› EXPANDED TURBO BASIC DOCUMENTATION› ==================================››           by Ron. Fetzer››     This expanded documentation is›based on the pioneering work of Dave›and Laura Yearke of the Western New›York Atari Users Group.›     The superb Turbo Basic by Frank›Ostrowski from Holland works only on›the Atari XL and Atari XE computers.›It is completely compatible with›ATARI BASIC. In addition to the›regular Atari Basic commands you get›42 more commands and 22 more›functions. You have a useable RAM of›34,021 bytes. This is 1,747 more›bytes than Atari Basic. It runs 3›times faster than Atari Basic and you›have a BASIC COMPILER that increases›the speed 10 to 15 times more.›     The DOS commands are accessed in›the direct mode or the programmed›mode. There is no Turbo Basic DOS.›You have new graphics commands not›available before. Turbo Basic is›insensitive to upper or lower or›inverse characters for most of its›commands. You can have 256 variable›names.›     This documentation tries to›provide programming examples for the›new commands. There is an index at›the end of this documentation for›easy finding of commands››     **  LOADING TURBO BASIC **›     --------------------------›››      Turbo Basic gets loaded without›a cartridge. 1. Turn on your disk›drive. 2. Insert the Turbo Basic›disk. 3. On the XE hold down the›OPTION key and turn on the computer.››         ** DISK COMMANDS **›         -------------------››     The DOS functions are accessed›in the direct or the programmed mode.›There is no Turbo-DOS. If you type›DOS you are directed to DOS 2.5. You›are now out of Turbo Basic. It is›suggested that you save your program›first otherwise it is lost. You can›get back into Turbo Basic by using›OPTION L on the DOS and typing›AUTORUN.SYS for the file name.››     FORMAT:  BLOAD "D:name"››     EXAMPLE: BLOAD "D:TEST.BIN"››     This command is used to load›binary files. The file will›automatically load without having to›give a memory address. It is just›like Option L with /N on DOS 2.0››     FORMAT:  BRUN "D:name"››     EXAMPLE: BRUN "D:COMPILER.COM"››     This is used to load and RUN a›machine language(Binary) file. The›file will run automatically without›having to give a memory address. It›is the same as Option L and Option M›on DOS 2.0››     FORMAT:  DELETE "D:name"›              (Wild cards are O.K.)››     EXAMPLE: DELETE "D:TEST.BAS"›              DELETE "D8:test.bas"›              delete "D2:*.*"›              Delete "D2:TEST.???"›              90 DELETE "D:*.*"››     This command erases from the›disk a file specified. The wild card›symbols (*.* and ???) are permitted.›The device name (D:) has to be in›capital letters. Inverse file names›are not permitted. In the programmed›mode it has to be the last item on›the line. This is the same as Option›D on DOS 2.0››     FORMAT:  DIR (Wild cards O.K.)››     EXAMPLE: DIR›              DIR "D:*.*"›              DIR "D2:*.BAS"›              DIR "D:???.*"›              DIR "D8:*.*"›              90 DIR "D8:*.*"››     This command gives you the disk›directory. Wild cards are permitted.›In the programmed mode it has to be›the last item on the line. This is›the same as Option A on DOS 2.0››     FORMAT:  RENAME "D:old name,new›              name"››     EXAMPLE: RENAME "D:FILE.OLD,›              FILE.NEW"›              RENAME "D8:*.TXT,›              *.BAS"››     This command renames a file. The›first name is the OLD name, the›second name is the NEW name. The›comma between them is important. Wild›cards are permitted. This is the same›as Option E on DOS 2.0››     FORMAT:  LOCK "D:name"››     EXAMPLE: LOCK "D:TEST.BAS"›              LOCK "D2:SCREEN.???"›              LOCK "D8:*.*"›              90 LOCK "D:*.*"››     This command locks a file so you›cannot change it or erase it until›you unlock it. Wild cards are›permitted. In the programmed mode it›has to be the last item on the line.›This is the same as Option F on DOS›2.0››     FORMAT:  UNLOCK "D:name"››     EXAMPLE: UNLOCK "D:TEST.BAS"›              UNLOCK "D2:SCREEN.???"›              UNLOCK "D8:*.*"›              10 UNLOCK "D:*.*"››     This command is the opposite of ›LOCK. It opens a file so it can be›changed. Wild cards are permitted. In›the programmed mode it has to be the›last item on the line. This is the›same as Option G on DOS 2.0››            ** MEMORY **›            ------------›››     FORMAT:  DPOKE m,v››     EXAMPLE: DPOKE 88,32750›              90 DPOKE 88,32750››     This command puts 2 bytes of›data into 2 consecutive memory›locations. In the example above at›POKE 88 and POKE 89 integer 32750 is›stored.››     FORMAT:  DPEEK(m)››     EXAMPLE: ? DPEEK(88)›              90 ? DPEEK(88)››     This is the opposite of DPOKE.