_Exports: negligible; commodities--copra, handicrafts; partners--NA _#_Imports: $6.9 million (c.i.f., 1983); commodities--foodstuffs, manufactured goods, transportation equipment, fuel; partners--France, Australia, New Zealand _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: 1,200 kW capacity; 1 million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: copra, handicrafts, fishing, lumber _#_Agriculture: dominated by coconut production, with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas, and herds of pigs and goats _#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $118 million _#_Currency: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (plural--francs); 1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes _#_Exchange rates: Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1--93.28 (January 1991), 99.0 (1990), 115.99 (1989), 108.30 (1988), 109.27 (1987), 125.92 (1986), 163.35 (1985); note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc _#_Fiscal year: NA _*_Communications _#_Highways: 100 km on Ile Uvea, 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface on Ile Futuna _#_Inland waterways: none _#_Ports: Mata-Utu, Leava _#_Airports: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 225 telephones; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV _*_Defense Forces _#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France _%_ _@_West Bank _#_Note: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan Heights. As stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by President Reagan's 1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, their relationship with their neighbors, and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be negotiated among the concerned parties. Camp David further specifies that these negotiations will resolve the respective boundaries. Pending the completion of this process, it is US policy that the final status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be determined. In the view of the US, the term West Bank describes all of the area west of the Jordan River under Jordanian administration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war. However, with respect to negotiations envisaged in the framework agreement, it is US policy that a distinction must be made between Jerusalem and the rest of the West Bank because of the city's special status and circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solution for the final status of Jerusalem could be different in character from that of the rest of the West Bank. _*_Geography _#_Total area: 5,860 km2; land area: 5,640 km2; includes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun Salient, Jerusalem No Man's Land, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Delaware _#_Land boundaries: 404 km total; Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km; _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Disputes: Israeli occupied with status to be determined _#_Climate: temperate, temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters _#_Terrain: mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east _#_Natural resources: negligible _#_Land use: arable land 27%, permanent crops 0%, meadows and pastures 32%, forest and woodland 1%, other 40% _#_Environment: highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers _#_Note: landlocked; there are 175 Jewish settlements in the West Bank and 14 Israeli-built Jewish neighborhoods in East Jerusalem _*_People _#_Population: 1,086,081 (July 1991), growth rate 2.6% (1991); in addition, there are 90,000 Jewish settlers in the West Bank and 120,000 in East Jerusalem (1990 est.) _#_Birth rate: 37 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 47 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 65 years male, 69 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 4.9 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: NA _#_Ethnic divisions: Palestinian Arab and other 88%, Jewish 12% _#_Religion: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 80%, Jewish 12%, Christian and other 8% _#_Language: Arabic, Israeli settlers speak Hebrew, English widely understood _#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: NA; excluding Israeli Jewish settlers--small industry, commerce, and business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, agriculture 22.4%, service and other 23.6% (1984) _#_Organized labor: NA _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Note: The West Bank is currently governed by Israeli military authorities and Israeli civil administration. It is US policy that the final status of the West Bank will be determined by negotiations among the concerned parties. These negotiations will determine how the area is to be governed. _*_Economy _#_Overview: Economic progress in the West Bank has been hampered by Israeli military occupation and the effects of the Palestinian uprising. Industries using advanced technology or requiring sizable financial resources have been discouraged by a lack of financial resources and Israeli policy. Capital investment has largely gone into residential housing, not into productive assets that could compete with Israeli industry. A major share of GNP is derived from remittances of workers employed in Israel and neighboring Gulf states but remittances from the Gulf dropped dramatically in the wake of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. Israeli reprisals against Palestinian unrest in the West Bank since 1987 have pushed unemployment up and lowered living standards. The Persian Gulf crisis of 1990-91 also dealt a blow to the economy. Many Palestinians returned from the Gulf, exacerbating unemployment. Export revenues have plunged because of the loss of export markets in Jordan and the Gulf. _#_GNP: $1.0 billion, per capita $1,000; real growth rate - 15% (1988 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% _#_Unemployment rate: 40% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $47.4 million; expenditures $45.7 million, including capital expenditures of NA (FY86) _#_Exports: $150 million (f.o.b., 1988 est.); commodities--NA; partners--Jordan, Israel _#_Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1988 est.); commodities--NA; partners--Jordan, Israel _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: power supplied by Israel _#_Industries: generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some small-scale modern industries in the settlements and industrial centers _#_Agriculture: olives, citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy products _#_Economic aid: none _#_Currency: new Israeli shekel (plural--shekels) and Jordanian dinar (plural--dinars); 1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot and 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils _#_Exchange rates: new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1--2.35 (May 1991), 2.0161 (1990), 1.9164 (1989), 1.5989 (1988), 1.5946 (1987), 1.4878 (1986), 1.1788 (1985); Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1--0.6670 (January 1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988), 0.3387 (1987), 0.3499 (1986), 0.3940 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: previously 1 April-31 March; FY91 will be 1 April-31 December and starting 1 January 1992 the fiscal year will conform to the calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: small indigenous road network, Israelis developing east-west axial highways _#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 2,439 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: open-wire telephone system currently being upgraded; stations--no AM, no FM, no TV _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: NA _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 257,740; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Western Sahara _*_Geography _#_Total area: 266,000 km2; land area: 266,000 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Colorado _#_Land boundaries: 2,046 km total; Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km _#_Coastline: 1,110 km _#_Maritime claims: contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue _#_Disputes: claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and guerrilla fighting continues in the area _#_Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore currents produce fog and heavy dew _#_Terrain: mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to small mountains in south and northeast _#_Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore _#_Land use: arable land NEGL%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 19%; forest and woodland 0%; other 81% _#_Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring; widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting visibility; sparse water and arable land _*_People _#_Population: 196,737 (July 1991), growth rate 2.6% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 48 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 23 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 177 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 39 years male, 41 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 7.3 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Saharan(s), Moroccan(s); adjective--Saharan, Moroccan _#_Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber _#_Religion: Muslim _#_Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic _#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%) _#_Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming _#_Organized labor: NA _*_Government _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally proclaimed a government in exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government in exile was seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continue sporadically. _#_Capital: none _#_Administrative divisions: none (under de facto control of Morocco) _#_Leaders: none _#_Member of: none _#_Diplomatic representation: none _*_Economy _#_Overview: Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and having little rainfall, has a per capita GDP of just a few hundred dollars. Fishing and phosphate mining are the principal industries and sources of income. Most of the food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. _#_GDP: $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA% _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA% _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA _#_Exports: $8 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.); commodities--phosphates 62%; partners--Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts _#_Imports: $30 million (c.i.f., 1982 est.); commodities--fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs; partners--Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are included in overall Moroccan accounts _#_External debt: $NA _#_Industrial production: growth rate NA% _#_Electricity: 60,000 kW capacity; 79 million kWh produced, 425 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: phosphate, fishing, handicrafts _#_Agriculture: limited largely to subsistence agriculture; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables are grown in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces _#_Economic aid: NA _#_Currency: Moroccan dirham (plural--dirhams); 1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes _#_Exchange rates: Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1--8.071 (January 1991), 8.242 (1990), 8.488 (1989), 8.209 (1988), 8.359 (1987), 9.104 (1986), 10.062 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: NA _*_Communications _#_Highways: 6,100 km total; 1,350 km surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unimproved earth roads and tracks _#_Ports: El Aaiun, Ad Dakhla _#_Airports: 16 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: sparse and limited system; tied into Morocco's system by radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations linked to Rabat, Morocco; 2,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, no FM, 2 TV _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: NA _#_Manpower availability: NA _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Western Samoa _*_Geography _#_Total area: 2,860 km2; land area: 2,850 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 403 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to March), dry season (May to October) _#_Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volcanic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior _#_Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish _#_Land use: arable land 19%; permanent crops 24%; meadows and pastures NEGL%; forest and woodland 47%; other 10% _#_Environment: subject to occasional typhoons; active volcanism _#_Note: located 4,300 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean about halfway between Hawaii and New Zealand _*_People _#_Population: 190,346 (July 1991), growth rate 2.3% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 4 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 47 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 64 years male, 69 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 4.5 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Western Samoan(s); adjective--Western Samoan _#_Ethnic divisions: Samoan; Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) about 7%, Europeans 0.4% _#_Religion: Christian 99.7% (about half of population associated with the London Missionary Society; includes Congregational, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist) _#_Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English _#_Literacy: 97% (male 97%, female 97%) age 15 and over can read and write (1971) _#_Labor force: 38,000; 22,000 employed in agriculture (1987 est.) _#_Organized labor: Public Service Association (PSA) _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Independent State of Western Samoa _#_Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief _#_Capital: Apia _#_Administrative divisions: 11 districts; Aana, Aiga-i-le-Tai, Atua, Faasaleleaga, Gagaemauga, Gagaifomauga, Palauli, Satupaitea, Tuamasaga, Vaa-o-Fonoti, Vaisigano _#_Independence: 1 January 1962 (from UN trusteeship administered by New Zealand) _#_Constitution: 1 January 1962 _#_Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: National Day, 1 June _#_Executive branch: monarch, Executive Council, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Assembly (Fono) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court, Court of Appeal _#_Leaders: Chief of State--Susuga Malietoa TANUMAFILI II (Co-Chief of State from 1 January 1962 until becoming sole Chief of State on 5 April 1963); Head of Government--Prime Minister TOFILAU Eti Alesana (since 7 April 1988) _#_Political parties and leaders: Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP), TOFILAU Eti, chairman; Samoan National Development Party (SNDP), VA'AI Kolone, chairman _#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA, but only matai (head of family) are able to run for the Legislative Assembly _#_Elections: Legislative Assembly--last held NA February 1991 (next to be held by February 1994); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(47 total) HRPP 30, SNDP 14, independent 3 _#_Member of: ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IOC, ITU, LORCS, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Fili (Felix) Tuaopepe WENDT; Chancery (temporary) at the Western Samoan Mission to the UN, 820 2nd Avenue, New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-6196; US--the ambassador to New Zealand, Della Newman, is accredited to Western Samoa (mailing address is P.O. Box 3430, Apia); telephone (685) 21-631 _#_Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side quadrant bearing five white five-pointed stars representing the Southern Cross constellation _*_Economy _#_Overview: Agriculture employs more than half of the labor force, contributes 50% to GDP, and furnishes 90% of exports. The bulk of export earnings comes from the sale of coconut oil and copra. The economy depends on emigrant remittances and foreign aid to support a level of imports about five times export earnings. Tourism has become the most important growth industry, and construction of the first international hotel is under way. _#_GDP: $115 million, per capita $620; real growth rate - 4.5% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 17% (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA%; shortage of skilled labor _#_Budget: revenues $70 million; expenditures $73 million, including capital expenditures of $41 million (1990) _#_Exports: $9.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--coconut oil and cream 54%, taro 12%, copra 9%, cocoa 3%; partners--NZ 28%, EC 23%, American Samoa 23%, Australia 11%, US 6% (1990) _#_Imports: $87 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.); commodities--intermediate goods 58%, food 17%, capital goods 12%; partners--New Zealand 31%, Australia 20%, Japan 15%, Fiji 15%, US 5%, EC 4% (1987) _#_External debt: $83 million (December 1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 4.3% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP _#_Electricity: 29,000 kW capacity; 45 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: timber, tourism, food processing, fishing _#_Agriculture: accounts for 50% of GDP; coconuts, fruit (including bananas, taro, yams) _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $18 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $291 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $4 million _#_Currency: tala (plural--tala); 1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene _#_Exchange rates: tala (WS$) per US$1--2.3170 (January 1991), 2.3095 (1990), 2.2686 (1989), 2.0790 (1988), 2.1204 (1987), 2.2351 (1986), 2.2437 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed; remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earth _#_Ports: Apia _#_Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,930 GRT/34,135 DWT; includes 2 container, 1 roll-on/roll-off cargo _#_Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 7,500 telephones; 70,000 radios; stations--1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Department of Police and Prisons _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 49,119; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_World _*_Geography _#_Total area: 510,072,000 km2; 361,132,000 km2 (70.8%) is water and 148,940,000 km2 (29.2%) is land _#_Comparative area: land area about 16 times the size of the US _#_Land boundaries: 442,000 km _#_Coastline: 359,000 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: generally 24 nm, but varies from 4 nm to 25 nm; Continental shelf: generally 200 nm, but some are 200 meters in depth; Exclusive fishing zone: most are 200 nm, but varies from 3 nm to 200 nm; Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; only the Maldives varies from 35-310 nm; Territorial sea: generally 12 nm, but varies from 3 nm to 50 nm; note--32 nations and miscellaneous areas are landlocked and include Afghanistan, Andorra, Austria, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Iraq-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mali, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Swaziland, Switzerland, Uganda, Vatican City, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe _#_Disputes: major international land boundary disputes--Argentina-Uruguay, Bangladesh-India, Brazil-Paraguay, Brazil-Uruguay, Cambodia-Vietnam, Chad-Libya, China-India, China-USSR, Ecuador-Peru, Egypt-Sudan, El Salvador-Honduras, Ethiopia-Somalia, French