`IBM lqp &<C@E$g: <1AY&B&f"8*A$ $<!*!&2Q!adNu"x." "4V"GBIZ2۷mG"&AB@4<[Q4/</<?BK*U,M/ ?<NNJ@k:`IG:ܹm*N2<0<4]Q:/</<?B/?< NNJ@kD f0B?<"NNTм/Hz /<NN 8LN<BMBIO COMIBMDOS COMx@`  @`! #@%`')+-/1 3@5`79;=?A C@E`GIKMOQ S@U`WY[]_a c@e`ikmoq s@u`wy{} @` @ ` @ ` @ ` @ ǀ ɠ @ ` ׀ ٠  @` @`!Aa   !Aa!!#A%a')+-/1!3A5a79;=?A!CAEaGIKMOQ!SAUaWY[]_a!cAeagikmoq!sAuawy{}!Aay'{'}'("(B(b((((()")B)b)))))*"*B*b*@`  @`! #@%`')+-/1 3@5`79;=?A C@E`GIKMOQ S@U`WY[]_a c@e`ikmoq s@u`wy{} @` @ ` @ ` @ ` @ ǀ ɠ @ ` ׀ ٠  @` @`!Aa   !Aa!!#A%a')+-/1!3A5a79;=?A!CAEaGIKMOQ!SAUaWY[]_a!cAeagikmoq!sAuawy{}!Aay'{'}'("(B(b((((()")B)b)))))*"*B*b*ELEMENTSTXT *CHEMINF TXT gzDISPLAY PRG ܀INDEX TXT !xDISPLAY TXT OAPPENDIXTXT ! DESKTOP INF /!READ ME C! ACTINIUM (89) (Solid) 227(21.77 years)B- Atomic radius: Atomic volume:22.54 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:227.0278 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3473Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius: Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:10.07 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)6d(1)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.1 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.17 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point:1323Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.12 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive trivalent element that resembles lanthanum in chemical properties and is found especially in pitchblende. ALUMINUM (13) 13Al=26(720,000,000 years)B+,EC Atomic radius:1.82Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:10.0 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:26.98154 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2793Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.18Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:2.7 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.377 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(1) Electronegativity:1.61 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.986 V Heat of fusion:1.79 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:293.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:933.25Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.9 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:2.37 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A bluish-silver-white,malleable,ductile,light,trivalent metallic element with good electrical and thermal conductivity,high reflectivity,and resistance to oxidation and is the most abundant metal in the earths crust occuring always in combination. AMERICIUM (95) (Synthetic) 241(432 years)A 243(7,370 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume:17.86 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:(243 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2880Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius: Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:13.6 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.022 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)5f(7)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.3 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.993 V Heat of fusion:14.4 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization: Melting point:1268Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:6,5,4,3, amphoteric(6) Specific heat capacity:.11 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) Kx.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive element produced by the bombardment of uranium with high energy alpha particles.1 ANTIMONY (51) (Solid) 124(60.2 days)B- 125(2.7 years)B- Atomic radius:1.53Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:18.23 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:121.35 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1860Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.4Deg. A Crystal structure:Rhombohedral Density:6.68 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0288 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(3) Electronegativity:2.05 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:8.641 V Heat of fusion:19.87 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:77.14 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:904Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:+-3,5 acidic(5) Specific heat capacity:.21 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.243 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A trivalent and pentavalent metalloid commonly metallic,silvery- white,crystalline and brittle element that is especially used as a constituent of alloys and in medicine. ARGON (18) (Gaseous) 37(35.02 days)EC 39(265 years)B- Atomic radius:.88Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:28.5 cm(3)/mol Liquid state at boiling point Atomic weight:39.948 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:87.3DEg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.98Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:1.784 g/l at 273Deg. Kelvin and 1atm Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6) Electronegativity: First ionization potential:15.579 V Heat of fusion:1.188 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:6.447 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:83.81Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity:.52 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0001772 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A colorless,odorless,gaseous element found in the air and volcanic gases,and is used especially as a filler for electric bulbs and electron tubes. ARSENIC (33) (solid) 73(80.3 days)EC 74(17.9 days)B+,B-,EC Atomic radius:1.33Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:13.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:74.9216 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:876(Subliminal) Covalent radius:1.2Deg. A Crystal structure:Rhombohedral Density:5.723 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0345 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(3) Electronegativity:2.18 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:9.81 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization:34.76 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1081Deg. Kelvin at 28atm Oxidation states:+-3,5 acidic(5) Specific heat capacity:.33 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.5 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A trivalent and pentavalent,solid,poisonous element that is commonly metallic steel-gray,crystalline and brittle which is used in medicine and in the manufacture of electronic components. ASTATINE (85) (Solid) 209(5.4 hours)EC,A 210(8.1 hours) EC 211(7.21 hours)EC,A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(210 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:610Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.43Deg. A Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(21)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(5) Electronegativity:App.1.45 (Pauling's) First ionization potential: Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization:2.2 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:575Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:+-1,3,5,7 Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.017 W Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive halogen element discovered by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles and is also found by radioactive decay. BARIUM (56) (Solid) 140(12.8 years)B- Atomic radius:2.78Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:39.24 cm(3)/molo at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:137.33 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2171Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.98Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:3.5 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.030 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 6s(2) Electronegativity:.89 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.212 V Heat of fusion:7.75 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:142 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1002Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2 very basic Specific heat capacity:.204 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.184 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A siver-white,malleable,toxic,bivalent metallic element of the alkaline-earth group that occurs only in combination. BERKELIUM (97) (Synthetic) 247(1,400 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(247 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(9)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.3 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.23 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states:4,3 Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive metallic element produced by bombarding americium 241 with helium ions. BERYLLIUM (4) (SOLID) 4Be=7(53.3 days)EC 10(16,000,000 years)B- Atomic radius:1.4Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:5.0 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:9.01218 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2745Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.9Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:1.85 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.313amu 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2) Electronegativity:1.57 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:9.322 V Heat of fusion:12.2 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:292.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1560Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2, Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:1.82 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:2.0 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A steel-gray,light,strong,brittle,toxic,bivalent metallic element used chiefly as a hardening agent in alloys. BISMUTH (83) (Solid) 207(38 years)EC 208(370,000 years)EC 210(5.01 days)B-,A 210m(3,000,000 years)A Atomic radius:1.63Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:21.3 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:208.9804 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1837Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.46Deg. A Crystal structure:Rhombohedral Density:9.8 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.00867 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(3) Electronegativity:2.02 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.289 V Heat of fusion:11.3 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:104.8 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:544.52Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,5 acidic(5) Specific heat capacity:.12 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0787 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A heavy,brittle,grayish-white chiefly trivalent metallic element that is chemically like arsenic and antimony and is used especially in alloys and pharmaceuticals. BORON (5) Atomic radius:1.17Deg. A Atomic volume:4.6 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:10.81 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4275Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.82Deg. A Crystal structure:Rhombohedral Density:2.34 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:10(x12)amu 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(1) Electronegativity:2.04 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:8.298 V Heat of fusion:50.2 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:489.7 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2300Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 acidic Specific heat capacity:102 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.27 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A trivalent metalloid element found in nature only in combination, and used in metallurgy and nucleonics. BROMINE (35) (solid) 82(35.34 hours)B- Atomic radius:1.12Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:23.5 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:79.904 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:332.25 Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.14Deg. A Crystal structure:Orthorhombic Density:3.12 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(5) Electronegativity:2.96 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:11.814 V Heat of fusion:5.286 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:15.438 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:265.9Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:+-1,5 very acidic(5) Specific heat capacity:.473 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.00122 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A nonmetallic element normally a deep red,corrosive,toxic liquid giving of an irritating reddish brown vapor of disagreeable odor. CALCIUM (20) (Solid) 45(165 days)B- 56(78.8 days)B+,EC 57(270 days)EC 58(71.3 days)B+,EC 60(5.272 years)B- Atomic radius:1.74Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:29.9 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:40.08 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1757Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.74Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:1.55 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.298 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)4s(2) Electronegativity:1 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.113 V Heat of fusion:8.53 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:153.6 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1112Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,very basic Specific heat capacity:.63 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:2.0 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silver-white,bivalent metallic element of the alkaline earth group and occurs only in combination. CADMIUM (48) (Solid) 109(453 days)EC Atomic radius:1.71Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:13.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:112.41 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1040Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.48Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:8.65 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.138 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2) Electronegativity:1.69 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:8.993 V Heat of fusion:6.192 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:99.57 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:594.18Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2 basic Specific heat capacity:.23 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity: .968 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A bluish-white,ductile,toxic bivalent metallic element that is used especially in protective platings and in bearing metals. CAESIUM (55) (Solid) 134(2.06 days)B- 135(2,900,000 years)B- 137(30.17 years)B- Atomic radius:3.34Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:71.07 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:132.9054 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:944Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:2.35Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:1.87 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0489 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 5s(1) Electronegativity:0.79 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:3.894 V Heat of fusion:2.092 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:67.74 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:301.58Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:1 very basic Specific heat capacity:.24 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.359 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silver-white,soft,ductile element of the alkali metal group that is the most electropositive element known and that is used especially in photoelectric cells. CALIFORNIUM (98) (Synthetic) 249(351 years)A 251(900 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(251 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)p(6)5f(10)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.3 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.3 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point:900Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive element discovered by bombarding curium 242 with alpha particles. CARBON (6) (Solid) 6C=11(20.4 min.)B+ 14(5730 years)B- Atomic radius:.91Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:4.58 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:12.011 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4470Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.77Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:2.62 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.00061Qr 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(2) Electronegativity:2.55 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:11.26 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization:355.8 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:4100Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:+-4,2 Acidic Specific heat capacity:.71 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.29 cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A nonmetallic,chiefly trivalent element found native (as in diamond and graphite)or as a constituent of coal,petroleum,and asphalt,of limestone and other bicarbonates,and of organic compounds or obtained artificially in varying degrees of purity especially as carbon black,lampblack,activated charcoal and coke. CERIUM (58) (Solid) 144(284 days)B- Atomic radius:2.7Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:20.67 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:140.12 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3699Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.65Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:6.78 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0115 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(1)5d(1)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.12 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.54 V Heat of fusion:5.46 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:414 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1071Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,4 basic Specific heat capacity:.19 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.114 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A malleable,ductile metallic element that is the most abundant of the rare-earth group. CHLORINE (17) 17Cl=36(3.01 10(x5) years)B- 38(37.2 min.)B- Atomic radius:.97Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:22.7 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:35.453 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:239.1Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.99Deg. A Crystal structure:Orthorhombic Density:3.17 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(5) Electronegativity:3.16 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:12.967 V Heat of fusion:3.203 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:10.2 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:172.16Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:+-1,3,5,7 very acidic(7) Specific heat capacity:.48 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.000089 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A halogen element that is isolated as a heavy,greenish-yellow gas of pungent odor and is used especially as a bleaching agent,oxidizing agent,and as a disinfectant in water purification. CHROMIUM (24) (Solid) 51(27.7 days)EC Atomic radius:1.85Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for free atom) Atomic volume:7.23 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:51.996 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2945Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.18Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:7.19 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0774 10(6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(5)4s(1) Electronegativity:1.66(Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.766 V Heat of fusion:16.9 kJ/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Heat of vaporization:344.3 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2130Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:6,3,2 very acidic(6) Specific heat capacity:.45 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.937 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A blue-white metallic element found naturally only in combination and is used especially in alloys and electroplating. COBALT (27) (Solid) Atomic radius:1.67Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:6.7 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:58.9332 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3201Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.16Deg. Kelvin Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:8.9 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.172 10(6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(7)4s(2) Electronegativity:1.88 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.86 V Heat of fusion:16.19 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:367.5 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1768Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,3 Amphoteric(3) Specific heat capacity:.42 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.0 W cm(x.1) cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A tough,lusterous,silver-white,magnetic metallic element that is related to and occurs with iron and nickel,and is used especially in alloys. COPPER (29) (Solid) 64(12.7 hours)B-,B+,EC 67(61.88 hours)B- Atomic radius:1.57Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:7.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:63.546 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2836Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.17Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:8.96 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.596 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(1) Electronegativity:1.9 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.726 V Heat of fusion:13.05 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:300.3 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1357Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,1 basic(2) Specific heat capacity:.38 Jg(x.1) cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:4.01 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A common,redish metallic element that is malleable,ductile and one of the best conducters of electricity and heat. CURIUM (96) (Synthetic) 242(163.2 days)A 244(18.12 years)A 247(15,500,000 years)A 248(350,000 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume:18.28 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:(247 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density:13.511 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration: Electronegativity:1.3 (pauling's) First ionization potential:6.02 V Heat of fusion:15.0 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization: Melting point:1340Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 amphoteric Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A metallic radioactive trivalent element that is synthetically produced. DYSPROSIUM (66) (Solid) Atomic radius:2.49Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:19 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:162.5 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2835Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.59DEg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:8.54 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0108 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(10)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.94 V Heat of fusion:11.06 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:230 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1682Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 basic Specific heat capacity:.17 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.107 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:An element of the rare-earth group that forms highly magnetic compounds. EINSTEINIUM (99) (Synthetic) 252(472 days)A 253(20.47 days)A 254(276 days)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(252 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(11)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.3 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.3 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive element produced by bombardment of plutonium with protons. ERBIUM (68) (Solid) Atomic radius:2.45Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:18.4 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:167.26 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3136Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.57Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:9.053 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0117 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(12)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.24 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.101 V Heat of fusion:19.9 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:261 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1795Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 basic Specific heat capacity:.17 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.143 W cm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A metallic element of the rare-earth group that occurs with yttrium. EUROPIUM (63) (Solid) 13 years)EC,B-,B+ 154(8.5 years)B- Atomic radius:2.56Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:28.9 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:151.96 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1870Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.85Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:5.26 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0112 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(7)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.67 V Heat of fusion:9.21 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:143.5 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1090Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,2 basic(3) Specific heat capacity:.18 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.139 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A bivalent and trivalent metallic element of the rare-earth group and is found in monazite sand. FERMIUM (100) (Synthetic) 255(20.1 hours) 257(100.5 days)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(257 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(12)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.3 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.5 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive element produced by the bombardment of plutonium with neutrons. FLOURINE (9) (Gaseous) 6F=18(109.8 min.)B+ Atomic radius:.57Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:17.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:18.998403 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:84.95Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.72Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic Density:1.696 g/l at 273Deg. Kelvin and 1atm Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(5) Electronegativity:3.98 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:17.422 V Heat of fusion:.2552 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:3.2698 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:53.48Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:-1 Specific heat capacity:.82 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.000279 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A gaseous element. FRANCIUM (87) (Solid) 212(19.3 minutes)EC,A 222(15 minutes)B- 223(21.8 minutes)B- Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(223 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:950Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius: Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density: Electrical conductivity:.03 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)7s(1) Electronegativity:0.7 (Pauling's) First ionization potential: Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point:300Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:1 very basic Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.15 W cm(x.1( K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive element of the alkali-metal group discovered as a disintegration product of actinium and obtained artificially by the bombardment of thorium with protons. GADOLINIUM (64) (Solid) 150(2,100,000 years)A Atomic radius:2.54Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:19.9 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:157.25 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3589Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.61Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:7.89 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.00736 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(7)5d(1)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.15 V Heat of fusion:10.05 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:359.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1585Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 basic Specific heat capacity:.23 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.106 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A magnetic metallic element of the rare-earth group which occurs in combination in gadolinite and several other minerals. GALLIUM (31) (Solid) 67(78.2 hours)EC 72(14.1 hours)B- Atomic radius:1.81Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:11.8 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:69.72 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2478Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.26Deg. A Crystal structure:Orthorhombic Density:5.91 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0678 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(1) Electronegativity:1.81 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.999 V Heat of fusion:5.59 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:258.7 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:302.9Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.37 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.406 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A rare,bluish-white metallic element that is hard and brittle at low temperatures,but melts just above room temperature and expands upon freezing. GERMANIUM (32) (Solid) 68(275 days)EC Atomic radius:1.52Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:13.6 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:72.59 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3107Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.22Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:5.32 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:1.45 10(4) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(2) Electronegativity:2.01 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.899 V Heat of fusion:36.94 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:330.9 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1210Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:4 Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.32 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:0.599 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A grayish-white,hard,brittle metalloid element that resembles silicon and is used as a semiconductor. GOLD (79) (Solid) 195(183 DAYS)EC 196(6.18 DAYS)B-,EC,B+ 198(2.69 DAYS)B- 199(3.15 DAYS)B- Atomic radius:1.79Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:10.2 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:196.9665 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3130Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.34Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:19.3 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.452 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(1) Electronegativity:2.54 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:9.225 V Heat of fusion:12.55 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:334.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1337.58Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,1 amphoteric(3) Specific heat capacity:.128 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:3.17 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A malleable,ductile,yellow metallic element that occurs chiefly free or in a few minerals and is used especially in coins,jewelry and dentures. HAFNIUM (72) (Solid) Atomic radius:2.16Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:13.6 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:178.49 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4876Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.44Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:13.1 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0312 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(2)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.3 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.55 V Heat of fusion:24.06 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:575 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2500Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:4 amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.14 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.23 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A metallic element resembling zirconium chemically,occuring in zirconium minerals,and being useful because of it's ready emission of electrons. Helium (2) (GASEOUS) Atomic radius:.49Deg.A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume: Atomic weight:4.0026 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4.215Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.93Deg.A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:.1787 g/l at 273Deg. Kelvin at 1 Atm. Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2) Electronegativity: First ionization potential:24.587 (Pauling's) Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization:.0845, kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:.95Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:None Specific heat capacity:5.193, Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.00152, W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A light,colorless,nonflammable gaseous element found especially in natural gases and used chiefly for inflating balloons,airships etc.,and for filling incandescent lamps and cryogenic research. HOLMIUM (67) (Solid) 166(1,200 years)B- Atomic radius:2.47Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:18.7 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:164.9304 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2968Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.58Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:8.8 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0124 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(11)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.23 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.018 V Heat of fusion:12.2 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:241 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1743DEg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 basic Specific heat capacity:.16 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:8.162 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A metallic element of the rare-earth group that occurs with yttrium and forms highly magnetic compounds. HYDROGEN (1) (GASEOUS) 1H=6(12.26 years)B- ; n=(15.3 min.)B- Atomic radius:.079Deg.A (Quantum mech. value for free atom) Atomic volume:14.4cm(3)/mol;Liquid state at boiling point Atomic weight:1.00797 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:20.268Deg.Kelvin Covalent radius:.032Deg.A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:.0889 g/l at 273Deg. Kelvin at 1 atm. Electrical conductivity:.010(x6)amu Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg.Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(1) Electronegativity:2.20 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:13.598 V Heat of fusion:0.058.68, kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:0.44936, kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:14.058Deg.Kelvin Oxidation states:1 Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:14.304, Jg(x.1) K(.1) at 300Deg.Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.001815, W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg.Kelvin Description:A nonmetallic element that is the simplest and lightest of the elements;is normally a colorless,odorless,highly flammable diatomic gas,and is used especially in synthesis. IODINE (53) (Solid) 129(16,000,000 years)B- 131(8.04 days)B- Atomic radius:1.32Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:25.74 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:126.9045 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:458.4Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.33Deg. A Crystal structure:Orthorhombic Density:4.92 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:8 x 10(x14) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(5) Electronegativity:2.66 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:10.451 V Heat of fusion:7.824 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:20.752 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:386.7Deg Kelvin Oxidation states:+-1,5,7 very acidic(7) Specific heat capacity:.214 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0049 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A nonmetallic halogen element usually obtained as a heavy,shining, blackish-gray crystalline form and is used especially in medicine,photography and analysis. INDIUM (49) (Solid) 114(49.51 days)*IT* Atomic radius:2Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:15.7 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:114.82 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2346Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.44Deg. A Crystal structure:Tetragonal Density:7.31 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.116 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 203Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(1) Electronegativity:1.78 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.786 V Heat of fusion:3.263 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:231.5 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:429.76Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 very amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.23 Jg(x.!0 K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.816 W cm(x.1) k(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A malleable,fusible,silvery metallic element that is chiefly trivalent,occurs in sphalerite ores,and is used as a plating for bearings,in alloys melting at a low temperature,and in the making of transistors. IRIDIUM (77) (Solid) 192(74.2 days)B-,B+,EC Atomic radius:1.87Deg. A (Quantum mech .value for a free atom) Atomic volume:8.54 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:192.222 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4701Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.27Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:22.5 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.197 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2) p(6)4f(14)5d(7)6s(2) Electronegativity:2.2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:9.1 V Heat of fusion:26.1 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:604 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2716Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,3,4,6,7 basic(7) Specific heat capacity:.130 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.47 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silver-white,hard,brittle,very heavy metallic element of the platinum group. IRON (26) (Solid) 59(44.6 days)B- Atomic radius:1.72Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:7.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:55.847 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3135Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.17Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:7.86 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0993 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(6)4s(2) Electronegativity:1.83 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.87 V Heat of fusion:13.8 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:349.6 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1809Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,3 Amphoteric(3) Specific heat capacity:.44 Jg(x.!0 K(x.!0 at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:0.802 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A heavy,malleable,ductile,magnetic,silver-white element that readily rusts in moist air;occurs native in meteorites and combined in most igneous rocks;is the most used of metals and is vital to biological processes. KRYPTON (36) (Gaseous) 81(210,000 years)EC 85(10.72 years)B- Atomic radius:1.03Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:38.9 cm(3)/mol Liquid state at boiling point Atomic weight:83.8 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:119.8Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.12Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:3.74 g/l at 273Deg. Kelvin and 1atm Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6) Electronegativity: First ionization potential:13.999 V Heat of fusion:1.638 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:9.029 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:115.78Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity:.248 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:0.0000949 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A colorless,relatively inert gaseous element found in air at about one volume per million and is used especially in electric lamps. *LANTHANUM* (57) (Solid) 137(60,000 years)EC 140(40.3 hours)B- Atomic radius:2.74Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:20.73 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:138.9055 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3730Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.69Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:6.7 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.126 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 5d(1)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.1 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.58 V Heat of fusion:6.2 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:414 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1193Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 very basic Specific heat capacity:.19 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.135 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A white,soft,malleable metallic element that occurs in rare-earth elements. LAWRENCIUM (103) (Synthetic) 260(3 minutes)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(260 - Most stable isotope) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)6d(1)7s(2) Electronegativity: First ionization potential: Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A short-lived radioactive element that is artificially produced from californium. LEAD (82) (Solid) 202(300,000 years)EC 205(30,000,000 years)EC 210(22.3 years)B-,A Atomic radius:1.81Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:18.17 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:207.2 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:600.6Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.47Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:11.4 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0481 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(2) Electronegativity:2.33 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.416 V Heat of fusion:4.799 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:177.7 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:600.6Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:4,2 amphoteric(4) Specific heat capacity:.13 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.353 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A heavy,soft,malleable,ductile,plastic but inelastic bluish-white metallic element found mostly in combinations and used especially in pipes, cable sheaths,batteries,solder and in shields against radioactivity. Lithium (3) (Solid) Atomic radius:2.05Deg.A (Based on Carbon 12) Atomic volume:13.10 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:6.941 (based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1615Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.23Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic - Body centered Density:.53 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.108 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(1) Electronegativity:0.93 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.392 V Heat of fusion:3.0 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:145.92 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:453.7Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:1 Very basic Specific heat capacity:3.6, Jg(x.1) k(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.847 W cm(x.1) k(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A soft,silver-white element of the alkali metal group,it is the lightest metal known and is used especially in nuclear reactions and metallurgy. LUTETIUM (71) (Solid) 176(37,000,000,000 years)B- Atomic radius:2.25Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:17.78 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:174.967 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3668Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.56Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:9.843 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0185 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(1)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(1)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.27 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.43 V Heat of fusion:18.6 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:355.9 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1936Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 basic Specific heat capacity:.15 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.164 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A metallic element of the rare-earth group,usually associated with ytterbium in the purification steps leading to it's isolation. MAGNESIUM (12) (Solid) 12Mg=28(20.9 hours)B- Atomic radius:1.72Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:13.97 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:24.305 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1363Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.36Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:1.74 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.226 10(6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2) Electronegativity:1.31 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.646 V Heat of fusion:8.954 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:127.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:922Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2, very basic Specific heat capacity:1.02 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.56 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silver-white,light,ductile,malleable metallic element that occurs abundantly in nature,and is used in metallurgy and chemical processes,in photography,in signaling,and in the manufacture of pyrotechnics because of the intense white light that it produces upon burning,and is used in construction especially in the form of light alloys. MAGANESE (25) (Solid) 53(2,000,000 years)EC 54(313 days)EC 56(2.578 hours)B- Atomic radius:1.79Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:1.39 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:54.938 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2335Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.17Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:7.43 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.00695 10(6) cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(5)4s(2) Electronegativity:1.55 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.435 V Heat of fusion:12.05 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:226.0 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1517Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:7,6,5,4,2,3 very acidic(7) Specific heat capacity:.48 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0782 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description: MENDELEVIUM (101) (Synthetic) 258(55 days)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(258 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(13)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.3 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.58 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive element that is artificially produced. MERCURY (80) (Solid/Liquid) 203(46.8 days)B- Atomic radius:1.76Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:14.82 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:200.59 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:630Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.49Deg. A Crystal structure:Rhombohedral Density:13.53 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0104 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2) Electronegativity:2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:10.437 V Heat of fusion:2.295 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:59.229 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:234.28Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,1 basic(2) Specific heat capacity:.139 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0834 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A heavy,silver-white,poisonous metallic element that is liquid at room temperatures and is used especially in scientific instruments. MOLYBDENUM (42) (Solid) 99(66.02 hours)B- Atomic radius:2.01Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for free atom) Atomic volume:9.4 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:95.94 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4912Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.3 Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:10.2 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.187 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(5)5s(1) Electronegativity:2.16 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.099 V Heat of fusion:32 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:598 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2890Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:6,5,4,3,2,very acidic(6) Specific heat capacity:.25 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.38 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A metallic element that resembles chromium and tungsten in it's many properties,is especially used in strengthening and hardening steel, and is a trace element in plant and animal metabolism. NEODYMIUM (60) (Solid) 147(11.1 days)B- Atomic radius:2.64deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:20.6 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:144.24 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3341Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.64Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:7.0 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0157 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(4)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.14 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.53 V Heat of fusion:7.14 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:273 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1284Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 basic Specific heat capacity:.19 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.165 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A yellow metallic element of the rare-earth group,it occurs in monzanite sand and associated especially with cerium,lanthanum and praseodymium;forms pink salts and is used chiefly in the form of a oxide to impart a violet color to glass and porcelain. NEON (10) (Gaseous) Atomic radius:.51Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:16.7 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:20.179 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:27.096Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.71Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:.901 g/l at 273Deg. Kelvin and 1atm Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6) Electronegativity: First ionization potential:21.564 V Heat of fusion:.3317 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:1.7326 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:24.553Deg Kelvin Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity:.904 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.000493 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A colorless,odorless primarily inert gaseous element found in minute amounts in air and is used in electric lamps. NEPTUNIUM (93) (Synthetic) 236(110,000 years)EC,B- 237(2,14,000 years)A 239(2.346 days)B- Atomic radius: Atomic volume:11.62 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:237.0482 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure:Orthorhombic Density:20.4 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.00822 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)p(6)5f(4)6d(1)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.36 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.19 V Heat of fusion:5.19 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization: Melting point:910Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:6,5,4,3 amphoteric(6) Specific heat capacity:.12 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.063 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive metallic element that is similar chemically to uranium and is obtained in nuclear reactors as a by-product of plutonium. NICKEL (28) (Solid) 57(36 hours)B+,EC 59(80,000 years)EC 63(92 years)B- Atomic radius:1.62Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:6.59 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:58.7 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3187Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.15Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:8.9 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.143 10(6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(8)4s(2) Electronegativity:1.91 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.635 V Heat of fusion:17.47 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:370.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1726Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,3 very basic Specific heat capacity:.44 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.907 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silver-white,hard,malleable,dutile metallic element capable of a high polish and is resistant to corrosion,it is used chiefly as a catalyst and in alloys. NIOBIUM (41) (Solid) 90(20,000 years)B- 95(35.15 days)B- Atomic radius:2.08Deg. A (Quantum mecxh. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:10.87 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:92.9604 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:5017Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.34Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:8.55 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0693 10(x6) Ohm(X.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(4)5s(1) Electronegativity:1.6 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.88 V Heat of fusion:26.4 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:682 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2740Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:5,3 acidic(5) Specific heat capacity:.26 g(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.537 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A lusterous,platinum-gray,ductile metallic element thet resembles tantalum chemically and is used in alloys. NITROGEN (7) (Gaseous) Atomic radius:.75Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:17.3 cm(3)/mol Liquid state at boiling point Atomic weight:14.0067 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:77.35Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.75Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:1.251 g/l at 273Deg Kelvin and 1atm Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(3) Electronegativity:3.04 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:14.534 V Heat of fusion:.3604 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:2.7928 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:63.14Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:-3,5,2,4 very acidic(5) Specific heat capacity:1.04 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0002598 cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A colorless,odorless,tasteless,gaseous element which constitutes 78% of the atmosphere by volume,and occures as a constituent of all living tissues in combined form. NOBELIUM (102) (Synthetic) 259(58 minutes)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(259 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(14)7s(2) Electronegativity: First ionization potential:6.65 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.1 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive element that is artificially produced. OSMIUM (76) (Solid) 194(6 years)B- Atomic radius:1.92Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:8.49 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:190.3 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:5285Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.26Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:22.4 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.109 10(x.1) Ohm(x.1( K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(2)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(6)6s(2) Electronegativity:2.2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:8.7 V Heat of fusion:31.8 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:746 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:3300Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,3,4,6,8 acidic(8) Specific heat capacity:.13 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.876 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A hard,brittle,blue-gray or blue-black polyvalent metallic element of the platinum group with a high melting point,that is the heaviest metal known and that is used especially as a catalyst in hard alloys. OXYGEN (8) (Gaseous) Atomic radius:.65Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:14.0 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:15.9994 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:90.18Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:.73Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic Density:1.429 g/l at 293Deg. Kelvin and 1atm Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(4) Electronegativity:3.44 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:13.618 V Heat of fusion:.22259 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:3.4099 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:50.35Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:-2 Specific heat capacity:.92 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0002674 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg Kelvin Description:An element that is found free as a colorless,odorless,tasteless gas in the atmosphere,of which it constitutes 21%.It is found in water,most rocksand minerals,and in numerous compounds;it is capable of combining with all of the elements,except for the inert gases;it is active in physiological processes and especially in combustive processes. PALLADIUM (46) (Solid) 103(17 days)EC 107(7,000,000 years)B- Atomic radius:1.79Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:8.9 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:106.4 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3237Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.28Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:12 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.095 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10) Electronegativity:2.2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:8.34 V Heat of fusion:17.6 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:357 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1825Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,4 basic(4) Specific heat capacity:.24 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.718 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silver-white,malleable metallic element of the platinum group that is used especially in electrical contacts,as a catalyst,and in alloys. PHOSPHORUS (15) 15P=32(14.26 days)B- Atomic radius:1.23DEg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:17.0 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:30.97376 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:550Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.06Deg. A Crystal structure:Monoclinic Density:1.82 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(20p(6)3s(2)p(3) Electronegativity:2.19 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:10.486 V Heat of fusion:.657 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:12.129 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:317.3Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:+-3,5,4 acidic Specific heat capacity:.77 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.00235 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs widely as a phosphate. PLATINUM (78) (Solid) Atomic radius:1.83Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:9.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:195.09 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4100Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.3Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:21.4 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0966 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(9)6s(1) Electronegativity:.2.28(Pauling's) First ionization potential:9 V Heat of fusion:19.6 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:510 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2045Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,4 basic(4) Specific heat capacity:.13 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.716 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A heavy,precious,grayish-white,noncorroding,ductile,malleable metallic element that fuses with difficulty and is used especially in chemical wares and apparatus,as a catalyst,and in dental or jewelry alloys. PLUTONIUM (94) (Synthetic) 238(87.75 years)A 239(24,100 years)A 240(6,540 years)A 242(380,000 years)A 244(83,000,000 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight: Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration: Electronegativity: First ionization potential: Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity: Description: POLONIUM (84) (Solid) 208(2.9 years)A 209(102 years)A 210(138.38 days)A Atomic radius:1.53Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:22.23 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:(209 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1235Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.46Deg. A Crystal structure:Monoclinic Density:9.4 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0219 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(4) Electronegativity:2.0 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:8.42 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point:527Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,4 amphoteric(4) Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.2 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive metallic element that is similar to tellerium and bismuth,occurs especially in pitchblende and radium lead residues,and emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) to form an isotope of lead. POTASSIUM (19) (Solid) 40(1.28 10(x9)years)EC 42(12.36 hours)B- Atomic radius:2.77Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:45.46 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:39.0983 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1032Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:2.03Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:0.86 cm(3)/g at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:0.139 10(x6) Ohm (x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)4s(1) Electronegativity:0.82 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:4.341 V Heat of fusion:2.334 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:79.87 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:336.35Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:1,very basic Specific heat capacity:.75 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.024 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silver-white,light,soft,low-melting,univalent metallic element of the alkali group,it occurs abundantly in nature especially combined in minerals. PRASEODYMIUM (59) (Solid) 142(19.1 hours)B- Atomic radius:2.67Deg. A (Quantuym mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:20.8 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:140.9077 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3785Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.65Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:6.77 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0148 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(3)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.13 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.46 V Heat of fusion:6.89 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:296.8 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1204Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,4 very basic(4) Specific heat capacity:.19 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.125 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A yellowish-white,trivalent metallic element of the rare-earth group used chiefly in the form of it's salts to color glass greenish-yellow. PROMETHIUM (60) (Solid) 145(18 years)EC 147(2.62 years)B- Atomic radius:2.62Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:22.39 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:(145) most stable isotope based on Carbon 12 Boiling point:3785Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.63Deg. Kelvin Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:6.4575 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)p(6)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2) p(6)4f(5)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.13 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.554 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point:1204Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 basic Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.179 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A metallic element of the rare-earth group obtained as a fission product of uranium or from neutron-irradiated neodymium. PROTACTINIUM (91) (Solid) 231(32,800 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume:15.0 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:231.0359 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure:Orthorhombic Density:15.4 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0529 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)5f(2)6d(1)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.5 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.89 V Heat of fusion:12.3 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states:5,4 basic(5) Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.47 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A shiny radioelement of relatively short life. RADIUM (88) (Solid) 226(1,600 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume:45.2 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:226.0254 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1809Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius: Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:5 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)7s(2) Electronegativity:.9 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.279 V Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point:973Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2 very basic Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.186 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:An intensely radioactive,shining white metallic element that resembles barium chemically,occurs in combination in minute quantities in minerals(as in pitchblende and carnotite) emits alpha particles and gamma rays to form radon,and is used chiefly in luminous materials and the treatment of cancer. RADON (86) (Solid) 222(3.824 days)A Atomic radius:1.34DEg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:50.5 cm(3)/mol liquic state at boiling point Atomic weight:(222 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:211Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius: Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:9.91 g/cm(3) at 273Deg. Kelvin and 1atm Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(1)6s(2)p(6) Electronegativity: First ionization potential:10.748 V Heat of fusion:2.89 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:16.