Guiana-Suriname, Guyana-Suriname, Guyana-Venezuela, Israel-Jordan, Israel-Syria, North Korea-South Korea, Oman-UAE, Oman-Yemen, Qatar-UAE, Saudi Arabia-Yemen _#_Climate: two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates _#_Terrain: highest elevation is Mt. Everest at 8,848 meters and lowest depression is the Dead Sea at 392 meters below sea level; greatest ocean depth is the Marianas Trench at 10,924 meters _#_Natural resources: the oceans represent the last major frontier for the discovery and development of natural resources _#_Land use: arable land 10%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 24%; forest and woodland 31%; other 34%; includes irrigated 1.6% _#_Environment: large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions), overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife resources, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion _*_People _#_Population: 5,419,643,132 (July 1991), growth rate 1.7% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 26 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 61 years male, 65 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 3.3 children born/woman (1991) _#_Literacy: 74% (male 81%, female 67%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 2.2 billion (1991) _#_Organized labor: NA _*_Government _#_Administrative divisions: 170 sovereign nations plus 72 dependent, other, and miscellaneous areas _#_Legal system: varies among each of the entities; 162 are parties to the United Nations International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court _#_Diplomatic representation: there are 159 members of the UN _*_Economy _#_Overview: In 1990 the world economy grew at an estimated 1.0%, considerably lower than the estimated 3.0% for 1989 and the 3.4% for 1988. The technologically advanced areas--North America, Japan, and Western Europe--together account for 67% of the gross world product (GWP) of $20.9 trillion; these developed areas grew in the aggregate at 2.3% in 1990. In contrast, output in the USSR and Eastern Europe fell an average of 5.2%; these countries account for 15% of GWP. Experience in the developing countries continued mixed, with the newly industrializing economies generally maintaining their rapid growth, and many others struggling with debt, rampant inflation, and inadequate investment. This third group contributed 18% of GWP and grew on average 2.3% in 1990; output in this group is probably understated because of lack of data and the method of calculation used. The year 1990 witnessed continued political and economic upheavals in the USSR and Eastern Europe, which are in between systems, lacking both the rough discipline of the command economy and the institutions of the market economy. As for prospects in the 1990s, the addition of nearly 100 million people a year to an already overcrowded globe will exacerbate the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. _#_GWP (gross world product): $20.9 trillion, per capita $3,930; real growth rate 1.0% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): developed countries 5%; developing countries 100%, with wide variations (1990 est.) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Exports: $3.33 trillion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services; partners--in value, 74% of exports from industrial countries _#_Imports: $3.45 trillion (c.i.f., 1990 est.); commodities--the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services; partners--in value, about 75% of imports by the industrial countries _#_External debt: $1.0 trillion for less developed countries (1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 3% (1990 est.) _#_Electricity: 2,864,000,000 kW capacity; 11,450,000 million kWh produced, 2,150 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: chemicals, energy, machinery, electronics, metals, mining, textiles, food processing _#_Agriculture: cereals (wheat, maize, rice), sugar, livestock products, tropical crops, fruit, vegetables, fish _#_Economic aid: NA _*_Communications _#_Ports: Mina al Ahmadi (Kuwait), Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels of technology _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,412,502,000; NA fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $1.1 trillion, 5.3% of GWP (1990 est.) _%_ _@_Yemen _*_Geography _#_Total area: 527,970 km2; land area: 527,970 km2; includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen) _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming _#_Land boundaries: 1,746 km total; Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km _#_Coastline: 1,906 km _#_Maritime claims: Contiguous zone: North--18 nm; South--24 nm; Continental shelf: North--200 meters (depth); South--edge of continental margin or 200 nm; Exclusive economic zone: North--no claim; South 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: undefined section of boundary with Saudi Arabia; Administrative Line with Oman _#_Climate: desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east _#_Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula _#_Natural resources: crude oil, fish, rock salt, marble; small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper; fertile soil in west _#_Land use: arable land 6%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 30%; forest and woodland 7%; other 57%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: subject to sand and dust storms in summer; scarcity of natural freshwater resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification _#_Note: controls Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes _*_People _#_Population: 10,062,633 (July 1991), growth rate 3.2% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 51 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 16 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 121 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 49 years male, 51 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 7.4 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Yemeni(s); adjective--Yemeni _#_Ethnic divisions: North--Arab 90%, Afro-Arab (mixed) 10%; South--almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans _#_Religion: North--Muslim 100% (Sunni and Shia); South--Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu _#_Language: Arabic _#_Literacy: 38% (male 53%, female 26%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: North--NA number of workers with agriculture and herding 70%, and expatriate laborers 30% (est.); South--477,000 with agriculture 45.2%, services 21.2%, construction 13.4%, industry 10.6%, commerce and other 9.6% (1983) _#_Organized labor: North--NA; South--348,200 and the General Confederation of Workers of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen had 35,000 members _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Yemen _#_Type: republic _#_Capital: Sanaa _#_Administrative divisions: 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular--muhafazah); Abyan, Adan, Al Bayda, Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, Dhamar, Hadramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Marib, Sadah, Sana, Shabwah, Taizz _#_Independence: Republic of Yemen was established on 22 May 1990 with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK); the union is to be solidified during a 30-month transition period, which coincides with the remainder of the five-year terms of both legislatures _#_Constitution: 16 April 1991 _#_Legal system: based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local customary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990) _#_Executive branch: five-member Presidential Council (president, vice president, two members from northern Yemen and one member from southern Yemen), prime minister _#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives; note--northern Yemen's Consultative Assembly (Majlis Chura) and southern Yemen's Supreme People's Council (Majlis al-Shab al-Ala) will combine to form the basis for the new unicameral House of Representatives _#_Judicial branch: North--State Security Court; South--Federal High Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government President Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen); Vice President Ali Salim al-BIDH (since 22 May 1990, secretary general of the Yemeni Socialist Party); Presidential Council Member Salim Salih MUHAMMED (southern Yemen); Presidential Council Member Kadi Abdul-Karim al-ARASHI (northern Yemen); Presidential Council Member Abdul-Aziz ABDUL-GHANI (northern Yemen); Prime Minister Haydar Abu Bakr al-ATTAS (since 22 May 1990, former president of South Yemen) _#_Political parties and leaders: General People's Congress, Ali Abdallah SALIH; Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP; formerly South Yemen's ruling party--a coalition of National Front, Bath, and Communist Parties), Ali Salim al-BIDH _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: House of Representatives--last held NA (next to be held 26-27 May, 12 June, and 24 July 1991); results--percent of vote NA; seats--(301); number of seats by party NA; note--the 301 members of the new House of Representatives will come from North Yemen's Consultative Assembly (159 members), South Yemen's Supreme People's Council (111 members), and appointments by the New Presidential Council (31 members) _#_Communists: small number in North, greater but unknown number in South _#_Other political or pressure groups: conservative tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, leftist factions--pro-Iraqi Bathists, Nasirists, National Democratic Front (NDF) _#_Member of: ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Muhsin Ahmad al-AYNI; Chancery at Suite 840, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20037; telephone (202) 965-4760 or 4761; there is a Yemeni Consulate General in Detroit