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:202Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity:.09 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0000364 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A heavy,radioactive,stable gaseous element formed by disintegration of radium. RHENIUM (75) (Solid) 187(50,000,000,000 years)B- Atomic radius:1.97Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:8.85 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:186.207 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:5869Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.28Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:21 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0542 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(5)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.9 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.88 V Heat of fusion:33.2 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:715 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:3453Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:7,6,4,2,-1 acidic(7) Specific heat capacity:.13 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.479 W cm(x.1) cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A rare,heavy metallic element that resembles maganese,is obtained either as a powder or as a silver-white,hard metal,and is used in catalysts and thermocouples. RHODIUM (45) (Solid) 101(33 years)EC Atomic radius:1.83Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:8.3 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:102.9055 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3970Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.25Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:12.4 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.211 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) k(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(8)5s(1) Electronegativity:2.28 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.46 V Heat of fusion:21.5 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:493 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2236Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,3,4,amphoteric(4) Specific heat capacity:.242 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300DEg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.5 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A white,hard,ductile metallic element that is chiefly trivalent and resistant to attack by acids,occurs in platinum ores,and is used in alloys of platinum. RUBIDIUM (37) (Solid) 86(18.7 days)B- 87(480,000,000,000 years)B- Atomic radius:2.98Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:55.9 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:85.4678 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:961Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:2.16Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:1.53 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0779 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)5s(1) Electronegativity:.82 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:4.177 V Heat of fusion:2.192 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:72.216 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:312.64Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:1 very basic Specific heat capacity:.363 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.582 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A soft,silvery metallic element that decomposes water with violence and bursts into flame spontaneously in air. RUTHENIUM (44) (Solid) 106(367 days)B- Atomic radius:1.89Deg. A (quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:8.3 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:101.07 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4423Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.25Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:12.2 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.137 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(7)5s(1) Electronegativity:2.2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.37 V Heat of fusion:24 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:595 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2523Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2,3,4,6,8 acidic(8) Specific heat capacity:.238 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.17 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A hard,brittle,grayish,polyvalent,rare metallic element occuring in platinum ores and is used in hardening platinum alloys. SAMARIUM (62) (Solid) 146(70,000,000 years)A 151(93 years)B- Atomic radius:2.59Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:19.95 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:150.4 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2064Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.62Deg. A Crystal structure:Rhombohedral Density:7.54 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.00956 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)4s(2)3d(10)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(6)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.17 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.64 V Heat of fusion:8.63 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:166.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1345Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,2 basic(3) Specific heat capacity:.2 Jg(x.1) K(x.1)) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.133 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A pale-gray,lusterous,metallic element that is used especially in alloys which form permanent magnets. SCANDIUM (21) (Solid) 46(83.8 days)B- Atomic radius:2.09Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:15.0 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:44.9559 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3104Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.44Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:3.0 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0177 10(x6) Ohm (x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(1)4s(2) Electronegativity:1.36 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.54 V Heat of fusion:14.1 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:314.2 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1812Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3, basic Specific heat capacity:.6 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.158 W cm(x.1) cm(x.1) k(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A white,trivalent metallic element found in association with rare earth elements. SELENIUM (34) (Solid) 75(118.5 days)B- 79(65,000 years)B- Atomic radius:1.22Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:16.45 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:78.96 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:958Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.16Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:4.8 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(4) Electronegativity:2.55 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:9.752 V Heat of fusion:6.694 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:37.7 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:494Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:-2,4,6 very acidic(6) Specific heat capacity:.32 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0204 W cm(x.1) cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A nonmetallic element that resembles Sulphur and Tellerium chemically,is obtained chiefly as a byproduct in copper refining,and occurs in allotropic forms of which a gray stable form varies in electrical conductivity with the intensity of it's illumination and is used in electronic devices. SILICON (14) Atomic radius:1.46Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:12.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:28.0855 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3540Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.11Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:2.33 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:2.52 10(x12) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(2) Electronegativity:1.90 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:8.151 V Heat of fusion:50.55 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:384.22 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1685Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:4,Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.71 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.48 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A tetravalent,nonmetallic element that occurs combined as the most abundant element next to oxygen in the earths crust and is used in it's most common combination with oxygen to be melted into glass,and is especially used in alloys. SILVER (47) (Solid) 108(127 years)EC 110(252 days)B- 111(7.45 days)B- Atomic radius:1.75Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for free atom) Atomic volume:10.3 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:107.868 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2436Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.34Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:10.5 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.63 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(1) Electronegativity:1.93 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.576 V Heat of fusion:11.3 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:250.58 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1234Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:1,very amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.235 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:4.298 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A white,ductile metallic element that is sonorous,very malleable,capable of a high degree of polish,and chiefly univalent with it's compounds and has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity of any substance. SODIUM (11) (Solid) 11Na=22(2.06 years)B+,EC 24(15.02 hours)B- Atomic radius:2.23Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:23.7 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:22.98977 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1156Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.54Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:.97 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.21 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(1) Electronegativity:.93 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.139 V Heat of fusion:2.598 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:96.96 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:371.0Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:1, very basic Specific heat capacity:1.230 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.41 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg Kelvin Description:A silver,soft white,waxy ductile element of the alkali metal group that occurs abundantly in nature in combined form,and is very active chemically. STRONTIUM (38) (Solid) 90(28.8 years)B- Atomic radius:2.45Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:33.7 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:87.62 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1650Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.91Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:2.6 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0762 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)5s(2) Electronegativity:.95 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.695 V Heat of fusion:8.3 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:144 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1041Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2, very basic Specific heat capacity:.3 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.353 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A soft,malleable,ductile,bivalent metallic element of the alkaline- earth group occuring only in combination and used especially in color TV tubes, fireworks,and in the production of some ferrites.Sr-90 is a heavy,radioactive element which is present in the fallout from nuclear explosions,and is hazardous because,like Calcium it can be assimilated in biological processes and accumulate in bone tissue. SULPHUR (16) 16S=35(87.2 days)B- Atomic radius:1.09Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:15.5 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:32.06 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:717.75Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.02Deg. A Crystal structure:Orthohombic Density:2.07 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.5 10(x22) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(4) Electronegativity:2.58 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:10.36 V Heat of fusion:1.7175 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization: Melting point:388.36Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:+-2,4,6 very acidic Specific heat capacity:.71 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.00269 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A nonmetallic element that occurs either free or in combination with sulphates and sulphides,is a constituent of proteins,exists in several allotropic forms including yellow orthorhombic crystals,resembles oxygen chemically but is less active and more acidic,and is used especially in the chemical and paper industries,in rubber vulcanization,and in medicine for the treating of skin diseases. TANTALUM (73) (Solid) 182(115 days)B- Atomic radius:2.09Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:10.9 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:180.9479 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:5731Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.34Deg. A Crystal structure:cubic,body centered Density:16.6 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0761 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(3)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.5 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.89 V Heat of fusion:31.6 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:743 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:3287Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:5 acidic Specific heat capacity:.14 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.575 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A hard,ductile,gray-white,acid-resisting metallic element of the vanadium family found combined in rare minerals such as tantalite and columbite. TECHNETIUM (43) (Solid) 97(2,600,000years)EC 98(4,200,000years)B- 99(2,130,000yea rs)B- Atomic radius:1.95Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:8.5 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:(98)-most stable isotope based on Carbon 12 Boiling point:4573Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.27Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:11.5 g/cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.067 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(5)5s(2) Electronegativity:1.9 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.28 V Heat of fusion:24 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:660 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2473Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:7,very acidic Specific heat capacity:.21 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.506 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A metallic element obtained by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons or neutrons and in the fission of uranium. TELLERIUM (52) (Solid) 121(154 days)*IT* 123(119.7 days)*IT* 127(109 days)*IT* Atomic radius:1.42Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:20.5 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:127.6 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1261Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.36Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:6.24 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:2 x 10(x4) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(4) Electronegativity:2.1 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:9.009 V Heat of fusion:17.49 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:52.55 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:722.65Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:+-2,4,6 acidic(6) Specific heat capacity:.20 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0235 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A semi-metallic element related to sulphur and selenium that occurs in a silvery-white,brittle,crystalline form of metallic luster,in a dark amphorous form,or combined with metals and is especially used with alloys. TERBIUM (65) (Solid) 158(1,200 years)EC,B- 160(72.3 days)B- Atomic radius:2.51Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:19.2 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:158.9254 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3496Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.59Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:8.27 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.00889 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(9)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.2 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:5.86 V Heat of fusion:10.8 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:330.9 kJH/mol at boiling point Melting point:1630Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,4 basic(4) Specific heat capacity:.18 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.111 W cm(x.,1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A usually trivalent metallic element of the rare-earth group. THALLIUM (81) (Solid) 204(3.77 years)B- Atomic radius:2.08Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:17.2 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:204.37 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1746Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.48Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:11.853 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0617 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(1) Electronegativity:2.04 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.108 V Heat of fusion:44.142 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:164.1 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:577Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,1 basic(3) Specific heat capacity:.13 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:0.461 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A sparsely but widely distributed poisonous metallic element that resembles lead in physical properties and is chiefly used in the form of compounds in photoelectric cells as a pesticide. THORIUM (90) (Solid) 228(1.913 years)A 230(77,000 years)A 232(1,400,000,000 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume:19.9 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:232.0381 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:5061Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.65Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:11.7 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0653 10(x6)Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)6d(2)7s(2) Electronegativity:.1.3 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.08 V Heat of fusion:16.1 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:514.4 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:02028Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:4 basic Specific heat capacity:.12 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.54 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A radioactive tetravalent metallic element that occurs combined in minerals and is usually associated with rare-earths. THULIUM (69) (Solid) 170(128.6 days)B- 171(1.92 years)B- Atomic radius:2.42Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:18.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:168.9324 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2220Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.56Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:9.33 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0015 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(13)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.25 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.184 V Heat of fusion:16.84 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:191 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1818Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,2 basic(3) Specific heat capacity:.16 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.168 W cm(x.1( K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A trivalent metallic element of the rare-earth group. TIN (50) (Solid) 121(76 years)B- Atomic radius:1.72Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:16.3 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:18.69 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:2867Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.41Deg. A Crystal structure:Tetragonal Density:7.3 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0917 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(2) Electronegativity:1.96 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.344 V Heat of fusion:7.029 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:295.8 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:505.06Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:4,2 amphoteric(2) Specific heat capacity:.227 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.666 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A soft,faintly bluish-white,lusterous,low melting,crystalline metallic element that is malleable and ductile at room temperatures and is used as a protective coating,in tinfoils,and in soft solders and alloys. TITANIUM (22) (Solid) Atomic radius:2.0Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:10.64 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:47.9 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3562Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.32Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:4.5 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0234 10(6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(2)4s(2) Electronegativity:1.54 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.82 V Heat of fusion:15.45 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:421.0 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1943Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:4,3 Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.52 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.219 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silvery-gray,light,strong metallic element found combined in Ilmenite and Rutile and used especially in alloys (steel) and combined in refractory materials and coatings. TUNGSTEN (74) (Solid) 181(140 days)EC 185(75.1 days)B- 188(69 days)B- Atomic radius:2.02Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:9.53 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:183.85 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:5828Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.3Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:19.3 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.189 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p96)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(4)6s(2) Electronegativity:2.36 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:7.98 V Heat of fusion:35.4 kj/mol at melting pint Heat of vaporization:824 kj/mol at boiling point Melting point:3680Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:6,5,4,3,2 acidic(6) Specific heat capacity:.13 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.74 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300DEg. Kelvin Description:A gray-white,heavy,high-melting,ductile,hard,polyvalent metallic element that resembles chromium and molybdenum in most of it's properties and is used especially for electrical purposes and in hardening steel. UNNILHEXIUM (106) (Synthetic) 263(.9 second)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(263 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(14)6d(4)7s(2) Electronegativity: First ionization potential: Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity: Description: UNNILPENTIUM (105) (Synthetic) 262(40 seconds)A NOTE:Berkeley researchers propose hahnium(Ha) for this element. Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(262 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(14)6d(3)7s(2) Electronegativity: First ionization potential: Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.58 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description: UNNILQUADIUM (104) (Synthetic) 261(65 seconds)A NOTE:Berkeley researchers propose the name Rutherfordium(Rf) for this element Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight:(261 - Most stable isotope) (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron confi1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(14)6d(2)7s(2) Electronegativity: First ionization potential: Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity:.23 W cm(x.1( K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description: URANIUM (92) (Solid) 233(15,900 years)A 234(244,000 years)A 235(70,400,000 years)A 236(2,340,000 years)A 238(4,470,000,000 years)A Atomic radius: Atomic volume:12.59 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:238.029 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4407Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.42Deg. A Crystal structure:Orthorhombic Density:18.9 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.038 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)5d(10)6s(2)p(6)5f(3)6d(1)7s(2) Electronegativity:1.38 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.05 V Heat of fusion:8.52 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:477 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1405Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:6,5,4,3 amphoteric(6) Specific heat capacity:.12 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.276 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A silvery,heavy radioactive,polyvalent metallic element that is found especially in pitchblende and uraninite and exists naturally as a mixture of three radioactive isotopes of mass number 234,235 and 238 in the proportions of .006%,.71% and 99.28% respectively. VANADIUM (23) (Solid) Atomic radius:1.92Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:8.78 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:50.9415 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3682Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.22Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,body centered Density:5.8 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0489 10(6) cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(3)4s(2) Electronegativity:1.63 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.74 V Heat of fusion:20.9 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:0.452 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2175Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:5,4,3,2, Amphoteric(5) Specific heat capacity:.49 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.307 W cm(x.1) k(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A grayish,malleable,ductile,polyvalent metallic element found combined in minerals and used especially to form alloys (steel). XENON (54) (GASEOUS) 133(5.25 days)B- 135(9.1 hours)B- Atomic radius:1.24Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:37.3 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:131.3 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:165.03Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.31Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:5.89 g/l at 273Deg. Kelvin and 1atm. Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) Electronegativity: First ionization potential:12.13 V Heat of fusion:2.297 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:12.636 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:161.36Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity:.158 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.0000569 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A heavy,colorless and relatively inert gaseous element that occurs in air as about 1 part in 20 million by volume and is used in thyratrons and specialized flash tubes. YTTERBIUM (70) (Solid) 169(32 days)EC 175(4.19 days)B- Atomic radius:2.4Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:24.79 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:173.04 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1467Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.74Deg. A Crystal structure:Cubic,face centered Density:6.98 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0351 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(10)5s(2)p(6) 4f(14)6s(2) Electronegativity:1.1 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.254 V Heat of fusion:7.66 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:128.9 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1097Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3,2 basic(3) Specific heat capacity:.15 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.349 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A bivalent or trivalent metallic element of the rare-earth elements that resembles yttrium and occurs with it and related elements in several minerals such as gadolinite. YTTERIUM (39) (Solid) 88(106.6 days)B+,EC Atomic radius:2.27Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:19.8 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:88.9059 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:3611Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.62Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:4.5 g/cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0166 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(1)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(1)5s(2) Electronegativity:1.22 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.38 V Heat of fusion:11.4 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:363 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:1799Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:3 basic Specific heat capacity:.3 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.172 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A trivalent metallic element usually included among the rare earth elements which it resembles chemically and with which it occurs in minerals. ZINC (30) (Solid) 65(244.1 days)B+,EC Atomic radius:1.53Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:9.2 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:65.38 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:1180Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.25Deg. Kelvin Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:7.14 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.166 10(6) Ohm(x.1) cm(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2) Electronegativity:1.65 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:9.394 V Heat of fusion:7.322 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:115.3 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:692.73Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:2 Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.39 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:1.16 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A bluish-white,crystalline,bivalent,metallic element of low to medium hardness that is ductile when pure but in commercial form is brittle at ordinary temperatures at becomes ductile upon slight heating.Occurs abundantly in minerals,is an essential micronutrient in animals,and is used mostly as a protective coating for iron and steel. ZIRCONIUM (40 (Solid) 93(15,000 years)B- 95(84 days)B- Atomic radius:2.16Deg. A (Quantum mech. value for a free atom) Atomic volume:14.1 cm(3)/mol at 300Deg. Kelvin Atomic weight:91.22 (Based on Carbon 12) Boiling point:4882Deg. Kelvin Covalent radius:1.45Deg. A Crystal structure:Hexagonal Density:6.49 g/cm(3) at 300Deg. Kelvin Electrical conductivity:.0236 10(x6) Ohm(x.1) K(x.1) at 293Deg. Kelvin Electron configuration:1s(2)2s(2)p(6)3s(2)p(6)3d(10)4s(2)p(6)4d(2)5s(2) Electronegativity:1.33 (Pauling's) First ionization potential:6.84 V Heat of fusion:16.9 kJ/mol at melting point Heat of vaporization:58.2 kJ/mol at boiling point Melting point:2125Deg. Kelvin Oxidation states:4 Amphoteric Specific heat capacity:.27 Jg(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Thermal conductivity:.227 W cm(x.1) K(x.1) at 300Deg. Kelvin Description:A steel-gray,strong,ductile,chiefly trivalent metallic element having a high melting point,occurs widely in combination,is highly resistant to corrosion,and is used especially in alloys,refractories and ceramics. SPARE FILE This file was reserved as a base to add additional elementary files if needed. Atomic radius: Atomic volume: Atomic weight: Boiling point: Covalent radius: Crystal structure: Density: Electrical conductivity: Electron configuration: Electronegativity: First ionization potential: Heat of fusion: Heat of vaporization: Melting point: Oxidation states: Specific heat capacity: Thermal conductivity: Description: hock therapy in 1990 under an IMF standby program that provides tight control over monetary expansion, a freeze on wages, the pegging of the dinar to the deutsche mark, and a partial price freeze on energy, transportation, and communal services. This program brought hyperinflation to a halt and encouraged a rise in foreign investment. Since June 1990, however, inflation has rebounded and threatens to rise further in 1991. Estimated annual inflation for 1990 is 164%. Other huge problems remain: rising**************************************************************************** ********************************[ Constants ]******************************* **************************************************************************** Symbol Quantity Value 23 No............Avogadro's Number................ 6.022045 x 10 units/mole -19 e.............Electron Charge.................. 1.6021892 x 10 coulomb -24 _________________________________ 4.803242 x 10 esu -24 amu...........Atomic Mass Unit................. 1.6605655 x 10 g -28 m/e...........Electron Rest Mass............... 9.109534 x 10 g -4 _________________________________ 5.485803 x 10 amu -24 m/p...........Proton Rest Mass................. 1.6726485 x 10 g _________________________________ 1.0072674 amu -24 m/n...........Neutron Rest Mass................ 1.6749543 x 10 g _________________________________ 1.0086650 amu 4 F.............Faraday's Constant............... 9.648456 x 10 coulombs/equiv. 4 _________________________________ 2.8925342 x 10 cal./volt -27 h.............Planck's Constant................ 6.626176 x 10 erg/sec. -16 K.............Boltzman's Constant.............. 1.380663 x 10 erg/deg.K 10 c.............Speed of Light (in vacuum)....... 2.9979246 x 10 cm/sec. 5 -1 R*............Rydberg Constant................. 1.0973718 x 10 cm -2 R.............Gas Radius....................... 8.2056 x 10 1atm/deg.K-mole _________________________________ 8.3144 joules/deg.K-mole 7 _________________________________ 8.3144 x 10 erg/deg.K-mole _________________________________ 1.9872 cal./deg.K-mole ******************************************************************************* ***********************[ Non-International Units ]***************************** ******************************************************************************* Symbol Physical Quantity Name Of Unit Definition Of Unit -2 in...........length..........Inch........... 2.54 x 10 m lb...........mass............Pound.......... 0.45359237 kg kgf..........force...........Kilogram-Force. 9.80665 N -2 atm..........pressure........Atmosphere..... 101.325 N x m -2 torr.........pressure........Torr........... (101.325/760)N x m BTU..........energy..........British Thermal Unit... 1055.056 J 6 KWh..........energy..........Kilowatt-Hour.. 3.6 x 10 J cal ........energy..........Thermochemical Calorie.. 4.184 J th -19 eV...........energy..........Electron Volt.. 1.60219 x 10 J -27 amu..........mass............Atomic Mass Unit... 1.6605655 x 10 kg -30 D....electric dipole moment..Debye.......... 3.33564 x 10 A x m x s 4 -1 F....charge per molecule.....Faraday............ 9.648456 x 10 C mol *********************************************************************** ************[ Names And Symbols Of International Base Units ]********** *********************************************************************** Symbol Physical Quantity Name Of Base Unit m..................Length.............................Meter kg.................Mass...............................Kilogram s..................Time...............................Second A..................Electric Current...................Ampere K..................Thermodynamic Temperature..........Kelvin mol................Amount Of Substance................Mole *********************************************************************** **********[ Names And Symbols Of Internationally Derived Units ]******* *********************************************************************** Symbol Physical Quantity Name Of Unit Definition Of Unit -1 Hz.......frequency...............Hertz......... s 2 -2 J........energy..................Joule......... m x kg x s -2 -3 N........force...................Newton........ m x kg x s =J x m 2 -3 -3 W........power...................Watt.......... m x kg x s =J x s -1 -2 -2 -3 Pa.......pressure................Pascal........ m x kg x s =N x m =J x m C........electric charge.........Coulomb....... s x A -2 -3 -1 -1 -1 V........difference..............Volt......... m x kg x s x A =J x s x A -2 -3 -2 -1 Ohm......electrical resistance...Ohm........... m x kg x A =V x A ************************************************************************* *******[ Decimal Fractions And Multiples Of Units Having Special Names ]* ************************************************************************* Symbol Physical Quantity Name Of Unit Definition Of Unit o -10 A........length..................Angstrom...... 10 m -6 u........length..................Micron........ 10 m -5 dyn......force...................Dyne.......... 10 N -5 -2 bar......pressure................Bar........... 10 N x m -7 erg......energy..................Erg........... 10 J ********************************************************************** ******************************[ Prefixes ]**************************** ********************************************************************** -1 -18 10 =d=Deci 10 =a=Atto -2 10 =c=Centi 10 =da=Deca -3 2 10 =m=Milli 10 =h=Hecto -6 3 10 =u=Micro 10 =K=Kilo -9 6 10 =n=Nano 10 =M=Mega -12 9 10 =p=Pico 10 =G=Giga -15 12 10 =f=Femto 10 =T=Tera ******************************************************************************* *********************[ Measurement Of Temperature ]**************************** ******************************************************************************* To convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade: Fahrenheit Centigrade Absolute Method 1: C=5/9 x (F-32) *212Deg *100Deg *373Deg Method 2: C=5/9 x (F+40) - 40 * * * To convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit: * * * Method 1: F=9/5 x (C+32) * * * Method 2: F=9/5 x (F+40) - 40 *32Deg *0Deg *273Deg To convert Centigrade to Absolute: *0Deg *-17.8Deg * A= C + 273 * * * To convert Fahrenheit to Absolute: * * * Method 1:(F-32) x 5/9 + 273 * * * Method 2:(F+40) x 5/9 + 273 *-459Deg *-273Deg *0Deg ******************************************************************************* *****************[ Decimal Equivalents Of Sixty-Fourths ]********************** ******************************************************************************* 1/64=0.015625 33/64=0.515625 1/32=0.03125 17/32=0.53125 3/64=0.046875 35/64=0.546875 1/16=0.0625 9/16=0.5625 5/64=0.078125 37/64=0.578125 3/32=0.09375 19/32=0.59375 7/64=0.109375 39/64=0.609375 1/8=0.125 5/8=0.625 9/64=0.140625 41/64=0.640625 5/32=0.15625 21/33=0.65625 11/64=0.171875 43/64=0.671875 3/16=0.1875 11/16=0.6875 13/64=0.203125 45/64=0.703125 7/32=0.21875 23/32=0.71875 15/64=0.234375 47/64=0.734375 1/4=0.25 3/4=0.75 17/64=0.265625 49/64=0.765625 9/32=0.28125 25/32=0.78125 19/64=0.296875 51/64=0.796875 5/16=0.3125 13/16=0.8125 21/64=0.328125 53/64=0.828125 11/32=0.343275 27/32=0.84375 23/64=0.359375 55/64=0.859375 3/8=0.375 7/8=0.875 25/64=0.390625 57/64=0.890625 13/32=0.40625 29/32=0.90625 27/64=0.421875 59/64=0.921875 7/16=0.4375 15/16=0.9375 29/64=0.453125 61/64=0.953125 15/32=0.46875 31/32=0.96875 31/64=0.484375 63/64=0.984375 1/2=0.5 1=1 ******************************************************************************* *****************************TABLES OF MEASUREMENT***************************** ******************************************************************************* U.S. OR ENGLISH SYSTEM: 12 inches=1 foot 320 rods or 8 furlongs=1 mile 3 feet or 36 inches=1 yard 1760 yards=1 mile 5-1/2 yards or 16-1/2 feet=1 rod 5280 feet=1 mile 220 yards or 1/8 mile=1 furlong =============================================================================== METRIC SYSTEM: 1 millimeter(mm) = 0.001 = 0.03937 inches 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter(cm) = 0.01 = 0.3937 inches 10 centimeters = 1 decimeter(dm) = 0.1 = 3.937 inches 10 decimeters = 1 meter(M) = 1 = 39.3707 inches 10 meters = 1 dekameter(Dm) = 10 = 32.809 feet 10 dekameters = 1 hectometer(Hm) = 100 = 328.09 feet 10 hectometers = 1 kilometer(Km) = 1000 = 0.62137 miles 10 kilometers = 1 myriameter(Mm) = 10,000 = 6.2137 miles =============================================================================== SQUARE OR AREA MEASURE: 144 square inches = 1 square foot 160 square rods = 1 acre 9 square feet = 1 square yard 640 acres = 1 square mile or 1 section 30-1/4 square yards= 1 square rod =============================================================================== METRIC SQUARE MEASURE: 100 square millimeters(sq.mm) = 1 square centimeter(sq.cm) 100 square centimeters(sq.cm) = 1 square decimeter(sq.dm) 100 square decimeters(sq.dm) = 1 square meter(sq.m) 100 square meters(sq.m) = 1 square dekameter(sq.Dm) or 1 are(A) 100 square ares(A) = 1 square hectometer(sq.Hm) or hectare(H) 100 square hectares(sq.H) = 1 square kilometer(sq.Km) =============================================================================== CUBIC OR VOLUME MEASURE: 1728 cubic inches(cu.in.) = 1 cubic foot(cu.ft.) 27 cubic feet = 1 cubis yard(cu.yd.) 1 cubic yard = 1 load of sand or dirt 128 cubic feet = 1 cord of wood(cd.) 24-3/4 cubic feet = 1 perch of stone =============================================================================== LIQUID MEASURE OF CAPACITY: 4 gills(gi.) = 1 pint(pt.) 2 pints = 1 quart(qt.) 4 quarts = 1 gallon(gal.) 31-1/2 gallons = 1 barrel(bbl.) 2 barrels = 1 hogshead(hhd.) =============================================================================== APOTHECARIES' LIQUID MEASURE: 60 drops or minims = 1 fluid drachm 8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce 16 fluid ounces = 1 pint 8 pints = 1 gallon =============================================================================== DRY MEASURE OF CAPACITY: 2 pints = 1 quart 8 quarts = 1 peck 4 pecks = 1 bushel =============================================================================== APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT: 20 grains = 1 scruple 3 scruples = 1 dram 8 drams = 1 ounce 12 ounces = 1 pound 5760 grains = 1 pound =============================================================================== AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT: 16 drachms = 1 ounce 16 ounces = 1 pound 7000 grains = 1 hundredweight 2000 pounds = 1 ton or short ton 2240 pounds = 1 long ton 112 pounds = 1 hundredweight(old measure) =============================================================================== TROY WEIGHT: 24 grains = 1 pennyweight 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce 12 ounces = 1 pound 5760 grains = 1 pound 3.2 grains = 1 carat =============================================================================== METRIC WEIGHT: 10 milligrams = 1 centigram(cg) 10 centigrams = 1 gram(g) 10 grams = 1 dekagram(Dg) 10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram(Hg) 10 kilograms = 1 myriagram(Mg) 10 myriagrams = 1 quintal(Q) 10 quintals = 1 tonneau(T) =============================================================================== MEASURES OF TIME: 60 seconds = 1 minute 60 minutes = 1 hour 24 hours = 1 day 7 days = 1 week 2 weeks = 1 fortnight 365 days = 1 common year 366 days = 1 leap year 12 calendar months = 1 year 10 years = 1 decade 10 decades = 1 century =============================================================================== ANGULAR OR CIRCULAR MEASURE: 60 seconds = 1 minute 60 minutes = 1 degree 90 degrees = 1 right angle or 1 quadrant 360 angle degrees = 4 right angles 360 arc degrees = 1 circumference ******************************************************************************* ****************************[ EQUIVALENT VALUES ]****************************** ******************************************************************************* LINEAR MEASURE: 1 inch = 2.5400 centimeters 1 foot = .3048 meter 1 yard = .9144 meter 1 rod = 5.0292 meters 1 mile = 1.6093 kilometers --------------------------------- 1 centimeter = .3937 inch 1 decimeter = 3.9370 inches 1 decimeter = .3281 foot 1 meter = 39.37 inches 1 meter = 1.0936 yards 1 kilometer = 3280.83 feet 1 kilometer = 1093.611 yards 1 kilometer = .62137 miles =============================================================================== SQUARE MEASURE: 1 sq. inch = 6.4516 sq. centimeters 1 sq. foot = .0929 sq. meter 1 sq. yard = .8361 sq. meter 1 sq. rod = 25.2930 sq. meters 1 acre = 4046.873 sq. meters 1 acre = .404687 hectare 1 sq. mile = 2.59 kilometers ----------------------------------------- 1 sq. centimeter = .155 sq. inch 1 sq. decimeter = 15.5 sq. inches 1 sq. meter = 1550 sq. inches 1 sq. meter = 10.764 sq. feet 1 sq. meter = 1.196 sq. yards 1 hectare = 2.471 acres 1 hectare = 395.367 sq. rods 1 hectare = 24.7104 sq. chains 1 sq. kilometer = 247.104 acres 1 sq. kilometers = .3861 sq. mile *(The hectare is a unit of land measure) =============================================================================== CUBIC MEASURE: 1 cu. inch = 16.3872 centimeters 1 cu. foot = 28.317 cu. centimeters 1 cu. yard = .7645 cu. meter 1 cord = 3.624 cu. meters ----------------------------------------- 1 cu. centimeter = .0610 cu. inch 1 cu. decimeter = .0353 cu. foot 1 cu. meter = 1.3079 cu. yards 1 cu. meter = .2759 cord *(The cubic meter when used for measuring wood is called a STER) =============================================================================== CAPACITY: 1 minim = .0616 milliliter 1 fluid dram = 3.6966 milliliters 1 fluid ounce = 29.5730 milliliters 1 gill = 118.292 milliliters 1 liquid pint = .4732 liter 1 liquid quart = .9463 liter 1 gallon = 3.7853 liters ------------------------------------- 1 milliliter = 16.2311 minims 1 milliliter = .2705 fluid dram 1 milliliter = .0338 fluid ounce 1 liter = 2.1134 fluid pints 1 liter = 1.0567 liquid quarts 1 liter = .2642 gallon 1 dry quart = 1.1012 liters 1 dry peck = .8810 dekaliter 1 bushel = .3523 hectoliter ------------------------------------- 1 liter = .9081 dry quart 1 dekaliter = 1.1351 pecks 1 hectoliter = 1.8378 bushels *(The liter is used for both liquid and dry measure) *(The milliliter is equivalent in volume to a cubic centimeter) =============================================================================== WEIGHT: 1 grain = .0648 gram 1 ounce troy = 31.103 grams 1 pound troy = .3732 kilogram 1 ounce avoirdupois = 28.350 grams 1 pound avoirdupois = .4536 kilogram 1 short ton = .9072 tonneau 1 long ton = 1.016 tonneaus ------------------------------------ 1 gram = 15.4324 grains 1 gram = .322 ounce troy 1 gram = .0353 ounce avoirdupois 1 kilogram = 2.6792 pounds troy 1 kilogram = 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois 1 tonneau = 1.1023 short tons 1 tonneau = .9842 long ton 1 tonneau = 2204.6223 pounds avoirdupois******************************************************************************* *******************************{ Elements }************************************ ******************************************************************************* * 1a 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a 7a 8a * * H- 3b 4b 5b 6b 7b ***8b*** 1b 2b He * * Li-Be- B--C--N--O--F--Ne * * Na-Mg- Al-Si-P--S--Cl-Ar * * K--Ca-Sc-Ti-V--Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni-Cu-Zn-Ga-Ge-As-Se-Br-Kr * * Rb-Sr-Y--Zr-Nb-Mo-Tc-Ru-Rh-Pd-Ag-Cd-In-Sn-Sb-Te-I--Xe * * Cs-Ba*La*Ce-Pr-Nd-Pm-Sm-Eu-Gd-Tb-Dy-Ho-Er-Tm-Yb-Lu < * * Hf-Ta-W--Re-Os-Ir-Pt-Au-Hg-Tl-Pb-Bi-Po-At-Rn * * Fr-Ra*Ac*Th-Pa-U--Np-Pu-Am-Cm-Bk-Cf-Es-Fm-Md-No-Lw < * * Uq-Up-Uh * ******************************************************************************* ******************************************************************************* Group 1a:Elements are H,Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs and Fr;they are all silver-white soft metals having a very high conductivity of heat and electricity.They react vigorously with water,causing hydrogen gas to be evolved producing a solution that causes litmus to turn blue.They form simple 1:1 compounds with the haloge- ns such as NaCl,KBr,CsF and KI.Physically they are characterized by softness, low melting temperature,low density and high electrical-thermal conductivity. Chemically they are highly reactive reducing agents.Many compounds have low solubility in water.Francium is the most metallic element in the periodic table Group 2a:elements are Be,Mg,Ca,Sr,Ba and Ra and are known as the alkaline earth elements.They are harder,less reactive and less an effective conducter than the alkali metals.They form 2:1 compounds with the halogens such as Mg-Br(2),Ba-Cl (2) and Ca-F(2) and 1:1 compounds with oxygen of general formula M-O(M=any element of group 2a).The alkaline earths,as a group are harder and denser than the members of group 1a but are still of a rather low density,and,for the most part,are too soft for use in structural applications.Many compounds have a low solubility in water. Group 3a:elements are B,Al,Ga,In and Tl.In going from the top to the bottom of this group we encounter changes from nonmetallic to definitely metallic properties and from principally covalent to principally ionic halides.The usual oxidation state is +3 with Tl being the exception.Aluminum is by far the most abundant of this group and is industrially important;it's oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric and it's highly charged ions hydrolyze appreciably to produce acidic solutions. Group 4a:elements are C,Si,Ge,Sn and Pb.They have 4 valence electrons and exhi- bit a maximum oxidation number of 4 in their compounds.Their properties range from distinctly nonmetallic at the top of the family to metallic at the bottom. Smooth gradations from nonmetallic to metallic character;covalent to ionic bonding in their compounds and preference for the +2 over the +4 oxidation state occur from top to bottom of the family.As reducing agents they are only slightl y more active than H(2).Their +4 halides are principally covalent compounds;the +2 oxides and hydroxides are amphoteric.Carbon is the "backbone" of the organic world and silicon of the inorganic. Group 5a:elements are N,P,As,Sb and Bi;the first 2 are typical nonmetals;the 3rd exhibits a principally nonmetallic properties in the compound formed,but it still has some metallic properties in it's elementary form;it is classified as a metalloid.The two in this group exhibit some nonmetallic characteristics in the higher oxidation states but have definite metallic character in the elemental and low-oxidation states.These elements have a maximum oxidation number of 5 in their compounds. Group 6a:elements are O,S,Se,Te and Po;as a group they are more metallic than the 5a group;for example oxygen is second only to flourine in electronegativ- ity.As in other groups the metallic characteristic increases from top to bottom of the table and Po is a metal.The most common oxidation number is -2. Group 7a:elements are F,Cl,Br,I and At and are a fascinating group because of all of the compounds that may be formed.As their name implies the halogen elements are the saltformers.They are active nonmetals which react with metals to form principally ionic salts in which the halide ion has a -1 charge.They react with gases such as hydrogen and oxygen to produce strong oxidizing agents and acids.With less active metals,and with metals in a high oxidation state (such as Sn-Cl[4]),the halide takes on covalent character.The melting points of the halides reflect qualitatively the extent of their ionic character. Group 8a:elements are He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe and Ra and are appropriately known as the inert gases due to the fact that they participate in very few reactions.These elements are all monoatomic gases at room temperature and are mainly used on an industrial basis due to their low boiling points and relatively inert character ******************************************************************************* *********************{ Metals Occurring Free In Nature }*********************** ******************************************************************************* Antimony............Sb Nickel...........Ni Arsenic.............As Osmium...........Os Bismuth.............Bi Palladium........Pd Cobalt..............Co Platinum.........Pt Copper..............Cu Rhodium..........Rh Gold................Au Ruthenium........Ru Iridium.............Ir Selenium.........Se Iron................Fe Silver...........Ag Lead................Pb Tellurium........Te Mercury.............Hg Tin..............Sn ******************************************************************************* *********************{ Referential Elementary Symbolics }********************** ******************************************************************************* Actinium Ac-89 Aluminum Al-13 Americium Am-95 Antimony Sb-51 Argon A-18 Arsenic As-33 Astatine At-85 Barium Ba-56 Berkelium Bk-97 Beryllium Be--4 Bismuth Bi-83 Boron B--5 Bromine Br-35 Cadmium Cd-48 Calcium Ca-20 Californium Cf-98 Carbon C--6 Cerium Ce-58 Cesium Cs-55 Chlorine Cl-17 Chromium Cr-24 Cobalt Co-27 Copper Cu-29 Curium Cm-96 Dysprosium Dy-66 Emanation(Radon)Em-86 Erbium Er-68 Europium Eu-63 Flourine F--9 Francium Fr-87 Gadolinium Gd-64 Gallium Ga-31 Germanium Ge-32 Gold Au-79 Hafnium Hf-72 Helium He--2 Holmium Ho-67 Hydrogen H--1 Indium In-49 Iodine I-49 Iridium Ir-77 Iron Fe-26 Krypton Kr-36 Lanthanum La-57 Lead Pb-82 Lithium Li--3 Lutetium Lu-71 Magnesium Mg-12 Manganese Mn-25 Mercury Hg-80 Molybdenum Mo-42 Neptunium Np-93 Neodymium Nd-60 Neon Ne-10 Neutron n--0 Nickel Ni-28 Niobium Nb-41 (Columbium)---(Cb-41) Nitrogen N--7 Osmium Os-76 Oxygen O--8 Palladium Pd-46 Phosphorus P-15 Platinum PT-78 Plutonium Pu-94 Polonium Po-84 Potassium K-19 Praseodymium Pr-59 Promethium Pm-61 Protactinium Pa-91 Radium Ra-88 Rhenium Re-75 Rhodium Rh-45 Rubidium Rb-37 Ruthenium Ru-44 Samarium Sm-62 Scandium Sc-21 Selenium Se-34 Silicon Si-14 Silver Ag-47 Sodium Na-11 Strontium Sr-38 Sulphur S-16 Tantalum Ta-73 Technetium Tc-43 Tellerium Te-52 Terbium Tb-65 Thallium Tl-81 Thorium Th-90 Thulium Tm-69 Tin Sn-50 Titanium Ti-22 Uranium U-92 Vanadium V-23 Wolfram W-74 (Tungsten)-----(W-74) Xenon Xe-54 Ytterbium Yb-70 Ytterium Y-39 Zinc Zn-30 Zirconium Zr-40 ******************************************************************************* ********************************{ Glossary }*********************************** ******************************************************************************* Absolute Temperature: A scale for measuring temperature that is obtained by adding algebraically 273 to degrees centigrade. Absolute Zero: The temperature,273 degrees below the zero of the centigrade scale,at which all molecular motion ceases. Acid: A compound which yields hydrogen ions in aqueous solution;a proton donor. Addition reaction: A reaction in which a reagent adds to a carbon-carbon double or triple bond. Adsorption: A process in which molecules or ions adhere to the surface of a solid. Alkali: A water soluble base that yields hydroxyl ions in aqueous solution. Allotropism: The property of certain elements of existing in more than one form,such as oxygen and ozone. Alpha particle: The positively charged nucleus of the helium atom. Anhydrous: Without water. Anion: A negatively charged ion. Anode: The positively charged electrode of an electrolytic cell. Atom: The smallest unit of an element that participates in chemical change. Atomic number: A number,characteristic of an atom,that represents the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.It indicates the location of an element in the periodic table. Atomic weight: The relative weight of an atom referred to carbon,whose weight has been arbitrarily set at 12.01115. Avogadro's law: The law which states that equal volumes of all gases,at the same temperature and pressure,contain the same number of molecules. Base: A compound which yields hydroxide ions in aqueous solution;a proton acceptor. Beta particle: A negative electron given off by a radioactive substance. Binary compound: A compound composed of two elements per molecule. Boiling point: The temperature at which the vapor pressure in a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. Brownian movement: The rapid oscillatory movement of small particles when suspended in water or other liquids. BTU: British Thermal Unit,the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.It is equal to 0.252 calorie. Buffer: A substance that keeps the pH of a solution relatively constant in spite of the addition of considerable amounts of acid or base. Calorie: A small calorie(cal.) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by one degree Celsius.A large calorie(Cal.)equals 1000 calories. Carboxyl group: A univalent organic radical (-COOH) which is the functional group of all the carbolic acids. Catalyst: A substance which speeds up,or less frequently retards,a chemical reaction, without being changed itself. Cathode: The negatively charged electrode of an electrolytic cell. Cation: A positively charged ion. Chemical change: A change in which the chemical structure of a substance is changed. Chemistry: The science which deals with the composition and properties of substances and their transformation from one form to another. Colloids: Particles which are intermediate in size between crystalloids that form true solutions and suspensions that eventually settle. Combining weight: The weight of an element which will combine with 8 grams of oxygen,or 1.008 grams of hydrogen. Combustion: Rapid oxidation accompanied by evolution of heat and usually light. Compound: A substance composed of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportions by weight. Covalence: The combining of atoms by means of the sharing of electrons. Crystalloids: Substances which,when dissolved in liquid,will diffuse through a semipermeable membrane. Dehydration: The removal of water from a substance. Deliquescence: The process whereby certain substances absorb sufficient water from the atmos- phere to dissolve themselves. Denaturation: The process of altering the structure of a protein by physical or chemical means. Density: Mass per unit volume. Deoxygenation: The process of removing water from a compound. Deuterium: An isotope of hydrogen having twice the mass of ordinary hydrogen. Diffusion: The process by which one substance distributes itself uniformly through water. Dispersion: Colloidal particles suspended in a liquid medium. Distillation: The evaporation of a liquid and the condensation of it's vapor. Efflorescence: The spontaneous loss of water by a substance when exposed to air. Electrolysis: The decomposition of a chemical compound by an electrical current. Electrolyte: A substance which will conduct an electrical current when in solution or melted Electron: An atomic particle carrying a unit charge of negative electricity,having a mass of 1/1837 of that of a proton. Electrophoresis: The migration of colloidal particles dispersed in a fluid,under the influence of an electric field. Electrovalence: The valence as determined by the electrons lost or gained by the elements reacting to form a compound. Element: One of the basic fundamental forms of matter that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. Emulsion: A colloidal dispersion of a liquid in another liquid. Endothermic reaction: A chemical change in which heat is absorbed. Energy: The ability to do work. Equilibrium: A state existing in a reversable reaction when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations of the reactants and products are equal. Ester: An organic compound formed by the reaction between an acid and an alcohol. Exothermic reaction: A chemical change in which heat is liberated. Filtration: The process of separating suspended particles from a liquid by means of a porous medium. Fission: The disintegration of the nucleus of a heavy atom with the liberation of large amounts of energy. Formula: An expression of the constituents of a compound by symbols. Gamma ray: Similar to X-rays,forming part of the radiation of a radioactive substance. Gel: A semi-rigid colloid. Gram-atomic weight: One atomic weight of an element expressed in grams. Gram-molecular weight: One molecular weight of a compound expressed in grams. Half-life: The length of time required for one-half of a radioactive substance to disinte- grate. Halide: A compound composed of two elements,one of which is a halogen. Halogens: A family of elements consisting of flourine,chlorine,bromine and iodine. Heterocyclic compounds: Cyclic compounds in which the ring system of the molecule contains other elements than carbon. Hydrate: A compound containing water of crystallization. Hydride: A compound containing a negatively charged hydrogen,as in sodium hydride(Na-H). Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds containing hydrogen and carbon only. Hydrogenation: A chemical reaction in which hydrogen is added to a compound. Hydrolysis: Chemical decomposition by which a compound is resolved into other compounds by taking up the elements of hydrogen. Hypertonic solution: A solution of higher osmotic pressure than another with which it is compared. Immiscible: Incapable of being mixed,as oil and water. Indicator: A compound which changes color with changes in the hydrogen ion concentration (pH)of a solution. Iodine number: The number of grams of iodine required to saturate 100 grams of fat. Ion: An electrically charged atom or radical. Ionization: The separation of an electrolyte into charged ions in solution. Isoelectric point: The pH at which a substance is electrically neutral or at it's minimum ioniza- ation. Isomers: Compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Isotonic solution: A solution having the same osmotic pressure as another with which it is compared. Isotopes: Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but having different atomic weights. Ketone: An organic compound containing the carbonyl group attached to two organic radicals. Kindling temperature: The lowest temperature at which a substance bursts into flame. Kinetic energy: Energy in motion. Latent heat: The heat absorbed in the changing of a substance from solid to liquid,or from a liquid to a gas. Matter: Anything which occupies space and has mass. Miscible: Capable of being mixed. Mixture: An aggregate of two or more substances which are not chemically combined and which exist in no fixed proportion to one another. Molal solution: A solution containing one mole of a solute in 1,000 grams of solute. Molar solution: A solution which contains 1 gram-molecular weight of solute in one liter of solution. Mole: The molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams. Molecular weight: The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule. Molecule: The smallest particle of a compound that can exist independently. Nascent: The condition of an element that has just been released in the monatomic state in a chemical reaction. Neutron: A neutral particle existing in the nucleus of an atom. Noble gases: A family of elements consisting of helium,neon,argon,krypton,xenon and radon. Nonelectrolyte: A compound whose water solution does not conduct an electric current. Normal solution: A solution which contains 1 gram-equivalent weight of a solute in 21 liters of solution. Nucleic acid: An organic compound composed of phosphoric acid,ribose or deoxyribose,and purine and pyride bases. Nucleus: The positively charged center of the atom containing protons and neutrons. Osmosis: The passage of fluid from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane. Oxidation: Combination of a substance with oxygen;the increase in valence toward the positive;the loss of electrons. Oxide: A compound of oxygen and some other element. Periodic law: The law that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Periodic table: A table illustrating the periodic system in which the chemical elements arranged in the order of their atomic numbers are shown in related groups. pH: A symbol denoting the algorithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration Physical change: A change in the condition or state of a substance;it's composition is not altered. Potential energy: Energy that is due to position and not of motion;stored energy. Precipitate: An insoluble liquid that separates from solution. Protein: A substance of high molecular weight composed of carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,and sometimes sulphur or iodine,that yields upon hydrolysis amino acids or their derivatives. Proton: A subatomic particle carrying a unit of positive charge. Radical: A group of atoms that behave as a unit in a chemical reaction. Radioactivity: The spontaneous disintegration of an atom,with the emission of alpha.beta,and gamma rays. Radioisotope: A radioactive isotope,often used as a tracer in scientific research. Reduction: The removal of oxygen from a compound;the gain of electrons by a substance or a decrease in it's valence. Salt: A compound consisting of a positive ion other than hydrogen and a negative ion other than the hydroxyle ion;the product of an acid with a base. Saturated solution: A solution that contains all the solute that it can hold at a given temperature and pressure. Semipermeable membrane: A membrane that allows water and crystalloids to pass through but holds back colloids. Solute: A substance dissolved in a solvent. Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Solvent: A substance in which a solute is dissolved. Specific gravity: The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water. Specific heat: The quantity of heat in calories required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius. Spontaneous combustion: The ignition of a substance as the result of the accumulated heat of slow oxidation. Structural formula: A formula which shows the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule. Substitution reaction: A chemical reaction in which one or more elements or radicals in a compound are replaced by other elements or radicals. Suspension: A system consisting of small particles dispersed in a liquid.The particles will settle out slowly upon standing. Synersis: The shrinking of a gel,with the expulsion of water or other liquid from it. Synthesis: The construction of a compound by the union of elements or simple compounds. Tincture: A solution of a medicinal substance in alcohol. Titration: The process of determining the quantity of a substance in a solution by adding a measured volume of a standard solution until the desired reaction has been affected. Transmutation: The conversion of one element into another in a nuclear reaction. Tyndall effect: The reflection of a beam of light by the dispersed particles of a colloidal solution,making visible the path of the light. Unsaturated compounds: Organic compounds containing double or triple bonds and are capable of forming addition products. Unsaturated solution: A solution containing less solute than the amount needed to make a saturated solution. Valence: A number that represents the combining power of an element or radical. Valence electrons: The electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom. Water of crystallization: Water present in the crystal of a hydrate. Zwitterion: A dipolar ion carrying both a positive and a negative charge.******************************************************************************* *****************************{ Minerals }************************************** ******************************************************************************* Name(title) Formula Crystal system Alunite...................KAl (S-O) (O-H) ............................Hexagonal 3 4 2 6 Anglesite.................PbSO ....................................Orthorhombic 4 Argentite.................Ag S........................................Isometric 2 Argyrodite................GeS x 4AgS ...............................Isometric 2 2 Arsenopyrite..............FeAsS......................................Monoclinic Autunite..................Ca(UO ) (PO ) x 10H O.....................Tetragonal 2 2 4 2 2 Barite....................BaSO ....................................Orthorhombic 4 Bauxite...................Al O x (X)H O..............................Amorphous 2 3 2 Beryl.....................Be Al (SiO ) ...............................Hexagonal 3 2 3 6 Bismuthinite..............Bi S ....................................Orthorhombic 2 3 Calaverite................AuTe ......................................Monoclinic 2 Carnotite.................K.(UO ) (VO ) x 2H O......................Monoclinic 2 2 2 4 2 2 Cassiterite...............SnO .......................................Tetragonal 2 Celestite.................SrSO ....................................Orthorhombic 4 Cerargyrite...............AgCl........................................Isometric Cerussite.................PbCO ....................................Orthorhombic 3 Chalcocite................Cu S.....................................Orthorhombic 2 Chalcopyrite..............CuFeS .....................................Tetragonal 2 Chromite..................FeCr O .....................................Isometric 2 4 Cinnabar..................HgS.........................................Hexagonal Cobaltite.................CoAsS.......................................Isometric Columbite.................(FE,Mn)(Nb,Ta) O ........................Orthorhombic 2 6 Crocoite..................PbCrO .....................................Monoclinic 4 Crooksite.................(Cu,Tl,Ag) Se...............................Isometric 2 Cuprite...................Cu O........................................Isometric 2 Dolomite..................MgCo x CaCo ...............................Hexagonal 3 3 Euxenite..................(Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti) O ..............Orthorhombic 2 6 Gadolinite................Be FeY Si O ..............................Monoclinic 2 2 2 10 Galena....................PbS.........................................Isometric Garnierite................H (Ni,Mg)SiO x H O........................Monoclinic 2 4 2 Germanite.................(Cu Ge,Fe)(S,As) ...........................Isometric 3 4 Greenockite...............CdS.........................................Hexagonal Hermatite.................Fe O .......................................Hexagonal 2 3 Illmenite.................FeTiO ......................................Hexagonal 3 Laurite...................RuS ........................................Isometric 2 Lepidolite................LiKAl (OH,F) (SiO ) .......................Monoclinic 2 2 3 3 Limonite..................Fe O x (X)H O..............................Amorphous 2 3 2 Lorandite.................TlAsS .....................................Monoclinic 2 Magnesite.................MgCo .......................................Hexagonal 3 Magnetite.................Fe O .......................................Isometric 3 4 Malachite.................Cu Co (OH) ................................Monoclinic 2 3 2 Manganite.................Mn O x H O................................Monoclinic 2 3 2 Molybdenite...............MoS ........................................Hexagonal 2 Monazite..................(Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO ...........................Monoclinic 4 Niccolite.................NiAs........................................Hexagonal Orpiment..................As S ......................................Monoclinic 2 3 Pentlandite...............(Fe,Ni)S....................................Hexagonal Proustite.................Ag AsS .....................................Hexagonal 3 3 Psilomelane...............BaMnMn O (OH) ..........................Orthorhombic 8 16 4 Pyrolusite................MnO .......................................Tetragonal 2 Realgar...................As S ......................................Monoclinic 2 2 Rutile....................TiO .......................................Tetragonal 2 Samarskite................(Y,Ce,U,Ca,Pb)(Nb,Ta,Ti,Sn) O ...........Orthorhombic 2 6 Scheelite.................CaWO ......................................Tetragonal 4 Siderite..................FeCO .......................................Hexagonal 3 Smaltite..................(Co.Ni)As ..................................Isometric 2 Smisthonite...............ZnCO .......................................Hexagonal 3 Sperrylite................PtAs .......................................Isometric 2 Sphalerite................(Zn,Fe)S....................................Isometric Spodumene.................LiAl(SiO ) ................................Monoclinic 3 2 Stibnite..................Sb S ....................................Orthorhombic 2 3 Strontianite..............SrCO ....................................Orthorhombic 3 Sylvanite.................AuAgTe ....................................Monoclinic 4 Tantalite.................(Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb) O ........................Orthorhombic 2 6 Titanite(Sphene)..........CaTiSiO ...................................Monoclinic 5 Torbernite................Cu(UO ) (PO ) x 8H O......................Tetragonal 2 2 4 2 2 Uraninite.................UO .........................................Isometric 2 Vanadinite................Pb Cl(VO ) .................................Hexagonal 5 4 3 Willemite.................Zn SiO .....................................Hexagonal 2 4 Witherite.................BaCO ....................................Orthorhombic 3 Wolfranite................(Fe,Mn)WO .................................Monoclinic 4 Wulfenite.................PbMoO .....................................Tetragonal 4 Zircon....................ZrSiO .....................................Tetragonal 4 ******************************************************************************* **********{ Description of crystal systems for mineral file }****************** ******************************************************************************* Cubic:Crystals that have 3 axis at right angles to each other,and all of equal length. Tetragonal:Crystals that have 3 axis at right angles to each other,but only 2 are of equal length. Orthorhombic:Crystals that have 3 axis at right angles to each other,but are of unequal length. Monoclinic:Crystals that have 2 axis which are inclined to each other (i.e. not at right angles),and a 3rd axis which is at right angles to the other 2 axis. The axis are of unequal length. Trinclinic:Crystals that have 3 axis,all inclined at oblique angles and all of unequal length. Hexagonal:Crystals that have 3 axis of equal length,all inclined to each other at an angle of 60 degrees,and all in 1 plane.The fourth axis,which is perpendicular to the plane of the other 3,may be shorter or longer than the other 3 axis of equal length. ******************************************************************************* ***********************{ Preparation Of Reagents }***************************** ******************************************************************************* NOTES: Volumes have been stated in milliliters(ml)and liters(l). One milliliter=one cubic centimeter(cc). Masses are indicated in grams(g). The relation to molar solution(M)or normal solution(N)is indicated in many cases. Distilled water should be used. ******************{ Laboratory Reagents For General Use }********************** DILUTE ACIDS: (3 molar.Use the amount of concentrated acid indicated and dilute to one liter.) Acetic acid: 3N.Use 172 ml of 17.4M acid (99-100%). Hydrochloric acid: 3N.Use 258 ml of 11.6M acid (36% HCl) Nitric acid: 3N.Use 195 ml of 15.4M acid (69% HNO ) 3 Phosphoric acid: 9N.Use 205 ml of 14.6M acid (85% H SO ) 2 4 Sulfuric acid: 6N.Use 168 ml of 17.8M acid (95% H SO ) 2 4 DILUTE BASES: Ammonium Hydroxide: 3M,3N.Dilute 405 ml of concentrated solution(7.4M,28% NH ) 3 Barium Hydroxide: 0.2M,0.4N.Saturated solution 63g per liter of Ba(OH) x 8H O. 2 2 Use some excess,filter off BaCO and protect from CO of the air with soda lime 2 2 or ascarite in a guard tube. Calcium Hydroxide: 0.02M,0.04N.Saturated solution ,1.5g per liter of Ca(OH) . 2 Use some excess,filter off CaCO ,and protect from CO of the air. 3 2 Potassium Hydroxide: 3M,3N.Dissolve 176g of the sticks(95%)in water and dilute to 1 liter.(WARNING POTASSIUM REACTS VIGOROUSLY WITH WATER) Sodium Hydroxide: 3M,3N.Dissolve 126g of the sticks(95%) in water and dilute to 1 liter.(WARNING SODIUM REACTS VIGOROUSLY WITH WATER) GENERAL REAGENTS: Aluminum Chloride: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 22g of AlCl in 1 liter of water. 3 Aluminum Nitrate: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 58g of Al(NO ) x 7.5H O in 1 liter of 3 3 2 water. Aluminum Sulphate: 0.083M,0.5N.Dissolve 56g of Al(SO ) 18H O in 1 liter of 4 3 2 water. Ammonium Acetate: 3M,3N.Dissolve 230g of NH C H O in water and dilute to 4 2 3 2 Ammonium Carbonate: 1.5M.Dissolve 144g of the commercial salt[(NH ) CO H O and 4 2 3 2 NH CO NH ] in 500ml of 3N- NH OH and dilute to 1 liter. 4 2 2 4 Ammonium Chloride: 3M,3N.Dissolve 160g of NH Cl in water and dilute to 1 liter. 4 Ammonium Molybdate: 1):0.5M,1N.Mix well 72g of pure MoO (or 81g of H MoO )with 200ml of water,add 3 2 4 60ml of concentrated ammonium hydroxide.When solution is complete,filter and pour filtrate VERY SLOWLY and with a RAPID STIRRING,into a mixture of 270ml of concentrated HNO and 400ml of water.Allow to stand over night,filter and 3 dilute to 1 liter. 2):The reagent is prepared as two solutions which are mixed as needed,thus always providing fresh reagent of proper strength and composition.Since ammonium molybdate is an expensive reagent,and since an acid solution of this reagent as usually prepared keeps for only a few days,the method proposed will avoid loss of reagent and provide more certain results for quantitative work. Solution 1:Dissolve 100g of ammonium molybdate(C.P.grade)in 400ml of water and 80ml of 15M- NH OH.Filter if necessary. 4 Solution 2:Mix 400ml of 16M nitric acid with 600ml of water. For use,mix the calculated amount of solution 1 with twice it's volume of solution 2,adding solution 1 to solution 2 slowly with vigorous stirring. Ammonium Nitrate: 1M,1N. Dissolve 80g of NH NO in 1 liter of water. 4 3 Ammonium Oxalate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 35.5g of (NH ) C O H O in water.Dilute 4 2 2 4 2 to 1 liter. Ammonium Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 33g of (NH ) SO in 1 liter of water. 4 2 4 Ammonium Sulphide(colorless): 1):Treat 200ml of concentrated NH OH with H S until saturated,keeping the 4 2 solution cold.Add 200ml of concentrated NH OH and dilute of 1 liter. 4 2):Saturate 6N ammonium hydroxide(40ml conc.ammonia solution + 60ml H O)with 2 washed H S gas.The ammonium hydroxide bottle must be completely full and must 2 be kept surrounded by ice while being saturated(about 48 hours for 2 liters). The reagent is preserved in brown,completely filled,glass stoppered bottles. Ammonium Sulphide(yellow): Treat 150ml of concentrated NH OH and 10g of 4 powdered sulphur.Shake the mixture until the sulphur is dissolved and dilute to 1 liter with water.In the solution the conc. of (NH ) S and NH OH are 4 2 2 4 0.625,0.4 and 1.5 normal respectively.On standing,the concentration of (NH ) S 4 2 2 and NH OH decreases. 4 Antimony Pentachloride: 0.1M,0.5N.Dissolve 30g of SbCl in 1 liter of water. 5 Antimony Trichloride: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 38g of SbCl in 1 liter of water. 3 Aqua Regia: Mix 1 part concentrated HNO with 3 parts concentrated HCl.This 3 formula should include 1 volume of water if the aqua regia is to be stored for any length of time.Without water,objectional quantities of chlorine and other gases are evolved. Barium Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 61g of BaCl H O in water.Dilute to 1 liter. 2 2 Barium Hydroxide: 0.1M,0.2N.Dissolve 32g of Ba(OH) 8H O in 1 liter of water. 2 2 Barium Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 65g of Ba(NO ) in 1 liter of water. 3 2 Bismuth Chloride: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 53g of BiCl in 1 liter of dilute HCl. 3 use 1 part HCl to 5 parts water. Bismuth Nitrate: 0.083M,0.25N.Dissolve 40g of Bi(NO ) 5H O in 1 liter of dilute 3 3 2 HNO .Use 1 part of HNO to 5 parts water. 3 3 Cadmium Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 46g of CdCl in 1 liter of water. 2 Cadmium Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 77g of Cd(NO ) 4H O in 1 liter of water. 3 2 2 Cadmium Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 70g of CdSO 4H O in 1 liter of water. 4 2 Calcium Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 55g of CaCl 6H O in water.Dilute to 2 2 1liter. Calcium Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 41g of Ca(NO ) in 1 liter of water. 3 2 Chloroplatinic acid: 1):0.0512M,0.102N.Dissolve 26.53g of H PtCl 6H O in water.Dilute to 100ml. 2 6 2 Contains 0.100ml Pt per ml. 2):Make a 10% solution by dissolving 1g of H PtCl 6H O in 9ml of water.Shake 2 6 2 thoroughly to insure complete mixing.Keep in a dropping type bottle. Chromic Chloride: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 26g of CrCl in 1 liter of water. 3 Chromic Nitrate: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 40g of Cr(NO ) in 1 liter of water. 3 3 Chromic Sulphate: 0.083M,0.5N.Dissolve 60g of Cr (SO ) 18H O in 1 liter water. 2 4 3 2 Cobaltous Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 73g of Co(NO ) 6H O in 1 liter of water. 3 2 2 Cobaltous Sulphate: Dissolve 70g of CoSO 7H O in 1 liter of water. 4 2 Cupric Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 43g of CuCl 2H O in 1 liter of water. 2 2 Cupric Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 74g of Cu(NO ) 2H O in 1 liter of water. 3 2 2 Cupric Sulphate: 0.5M,1N.Dissolve 124.8g of CuSO 5H O in water to which 5ml of 4 2 H SO has been added.Dilute to 1 liter. 2 4 Ferric Chloride: 0.5M.1.5N.Dissolve 135.2g of FeCl 6H O in water containing 3 2 20ml of concentrated HCl.Dilute to 1 liter. Ferric Nitrate: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 67g of Fe(NO ) 9H O in 1 liter of water. 3 2 2 Ferric Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 140.5g of Fe (SO ) 9H O in water 2 4 3 2 containing 100ml of concentrated H SO .Dilute to 1 liter. 2 4 Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate: 0.5M,1N.Dissolve 196g of Fe(NH SO ) 6H O in water 4 4 2 2 containing 10ml of concentrated H SO .Dilute to 1 liter.Prepare fresh solutions 2 4 for best results. Ferrous Sulphate: 0.5M,1N.Dissolve 139g of FeSO 7H O in water containing 10ml 4 2 of concentrated H SO .Dilute to 1 liter.Solution does not keep well. 2 4 Lead Acetate:0.5M,1N.Dissolve 190g of Pb(C H O ) 3H O in water.Dilute to 2 3 2 2 2 1 liter. Lead Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 83g of Pb(NO ) in water.Dilute to 1 liter. 3 2 Lime Water:SEE CALCIUM HYDROXIDE. Magnesium Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 51g of MgCl 6H O in 1 liter of water. 2 2 Magnesium Chloride Reagent:Dissolve 50g of MgCl 6H O and 100g of NH Cl in 500ml 2 2 4 of water.Add 10ml of NH OH,allow to stand overnight and filter if a precipitate 4 has formed.Make acid to methyl red with dilute HCl.Dilute to 1 liter.Solution contains 0.25M MgCl and 2M NH Cl.Solution may also be diluted with 133ml of 2 4 NH OH and water to make 1 liter.Such a solution will contain 2M- NH OH. 4 4 Magnesium Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 64g of Mg(NO ) 6H O in 1 liter of water. 3 2 2 Magnesium Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 62g of MgSO 7H O in 1 liter of water. 4 2 Manganous Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 50g of MnCl 4H O in 1 liter of water. 2 2 Manganous Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 72g of Mn(NO ) 6H O in 1 liter of water. 3 2 2 Manganous Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 69g of MnSO 7H O in 1 liter of water. 4 2 Mercuric Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 68g of HgCl in water.Dilute to 1 liter. 2 Mercuric Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 81g of Hg(NO ) in 1 liter of water. 3 2 Mercuric Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 74g of HgSO in 1 liter of water. 4 Mercurous Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Use 1 part HgNO ;20 parts water and 1 part HNO . 3 3 Nickel Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 59g of NiCl 6H O in 1 liter of water. 2 2 Nickel Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 73g of Ni(NO ) 6H O in 1 liter of water. 3 2 2 Nickel Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 66g of NiSO 6H O in 1 liter of water. 4 2 Potassium Bromide: 0.5M,0.5N.Dissolve 60g of KBr in 1 liter of water. Potassium Carbonate: 1.5M,3N.Dissolve 207g of K CO in 1 liter of water. 2 3 Potassium Chloride: Dissolve 37g of KCl in 1 liter of water. Potassium Chromate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 49g of K CrO in 1 liter of water. 2 4 Potassium Cyanide: 0.5M,0.5N.Dissolve 33g of KCN in 1 liter of water. Potassium Dichromate: 0.125M.Dissolve 37g of K Cr O in 1 liter of water. 2 2 7 Potassium Ferricyanide: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 55g of K Fe(CN) in 1 liter water. 2 6 Potassium Ferrocyanide: 0.5M,2N.Dissolve 211g of K Fe(CN) 3H O in water.Dilute 4 6 2 to 1 liter. Potassium Iodide: 0.5M,0.5N.Dissolve 83g of KI in 1 liter of water. Potassium Nitrate: 0.5M,0.5N>Dissolve 51g of KNO in 1 liter of water. 3 Potassium Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 44g of K SO in 1 liter of water. 2 4 Silver Nitrate: 0.5M,0.5N.Dissolve 85g of AgNO in water.Dilute to 1 liter. 3 Sodium Acetate: 3M,3N.Dissolve 408g of NaC H O 3H O in water.Dilute to 1 liter. 2 3 2 2 Sodium Carbonate: 1.5M,3N.Dissolve 159g of Na CO ,or 430g of Na CO 10H O in 2 3 2 3 2 water.Dilute to 1 liter. Sodium Chloride: 0.5M,0.5N.Dissolve 29g of NaCl in 1 liter of water. Sodium Cobaltinitrate: 0.08M(reagent for potassium)Dissolve 25g of NaNO in 750 2 ml of water,add 2ml of glacial acetic acid and then 2.5g of Co(NO ) 6H O.Allow 3 2 2 to stand for several days,filter and dilute to 100ml.Reagent is somewhat unstable. Sodium Hydrogen Phosphate: 0.167M,0.5N.Dissolve 60g of Na HPO 12H O in 1 liter 2 4 2 of water. Sodium Nitrate: 0.5M,0.5N.Dissolve 43g of NaNO in 1 liter of water. 5 Sodium Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 36g of Na SO in 1 liter of water. 2 4 Sodium Sulphide: 0.5M,1N.Dissolve 129g of Na S 9H O in water and dilute to 1 2 2 liter.Or,saturate 500ml of 1M NaOH (21g of 95% NaOH sticks)with H S,keeping the 2 solution cool,and dilute with 500ml of 1M NaOH. Stannic Chloride: 0.125M,0.5N.Dissolve 33g of SnCl in 1 liter of water. 4 Stannous Chloride: 0.5M,1N.Dissolve 113g of SnCl 2H O in 100ml of conc. HCl 2 2 using heat if necessary.Dilute with water to 1 liter.Add a few pieces of tin foil.Prepare solution fresh at frequent intervals. Stannous Chloride: Dissolve 113g of SnCl in 75ml of conc. HCl.Add a few pieces 2 of tin foil. Strontium Chloride: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 67g of SrCl 6H O in 1 liter of water. 2 2 Zinc Nitrate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 74g of Zn(NO ) 6H O in 1 liter of water. 3 2 2 Zinc Sulphate: 0.25M,0.5N.Dissolve 72g of ZnSO 7H O in 1 liter of water. 4 2******************************************************************************* ********************{ Special Solutions And Reagents }************************* ******************************************************************************* ALUMINON(Qualitative test for aluminum): Aluminon is the trade name for the ammonium salt of aurin tricarboxylic acid.Dissolve 1g of the salt in 1 liter of distilled water.Shake the solution well to insure thorough mixing. BANG'S REAGENT(For glucose estimation): Dissolve 100g of K CO ,66g of KCl and 2 3 160g of KHCO in about 700ml of water at 30 degrees Celcius.Add 4.4g of CuSO 3 4 dilute to 1 liter after the CO has evolved.This solution should only be shaken 2 in such a manner as to prevent the entry of air.After 24 hours 300ml are diluted to 1 liter with saturated KCl solution,shake gently and use after 24 hours;50ml equivalent to 10mg glucose. BARFOED'S REAGENT: SEE CUPRIC ACETATE. BAUDISH'S REAGENT: SEE CUPFERRON. BENEDICT'S REAGENT(Qualitative reagent for glucose): With the aid of heat dissolve 173g of sodium citrate and 100g of Na CO in 800ml of water.Filter if 2 2 necessary,and dilute to 850ml.Dissolve 17.3g of CuSO 5H O in 100ml of water. 4 2 Pour the latter solution ,with constant stirring,into the carbonate-citrate solution and make up to 1 liter. BENZADINE HYDROCHLORIDE SOLUTION(For sulphate determination):Make a paste of 8g of (C H (NH ) 2HCl)[Benzidine Hydrochloride] and 20ml of water,add 20ml of 12 5 2 2 HCl(spec.grade 1.12) and dilute to 1 liter with water.Each ml of this solution is equivalent to 0.00357g of H SO . 2 4 BERTRAND'S REAGENT(Glucose estimation): Consists of the following solutions: A) Dissolve 200g of rochelle salts and 150g of NaOH in enough water to make 1 liter. B) Dissolve 40g of CuSO in enough water to make 1 liter of solution. 4 C) Dissolve 50g of Fe (SO ) and 200g of H SO (spec.grade 1.84) in enough 2 4 3 2 4 water to make 1 liter of solution. D) Dissolve 5g of KMnO in enough water to make 1 liter of solution. 4 BIAL'S REAGENT(For pentose): Dissolve 1g of CH C H (OH) [orcinol] in 500ml of 3 6 3 2 30% HCl to which 30 drops of a 10% solution of FeCl has been added. 2 BOUTRON-BOUDET SOAP SOLUTION: A) Dissolve 100g of pure castile soap in about 2500ml of 56% ethyl alcohol. B) Dissolve 0.59g of Ba(NO ) in 1 liter of water. 3 2 Adjust the castile soap solution so that 2.4ml of it will give a permanent lather with 40ml of solution B).When adjusted,2.4ml of soap solution is equivalent to 220 parts per million of hardness(as CaCO ) for a 40ml sample. 3 BRUCK'S REAGENT(Protein precipitation): SEE POTASSIUM IODIDE-MERCURIC IODIDE Clarke's Soap Solution:Estimation of hardness in water. A) Dissolve 100g of pure powdered castile soap in 1 liter of 80% ethyl alcohol and allow to stand overnight. B) Prepare a standard solution of CaCO in HCl(spec.grade 1.19),neutralize with 3 NH OH and make slightly alkaline to litmus,and dilute to 500ml.1ml is equivalent 4 to 1mg of CaCO . Titrate (A) against (B) and dilute (A) with 80% ethyl alcohol 3 until 1ml of the resulting solution is equivalent to 1ml of (B)after making allowance for the lather factor(the amount of standard soap solution required to produce a permanent lather in 50ml of distilled water).1ml of the adjusted solution after subtracting the lather factor is equivalent to 1mg of CaCO . 3 COBALTICYANIDE SOLUTION(Rinnmann's test for Zn): Dissolve 4g of K Co(CN) and 1g 3 6 KClO in 100ml of water.Soak filter paper in solution and dry at 100deg.Celcius 3 Apply drop of zinc solution and burn in an evaporating dish.A green disk is obtained if zinc is present. COCHINEAL: Extract 1g of cochineal for 4 days with 20ml of alcohol and 60ml of distilled water.Filter. CONGO RED: Dissolve 0.5g of congo red in 90ml of distilled water and 10ml of alcohol. CUPFERRON(For iron analysis): Dissolve 6g of the ammonium salt of nitroso- phenyl-hydroxyl-amine in 100ml of H O.Reagent is good for 1 week only and must 2 be kept in the dark. CUPRIC ACETATE(For reducing mono-saccharides): Dissolve 66g of cupric acetate and 10ml of glacial acetic acid in water and dilute to 1 liter. CUPRIC OXIDE,AMMONIACAL(For dissolving cotton,silk and linen,but not wool): 1): Dissolve 5g of cupric sulphate in 100ml of boiling water and add sodium hydroxide until precipitation is complete.Wash the precipitate well and dissolve it in a quantity of ammonium hydroxide. 2): Bubble a slow stream of air through 300ml of strong ammonium hydroxide containing 50g of fine copper turnings,continue for 1 hour. CUPRIC SULPHATE IN GLYCERIN-POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE(Reagent for silk): Dissolve 10g of cupric sulphate in 100ml of water and add 5g of glycerin.Add KOH solution slowly until a deep blue solution is obtained. CUPRON(Benzoin Oxime): Dissolve 5g in 100ml of 95% alcohol. CUPROUS CHLORIDE,ACIDIC(Reagent for carbon dioxide in gas analysis): 1): Cover the bottom of a 2 liter flask with a layer of cupric oxide about 1/2 inch deep,suspend a bunch of copper wire so as to reach from the bottom of the flask to the top of the solution,and fill the flask with HCl(spec.grade 1.10). Shake occasionally.When the solution becomes nearly colorless,transfer to reagent bottles,which should also contain copper wire.The stock bottle may be refilled with dilute HCl until either the cupric oxide or the wire is used up.Copper sulphate may be substituted for copper oxide in the above procedure. 2): Dissolve 340g of CuCl 2H O in 600ml of conc.HCl and reduce the cupric 2 2 chloride by adding 190ml of a saturated solution of stannous chloride or until the solution is colorless.The stannous chloride is prepared by treating 300g of metallic tin in a 500ml flask with conc. HCl until no more tin goes into solution. 3): Add a mixture of 86g of CuO and 17g of finely divided matallic Cu,made by the reduction of CuO with hydrogen,to a solution of HCl,made by diluting 650ml of conc. HCl with 325ml of water.After the mixture has been added slowly and with frequent stirring,a spiral of copper wire is suspended in the bottle, reaching all the way to the bottom.Shake occasionally,and when the solution becomes colorless it is ready for use. CUPROUS CHLORIDE,AMMONIACAL(Reagent for CO in gas analysis): 2 1): The acid solution of cuprous chloride as prepared above is neutralized with ammonium hydroxide until an ammonia odor persists.An excess of metallic copper must be kept in the solution. 2): Pour 800ml of acidic cuprous chloride prepared by method (3) into 4 liters of water.Transfer the precipitate to a 250ml graduated tube.After several hours,siphon off the liquid above the 50ml mark and refill with 7.5% NH OH 4 solution which may be prepared by diluting 50ml of conc. NH OH with 150ml of 4 water.The solution is well shaken and allowed to stand for several hours.It should have a faint odor of ammonia. DICHLOROFLOURECSEIN INDICATOR: Dissolve 1g in 1 liter of 70% alcohol or 1g of the sodium salt in 1 liter of water. DIMETHYLGLYOXIME: 0.01N;Dissolve 0.6g of Dimethylglyoxime,(CH CNOH) ,in 500ml 3 2 of 95% ethyl alcohol.This is an especially sensitive test for nickel,a very definite crimson color being produced. DIPHENYLAMINE(Reagent for rayon):Dissolve 0.2g in 100ml of conc. sulfuric acid. DIPHENYLAMINE SULPHONATE(For titration of iron with K Cr O ): 2 2 7 Dissolve 0.32g of the barium salt of diphenylamine sulphonic acid in 100ml of water,add 0.5g of sodium sulphate and filter off the precipitate of BaSO . 