and a Consulate in San Francisco; US--Ambassador Charles F. DUNBAR; Embassy at Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa (mailing address is P. O. Box 22347 Sanaa, Republic of Yemen or Sanaa--Department of State, Washington, D. C. 20521-6330); telephone [967] (2) 238-842 through 238-852 _#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band _*_Economy _#_Overview: Whereas the northern city Sanaa is the political capital of a united Yemen, the southern city Aden, with its refinery and port facilities, is the economic and commercial capital. Future economic development depends heavily on Western-assisted development of promising oil resources. South Yemen's willingness to merge stemmed partly from the steady decline in Soviet economic support. North--The low level of domestic industry and agriculture have made northern Yemen dependent on imports for virtually all of its essential needs. Large trade deficits have been made up for by remittances from Yemenis working abroad and foreign aid. Once self-sufficient in food production, northern Yemen has been a major importer. Land once used for export crops--cotton, fruit, and vegetables--has been turned over to growing qat, a mildly narcotic shrub chewed by Yemenis that has no significant export market. Oil export revenues started flowing in late 1987 and boosted 1988 earnings by about $800 million. South--This has been one of the poorest Arab countries, with a per capita GNP of about $500. A shortage of natural resources, a widely dispersed population, and an arid climate have made economic development difficult. The economy has grown at an average annual rate of only 2-3% since the mid-1970s. The economy had been organized along socialist lines, dominated by the public sector. Economic growth has been constrained by a lack of incentives, partly stemming from centralized control over production decisions, investment allocation, and import choices. _#_GDP: $5.3 billion, per capita $545; real growth rate NA% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): North--16.9% (1988); South--0% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: North--13% (1986); South--NA% _#_Budget: North--revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $590 million (1988 est.); South--revenues and grants $435 million; expenditures $1.0 billion, including capital expenditure of $460 million (1988 est.) _#_Exports: North--$606 million (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--crude oil, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables; partners--FRG 29%, US 26%, Netherlands 12%; South--$113.8 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish; partners--Japan, North Yemen, Italy _#_Imports: North--$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement; partners--Saudi Arabia 12%, France 6%, US 5%, Australia 5% (1985); South--$553.9 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--grain, consumer goods, crude oil, machinery, chemicals; partners--USSR, UK, Ethiopia _#_External debt: $5.75 billion (December 1989 est.) _#_Industrial production: North--growth rate 2% in manufacturing (1988); South--growth rate NA% in manufacturing _#_Electricity: 670,000 kW capacity; 1,100 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; fishing; small aluminum products factory; cement _#_Agriculture: North--accounted for 26% of GDP and 70% of labor force; farm products--grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton, dairy, poultry, meat, goat meat; not self-sufficient in grain; South--accounted for 17% of GNP and 45% of labor force; products--grain, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, fish, livestock; fish and honey major exports; most food imported _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $1.9 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $3.2 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4 billion _#_Currency: North Yemeni riyal (plural--riyals); 1 North Yemeni riyal (YR) = 100 fils; South Yemeni dinar (plural--dinars); 1 South Yemeni dinar (YD) = 1,000 fils _#_Exchange rates: North Yemeni riyals (YR) per US$1--9.7600 (January 1990), 9.7600 (1989), 9.7717 (1988), 10.3417 (1987), 9.6392 (1986), 7.3633 (1985); South Yemeni dinars (YD) per US$1--0.3454 (fixed rate) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Highways: 15,500 km; 4,000 km bituminous, 11,500 km natural surface (est.) _#_Pipelines: crude oil, 424 km; refined products, 32 km _#_Ports: Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Khalf, Mocha, Nishtun, Ras Kathib, Salif _#_Merchant marine: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,309 GRT/6,568 DWT; includes 2 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker _#_Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 49 total, 40 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: the North has a poor but improving system with new radio relay and cable networks, while the South has a small system of open-wire, radio relay, multiconductor cable, and radio communications stations; 65,000 telephones (est.); stations--4 AM, no FM, 22 TV; satellite earth stations--2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 2 ARABSAT; radio relay to Saudi Arabia, and Djibouti _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,906,887; 1,084,122 fit for military service; 134,158 reach military age (14) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $1.06 billion, 20% of GDP (1990) _%_ _@_Yugoslavia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 255,800 km2; land area: 255,400 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Wyoming _#_Land boundaries: 2,961 km total; Albania 486 km, Austria 311 km, Bulgaria 539 km, Greece 246 km, Hungary 631 km, Italy 202 km, Romania 546 km _#_Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km offshore islands) _#_Maritime claims: Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: Kosovo question with Albania; Macedonia question with Bulgaria and Greece _#_Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry summers with mild, rainy winters along coast; warm summer with cold winters inland _#_Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas of karst topography; plain in north _#_Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite, timber, iron ore, antimony, chromium, lead, zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, natural gas, nickel, uranium _#_Land use: arable land 28%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and pastures 25%; forest and woodland 36%; other 8%; includes irrigated 1% _#_Environment: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes _#_Note: controls the most important land routes from central and western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish straits _*_People _#_Population: 23,976,040 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 9 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 21 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 70 years male, 76 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Yugoslav(s); adjective--Yugoslav _#_Ethnic divisions: Serb 36.3%, Croat 19.7%, Muslim 8.9%, Slovene 7.8%, Albanian 7.7%, Macedonian 5.9%, Yugoslav 5.4%, Montenegrin 2.5%, Hungarian 1.9%, other 3.9% (1981 census) _#_Religion: Eastern Orthodox 50%, Roman Catholic 30%, Muslim 9%, Protestant 1%, other 10% _#_Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian _#_Literacy: 90% (male 96%, female 84%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981) _#_Labor force: 9,600,000; agriculture 22%, mining and manufacturing 27%; about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986) _#_Organized labor: badly fractured labor movement, with no unified national labor federation; several republics have competing union federations within their borders _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; abbreviated SFRY _#_Type: federal republic in form; four of six republics have non-Communist governments _#_Capital: Belgrade _#_Administrative divisions: 6 republics (republike, singular--republika); Bosna i Hercegovina (Bosnia and Hercegovina), Crna Gora (Montenegro), Hrvatska (Croatia), Makedonija (Macedonia), Slovenija (Slovenia), Srbija (Serbia); note--there are two nominally autonomous provinces (autonomne pokajine, singular--autonomna pokajina) within Srbija--Kosovo and Vojvodina _#_Independence: 1 December 1918; independent monarchy established from the Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro, parts of the Turkish Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire; SFRY proclaimed 29 November 1945 _#_Constitution: 21 February 1974, amendments to the Constitution have passed the Federal Assembly and are being considered at the republic level _#_Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; a new legal code is being formulated _#_National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November (1945) _#_Executive branch: president of the Presidency, vice president of the Presidency, Presidency, president of the Federal Executive Council, two vice presidents of the Federal Executive Council, Federal Executive Council _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Federal (Skupstina) consists of an upper chamber or Chamber of Republics and Provinces (Vece Republika i Pokrajina) and a lower chamber or Federal Chamber _#_Judicial branch: Federal Court (Savezna Sud), Constitutional Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President of the Presidency Stjepan MESIC from Hrvatska (Croatia), one-year term expires 15 May 1992; Vice President of the Presidency Branko KOSTIC from Crna Gora (Montenegro), one-year term expires 15 May 1992; note--the offices of president and vice president rotate annually among members of the Presidency with the current vice president assuming the presidency and a new vice president selected from area which has gone the longest without filling