4 DIPHENYLCARBAZIDE: Dissolve 0.2g of diphenylcarbazide in 10ml of glacial acetic acid and dilute to 100ml with 95% ethyl alcohol. ESBACH'S REAGENT(Estimation of protein): To a water solution of 10g of picric acid and 20g of citric acid,add sufficient water to make 1 liter of solution. ESCHKA'S COMPOUND: 2 parts of calcined (light) magnesia are thoroughly mixed with 1 part of anhydrous sodium carbonate. FEHLING'S SOLUTION(Reagent for reducing sugars): A):Dissolve 34.66g of copper sulphate in water and dilute to 500ml. B):Dissolve 173g of potassium tartrate and 50g of NaOH in water and dilute when cold to 500ml. For use,mix equal volumes of both solutions at time of use. FERRIC-ALUM INDICATOR: Dissolve 140g of ferric-ammonium sulphate crystals in 400ml of hot water.When cool,filter;and make up to a volume of 500ml with dilute (6N)nitric acid. FOLIN'S MIXTURE(For uric acid): To 650ml of water add 500g of (NH ) SO ,5g of 4 2 4 uranium acetate and 6g of glacial acetic acid.Dilute to 1 liter. FORMALDEHYDE-SULPHURIC ACID(Marquis' reagent for alkalloids):Add 10ml of formaldehyde solution to 50ml of sulphuric acid. FUCHSIN(Reagent for linen): Dissolve 1g of fuchsin in 100ml of alcohol. FUCHSIN-SULPHUROUS ACID(Schiff's reagent for aldehydes):Dissolve .5g of fuchsin and 9g of sodium-bisulphite in 500ml of water,and add 10ml of HCl.Keep in well stoppered bottles and protect from light. GUNZBERG'S REAGENT(Detection of HCl in gastric juice): Prepare as needed a solution containing 4g of phloroglucinol and 2g of vanillin in 100ml of absolute ethyl alcohol. HANUS SOLUTION(For iodine number): Dissolve 13.2g of resublimed iodine in 1 liter of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reducible matter.Add sufficient bromine to double the halogen content,determined by titration(3ml is about the proper amount).The iodine may be dissolved by the aid of heat,but the solution should be cold when the bromine is added. IODINE,TINCTURE OF: To 50ml of water add 70g of I and 50g of KI.Dilute to 1 2 liter with alcohol. IODO-POTASSIUM IODIDE:Dissolve 2g of iodine and 6g of KI in 100ml of water. LITMUS(Indicator):Extract litmus powder 3 times with alcohol.each treatment for 1 hour.Reject the alcohol extract.Treat residue with an equal weight of cold water and filter;then exhaust with 5 times it's weight in boiling water,cool and filter.Combine with aqueous extracts. MAGNESIA MIXTURE(Reagent for phosphates and arsenates): Dissolve 55g of magnesium chloride and 105g of ammonium chloride in water,barely acidify with hydrochloric acid,and dilute to 1 liter.The ammonium hydroxide may be omitted until just previous to use.The reagent,if completely mixed and stored for any length of time becomes turbid. MAGNESIUM URANYL ACETATE: Dissolve 100g of UO (C H O ) 2H O in 60ml of glacial 2 2 3 2 2 2 acetic acid and dilute to 500ml.Dissolve 330g of Mg(C H O ) 2H O in 60ml of 2 3 2 2 2 glacial acetic acid and dilute to 200ml.Heat solutions to the boiling point until clear,pour the magnesium solution into the uranyl solution,cool and dilute to 21 liter.Let stand overnight and filter if necessary. MAYER'S REAGENT (White precipitate with most alkaloids in slightly acid solutions) Dissolve 1.358g of HgCl in 60ml of water and pour into a solution of 5g of KI 2 in 10ml of pure water.Add sufficient water to make 100ml. METHYL ORANGE INDICATOR: Dissolve 1g of methyl orange in 1 liter of water. Filter if necessary. METHYL ORANGE(Modified):Dissolve 2g of methyl orange and 2.8g of xylene cyanole FF in 1 liter of 50% alcohol. METHYL RED INDICATOR: Dissolve 1g of methyl red in 600ml of alcohol and dilute with 400ml of water. METHYL RED(Modified): Dissolve 0.5g of methyl red and 1.25ml of xylene cyanole FF in 1 liter of 90% alcohol.Or,dissolve 1.25g of methyl red and 0.825g of methylene blue in 1 liter of 90% alcohol. MILLON'S REAGENT(For albumin's and phenols): Dissolve 1 part of mercury in 1 part of cold fuming nitric acid.Dilute with twice the volume of water and decant the clear solution after several hours. MIXED INDICATOR: Prepared by adding about 1.4g of xylene cyanole FF to 1g of methyl orange.The dye is seldom pure enough for these proportions to be satisfactory.Each new lot of dye should be tested by adding addl.amounts of dye until a test portion gives the proper color change.The acid color of this indicator is that permaganate;the neutral color is gray;the alkaline color is green. NAPTHOL(Molisch's reagent for wool):Dissolve 15g of napthol in 100ml of alcohol or chloroform. NESSLER'S REAGENT(For ammonia): Dissolve 50g of KI in the smallest possible quantity of cold water(50ml).Add a saturated solution of mercuric chloride (about 22g in 350ml of water)until an excess is indicated by the formation of a precipitate.Then add 200ml of 5N NaOH and dilute to 1 liter.Let settle and draw off the clear liquid. NICKEL OXIDE AMMONIACAL(Reagent for silk): Dissolve 5g of nickel sulphate in 100ml of water,add sodium hydroxide solution until nickel oxide is completely precipitated.Wash the precipitate well and dissolve in 25ml of conc. ammonium hydroxide and 25ml of water. NITROBENZENE-AZO-RESORCINOL(Reagent for magnesium): Dissolve 1g of the dye in 10ml of N NaOH and dilute to 1 liter. NITRON(Detection of nitrate-radical): Dissolve 10g of nitron in 5ml of glacial acetic acid and 95ml of water.The solution may be filtered with slight suction through an alundum crucible and kept in a dark bottle. NYLANDER'S SOLUTION(Carbohydrates): Dissolve 20g of bismuth subnitrate and 40g of rochelle salt in 1 liter of 8% NaOH solution.Cool and filter. OBERMAYER'S REAGENT(For indoxyl in urine): Dissolve 4g of FeCl in 1 liter of 2 HCl(spec.grade 1.19). OXINE: Dissolve 14g of HC H ON in 30ml of glacial acetic acid.Warm slightly if 9 6 necessary.Dilute to 1 liter. OXYGEN ABSORBANT: Dissolve 300g of ammonium chloride in 1 liter of water and add 1 liter of conc. ammonium hydroxide solution.Shake the solution thoroughly. For use as an oxygen absorbent,a bottle half full of copper turnings is filled nearly half full with the solution and the gas is passed through. PAVY'S SOLUTION(Glucose reagent): To 120ml of "Fehling's solution",add 300ml of NH OH (spec. grade 0.88)and dilute with 1 liter of water. 4 PHENANTHROLINE FERROUS ION INDICATOR: Dissolve 1.485g of phenanthroline monohydrate in 100ml of 0.0025M ferrous sulphate solution. PHENOLPHETHALINE: Dissolve 1g of phenolphethaline in 50ml of alcohol and add 50ml of water. PHENOLSULFONIC ACID(determination of nitrogen as nitrate): Dissolve 25g of phenol in 150ml of conc. sulphuric acid,add 75ml of fuming sulphuric acid.Stir well and heat at 100 degrees celcius for 2 hours. PHOSPHORIC ACID-SULPHURIC ACID MIXTURE: Dilute 150ml of conc. H SO with 100ml 2 4 of H PO (85%) with water to a volume of 1 liter. 3 4 PICRIC ACID(For alkaloids,wool and silk):Dissolve 100ml of picric acid in 100ml of water. POTASSIUM ANTIMONATE(Reagent for sodium): Boil 22g of potassium antimonate in 1 liter of water until nearly all the salt has dissolved;cool quickly and add 35ml of 10% potassium hydroxide.Filter after standing overnight. POTASSIUM-CADMIUM IODIDE(Reagent for alkaloids): Add 2g of CdI to a boiling 2 solution of 4g of KI in 12ml of water, then mix with 12ml of saturated KI solution. POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE(For carbon dioxide absorption): Dissolve 300g of KOH in water and dilute to 1 liter. POTASSIUM IODIDE-MERCURIC IODIDE (Brucke's reagent for proteins): Dissolve 50g of KI in 500ml of water, and saturate with mercuric iodide (about 120g).Dilute to 1 liter. POTASSIUM PYROGALLATE (for oxygen absorption): For mixtures of gases containing less than 28% oxygen,add 100ml of KOH solution (50g of KOH to 100ml of water) to 5g of pyrogallol.For mixtures containing more than 28% oxygen,the KOH solution should contain 120g of KOH to 100ml of water. PYROGALLOL, ALKALINE: Create the 2 following solutions: a) Dissolve 75g of pyrogallic acid in 75ml of water. b) Dissolve 500g of KOH in 250ml of water. When cool,adjust until sp. gr. is 1.55.for use, add 270ml of solution (b) to 30ml of solution (a). ROSOLIC ACID (indicator):Dissolve 1g of rosolic acid in 10ml of alcohol and add 100ml of water. S AND O REAGENT (Suitsu and Okuma's test for Mg): Dissolve 0.5g of the dye (o-p-dihydroxy-monazo-p-nitrobenzene) in 100ml of 0.25N NaOH SCHEIBLER'S REAGENT: SEE PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID SCHIFF'S REAGENT: SEE FUCHSIN-SULFUROUS ACID SCHWEITZER'S REAGENT: SEE CUPRIC OXIDE, AMMONIACAL SOAP SOLUTION:(Reagent for hardness in water).Dissolve 100g of dry castile soap in 1 liter of 80% alcohol (5 parts alcohol to 1 part water).Allow to stand several days and dilute with 70% to 80% alcohol until 6.4ml produces a permanent lather with 20ml of standard calcium solution.The latter solution is made by dissolving 0.2g of CaCO in a small amount of dilute HCL,evaporating to 3 dryness and making up to 1 liter. SODIUM BISMUTHATE (oxidation of manganese): Heat 20 parts of NaOH nearly to redness in an iron or nickel crucible and add slowly 10 parts of basic bismuth nitrate which has been previously dried.Add two parts of sodium peroxide and pour the brownish-yellow fused mass on an iron plate to cool.When cold,break up in a mortar,extract with water,and collect on an asbestos filter. SODIUM HYDROXIDE (for CO absorption): Dissolve 330g of NaOH in water and 2 dilute to 1 liter. SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE (reagent for hydrogen sulfide and wool): Use a freshly prepared solution of 1g of sodium nitroprusside in 10ml of water. SODIUM OXALATE: According to Sorensen (primary standard). Dissolve 30g of the commercial salt in 1 liter of water,make slightly alkaline with sodium hydroxide,and let stand until perfectly clear.Filter and evaporate the filtrate to 100ml.Cool and filter.Pulverize the residue and wash it several times with small volumes of water.The procedure is repeated until the mother liquor is free from sulfate and is neutral to phenolphethaline. SODIUM PLUMBITE (reagent for wool): Dissolve 5g of sodium hydroxide in 100ml of water.Add 5g of litharge and boil until dissolved. SODIUM POLYSULFIDE: Dissolve 480g of Na 8.9H O in 500ml of water,add 40g of 2 NaOH and 18g of sulfur.Stir thoroughly and dilute to 1 liter with water. SONNENSCHEIN'S REAGENT: SEE PHOSPHOMOLYBDIC ACID STARCH SOLUTION: 1. Make a paste with 2g of soluble starch and 0.01g of HgI with a small 2 amount of water.Add the mixture slowly to 1 liter of boiling water and boil for a few minutes.Keep in a glass stoppered bottle.If other than soluble starch is used,the solution will not clear on boiling;it should be allowed to stand and the clear liquid decanted. 2. A solution of starch which keeps indefinitely is made as follows:Mix 500ml of saturated NaCl solution (filtered),80ml of glacial acetic acid,20ml of water and 3g of starch.Bring slowly to a boil and boil for two minutes. 3. Make a paste with 1g of soluble starch and 5mg of HgI using as little 2 cold water as possible.Then pour about 200ml of boiling water on the paste and stir immediately.This will give a clear solution if the paste is prepared correctly and the water actually boiling.Cool and add 4g of KI.Starch solution decomposes on standing due to bacterial action,but this solution will keep a long time if stored under a layer of Toluene. STOKE'S REAGENT: Dissolve 30g of FeSO and 20g of tartaric acid in water and 4 dilute to 1 liter.Just before using,add concentrated NH OH until the 4 precipitate first formed is redissolved. STOKES REAGENT:Dissolve 30g of FeSO and 20g of tartaric acid in water and 4 dilute to 1 liter.Just before using,add concentrated NH OH until the 4 precipitate first formed is redissolved. SULFANILLIC ACID: (Reagent for nitrates)Dissolve 0.5g of sulfanillic acid in a mixture of 15ml glacial acetic acid and 135ml of recently boiled water. SULFOMOLYBDIC ACID: (Reagent for alkaloids and glucosides)Dissolve 10g of molybdic acid or sodium molybdate in 100ml of conc.H SO . 2 4 TANNIC ACID: (Reagent for albumin,alkaloids and gelatin)Dissolve 10g of tannic acid in 10ml of alcohol and dilute with water to 100ml. o-TOLIDINE SOLUTION: (Residual chlorine in water analysis)Prepare 1 liter of dilute HCl(100ml - HCl/sp.gr. 1.19) in sufficient water to make 1 liter. Dissolve 1g of o-tolidine in 100ml of dilute HCl and dilute to 1 liter with dilute HCl solution. TURMERIC PAPER: Impregnate white,unsized paper with the tincture and dry. TURMERIC TINCTURE: Digest ground turmeric root with several quantities of water which are discarded.Dry the residue and digest it several days with 6 times it weight of alcohol,filter. UFFELMANN'S REAGENT: To a 2% solution of pure phenol in water,add a water solution of FeCl until the phenol solution becomes violet in color. 2 WAGNERS SOLUTION: Dissolve 25g of citric acid and 1g of salicylic acid in water and dilute to 1 liter.Use 50ml of the reagent. WIJ'S IODINE MONOCHLORIDE SOLUTION:Dissolve 13g of resublimed iodine in 1 liter of glacial acetic acid which will pass the dichromate test for reductible matter.Set aside 25ml of this solution.Pass into the remainder of the solution dry chlorine gas until the characteristic color of free iodine has been discharged.Now add the iodine solution which was reserved,until all free chlorine has been destroyed.A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but an excess of chlorine must be avoided.Preserve in well stoppered amber colored bottles.Avoid usage of solutions older than 30 days. WIJ'S SPECIAL SOLUTION: To 200ml of glacial acetic acid that will pass the dichromate test for reductible matter,add 12g of dichloroamine T(paratoluene- sulphonedichloroamide) and add 16.6g of dry KI(in small quantities until all of the KI has dissolved).Make up to 1 liter with the same quality of acetic acid used above and preserve in dark colored bottles. ZIMMERMAN-REINHARDT SOLUTION: Dissolve 70g of MnSO x 4H O in 500ml of water,add 4 2 125ml of conc. 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(,`V2T0." &"$Vf `Sj.Dh 0 "`lfB T @``@ D @ (X ` `q"0xff  ,4D& A0* rn N.tj*&@"`7RD"F.`@   B" `` k a p`  ><  T0'*.  "6, $"$ *$ *a r 2&BA6@> ( 40k@$*F" . ``2@$A&,H ` &$t, ddHF.@<bn @CI I The Revenge Document Display System Written by The Hitchhiker Release 2.23 - 1st July 1991 Document Displayer Manual - The Hitchhiker's Guide -------------------------------------------------- Welcome to the Revenge Document Display System. This document also covers the custom versions of this system: The Atari User Group (Scotland) Text Displayer. The Teddystacker Document Displayer. Merlin's Document Displayer. The Floppyshop Document Displayer. The SOFTViLLE Document Displayer. The Public Dominator Document Displayer. The Revenge Document Displayer will load, display and print out any ASCII document. So what..?, you may ask... so does the ST's desktop, but what makes the RDD so special is the little (well, quite extensive) extras. You can scroll documents up and down at amazing speeds, search for special characters, words, or phrases, print out parts of a document, and much much more....read on for more info....! How to load a document... 1.. There are many ways to load a document into the RDD. Probably the easiest is to just load the displayer and use the built-in file-selector. 2.. The second way is to install it as an application on the desktop, so that when you double-click on a document the RDD will be loaded and the appropriate document auto-loaded. There are some problems with this method on TOS 1.0 machines, if you have this version of TOS then the RDD must be on the same disk, and probably the same directory (folder). This is a TOS problem and not one of my many...! 3.. Yet Another Way (YAW - sounds like a unix program...!) to load a document is to rename the RDD to DISPLAY.TTP and enter a document name on the command line. 4.. (PROGRAMMERS ONLY)...Launch the RDD from another program using the GEMDOS Pexec() function. The command line should contain the name of the document that you want to load, or nothing if you want to use the built-in file-selector. The RDD will return a value of 0 (ok) on exit. All colours and screen resolution will be restored. 5.. If you own a copy of NeoDesk3 then you can install the RDD as the default text displayer. This way any document will be shown using the RDD. Consult the NeoDesk3 manual on how to do this. The File Selector... The file selector is used to select which file that you wish to load. You are presented with a list of files (in alphabetical order) with any directories at the top. You may scroll the list up and down using the arrow keys or the mouse. To select a file simply highlight it in the centre of the screen and press RETURN, ENTER, SPACE or the LEFT BUTTON on the mouse. To exit from the file selector without selecting a file press UNDO or the RIGHT BUTTON on the mouse. All active disk drives / hard disk partitions are listed at the bottom of the screen. To select a different partition simply press the corresponding letter, for example 'C' for drive C. The 'special directory' will take you to the directory above the current one. Document Formatting... Once a document has been loaded it will be formatted. During this process the RDD will count the number of lines in the file, wrap any lines that are greater than 80 characters in length, expand tabs, and calculate the number of pages. When a document is printed the RDD paginates it automatically to fit the selected page size (11 or 12 inch). If you want to force a page break in a document then place the characters @# at the beginning of a blank line. The RDD will interpret these characters as a page break and will not display or print them. For example: Welcome to Automation Disk 2000. @# But the Pompey Pirates are the best by far....! will be split over 2 different pages. Special Documents... Special documents are files that have been treated in a special way. Currently two sorts of special documents are supported, Encripted documents and Packed documents. Encripted documents are used to enable you to distribute your text files without worrying about other people altering them, because they won't be able to make any sense of it... Only the RDD will be able to de-cript the text...! The encription program 'CRIPT.TOS' is supplied with the RDD. Packed documents are supported to allow you to put as many documents on a disk as possible. To pack a document, use the brilliant 'Pack Ice v2.20'. Select the 'data' and 'no picture compression' in the packer. If you want to pack AND encript a document then encript it first. Displayer Controls... Arrow Keys - Scroll Up / Down a line Shift Arrow Keys - Scroll Up / Down a screen. Enter / Return - Scroll down a line. Space Bar - Scroll down a screen of text. Alternate T - Goto the top of the document. Alternate B - Goto the bottom of the document. Alternate G - Goto a line. You are asked to enter a line number to goto. If you want to go forward 10 lines then enter +10, to go back 20 lines enter -20. To goto the start of a marked block (if any) then enter *. Alternate F - Search the document for a phrase. You are asked to enter the phrase that you wish to search for. You will then be asked if you want the search to be case sensitive. A case sensitive search is about twice as fast as a non-sensitive one. The search for the phrase is started from the top of the document. Alternate N - Find Next Occurrence of a phrase. Searches the document for the next occurrence of the phrase that you originally searched for using ALT-F. Shift Function Key - Set Bookmark. Allows you to remember the current position in the document. Function Key - Goto Bookmark. Goes to a previously set bookmark. Control T - Set TAB width. Allows you to set the size of the TAB control code. Normal values are 4 or 8. (default setting = 4). Alternate S - Start Block. Sets the start of a block at the top of the screen. See 'End Block' for more details. Alternate E - End Block. Sets the end of a block at the bottom of the screen. After you have marked the start and the end of a block, and it is valid, the block will be shown in reverse text. If you hold down one of the SHIFT keys while selecting ALT E or ALT S, you will be asked to enter a line number at which to start or end a block. If you enter +10 the marker will be moved forward 10 lines, -3 will go back 3 lines. If you enter an invalid number the markers will remain unchanged. WARNING: If you use Harlekin (the ultimate DA) and you have the macros enabled, pressing SHIFT-ALT-E will bring up the editor..! To get round this you can either (i) disable Harlekin macros, or (ii) select 'End Block' from the pop-up menu while holding down the SHIFT key. Alternate H - Hide Block. Kills (un-marks) any previously marked block. Alternate M - Bookmark Menu. Allows you to set, goto and erase bookmarks using to mouse. Control S - Save Bookmarks. Saves the current bookmarks that are set to disk. These will then be automatically loaded in next time that you view this document. Control G - Change text size. This option allows users of hi-res monitors to display 42 lines of text instead of the normal 21. This function is disabled when you are using a colour monitor. Alternate C - Set Printer Configuration. Allows you to configure the displayer to output the correct data to your printer. Alternate P - Print whole document. Prints the whole of the document using the current configuration. Don't forget to set the config before you start printing. You can stop printing by holding down both shift keys. Alternate W - Print block. Prints a previously marked block using the current configuration. Alternate L - Load Document. Displays the file selector and asks you to pick a file to load. Alternate X - Execute Another Program. Displays the file selector and asks you to pick a program to execute. You may run any program that exits cleanly and doesn't do to many nasty things (see the note on compatibility below). You are then asked if you want to delete the current document. If you delete the document then the space taken up by it is released to the operating system. When the program finishes you will be returned to the displayer. Zero (colour) - Toggle Hz Switches between the screen scan rates of 50 and 60 Hertz. Zero (mono) - Toggle Colours Reverses the screen colours. Tab - Display Pop-up Menu. Displays a pop-up menu so that you can execute various functions. Select an item by highlighting it and hitting Return. Alternate A - Autoscroll Mode. Allows you to scroll the document without holding down a key. You are asked to enter a speed, this is the amount of time (in 200/ths of a second) before the screen is scrolled. You must now tell the scroller which way to scroll up or down, and what to do when the start/end of the document is reached, press 'b' to bounce the document up and down, press 'w' to wrap the document, press 'S', (or anything else) to stop scrolling. If you want to stop the scrolling then hold down both Shift keys. Alternate Q / Undo - Exit the Doc Displayer. Mouse Control... At any time you may use the mouse instead of the keyboard. Moving up / down is the same as pressing the up / down arrow keys. The left button can be used to select items or to call up the main selection menu. The right button is used to either cancel a pop-up or to call-up the file selector. Pop-up Menu... To activate the pop-up menu then either hit TAB or press the Left mouse button. This allows you to select various functions without using the keyboard combinations (ALT+key). Use the Up/Down keys or the mouse to highlight the required function and hit Space, Return or Left mouse button to select. Press Escape or the Right mouse button to cancel the menu without selecting. Printer Configuration... The printer config menu can be accessed by pressing Alternate C or selecting it from the pop-up. Page length can be set to either 12 (A4) or 11 (normal listing) inches. Page width can be set to anything from 10 to 255 characters. So if you want to print out a program listing on wide listing paper, set this to 132. The displayer will handle any line / page conversions that are necessary. You may set the Left Margin for a print out. This is the amount of spaces that are printed on the left hand side of the text. This may vary from 0 to 99. If you enter * then the displayer will select a value that is suitable for the current document. If you specify 'page numbers' then the page number will be printed at the bottom of each page. 'Pause between pages' forces the displayer to pause after every page is printed. This allows you to print on single sheets, or produce double sided output. If you select 'Print Quality = NLQ' then the displayer will send codes to change the printer to NLQ mode. Note: this will only work with Epson compatible printers. If you select 'Bold Printing' then the displayer will send codes to change the printer to emphasized mode. Note: this will only work with Epson compatible printers. The 'Send codes to printer' option allows you to send various codes to the printer. If you enter '27' then the ascii code 27 will be sent to the printer. Entering 'A' will send the character 'A' (ascii 65). You may also select which printer that any output will be sent to. If 'serial' is selected then the current RS232 port settings will apply. A printer driver facility allows your printer to print almost all of the ST's character set. To edit a printer driver, select 'Edit Printer Driver' from the Printer Config Menu. The way that printer drivers have been implemented is as follows: For each of the ST's characters there exists a translation table for your printer. For example the ST character (ascii 128) may not be supported on your printer but you could simulate it by printing a 'C' with a ',' printed over the top, so the translation would be '67 8 44'. You can allocate up to 9 printer codes for each of the ST's characters. This allows you to do strange things like double height text on some characters. If the ST's character is the same as your printer's character then just enter the ST's ascii code. You may save your printer driver to disk once you have built it, and load it back in each time that you want to print. The driver file will be saved to the same directory that the Doc Displayer was loaded from. All you have to do is enter an 8 character filename, the extender '.RDD' will be added by the Doc Displayer. NOTE: if the doc displayer is loaded automatically by using 'Install Application' then the driver files will be saved to the same directory as the document. I've built a couple of drivers for a the printers listed below, these should be on the same disk as the displayer. Standard Printer (no translation, works with SMM804) Star LC24 (should also work with LC10) Epson FX series Panasonic KX-P1081 (not tested) Compatibility... The original version of the displayer (v1.xx) had a few compatibility problems with some versions of TOS, but with version 2 these have been eliminated (I hope). The Doc displayer should work on any version of TOS, even the TT (TOS 3) in an ST compatible screen mode. The displayer will work in all of the ST's screen modes but NOT on large screen displays such as Hyperscreen, at best the screen will become corrupt or the machine may even crash. If your printer does not support Epson control codes, then don't use the NLQ or BOLD options on the printer configuration menu. There is a problem if you run the displayer in low rez with Turbo ST (1.8x) installed. The 'bug' shows itself when you exit the displayer. You will see that the screen colour planes have become offset. This must be a problem with TurboST because the Doc displayer only uses legal BIOS calls to change screen resolution. This bug only happens occasionally on my machine (TOS 1.4). The ability to launch another program from within the displayer can reveal a great many incompatibilities. You can only safely launch a 100% legal program. If you run a 'naughty' program then the Doc displayer may crash or produce unpredictable results. I have successfully used programs such as: HiSoft Basic Lattice C5 Devpac2 KnifeST First Word + Script Fastcopy ProFlight (v1.2) AVK DC Utils Michtron Hard Disk Utils any many more... If the document displayer is ran from the AUTO folder (yes it can be..!), or if you call it .TOS or .TTP you may not be able to execute programs that use GEM (VDI or AES). This is a TOS limitation...! Note for Techies: The Doc displayer uses the GEMDOS 'Pexec' call to run programs. The default Gemdos path is set to the directory that the program is in. If you choose to unload the current document before executing a program then the memory that is taken up by that document will be returned to the pool, this may result in the free memory space being fragmented, therefore the executed program may not be able to use it. If memory space gets too fragged then the ST seems to get a little upset... Talk to Atari about this one NOT me...! About the Doc Displayer... The original version of the displayer was written in HiSoft Basic, but from version 2.00 onwards it is written in Lattice C5. Small pieces of assembler have also been written to speed things up a little bit. Thanks go to: Teddystacker - Beta Testing, Ego Boosting, Distribution. Tempest - Fast memory moving routine (v2.01). Thor - Title screen graphics Axe of Delight - Depack Routine. HiSoft - HiSoft Basic / Lattice C5 / Devpac2. The Alien - Inspiration. Steve - Arcade Fantasy BBS (0533-376056 8pm-8am) The following PD libraries always stock the latest version of The Revenge Doc Displayer: Goodman Enterprises, 16 Conrad Close, Meir Hay Estate, Longton, Stoke-on-Trent ST3 1SW Atari User Group (Scotland), 27 Rosslyn Terrace, Edinburgh EH6 5AU Warpzone PDL, 53 Ropewalk, River Street, St Judes, Bristol BS2 9EG The ST Club, 9 Sutton Place, 49 Stoney Street, Nottingham NG1 1LX TRuST PD, 18 The Park, Southowram, Halifax HX3 9QY The South West Software Library, PO Box 562, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 2YD MT Software, Greensward House, The Broadway, Totland, I.O.W. PO39 0BX PD.ST, 95 Elton Road, Sandbach, Cheshire CW11 9NF Floppyshop, 45 Provost Graham Avenue, Hazlehead, Aberdeen AB1 8HB L.A.P.D. 80 Lee Lane, Langley, Heanor, Derbyshire DE7 7HN SOFTViLLE Computer Supplies, Unit 5, Stratfield Park, Elettra Avenue, Waterlooville, Hants PO7 7XN Public Dominator, PO Box 801, Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire CM23 3TZ Freaks Public Domain Library, 29 Leap Valley Crescent, Downend, Bristol BS16 6TQ If you have any problems getting the latest version then send me 2.00 (or 1.00 if you supply your own disk), and I'll send you the latest version. The Revenge Document Displayer is also distributed on "The Hitchhiker's PD/Shareware Disk V2.00" - highly acclaimed by most PD libraries. This disk is available from the above libraries. The Revenge Document Displayer is Shareware (some 'custom versions' are not) and may only be distributed for profit by registered organisations. Public Domain / Shareware Libraries may become registered by sending a fee of 10.00 to me at the address below. Any groups/packers/crackers etc may use the displayer on their menus as long as they greet me, read on if you'd like your own version. The HiSoft Basic source code for version 1.93 of The Revenge Document Displayer has now been released, and is available from any of the PD libraries mentioned above. The actual code is a bit of a mess as it has undergone a lot of 'bolt-on' upgrades and bug fixes. I have also released the bits of machine code that the Basic version uses (XTRAS.BIN & DOC.BIN). These will need to be added to your HBASIC.LIB file before you can compile the main program. This can be achieved by using the BUILDLIB.TTP program that is included with HiSoft Basic (not Power Basic). Consult your HiSoft manual for more information. Custom Versions... If you would like a custom version of the Document Displayer for your own use, then send 10.00, your name, address, telephone number, a black and white medium resolution picture (Degas PI2 please), and a name for the displayer, to me at the following address: Stuart Coates 9 Links Road Kibworth Beauchamp Leicester LE8 0LD England UK All correspondence will be handled in strict confidence. If you would like regular updates of your displayer and technical support then the cost is 30. You can also contact me via the totally brilliant ARCADE FANTASY BBS on 0533 376056 (300-2400 8pm-8am), but don't expect an immediate answer as my mailbox is only scanned a couple of times a week. The latest version of the RDD is always posted on this board. If you do leave any e-mail, then include your address / phone number as I can't reply via e-mail because I haven't got a modem. If anyone wishes to lend me such an article, it will be greatly received. History of The Revenge Document Displayer... Version 1.0 15th April 1990 The very first version was very primitive, and very slow. All it did was load a text file, scroll it up / down, and then let you dump it to the printer. Version 1.1 16th April 1990 A little bit faster, although it is still slow...! Version 1.2 14th May 1990 Goto Top / Bottom keys, Help screen, Search option, Bookmarks. Version 1.3 15th May 1990 Printer output improved, it now handles page breaks (wow..!). Version 1.4 26th June 1990 Handle TABs correctly, Scrolling speed increased (66%), Faster DOC loading time, Funky Title Screen, Changes to medium rez if you load in low rez. Version 1.41 1st July 1990 Better Help screen, program structure(?) improved. Version 1.50 10th July 1990 Almost a complete re-write of the text handling routines. This resulted in a great speed improvement, and the ability to handle larger documents. Version 1.51 11th July 1990 Repeat Search feature, 50/60Hz feature for colour monitors, Faster TAB handling. Version 1.52 16th July 1990 Doesn't now crash when you load a document with < 20 lines. Version 1.53 19th July 1990 Keystroke compatibility with the desktop text viewer. Faster DOC loading. Version 1.60 20th July 1990 Support for document encription. Version 1.70 23rd July 1990 File selector added, loading another document without quitting feature. The first Teddystacker version. Version 1.71 10th August 1990 Small bug in the file selector fixed. Version 1.72 17th August 1990 Very crude packing algorithm supported (this was one of my own..!) Version 1.73 21st August 1990 My packing routine removed. Now supports the ICE packer v2.11. I think I'll leaving packer writing to the guys who can.! Version 1.74 22nd August 1990 Automation packer supported. Version 1.80 24th August 1990 Now you can use pictures in your documents. Version 1.81 2nd September 1990 Picture dump routine, Printer Configuration screen. Version 1.82 7th September 1990 Faster text output even though it's still using the BIOS. Version 1.90 12th October 1990 Very fast text output routines used. These routines out-run programs like Turbo ST and Quick ST2. Version 1.91 19th October 1990 Nice font added. Version 1.92 26th October 1990 Faster text formatting (507%). Faster scrolling (9%). Version 1.93 28th October 1990 New file selector that allows you to switch drives. Mouse scrolling added. Version 2.00 3rd February 1991 Complete re-write in C (Lattice C version 5). (The old version was written in HiSoft BASIC). Better mouse support. Pop-up menus / interactive windows. Brilliant file selector. Now supports only ICE Packer v2.20. Picture ability removed (nobody used it anyway). Scrolling speed improved (20%). Search speed improved (350-800%). Ability to launch another program from within. Block marking/printing. Number of Pages display. Size of program reduced (about 50%). Overall Speed of displayer increased. Loads of new features. Version 2.01 17th February 1991 Scrolling routines speeded up by 50%. Text output routines 11-14% faster. Fileselector bug fixed. Search from current position feature. Version 2.02 19th February 1991 Enhanced box drawing. Help screen cleaned up. Max lines bug fixed - now doesn't crash. Version 2.03 26th February 1991 Picture is now displayed properly in medium rez when a document is auto loaded. Version 2.04 6th March 1991 Grey-Text implemented for block marking. Bookmark menu (set bookmarks using the mouse). Enhanced File Selector (inc scrolling by page). Printer Drivers Implemented (build your own...!) Probably the fastest text scrolling on the ST. Version 2.05 11th March 1991 Compatibility with programs that change the screen position. Problem with the moving busy-bee has been fixed. Slightly faster text output ...! Version 2.06 16th March 1991 Wide carriage printers supported, up to 255 characters. Left margin printing available. Version 2.07 18th March 1991 Small font (42 lines) available on hi-res monitors. Version 2.08 20/26th March 1991 Save bookmarks feature (autoload when you load doc). File selector enhanced. Almost all spelling mistakes eliminated. Version 2.09 20th April 1991 Minor code enhancements Version 2.10 5th May 1991 Autoscroll feature added. Version 2.11 18th May 1991 Autoscroll feature enhanced. Block marking by specifying line numbers. Initialises and exits 100% legally (probably). Scrolls text at 49 lines per second...! Searching speed is over 1900 lines per second...! Version 2.20 25th May 1991 (never released) Text formatting is now a lot faster. Version 2.21 2nd June 1991 Several bugs fixed in the new formatting routines. Handles VERY LARGE documents better. Version 2.22 25th June 1991 Text output and scrolling speed increased by about 5%. Many new 'Custom versions' released. Version 2.23 1st July 1991 Few minor bug fixes / optimizations.  