the position (the current sequence is Hrvatska, Crna Gora, Vojvodina, Kosovo, Makedonija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Slovenija, and Srbija); Head of Government--President of the Federal Executive Council Ante MARKOVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Aleksandar MITROVIC (since 16 March 1989); Vice President of the Federal Executive Council Zivko PREGL (since 16 March 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: there are over 100 political parties operating, some only in one republic and others country-wide _#_Suffrage: at age 16 if employed, universal at age 18 _#_Elections: direct federal elections may never be held because of inter-republic differences over Yugoslavia's future structure _#_Other political or pressure groups: there are no national political groups; all significant groups are found within the republics _#_Member of: AfDB, AG (observer), BIS, CCC, CERN (observer), CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OECD (special), PCA, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Dzevad MUJEZINOVIC; Chancery at 2410 California Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 462-6566; there are Yugoslav Consulates General in Chicago, Cleveland, New York, Pittsburgh, and San Francisco; US--Ambassador Warren ZIMMERMAN; mailing address Box 5070, Belgrade or APO New York 09213-5070; telephone [38] (11) 645-655; there is a US Consulate General in Zagreb _#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red with a large red five-pointed star edged in yellow superimposed in the center over all three bands _*_Economy _#_Overview: For 20 years Communist Yugoslavia had been trying to replace the Stalinist command economy with a decentralized semimarket system that features worker self-management councils in all large plants. This hybrid system neared collapse in late 1989 when inflation soared. The government applied shock therapy in 1990 under an IMF standby program that provides tight control over monetary expansion, a freeze on wages, the pegging of the dinar to the deutsche mark, and a partial price freeze on energy, transportation, and communal services. This program brought hyperinflation to a halt and encouraged a rise in foreign investment. Since June 1990, however, inflation has rebounded and threatens to rise further in 1991. Estimated annual inflation for 1990 is 164%. Other huge problems remain: rising unemployment, the low quality of industrial output, and striking differences in income between the poorer southern regions and the comparatively well-off northern areas. Even so, political issues far outweigh economic problems in importance. _#_GNP: $120.1 billion, per capita $5,040; real growth rate - 6.3% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 164% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 16% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $6.4 billion; expenditures $6.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1990) _#_Exports: $13.3 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.); commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 50%, consumer goods 31%, capital goods and equipment 19%; partners--EC 53%, USSR and Eastern Europe 27%, less developed countries 12.9%, US 4.8%, other 2.3% _#_Imports: $17.6 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.); commodities--raw materials and semimanufactures 79%, capital goods and equipment 15%, consumer goods 6%; partners--EC 53.5%, USSR and Eastern Europe 22.8%, less developed countries 15.4%, US 4.6%, other 3.7% _#_External debt: $18.0 billion, medium and long term (December 1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 10.9% (1990) _#_Electricity: 21,000,000 kW capacity; 83,400 million kWh produced, 3,500 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, petroleum, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing, pulp and paper, motor vehicles, building materials _#_Agriculture: diversified, with many small private holdings and large combines; main crops--corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals _#_Economic aid: donor--about $3.5 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed countries (1966-89) _#_Currency: Yugoslav dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Yugoslav dinar (YD) = 100 paras; note--on 1 January 1990, Yugoslavia began issuing a new currency with 1 new dinar equal to 10,000 YD _#_Exchange rates: Yugoslav dinars (YD) per US$1--13.605 (January 1991), 11.318 (1990), 2.876 (1989), 0.252 (1988), 0.074 (1987), 0.038 (1986), 0.027 (1985); note--as of January 1991 the new dinar is linked to the German deutsche mark at the rate of 9 new dinars per 1 deustche mark _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 9,349 km total; (all 1.435-meter standard gauge) including 931 km double track, 3,760 km electrified (1988) _#_Highways: 122,062 km total; 73,527 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 33,663 km macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 14,872 km earth (1988) _#_Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982) _#_Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,900 km natural gas; 150 km refined products _#_Ports: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, Ploce; inland port is Belgrade _#_Merchant marine: 277 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,780,095 GRT/6,031,359 DWT; includes 3 passenger, 4 short-sea passenger, 133 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 19 container, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 multifunction large-load carrier, 9 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 chemical tanker, 2 combination ore/oil, 75 bulk, 11 combination bulk; note--Yugoslavia owns 13 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 253,400 GRT/429,613 DWT under the registry of Liberia, Panama, and Cyprus _#_Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 179 total, 179 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: 1.6 million telephones (97% automatic); 7,500 public telephone booths; stations--85 AM, 69 FM, 103 TV; 4.65 million radios; 4.1 million TVs (1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (1990) _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Yugoslav People's Army--Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 6,176,693; 5,001,024 fit for military service; 189,886 reach military age (19) annually _#_Defense expenditures: 70.85 billion dinars, 4-6% of GDP (1991 est.); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading results _%_ _@_Zaire _*_Geography _#_Total area: 2,345,410 km2; land area: 2,267,600 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly more than one-quarter the size of US _#_Land boundaries: 10,271 km total; Angola 2,511 km, Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km _#_Coastline: 37 km _#_Maritime claims: Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled; long section with Congo along the Congo River is indefinite (no division of the river or its islands has been made) _#_Climate: tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator--wet season April to October, dry season December to February; south of Equator--wet season November to March, dry season April to October _#_Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying plateau; mountains in east _#_Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cadmium, crude oil, industrial and gem diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese, tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, coal, hydropower potential _#_Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 4%; forest and woodland 78%; other 15%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: dense tropical rainforest in central river basin and eastern highlands; periodic droughts in south _#_Note: straddles Equator; very narrow strip of land is only outlet to South Atlantic Ocean _*_People _#_Population: 37,832,407 (July 1991), growth rate 3.3% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 46 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 99 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 52 years male, 56 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.2 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Zairian(s); adjective--Zairian _#_Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes--Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs 10% _#_Language: French (official), Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, Tshiluba _#_Literacy: 72% (male 84%, female 61%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 15,000,000; agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%; wage earners 13% (1981); population of working age 51% (1985) _#_Organized labor: National Union of Zairian Workers (UNTZA) was the only officially recognized trade union until April 1990; other unions are now in process of seeking official recognition _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zaire _#_Type: republic with a strong presidential system _#_Capital: Kinshasa _#_Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular--region) and 1 town* (ville); Bandundu, Bas-Zaire, Equateur, Haut-Zaire, Kasai-Occidental, Kasai-Oriental, Kinshasa*, Maniema, Nord-Kivu, Shaba, Sud-Kivu _#_Independence: 30 June 1960 (from Belgium; formerly Belgian Congo, then Congo/Leopoldville, then Congo/Kinshasa) _#_Constitution: 24 June 1967, amended August 1974, revised 15 February 1978; amended 1990; new constitution to be promulgated in 1991 _#_Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Anniversary of the Regime (Second Republic), 24 November (1965) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Executive Council (cabinet) _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Council (Conseil Legislatif) _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme) _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (since 