Appendix A: The United Nations System The UN is composed of six principal organs and numerous subordinate agencies and bodies as follows: 1) Secretariat 2) General Assembly: UNCHS United Nations Center for Human Settlements (Habitat) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNSF United Nations Special Fund UNU United Nations University WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program 3) Security Council: UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization 4) Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): Specialized agencies FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation ILO International Labor Organization IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization Related organizations GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Regional commissions ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia Functional commissions Commission on Human Rights Commission on Narcotic Drugs Commission for Social Development Commission on the Status of Women Population Commission Statistical Commission 5) Trusteeship Council 6) International Court of Justice (ICJ) ========================================================================= Appendix B: Abbreviations for International Organizations and Groups ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa ACC Arab Cooperation Council ACCT Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries AfDB African Development Bank AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AG Andean Group AL Arab League ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) AMF Arab Monetary Fund AMU Arab Maghreb Union ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation AsDB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank (AfDB) BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Benelux Benelux Economic Union BID Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) BIS Bank for International Settlements BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank (WADB) C Commonwealth CACM Central American Common Market CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CCC Customs Cooperation Council CDB Caribbean Development Bank CE Council of Europe CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West African Economic Community (CEAO) CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) CG Contadora Group CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon; abolished 1 January 1991 COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA; abolished 1 January 1991 CP Colombo Plan CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe DC developed country EADB East African Development Bank EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank Entente Council of the Entente ESA European Space Agency ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FLS Front Line States FZ Franc Zone G-2 Group of 2 G-3 Group of 3 G-5 Group of 5 G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) G-7 Group of 7 G-8 Group of 8 G-9 Group of 9 G-10 Group of 10 G-11 Group of 11 G-19 Group of 19 G-24 Group of 24 G-30 Group of 30 G-33 Group of 33 G-77 Group of 77 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCC Gulf Cooperation Council Habitat see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICJ International Court of Justice ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDA International Development Association IDB Islamic Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IIB International Investment Bank ILO International Labor Organization IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IOC International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication Union LAES Latin American Economic System LAIA Latin American Integration Association LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) LDC less developed country LLDC least developed country LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies NAM Nonaligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC Nordic Council NEA Nuclear Energy Agency NIB Nordic Investment Bank NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE) NIE newly industrializing economy OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference OPANAL Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration RG Rio Group SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACU Southern African Customs Union SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES) SPC South Pacific Commission SPF South Pacific Forum UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) UN United Nations UNAVEM United Nations Angola Verification Mission UNCHS United National Center for Human Settlements (also known as Habitat) UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA) UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund; see United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIIMOG United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UPU Universal Postal Union USSR/EE USSR/Eastern Europe WADB West African Development Bank WCL World Confederation of Labor WEU Western European Union WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WP Warsaw Pact (members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance) WTO World Tourism Organization note: not all international organizations and groups have abbreviations ========================================================================= Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_advanced developing countries--another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) established--1 April 1976; aim--members have a preferential economic and aid relationship with the EC; members--(66) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_African Development Bank (AfDB), also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD); established--4 August 1963; aim--to promote economic and social development; regional members--(50) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; nonregional members--(25) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT)--see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT)--acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; established--21 March 1970; aim--to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking countries; members--(30) Belgium, Benin, Burkina, Burundi, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mali, Mauritius, Monaco, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Zaire; associate members--(7) Cameroon, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia; participating governments--(2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)--acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL); established--14 February 1967; aim--to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons; members--(25) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela; _@_observer--(1) Cuba ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Andean Group (AG) established--26 May 1969, effective 16 October 1969; aim--to promote harmonious development through economic integration; members--(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela; associate member--(1) Panama; observers--(26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA), also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA); established--18 February 1974, effective 16 September 1974; aim--to promote economic development; members--(17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note--these are all the members of the Arab League except Djibouti, Somalia, and Yemen ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Cooperation Council (ACC) established--16 February 1989; aim--to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market; members--(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD) established--16 May 1968; aim--to promote economic and social development; members--(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab League (AL), also known as League of Arab States (LAS); established--22 March 1945; aim--to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation; members--(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) established--17 February 1989; aim--to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa; members--(5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) established--27 April 1976, effective 2 February 1977; aim--to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs; members--(19 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) established--NA November 1989; aim--to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin; members--(12) all ASEAN members (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) plus Australia, Canada, Japan, South Korea, NZ, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Asian Development Bank (AsDB) established--19 December 1966; aim--to promote regional economic cooperation; regional members--(34) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Turkey, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa; nonregional members--(15) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI)--see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) established--9 August 1967; aim--regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia; members--(6) Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand; observer--(1) Papua New Guinea ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) established--1 September 1951, effective 29 April 1952; aim--trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986; members--(3) Australia, NZ, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE)--see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Banco Interamericano de Desarvollo (BID)--see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Bank for International Settlements (BIS) established--20 January 1930, effective 17 March 1930; aim--to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements; members--(29) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD)--see African Development Bank (AfDB) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA)--see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BDEAC)--see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD)--see West African Development Bank (WADB) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)--acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg; established--3 February 1958, effective 1 November 1960; aim--to develop closer economic cooperation and integration; members--(3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Big Seven--membership is the same as the Group of 7; established--NA; aim--to discuss and coordinate major economic policies; members--(7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Big Six--not to be confused with the Group of 6; established--NA; aim--economic cooperation; members--(6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) established--4 July 1973, effective 1 August 1973; aim--to promote economic integration and development, especially among the less developed countries; members--(13) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago; observers--(7) Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Netherlands Antilles, Suriname ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) established--18 October 1969, effective 26 January 1970; aim--to promote economic development and cooperation; regional members--(20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela; nonregional members--(3) Canada, France, UK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Cartagena Group--see Group of 11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)--acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; established--8 December 1964, effective 1 January 1966; aim--to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market; members--(6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)--acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; established--3 December 1975; aim--to provide loans for economic development; members--(9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)--acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; established--13 December 1960; aim--to promote economic integration and development; members--(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Central American Common Market (CACM) established--13 December 1960, effective 3 June 1961; aim--to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market; members--(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_centrally planned economies--a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked to the USSR for leadership; many are now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Colombo Plan (CP) established--1 July 1951; aim--to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific; members--(26) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Commission for Social Development established--21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966; aim--ECOSOC organization dealing with social development programs; members--(32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Commission on Human Rights established--18 February 1946; aim--ECOSOC organization dealing with human rights; members--(43) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Commission on Narcotic Drugs established--16 February 1946; aim--ECOSOC organization dealing with illicit drugs; members--(40) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasis on producing and processing countries ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Commission on the Status of Women established--21 June 1946; aim--ECOSOC organization dealing with women's rights; members--(32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Commonwealth (C) established--31 December 1931; aim--voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire and that seeks to foster multinational cooperation and assistance; members--(48) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Zambia, Zimbabwe; special members--(2) Nauru, Tuvalu ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO)--see West African Economic Community (CEAO) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC)--see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL)--see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Communist countries--traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; see centrally planned economies ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) established--NA November 1972; aim--discusses issues of mutual concern and reviews implementation of the Helsinki Agreement; members--(35) Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, USSR, Vatican City, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN)--see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Contadora Group (CG) was established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America but evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf--see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) established--NA 1949; aim--compiles strategic embargo list of goods not to be sold by the West to Eastern bloc countries; members--(15) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Turkey, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA), also known as CMEA or Comecon, was established 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and was abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) established--3 June 1957, effective 30 May 1964; aim--to promote economic integration among Arab nations; members--(11) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Council of Europe (CE) established--5 May 1949, effective 3 August 1949; aim--to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe; members--(24) Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Council of the Entente (Entente) established--29 May 1959; aim--to promote economic, social, and political coordination; members--(5) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Niger, Togo ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) established--15 December 1950; aim--to promote international cooperation in customs matters; members--(104) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_developed countries (DCs)--the top group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), USSR/Eastern Europe (USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GNP/GDP in excess of $10,000 although some OECD countries and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and three of the excluded OPEC countries have figures of $10,000 or more; the 34 DCs are--Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Vatican City ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_developing countries--an imprecise term for the less developed countries with growing economies; see less developed countries (LDCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_East African Development Bank (EADB) established--6 June 1967, effective 1 December 1967; aim--to promote economic development; members--(3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) established--28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE); aim--to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's ECOSOC; members--(38) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, USSR, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa; associate members--(9) Cook Islands, Guam, Hong Kong, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) established--9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA); aim--to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's ECOSOC; members--(12) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) established--26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945; aim--to coordinate the economic and social work of the UN; includes five regional commissions (see Economic Commission for Africa, Economic Commission for Europe, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) and six functional commissions (see Commission for Social Development, Commission on Human Rights, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Commission on the Status of Women, Population Commission, and Statistical Commission); members--(54) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) established--29 April 1958; aim--to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC; members--(51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; associate members--(3) France, Namibia, UK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE)--see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) established--28 March 1947; aim--to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC; members--(33) Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Canada, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, US, USSR, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA)--see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) established--25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA); aim--to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's ECOSOC; members--(41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela; associate members--(5) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Virgin Islands ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)--see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)--acronym from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; established--18 October 1983; aim--to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a Central African Common Market; members--(10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire; observer--(1) Angola ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL)--acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; established--26 September 1976; aim--to promote regional economic cooperation and integration; members--(3) Burundi, Rwanda, Zaire ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) established--28 May 1975; aim--to promote regional economic cooperation; members--(16) Benin, Burkina, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) established--15 April 1991; aim--to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, and Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization; members--(34) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, European Community (EC), Egypt, European Investment Bank (EIB), Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note--includes all 12 members of the EC as individual countries and the EC itself as an institution ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_European Community (EC) established--8 April 1965, effective 1 July 1967; aim--a fusing of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), and the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market); the EC plans to establish a completely integrated common market in 1992 and an eventual federation of Europe; members--(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_European Free Trade Association (EFTA) established--4 January 1960, effective 3 May 1960; aim--to promote expansion of free trade; members--(7) Austria, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_European Investment Bank (EIB) established--25 March 1957, effective 1 January 1958; aim--to promote economic development of the EC; members--(12) Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)--acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; established--1 July 1953, effective 29 September 1954; aim--to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only; members--(14) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; observers--(3) Poland (scheduled to become a member 1 July 1991), Turkey, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_European Space Agency (ESA) established--31 July 1973, effective 1 May 1975; aim--to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and technology; members--(13) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; associate member--(1) Finland ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_First World--another term for countries with advanced, industrialized economies; see developed countries (DCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) established--16 October 1945; aim--UN specialized agency to raise living standards and increase availability of agricultural products; members--(157) all UN members except Brunei, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Liechtenstein, Singapore, South Africa, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR; other members are Cook Islands, North Korea, South Korea, Switzerland, Tonga ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Four Dragons the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group includes Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Four Tigers--another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Franc Zone (FZ) established--NA; aim--monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked to the French franc; members--(15) Benin, Burkina, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note--France includes metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Front Line States (FLS) established--NA; aim--to achieve black majority rule in South Africa; members--(7) Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established--30 October 1947, effective 1 January 1948; aim--to promote the expansion of international trade on a nondiscriminatory basis; members--(101) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 2 (G-2) established--informal term that came into use about 1986; aim--bilateral economic cooperation between the two most powerful economic giants; members--(2) Japan, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 3 (G-3) established--NA October 1990; aim--mechanism for policy coordination; members--(3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 5 (G-5) established--22 September 1985; aim--the five major non-Communist economic powers; members--(5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 6 (G-6)--not to be confused with the Big Six; established--22 May 1984; aim--seeks to achieve nuclear disarmament; members--(6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 7 (G-7)--membership is the same as the Big Seven; established--22 September 1985; aim--the seven major non-Communist economic powers; members--(7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus Canada and Italy ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 8 (G-8) established--NA October 1975; aim--the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977; members--(8) Australia, Canada, EC (as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 9 (G-9) established--NA; aim--informal group that meets occasionally on matters of mutual interest; members--(9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 10 (G-10), also known as the Paris Club; established--NA October 1962; aim--wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984; members--(11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 11 (G-11), also known as the Cartagena Group; established--22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia; aim--forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America; members--(11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 19 (G-19) established--NA October 1975; aim--the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977; members--(19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 24 (G-24) established--NA January 1972; aim--to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America within the IMF; members--(24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 30 (G-30) established--NA 1979; aim--to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic problems; members--(30) informal group of 30 leading international bankers, economists, financial experts, and businessmen organized by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 33 (G-33) established--NA 1987; aim--to promote solutions to international economic problems; members--(33) leading economists from 13 countries ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Group of 77 (G-77) established--NA October 1967; aim--to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; name persists in spite of increased membership; members--(123 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), also known as the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf; established--25-26 May 1981; aim--to promote regional cooperation in economic, social, political, and military affairs; members--(6) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Habitat--see United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_high-income countries--another term for the industrialized countries with high per capita GNPs/GDPs; see developed countries (DCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_industrial countries--another term for the developed countries; see developed countries (DCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), also known as Banco Interamericano de Desarollo (BID); established--8 April 1959; effective 30 December 1959; aim--to promote economic and social development in Latin America; members--(44) Argentina, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Finland, France, Germany, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) established--NA January 1986; aim--to promote cooperation on drought-related matters; members--(6) Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) established--26 October 1956, effective 29 July 1957; aim--to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy; members--(111) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, UAE, UK, US, USSR, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC) established--22 October 1963; aim--to promote economic cooperation and development; members--(9) Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), also known as the World Bank; established--22 July 1944, effective 27 December 1945; aim--UN specialized agency that initially promoted economic rebuilding after World War II and now provides economic development loans; members--(152) all UN members except Albania, Angola, Brunei, Bulgaria, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Liechtenstein, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR; other members are Kiribati, South Korea, Tonga ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) established--NA 1919; aim--to promote free trade, private enterprise, and represent business interests at national and international levels; members--(60 national councils) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, Cyprus, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established--7 December 1944, effective 4 April 1947; aim--UN specialized agency to promote international cooperation in civil aviation; members--(161) all UN members except Albania, Belize, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Dominica, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Western Samoa; other members are Cook Islands, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Switzerland, Tonga ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) established--NA 1863; aim--to provide humanitarian aid in wartime; members--(25 individuals) all Swiss nationals ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) established--NA December 1949; aim--to promote the trade union movement; members--(142 national organizations in the following 95 areas) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kiribati, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, USSR, Vanuatu, Vatican City, Venezuela, Western Samoa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Court of Justice (ICJ), also known as the World Court; established--26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945; aim--primary judicial organ of the UN; members--(15 judges) elected by the General Assembly and Security Council to represent all principal legal systems ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) established--13 June 1956; aim--to promote international cooperation between criminal police authorities; members--(151) Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, USSR, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Development Association (IDA) established--26 January 1960, effective 24 September 1960; aim--UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that provides economic loans for low income countries; members--(136); Part I--(22 more economically advanced countries) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, UAE, UK, US; Part II--(114 less developed nations) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Energy Agency (IEA) established--15 November 1974; aim--established by the OECD to promote cooperation on energy matters, especially emergency oil sharing and relations between oil consumers and oil producers; members--(21) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Finance Corporation (IFC) established--25 May 1955, effective 20 July 1956; aim--UN specialized agency and IBRD affiliate that helps private enterprise sector in economic development; members--(133) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) established--NA November 1974; aim--UN specialized agency that promotes agricultural development; members--(144); Category I--(21 industrialized aid contributors) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US; Category II--(12 petroleum-exporting aid contributors) Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela; Category III--(111 aid recipients) Afghanistan, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Investment Bank (IIB) established--7 July 1970; aim--to promote economic development; members--(9) Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Labor Organization (ILO) established--11 April 1919 (affiliated with the UN 14 December 1946); aim--UN specialized agency concerned with world labor issues; members--(148) all UN members except Albania, Bhutan, Brunei, The Gambia, Liechtenstein, Maldives, Oman, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Africa, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Western Samoa; other members are San Marino, Switzerland ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Maritime Organization (IMO)--name changed from Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) on 22 May 1982; established--17 March 1958; aim--UN specialized agency concerned with world maritime affairs; members--(132) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, UK, US, USSR, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire; associate member--(1) Hong Kong ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT) established--3 September 1976, effective 26 July 1979; aim--to provide worldwide communications for maritime and other applications; members--(55) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Liberia, Malaysia, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, UAE, UK, US, USSR ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Monetary Fund (IMF) established--22 July 1944, effective 27 December 1945; aim--UN specialized agency concerned with world monetary stability and economic development; members--(154) all UN members except Albania, Brunei, Bulgaria, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cuba, Liechtenstein, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR; other members are Kiribati, South Korea, Tonga ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Olympic Committee (IOC) established--23 June 1894; aim--to promote the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic games: 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France (8-23 February); 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain (25 July-9 August); 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway (12-27 February); 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States (20 July-4 August): 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan (date NA); members--(165) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, USSR, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Organization for Migration (IOM)--established as Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICEM) on 15 November 1952; renamed Intergovernmental Committee for Migration (ICM) on NA November 1980; current name adopted 14 November 1989; established--5 December 1951; aim--to facilitate orderly international emigration and immigration; members--(35) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy, Kenya, South Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Switzerland, Thailand, US, Uruguay, Venezuela; observers--(22) Belize, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Egypt, Finland, France, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Japan, Mexico, NZ, San Marino, Somalia, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK, Vatican City, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Organization for Standardization (ISO) established--NA February 1947; aim--to promote the development of international standards; members--(72 national standards organizations) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, USSR, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yugoslavia; correspondent members--(14) Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Guinea, Hong Kong, Iceland, Jordan, Kuwait, Malawi, Mauritius, Oman, Senegal, UAE, Uruguay ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement established--NA 1928; aim--to promote worldwide humanitarian aid through the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in wartime, and League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) in peacetime; members--(9) 2 representatives from ICRC, 2 from LORCS, and 5 from national societies elected by the international conference of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established--9 December 1932, effective 1 January 1934, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947; aim--UN specialized agency concerned with world telecommunications; members--(164) all UN members except Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Seychelles; other members are Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Switzerland, Tonga, Vatican City ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) established--20 August 1971, effective 12 February 1973; aim--to develop and operate a global commercial telecommunications satellite system; members--(118) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Islamic Development Bank (IDB) established--15 December 1973; aim--to promote Islamic economic aid and social development; members--(43 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Latin American Economic System (LAES), also known as Sistema Economico Latinoamericana (SELA); established--17 October 1975; aim--to promote economic and social development through regional cooperation; members--(26) Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Latin American Integration Association (LAIA), also known as Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI); established--12 August 1980, effective 18 March 1981; aim--to promote freer regional trade; members--(11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; observers--(13) Andean Group, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Panama, Portugal, Spain, UN Development Program, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_League of Arab States (LAS)--see Arab League (AL) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (LORCS) established--5 May 1919; aim--to provide humanitarian aid in peacetime; members--(147) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, USSR, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; associate members--(2) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_least developed countries (LLDCs)--that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) initially identified by the UN General Assembly in 1971 as having no significant economic growth, per capita GNPs/GDPs normally less than $500, and low literacy rates; also known as the undeveloped countries; the 41 LLDCs are--Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Lesotho, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Western Samoa, Yemen ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_less developed countries (LDCs)--the bottom group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), USSR/Eastern Europe (USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); mainly countries with low levels of output, living standards, and technology; per capita GNPs/GDPs are generally below $5,000 and often less than $1,000; includes the advanced developing countries, developing countries, Four Dragons (Four Tigers), least developed countries (LLDCs), low-income countries, middle-income countries, newly industrializing economies (NIEs), the South, Third World, underdeveloped countries, undeveloped countries; the 173 LDCs are--Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Falkland Islands, Fiji, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, The Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guernsey, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jersey, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Isle of Man, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Oman, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Reunion, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara, Western Samoa, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_low-income countries--another term for the less developed countries with below-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_middle-income countries--another term for the less developed countries with above-average per capita GNPs/GDPs; see less developed countries (LDCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_newly industrializing countries (NICs)--former term for the newly industrializing economies; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_newly industrializing economies (NIEs)--that subgroup of the less developed countries (LDCs) that has experienced particularly rapid industrialization of their economies; formerly known as the newly industrializing countries (NICs); also known as advanced developing countries; usually includes the Four Dragons (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan) plus Brazil and Mexico ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Nonaligned Movement (NAM) established--1-6 September 1961; aim--political and military cooperation apart from the traditional East or West blocs; members--(102 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UAE, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Palestine Liberation Organization; observers--(9) Antigua and Barbuda, Brazil, Costa Rica, Dominica, El Salvador, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Uruguay; guests--(11) Australia, Austria, Dominican Republic, Finland, Greece, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Nordic Council (NC) established--16 March 1952, effective 12 February 1953; aim--to promote regional economic, cultural, and environmental cooperation; members--(5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden; note--Denmark includes Faroe Islands and Greenland ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) established--4 December 1975, effective 1 June 1976; aim--to promote economic cooperation and development; members--(5) Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_North--a popular term for the rich industrialized countries generally located in the northern portion of the Northern Hemisphere; the counterpart of the South; see developed countries (DCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) established--17 September 1949; aim--mutual defense and cooperation in other areas; members--(16) Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) established--NA 1958; aim--associated with OECD, seeks to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy; members--(23) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL)--see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) established--14 December 1960, effective 30 September 1961; aim--to promote economic cooperation and development; members--(24) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; special member--(1) Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Organization of African Unity (OAU) established--25 May 1963; aim--to promote unity and cooperation among African states; members--(51) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Organization of American States (OAS) established--30 April 1948, effective 13 December 1951; aim--to promote peace and security as well as economic and social development; members--(35) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba (excluded from formal participation since 1962), Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, US, Uruguay, Venezuela; observers--(22) Algeria, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, EC, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Switzerland, Vatican City ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) established--9 January 1968; aim--to promote cooperation in the petroleum industry; members--(10) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) established--18 June 1981, effective 4 July 1981; aim--to promote political, economic, and defense cooperation; members--(7) Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; associate member--(1) British Virgin Islands ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) established--14 September 1960; aim--to coordinate petroleum policies; members--(13) Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) established--22-25 September 1969; aim--to promote Islamic solidarity and cooperation in economic, social, cultural, and political affairs; members--(44 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Brunei, Burkina, Cameroon, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization; note--Afghanistan was suspended in January 1980, but in March 1989 the self-proclaimed Afghan Interim Government based in Pakistan was given membership; observer--(1) Turkish-Cypriot administered area of Cyprus ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Paris Club--see Group of 10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) established--NA 1899; aim--to facilitate the settlement of international disputes; members--(75) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Japan, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, UK, US, USSR, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Population Commission established--3 October 1946; aim--ECOSOC organization dealing with population matters; members--(27) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Rio Group (RG) established--NA 1988; aim--a consultation mechanism on regional Latin American issues; members--(11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela; note--Panama was expelled in 1988 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Second World--another term for the traditionally Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; see centrally planned economies ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_socialist countries--in general, countries in which the government owns and plans the use of the major factors of production; note--the term is sometimes used incorrectly as a synonym for Communist countries ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_South--a popular term for the poorer, less industrialized countries generally located south of the developed countries; the counterpart of the North; see less developed countries (LDCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) established--8 December 1985; aim--to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation; members--(7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_South Pacific Commission (SPC) established--6 February 1947, effective 29 July 1948; aim--to promote regional cooperation in economic and social matters; members--(27) American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, France, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, NZ, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau), Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK, US, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_South Pacific Forum (SPF) established--5 August 1971; aim--to promote regional cooperation in political matters; members--(15) Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, NZ, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Western Samoa; observer--(1) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Southern African Customs Union (SACU) established--11 December 1969; aim--to promote free trade and cooperation in customs matters; members--(9) Bophuthatswana, Botswana, Ciskei, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Transkei, Venda ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) established--1 April 1980; aim--to promote regional economic development and reduce dependence on South Africa; members--(10) Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Statistical Commission established--21 June 1946; aim--ECOSOC organization dealing with development and standardization of national statistics; members--(24) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Third World--another term for the less developed countries; see less developed countries (LDCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_underdeveloped countries--refers to those less developed countries with the potential for above-average economic growth; see less developed countries (LDCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_undeveloped countries--refers to those extremely poor less developed countries (LDCs) with little prospect for economic growth; see least developed countries (LLDCs) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC)--see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations (UN) established--26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945; aim--to maintain international peace and security as well as promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems; members--(159) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burma, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, UAE, UK, US, USSR, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Samoa, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note--all UN members are represented in the General Assembly; observers--(4) Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland, Vatican City ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM) established--20 December 1988; aim--established by the UN Security Council to verify the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola; members--(10) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Congo, Czechoslovakia, India, Jordan, Norway, Spain, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS or Habitat) established--12 October 1978; aim--to assist in solving human settlement problems; members--(88) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)--acronym retained from the predecessor organization UN International Children's Emergency Fund; established--11 December 1946; aim--to help establish child health and welfare services; members--(41) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) established--30 December 1964; aim--to promote international trade; members--(166) all UN members plus North Korea, South Korea, Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland, Tonga, Vatican City ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Development Program (UNDP) established--22 November 1965; aim--to provide technical assistance to stimulate economic and social development; members--(48) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) established--31 May 1974; aim--established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1973 Arab-Israeli ceasefire; members--(4) Austria, Canada, Finland, Poland ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) established--16 November 1945, effective 4 November 1946; aim--to promote cooperation in education, science, and culture; members--(159) all UN members except Brunei, Liechtenstein, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, UK, US, Vanuatu; other members are Cook Islands, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland, Tonga; associate members--(3) Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) established--15 December 1972; aim--to promote international cooperation on all environmental matters; members--(58) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) established--4 March 1964; aim--established by the UN Security Council to serve as a peacekeeping force beween Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus; members--(8) Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, UK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations General Assembly established--26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945; aim--primary deliberative organ in the UN; members--(159) all UN members are represented in the General Assembly ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) established--17 November 1966, effective 1 January 1967; aim--UN specialized agency that promotes industrial development especially among the members; members--(150) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, Chad, Djibouti, Iceland, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Western Samoa; other members are North Korea, South Korea, Switzerland, Tonga ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) established--19 March 1978; aim--established by the UN Security Council to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces, restore peace, and reestablish Lebanese authority in southern Lebanon; members--(9) Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway, Sweden ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG) established--9 August 1988; aim--established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1988 Iran-Iraq ceasefire; members--(26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ghana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, Poland, Senegal, Sweden, Turkey, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, Zambia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) established--13 August 1948; aim--established by the UN Security Council to observe the 1949 India-Pakistan ceasefire; members--(8) Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Uruguay ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) established--3 December 1949, effective 1 January 1951; aim--to try to ensure the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent solutions to refugee problems; members--(43) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Madagascar, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Vatican City, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zaire ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)--acronym retained from predecessor organization UN Fund for Population Activities; established--NA July 1967; aim--to promote assistance in dealing with population problems; members--(48) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) established--8 December 1949; aim--to provide assistance to Palestinian refugees; members--(10) Belgium, Egypt, France, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, UK, US ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Secretariat established--26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945; aim--primary administrative organ of the UN; members--Secretary General appointed for a five-year term by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Security Council established--26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945; aim--to maintain international peace and security; permanent members--(5) China, France, UK, US, USSR; nonpermanent members--(10) elected for two year terms by the UN General Assembly; Austria (1991-92), Belgium (1991-92), Cuba (1990-91), Ecuador (1991-92), India (1991-92), Ivory Coast (1990-91), Romania (1990-91), Yemen (1990-91), Zaire (1990-91), Zimbabwe (1991-92) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) established--NA May 1948; aim--initially established by the UN Security Council to supervise the 1948 Arab-Israeli ceasefire and subsequently extended to work in the Sinai, Lebanon, Jordan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan; members--(16) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Sweden, US, USSR ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_United Nations Trusteeship Council established--26 June 1945, effective 24 October 1945; aim--to supervise the administration of the UN trust territories; only one of the original 11 trusteeships remains--the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (Palau); members--(5) China, France, UK, US, USSR ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Universal Postal Union (UPU) established--9 October 1874, affiliated with the UN 15 November 1947, effective 1 July 1948; aim--UN specialized agency that promotes international postal cooperation; members--(168) all UN members except Antigua and Barbuda, Namibia, South Africa; other members are Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Monaco, Nauru, Netherlands Antilles, San Marino, Switzerland, Tonga, Tuvalu, UK Overseas Territories, Vatican City ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_USSR/Eastern Europe (USSR/EE)--the middle group in the comprehensive but mutually exclusive hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), USSR/Eastern Europe (USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic transition; this group includes Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, Yugoslavia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Warsaw Pact (WP)--was established 14 May 1955 to promote mutual defense; members met 1 July 1991 to dissolve the alliance; member states--Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR--are now in the process of ratifying this agreement ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_West African Development Bank (WADB), also known as Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD); established--14 November 1973; aim--to promote economic development and integration; members--(7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_West African Economic Community (CEAO)--acronym from Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; established--3 June 1972; aim--to promote regional economic development; members--(7) Benin, Burkina, Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal; observers--(2) Guinea, Togo ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_Western European Union (WEU) established--23 October 1954, effective 6 May 1955; aim--mutual defense and progressive political unification; members--(9) Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Bank--see International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Confederation of Labor (WCL) established--19 June 1920 as the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions (IFCTU), renamed 4 October 1968; aim--to promote the trade union movement; members--(93 national organizations) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, French Guiana, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guadaloupe, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Montserrat, Namibia, Netherlands, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Uruguay, Vietnam, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Court--see International Court of Justice (ICJ) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) established--NA 1945; aim--to promote the trade union movement; members--(74 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Argentina, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Benin, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina, Cambodia, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, French Guiana, The Gambia, Germany, Guadaloupe, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, North Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Madagascar, Martinique, Mauritius, Mongolia, Namibia, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Romania, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, USSR, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Food Council (WFC) established--17 December 1974; aim--ECOSOC organization that studies world food problems and recommends solutions; members--(36) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Food Program (WFP) established--24 November 1961; aim--ECOSOC organization that provides food aid to assist in development or disaster relief; members--(30) selected on a rotating basis from all regions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Health Organization (WHO) established--22 July 1946, effective 7 April 1948; aim--UN specialized agency concerned with health matters; members--(165) all UN members except Belize, Liechtenstein; other members are Cook Islands, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Monaco, San Marino, Switzerland, Tonga ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) established--14 July 1967, effective 26 April 1970; aim--UN specialized agency concerned with the protection of literary, artistic, and scientific works; members--(124) Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, UAE, UK, US, USSR, Uruguay, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Meteorological Organization (WMO) established--11 October 1947, effective 4 April 1951; aim--specialized UN agency concerned with meteorological cooperation; members--(159) all UN members except Bhutan, Equatorial Guinea, Grenada, Liechtenstein, Namibia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Western Samoa; South Africa is included although WMO membership is suspended; other members are British Caribbean Territories, French Polynesia, Hong Kong, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands Antilles, New Caledonia, Switzerland ------------------------------------------------------------------------- _#_World Tourism Organization (WTO) established--2 January 1975; aim--promote tourism as a means of contributing to economic development, international understanding, and peace; members--(104) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Haiti, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Ivory Coast, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, US, USSR, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; associate members--(4) Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico; permanent observer--(1) Vatican City ========================================================================= Appendix D: Weights and Measures Mathematical Notation Mathematical Power Name _________________________________________________________________________ 10 +18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion 10 +15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion 10 +12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion 10 +9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion 10 +6 or 1,000,000 one million 10 +3 or 1,000 one thousand 10 +2 or 100 one hundred 10 +1 or 10 ten 10 +0 or 1 one 10 -1 or 0.1 one tenth 10 -2 or 0.01 one hundredth 10 -3 or 0.001 one thousandth 10 -6 or 0.000 001 one millionth 10 -9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth 10 -12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth 10 -15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth 10 -18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth ========================================================================= Metric Interrelationships Conversions from a multiple or submultiple to the basic units of meters, liters, or grams can be done using the table. For example, to convert from kilometers to meters, multiply by 1,000 (9.26 kilometers equals 9,260 meters) or to convert from meters to kilometers, multiply by 0.001 (9,260 meters equals 9.26 kilometers) _________________________________________________________________________ Length, weight, Prefix Symbol capacity Area Volume ------------------------------------------------------------------------- exa E 10 +18 10 +36 10 +54 peta P 10 +15 10 +30 10 +45 tera T 10 +12 10 +24 10 +36 giga G 10 +9 10 +18 10 +27 mega M 10 +6 10 +12 10 +18 hectokilo hk 10 +5 10 +10 10 +15 myria ma 10 +4 10 +8 10 +12 kilo k 10 +3 10 +6 10 +9 hecto h 10 +2 10 +4 10 +6 deka da 10 +1 10 +2 10 +3 basic unit - 1 meter, 1 meter2 1 meter3 1 gram, 1 liter deci d 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 centi c 10 -2 10 -4 10 -6 milli m 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 decimilli dm 10 -4 10 -8 10 -12 centimilli cm 10 -5 10 -10 10 -15 micro u 10 -6 10 -12 10 -18 nano n 10 -9 10 -18 10 -27 pico p 10 -12 10 -24 10 -36 femto f 10 -15 10 -30 10 -45 atto a 10 -18 10 -36 10 -54 ======================================================================== EQUIVALENTS The exponents 2 and 3 are used for square and cubic, respectively. Unit Metric Equivalent US Equivalent _________________________________________________________________________ acre 0.404 685 64 hectares 43,560 feet2 acre 4,046,856 4 meters2 4,840 yards2 acre 0.004 046 856 4 0.001 562 5 miles2, kilometers2 statute are 100 meters2 119.599 yards2 barrel (petroleum, US) 158.987 29 liters 42 gallons (proof spirits, US) 151.416 47 liters 40 gallons (beer, US) 117.347 77 liters 31 gallons bushel 35.239 07 liters 4 pecks cable 219.456 meters 120 fathoms chain (surveyor's) 20.116 8 meters 66 feet cord (wood) 3.624 556 meters3 128 feet3 cup 0.236 588 2 liters 8 ounces, liquid (US) degrees, celsius (water boils at 100 multiply by 1.8 and add degrees C, freezes at 32 to obtain degrees F 0 degrees C) degrees, fahrenheit subtract 32 and divide (water boils at 212 by 1.8 to obtain degrees F, freezes at degrees C 32 degrees F) dram, avoirdupois 1.771 845 2 grams 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois dram, troy 3.887 934 6 grams 0.125 ounces, troy dram, liquid (US) 3.696 69 milliliters 0.125 ounces, liquid fathom 1.828 8 meters 6 feet foot 30.48 centimeters 12 inches foot 0.304 8 meters 0.333 333 3 yards foot 0.000 304 8 kilometers 0.000 189 39 miles, statute foot2 929.030 4 centimeters2 144 inches2 foot 2 0.092 903 04 meters2 0.111 111 1 yards2 foot3 28.316 846 592 liters 7.480 519 gallons foot3 0.028 316 847 meters3 1,728 inches3 furlong 201.168 meters 220 yards gallon, liquid (US) 3.785 411 784 liters 4 quarts, liquid gill (US) 118.294 118 milliliters 4 ounces, liquid grain 64.798 91 milligrams 0.002 285 71 ounces, advp. gram 1,000 milligrams 0.035 273 96 ounces, advp. hand (height of horse) 10.16 centimeters 4 inches hectare 10,000 meters2 2.471 053 8 acres hundredweight, long 50.802 345 kilograms 112 pounds, avoirdupois hundredweight, short 45.359 237 kilograms 100 pounds, avoirdupois inch 2.54 centimeters 0.083 333 33 feet inch2 6.451 6 centimeters2 0.006 944 44 feet2 inch3 16.387 064 centimeters3 0.000 578 7 feet3 inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.029 761 6 pints, dry inch3 16.387 064 milliliters 0.034 632 0 pints, liquid kilogram 0.001 tons, metric 2.204 623 pounds, avoirdupois kilometer 1,000 meters 0.621 371 19 miles, statute kilometer2 100 hectares 247.105 38 acres kilometer2 1,000,000 meters2 0.386 102 16 miles2, statute knot (1 nautical mi/hr) 1.852 kilometers/hour 1.151 statute miles/hour league, nautical 5.559 552 kilometers 3 miles, nautical league, statute 4.828.032 kilometers 3 miles, statute link (surveyor's) 20.116 8 centimeters 7.92 inches liter 0.001 meters3 61.023 74 inches3 liter 0.1 dekaliter 0.908 083 quarts, dry liter 1,000 milliliters 1.056 688 quarts, liquid meter 100 centimeters 1.093 613 yards meter2 10,000 centimeters2 1.195 990 yards2 meter3 1,000 liters 1.307 951 yards3 micron 0.000 001 meter 0.000 039 4 inches mil 0.025 4 millimeters 0.001 inch mile, nautical 1.852 kilometers 1.150 779 4 miles, statute mile2, nautical 3.429 904 kilometers2 1.325 miles2, statute mile, statute 1.609 344 kilometers 5,280 feet or 8 furlongs mile2, statute 258.998 811 hectares 640 acres or 1 section mile2, statute 2.589 988 11 kilometers2 0.755 miles2, nautical minim (US) 0.061 611 52 milliliters 0.002 083 33 ounces, liquid ounce, avoirdupois 28.349 523 125 grams 437.5 grains ounce, liquid (US) 29.573 53 milliliters 0.062 5 pints, liquid ounce, troy 31.103 476 8 grams 480 grains pace 76.2 centimeters 30 inches peck 8.809 767 5 liters 8 quarts, dry pennyweight 1.555 173 84 grams 24 grains pint, dry (US) 0.550 610 47 liters 0.5 quarts, dry pint, liquid (US) 0.473 176 473 liters 0.5 quarts, liquid point (typographical) 0.351 459 8 millimeters 0.013 837 inches pound, avoirdupois 453.592 37 grams 16 ounces, avourdupois pound, troy 373.241 721 6 grams 12 ounces, troy quart, dry (US) 1.101 221 liters 2 pints, dry quart, liquid (US) 0.946 352 946 liters 2 pints, liquid quintal 100 kilograms 220.462 26 pounds, avdp. rod 5.029 2 meters 5.5 yards scruple 1.295 978 2 grams 20 grains section (US) $CP0!RS"7FGWFR"cC7&W0Ч7#"b6VFWFW'2 9 inches stere 1 meter3 1.307 95 yards3 tablespoon 14.786 76 milliliters 3 teaspoons teaspoon 4.928 922 milliliters 0.333 333 tablespoons ton, long or deadweight 1,016.046 909 kilograms 2,240 pounds, avoirdupois ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 2,204.623 pounds, avoirdupois ton, metric 1,000 kilograms 32,150.75 ounces, troy ton, register 2.831 684 7 meters3 100 feet3 ton, short 907.184 74 kilograms 2,000 pounds, avoirdupois township (US) 93.239 572 kilometers2 36 miles2, statute yard 0.914 4 meters 3 feet yard2 0.836 127 36 meters2 9 feet2 yard3 0.764 554 86 meters3 27 feet3 yard3 764.554 857 984 liters 201.974 gallons ========================================================================= #a000000 #b000000 #c???000?000<00