24 November 1965); Head of Government--Prime Minister Bernadin MUNGUL DIAKA (since 23 October 1991) _#_Political parties and leaders: sole legal party until January 1991--Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR); other parties include Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS), Etienne TSHISEKEDI wa Mulumba; Democratic Social Christian Party (PDSC), Union of Federalists and Independent Republicans (UFERI); and Congolese National Movement-Lumumba (MNC-L) _#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 29 July 1984 (next to be held before December 1991); results--President MOBUTU was reelected without opposition; Legislative Council--last held 6 September 1987 (next to be held in 1991, probably on a multiparty basis); results--MPR was the only party; seats--(210 total) MPR 210; note--MPR still holds majority of seats but some deputies have joined other parties _#_Communists: no Communist party _#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, APC, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, CIPEC, ECA, FAO, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador TATANENE Manata; Chancery at 1800 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202) 234-7690 or 7691; US--Ambassador Melissa F. WELLS; Embassy at 310 Avenue des Aviateurs, Kinshasa (mailing address is APO New York 09662); telephone [243] (12) 21532; there is a US Consulate General in Lubumbashi _#_Flag: light green with a yellow disk in the center bearing a black arm holding a red flaming torch; the flames of the torch are blowing away from the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia _*_Economy _#_Overview: In 1990, in spite of large mineral resources and one of the most developed and diversified economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, Zaire had a GDP per capita of only about $200, one of the lowest on the continent. The country's chronic economic problems worsened in 1990, with copper production down 20% to a 20-year low, inflation near 250% compared with 100% in 1987-89, and IMF and most World Bank support suspended until the institution of agreed-on changes. Agriculture, a key sector of the economy, employs 75% of the population but generates under 25% of GDP. The main potential for economic development has been the extractive industries. Mining and mineral processing account for about one-third of GDP and two-thirds of total export earnings. Zaire is the world's largest producer of diamonds. _#_GDP: $6.6 billion, per capita $180; real growth rate - 2% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 242% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $685 million; expenditures $1.1 billion, does not include capital expenditures mostly financed by donors (1990) _#_Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--copper 37%, coffee 24%, diamonds 12%, cobalt, crude oil; partners--US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, UK, Japan, South Africa _#_Imports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels; partners--South Africa, US, Belgium, France, FRG, Italy, Japan, UK _#_External debt: $7.9 billion (December 1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate - 3.1%; accounts for 30% of GDP (1988) _#_Electricity: 2,575,000 kW capacity; 5,550 million kWh produced, 150 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: mining, mineral processing, consumer products (including textiles, footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods and beverages, cement, diamonds _#_Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; food crops--cassava, bananas, root crops, corn _#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, mostly for domestic consumption _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.1 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $6.4 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $35 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $263 million _#_Currency: zaire (plural--zaire); 1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta _#_Exchange rates: zaire (Z) per US$1--2,113.55 (January 1991), 718.58 (1990), 381.445 (1989), 187.070 (1988), 112.403 (1987), 59.625 (1986), 49.873 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km 1.000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge _#_Highways: 146,500 km total; 2,550 km bituminous, 46,450 km gravel and improved earth; remainder unimproved earth _#_Inland waterways: 15,000 km including the Congo, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes _#_Pipelines: refined products 390 km _#_Ports: Matadi, Boma, Banana _#_Merchant marine: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 41,802 GRT/60,496 DWT; includes 1 passenger cargo, 3 cargo _#_Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 308 total, 255 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 71 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio relay service; 31,200 telephones; stations--10 AM, 4 FM, 18 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 14 domestic _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary National Gendarmerie, paramilitary Civil Guard _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 8,240,412; 4,192,991 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $49 million, 0.8% of GDP (1988) _%_ _@_Zambia _*_Geography _#_Total area: 752,610 km2; land area: 740,720 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Texas _#_Land boundaries: 5,664 km total; Angola 1,110 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zaire 1,930 km, Zimbabwe 797 km _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zimbabwe is in disagreement; Tanzania-Zaire-Zambia tripoint in Lake Tanganyika may no longer be indefinite since it is reported that the indefinite section of the Zaire-Zambia boundary has been settled _#_Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April) _#_Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains _#_Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower potential _#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 47%; forest and woodland 27%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: deforestation; soil erosion; desertification _#_Note: landlocked _*_People _#_Population: 8,445,724 (July 1991), growth rate 3.5% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 49 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 12 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 2 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 79 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 55 years male, 58 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 6.9 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Zambian(s); adjective--Zambian _#_Ethnic divisions: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2% _#_Religion: Christian 50-75%, Muslim and Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs 1% _#_Language: English (official); about 70 indigenous languages _#_Literacy: 73% (male 81%, female 65%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 2,455,000; 85% agriculture; 6% mining, manufacturing, and construction; 9% transport and services _#_Organized labor: about 238,000 wage earners are unionized _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zambia _#_Type: multiparty system; on 17 December 1990, President Kenneth KAUNDA signed into law the constitutional amendment that officially reintroduced the multiparty system in Zambia and ending 17 years of one-party rule _#_Capital: Lusaka _#_Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western _#_Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK; formerly Northern Rhodesia) _#_Constitution: 25 August 1973 _#_Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964) _#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President Dr. Kenneth David KAUNDA (since 24 October 1964); Head of Government--Prime Minister Gen. Malimba MASHEKE (since 15 March 1989) _#_Political parties and leaders: United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth KAUNDA; Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), Frederick CHILUBA; National Democratic Alliance (NADA), leader NA; Democratic Party, leader NA; note--the first Extraordinary Congress of UNIP began on 6 August 1991 _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: President--last held 26 October 1988 (next to be held mid-1991); results--President Kenneth KAUNDA was reelected without opposition; National Assembly--last held 26 October 1988 (next to be held mid-1991); results--UNIP was the only party; seats--(136 total, 125 elected) UNIP 125 _#_Communists: no Communist party _#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Paul J. F. LUSAKA; Chancery at 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 265-9717 through 9721; US--Ambassador Gordon L. STREET; Embassy at corner of Independence Avenue and United Nations Avenue, Lusaka (mailing address is P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka); telephone [2601] 228-595, 228-596, 228-598, 228-601, 228-602, 228-603, 251-419 _#_Flag: green with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1990 real GDP stood only slightly higher than that of 10 years before, while an annual population growth of more than 3% has brought a decline in per capita GDP of 25% during the same period. A high inflation rate has also added to Zambia's economic woes in recent years. _#_GDP: $4.7 billion, per capita $580; real growth rate - 2% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 80% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: NA% _#_Budget: revenues $1.5 billion; expenditures $1.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $300 million (1991 est.) _#_Exports: $1.1 million (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco; partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US _#_Imports: $1.1 million (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--machinery, transportation equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures; partners--EC, Japan, South Africa, US _#_External debt: $7.2 billion (December 1990) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 2.9% (1990); accounts for one-third of GDP _#_Electricity: 1,900,000 kW capacity; 8,245 million kWh produced, 1,050 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: copper mining and processing, transport, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer _#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GDP and 85% of labor force; crops--corn (food staple), sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava; cattle, goats, beef, eggs; marginally self-sufficient in corn _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $484 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $4.5 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $533 million _#_Currency: Zambian kwacha (plural--kwacha); 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee _#_Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1--43.2900 (January 1991), 28.9855 (1990), 12.9032 (1989), 8.2237 (1988), 8.8889 (1987), 7.3046 (1986), 2.7137 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: calendar year _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 1,266 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 13 km double track _#_Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth _#_Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula Rivers, Lake Tanganyika _#_Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil _#_Ports: Mpulungu (lake port) _#_Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 121 total, 106 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; 71,700 telephones; stations--11 AM, 3 FM, 9 TV; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Air Force, Police, paramilitary _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,755,585; 920,878 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP _%_ _@_Zimbabwe _*_Geography _#_Total area: 390,580 km2; land area: 386,670 km2 _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Montana _#_Land boundaries: 3,066 km total; Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km _#_Coastline: none--landlocked _#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked _#_Disputes: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement _#_Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March) _#_Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east _#_Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals _#_Land use: arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 12%; forest and woodland 62%; other 19%; includes irrigated NEGL% _#_Environment: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare; deforestation; soil erosion; air and water pollution _#_Note: landlocked _*_People _#_Population: 10,720,459 (July 1991), growth rate 2.9% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 41 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: - 3 migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 61 deaths/1,000 live births (1991) _#_Life expectancy at birth: 60 years male, 64 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 5.6 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Zimbabwean(s); adjective--Zimbabwean _#_Ethnic divisions: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%); white 1%, mixed and Asian 1% _#_Religion: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, a few Muslim _#_Language: English (official); Shona, Sindebele _#_Literacy: 67% (male 74%, female 60%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.) _#_Labor force: 3,100,000; agriculture 74%, transport and services 16%, mining, manufacturing, construction 10% (1987) _#_Organized labor: 17% of wage and salary earners have union membership _*_Government _#_Long-form name: Republic of Zimbabwe _#_Type: parliamentary democracy _#_Capital: Harare _#_Administrative divisions: 8 provinces; Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo (Victoria), Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands _#_Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK; formerly Southern Rhodesia) _#_Constitution: 21 December 1979 _#_Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law _#_National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980) _#_Executive branch: executive president, 2 vice presidents, Cabinet _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court _#_Leaders: Chief of State and Head of Government--Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice President Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990) _#_Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), Robert MUGABE; Zimbabwe African National Union-Sithole (ZANU-S), Ndabaningi SITHOLE; Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), Edgar TEKERE _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18 _#_Elections: Executive President--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results--Robert MUGABE 78.3%; Edgar TEKERE 21.7%; Parliament--last held 28-30 March 1990 (next to be held NA March 1995); results--percent of vote by party NA; seats--(150 total, 120 elected) ZANU 117, ZUM 2, ZANU-S 1 _#_Communists: no Communist party _#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, FLS, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO _#_Diplomatic representation: Counselor (Political Affairs), Head of Chancery, Ambassador Stanislaus Garikai CHIGWEDERE; Chancery at 2852 McGill Terrace NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-7100; US--Ambassador (vacant); Embassy at 172 Herbert Chitapo Avenue, Harare (mailing address is P. O. Box 3340, Harare); telephone [263] (4) 794-521 _#_Flag: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle _*_Economy _#_Overview: Agriculture employs three-fourths of the labor force and supplies almost 40% of exports. The manufacturing sector, based on agriculture and mining, produces a variety of goods and contributes 35% to GDP. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but supplies of minerals and metals account for about 40% of exports. Wide year-to-year fluctuations in agricultural production over the past six years have resulted in an uneven growth rate, one that on average matched the 3% annual increase in population. _#_GDP: $5.6 billion, per capita $540; real growth rate 4.2% (1990 est.) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13% (1989) _#_Unemployment rate: at least 20% (1990 est.) _#_Budget: revenues $2.7 billion; expenditures $3.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $330 million (FY91) _#_Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1989); commodities--agricultural 35% (tobacco 20%, other 15%), manufactures 20%, gold 10%, ferrochrome 10%, cotton 5%; partners--Europe 55% (EC 40%, Netherlands 5%, other 10%), Africa 20% (South Africa 10%, other 10%), US 5% _#_Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1989); commodities--machinery and transportation equipment 37%, other manufactures 22%, chemicals 16%, fuels 15%; partners--EC 31%, Africa 29% (South Africa 21%, other 8%), US 8%, Japan 4% _#_External debt: $2.96 billion (December 1989 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1988 est.); accounts for 35% of GDP _#_Electricity: 2,036,000 kW capacity; 5,460 million kWh produced, 540 kWh per capita (1989) _#_Industries: mining, steel, clothing and footwear, chemicals, foodstuffs, fertilizer, beverage, transportation equipment, wood products _#_Agriculture: accounts for about 15% of GDP and employs 74% of population; 40% of land area divided into 4,500 large commercial farms and 42% in communal lands; crops--corn (food staple), cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; livestock--cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; self-sufficient in food _#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY80-89), $389 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $2.3 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $36 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $134 million _#_Currency: Zimbabwean dollar (plural--dollars); 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1--2.6724 (January 1991), 2.4480 (1990), 2.1133 (1989), 1.8018 (1988), 1.6611 (1987), 1.6650 (1986), 1.6119 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: 2,745 km 1.067-meter gauge; 42 km double track; 355 km electrified _#_Highways: 85,237 km total; 15,800 km paved, 39,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 7,250 km unimproved earth _#_Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential line of communication _#_Pipelines: 8 km, refined products _#_Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft _#_Airports: 499 total, 415 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 35 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance; consists of radio relay links, open-wire lines, and radio communications stations; 247,000 telephones; stations--8 AM, 18 FM, 8 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police, People's Militia _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,263,724; 1,399,354 fit for military service _#_Defense expenditures: $412.4 million, NA% of GDP (FY91 est.) _%_ _@_Taiwan _*_Geography _#_Total area: 35,980 km2; land area: 32,260 km2; includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy _#_Comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut _#_Land boundaries: none _#_Coastline: 1,448 km _#_Maritime claims: Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm; Territorial sea: 12 nm _#_Disputes: involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai) claimed by China and Taiwan _#_Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year _#_Terrain: eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains in west _#_Natural resources: small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos _#_Land use: arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and woodland 55%; other 15%; irrigated 14% _#_Environment: subject to earthquakes and typhoons _*_People _#_Population: 20,658,702 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991) _#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991) _#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991) _#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991) _#_Infant mortality rate: 6 deaths/1,000 live births (19901 _#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 78 years female (1991) _#_Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (1991) _#_Nationality: noun--Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective--Chinese _#_Ethnic divisions: Taiwanese 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2% _#_Religion: mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5% _#_Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also used _#_Literacy: 91.2% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990) _#_Labor force: 7,900,000; industry and commerce 53%, services 22%, agriculture 15.6%, civil administration 7% (1989) _#_Organized labor: 1,300,000 or about 18.4% (government controlled) (1983) _*_Administration _#_Long-form name: none _#_Type: one-party presidential regime; opposition political parties legalized in March, 1989 _#_Capital: Taipei _#_Administrative divisions: the authorities in Taipei claim to be the government of all China; in keeping with that claim, the central administrative divisions include 2 provinces (sheng, singular and plural) and 2 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural)--Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and Matsu), Kao-hsiung*, T'ai-pei*, and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); the more commonly referenced administrative divisions are those of Taiwan Province--16 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities* (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special municipalities** (chuan-shih, singular and plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu, Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou, P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*, T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial capital is at Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un; note--Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization _#_Constitution: 25 December 1947, presently undergoing revision _#_Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations _#_National holiday: National Day (Anniversary of the Revolution), 10 October (1911) _#_Executive branch: president, vice president, premier of the Executive Yuan, vice premier of the Executive Yuan, Executive Yuan _#_Legislative branch: unicameral Legislative Yuan _#_Judicial branch: Judicial Yuan _#_Leaders: Chief of State--President LI Teng-hui (since 13 January 1988); Vice President LI Yuan-zu (since 20 May 1990); Head of Government--Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) HAO Po-ts'un (since 2 May 1990); Vice Premier (Vice President of the Executive Yuan) SHIH Ch'i-yang (since NA July 1988) _#_Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), LI Teng-hui, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party and Young China Party controlled by Kuomintang; Democratic Progressive Party (DPP); Labor Party; 27 other minor parties _#_Suffrage: universal at age 20 _#_Elections: President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results--President LI Teng-hui was reelected by the National Assembly; Vice President--last held 21 March 1990 (next to be held March 1996); results--LI Yuan-zu was elected by the National Assembly; Legislative Yuan--last held 2 December 1989 (next to be held December 1992); results--KMT 65%, DPP 33%, independents 2%; seats--(304 total, 102 elected) KMT 78, DPP 21, independents 3; National Assembly:--originally elected in November 1947 (last supplementary election in December 1986; Assembly will be completely reelected in December 1991) _#_Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; seeking to join GATT; attempting to retain membership in INTELSAT; suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development; AsDB, ICC, ICFTU, IOC _#_Diplomatic representation: none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA) with headquarters in Taipei and field offices in Washington and 10 other US cities with all addresses and telephone numbers NA; US--unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of Taiwan are maintained through a private institution, the American Institute in Taiwan (AIT), which has offices in Taipei at #7 Lane 134, telephone [886] (2) 709-2000, and in Kao-hsiung at #2 Chung Cheng 3d Road, telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through 0157, and the American Trade Center at Room 3207 International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 720-1550 _#_Flag: red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white sun with 12 triangular rays _*_Economy _#_Overview: Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with considerable government guidance of investment and foreign trade and partial government ownership of some large banks and industrial firms. Real growth in GNP has averaged about 9% a year during the past three decades. Export growth has been even faster and has provided the impetus for industrialization. Agriculture contributes about 4% to GNP, down from 35% in 1952. Taiwan currently ranks as number 13 among major trading countries. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries. _#_GNP: $150.8 billion, per capita $7,380; real growth rate 5.2% (1990) _#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.4% (1990) _#_Unemployment rate: 1.7% (1990) _#_Budget: revenues $30.3 billion; expenditures $30.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.) _#_Exports: $67.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990); commodities--textiles 15.6%, electrical machinery 18.2%, general machinery and equipment 14.8%, basic metals and metal products 7.8%, foodstuffs 1.7%, plywood and wood products 1.6% (1989); partners--US 36.2%, Japan 13.7% (1989) _#_Imports: $54.7 billion (c.i.f., 1990); commodities--machinery and equipment 15.3%, crude oil 5%, chemical and chemical products 11.1%, basic metals 13.0%, foodstuffs 2.2% (1989); partners--Japan 31%, US 23%, FRG 5% (1989) _#_External debt: $1.1 billion (December 1990 est.) _#_Industrial production: growth rate 4.7% (1990 est.) _#_Electricity: 17,000,000 kW capacity; 68,000 million kWh produced, 3,310 kWh per capita (1990) _#_Industries: electronics, textiles, chemicals, clothing, food processing, plywood, sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding, petroleum _#_Agriculture: accounts for 4% of GNP and 16% of labor force (includes part-time farmers); heavily subsidized sector; major crops--vegetables, rice, fruit, tea; livestock--hogs, poultry, beef, milk, cattle; not self-sufficient in wheat, soybeans, corn; fish catch increasing, 1.4 million metric tons (1988) _#_Economic aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $445 million _#_Currency: New Taiwan dollar (plural--dollars); 1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents _#_Exchange rates: New Taiwan dollars per US$1--27.2 (January 1991), 27.243 (November 1990), 26.407 (1989), 28.589 (1988), 31.845 (1987), 37.838 (1986), 39.849 (1985) _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June _*_Communications _#_Railroads: about 4,600 km total track with 1,075 km common carrier lines and 3,525 km industrial lines; common carrier lines consist of the 1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South Link Line connection is under construction; common carrier lines owned by the government and operated by the Railway Administration under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises _#_Highways: 20,041 km total; 17,095 km bituminous or concrete, 2,371 km crushed stone or gravel, 575 km graded earth _#_Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas _#_Ports: Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Su-ao, T'ai-tung _#_Merchant marine: 226 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,557,167 GRT/9,153,646 DWT; includes 1 short-sea passenger, 52 cargo, 17 refrigerated cargo, 75 container, 15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 3 combination ore/oil, 1 specialized tanker, 62 bulk _#_Airports: 38 total, 37 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m _#_Telecommunications: best developed system in Asia outside of Japan; 7,800,000 telephones; extensive microwave transmission links on east and west coasts; stations--91 AM, 23 FM, 15 TV (13 relays); 8,620,000 radios; 6,386,000 TVs (5,680,000 color, 706,000 monochrome); earth stations--1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT; submarine cable links to Japan (Okinawa), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western Europe _*_Defense Forces _#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force, Taiwan Garrison Command, Ministry of National Defense _#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,874,345; 4,577,294 fit for military service; about 187,807 currently reach military age (19) annually _#_Defense expenditures: $9.10 billion, 4.5% of GDP (FY91) _%_ ing orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag _*_Economy _#_Overview: The economy has been in decline for more than a decade with falling imports and growing foreign debt. Economic difficulties stem from a sustained drop in copper production and ineffective economic policies. In 1990 real GDP stood only slightly higher than that of 10 years befo#a000000 #b000000 #c???000?000<00