›It retrieves a 2 byte integer from 2›consecutive locations. In the example›above at PEEK(88) and PEEK(89)››     FORMAT:  MOVE m,m1,m2››     EXAMPLE: MOVE 53248,32768,1024›              MOVE $D000,$8000,$400››     This moves a whole block of›data. The 'm' is the old address, the›'m1' is the new address and the 'm2'›is the lenght of the data in bytes››     FORMAT:  -MOVE m,m1,m2››     EXAMPLE: -MOVE 53248,32768,1024›              -MOVE $D000,$8000,$400››     This is the same as above except›it copies with the last byte of the›block››     FORMAT:  BPUT #n,adr,len››     EXAMPLE: BPUT #3,ADR(B$),›              LEN(B$)››              EXAMPLE #2››     100 CLS›     110 GRAPHICS 5:ADDR=DPEEK(88)›     120 PRINT "    FILL THE SCREEN"›     130 FOR X = 1 TO (20*40)›     140 POKE ADDR+X,RAND(125)›     150 NEXT X›     160 ? "Now BPUT data onto›         RAMDISK D8:SCREEN"›     170 CLOSE:OPEN #1,8,0,"D8:›         SCREEN" ›     180 BPUT #1,ADDR,20*40›     190 CLOSE›     200 ? "IT IS DONE!"›     210 FOR Y= 1 TO 6000:NEXT Y›     220 GRAPHICS 0››     This outputs a block of data to›a device specified by the channel›number(1-7). The block starts at›'adr' and ends at 'len'. In the›example above we wrote to the RAM›DISK the screen data under the file›name "SCREEN". It can be recovered›with BGET. See the next command.››     FORMAT:  BGET #n,adr,len››     EXAMPLE: BGET #3,ADR(B$),›              LEN(B$)››              EXAMPLE #2››     100 CLS›     110 GRAPHICS 5:ADDR=DPEEK(88)›     120 CLOSE:OPEN #1,4,0,›         "D8:SCREEN"›     130 ? "BGET data from RAM DISK›         D8:'SCREEN'"›     140 BGET #1,ADDR,20*40›     150 CLOSE›     160 FOR Y=1 TO 6000:NEXT Y›     170 GRAPHICS 0››     BGET recovers a block of data›saved with BPUT. The '#n' is the›channel number(1-7), 'adr' is the›memory address and 'len' is the›length of the data.››     FORMAT:  %PUT #n,a››     EXAMPLE: %PUT #1,A›              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 CLOSE:OPEN #1,8,0,"D8:TEST"›     30 FOR X = 1 TO 5›     40 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER>",A›     50 %PUT #1;A›     60 NEXT X:CLOSE›     70 ?:? "I have saved the›        the numbers with %PUT to the›        RAM DISK under 'TEST'"›     80 ?:?:DIR "D8:*.*"››     This is the same as 'PRINT #1;A'›except it is much faster and uses›less memory. You must open a channel›for %PUT. See the demonstartion›program on the front of this disk.›Use RUN "D:PUTGET.TUR". If you have a›XL computer list the program and›change all referrences from D8: to›D1: and then run it. You can retrieve›the numbers in EXAMPLE #2 by using›the %GET program that follows. It is›used with NUMBERS only.››     FORMAT:  %GET #n,a››     EXAMPLE: %GET #1,A››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 CLOSE:OPEN #1,4,0,"D8:TEST"›     30 FOR Y = 1 TO 5›     40 %GET #1;A›     50 ? A›     60 NEXT Y:CLOSE›     70 ?:? "I have retrieved the›        numbers saved with %PUT by›        using %GET"›     80 LIST››     It retrieves the numbers saved›with %PUT. You must have a channel›open. It is the same as 'INPUT #1;A'›except it is much faster.››     **  GENERAL PROGRAMMING **›     ---------------------------››››     FORMAT:  CLS››     EXAMPLE: CLS›              10 CLS››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 FOR X=1 TO 50›     30 ? " CLEAR SCREEN ";›     40 NEXT X›     50 GOTO 10››     This command clears the screen.›It is the same as pressing›CNTRL+CLEAR or ? CHR$(125)›››     FORMAT:  CLS #n(channels 1-7)››     EXAMPLE: CLS #3›              90 CLS #3››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 ?:?:?:?:?:?:? "THIS WILL NOT›        BE ERASED - IT IS BEFORE›        LINE 30(OPEN). TO STOP›        -->'BREAK'"›     30 CLOSE:OPEN #3,4,0,"K:"›     40 CLS #3›     50 ? "PRESS ANY KEY";›     60 GET #3,L›     70 ?:? "YOU PRESSED THE ";›        CHR$(L);" KEY":?›     80 CLS #3›     90 GOTO 40››     This command clears the screen›of any information that was there›because of the opened channel. This›is different from CLS which clears›the whole screen.››     FORMAT:  PAUSE n››     EXAMPLE: PAUSE 50›              90 PAUSE 100››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 REPEAT:A=A+1›     30 ? A;", ";›     40 PAUSE 100›     50 UNTIL A=20››              EXAMPLE #3››     10 CLS›     20 X=10›     30 REPEAT:A=A+1›     40 ? A;", ";›     50 PAUSE 10*X›     60 UNTIL A=20››     This command puts a time delay›of about 1/60 of a second into your›program for each number. PAUSE 60 =›about 60/60 or 1 second delay. It is›the similar to 'FOR X = 1 TO 60:NEXT›X'. Computed values are allowed.›Negative values are not allowed.››     FORMAT:  RENUM n,i,j››     EXAMPLE: RENUM 10,100,10›              90 RENUM 100,10,10›              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 ? "RENUMBER PLEASE!"›     30 PAUSE 100›     40 LIST›     50 RENUM 10,100,20›     60 LIST››              EXAMPLE #3››     10 CLS›     20 X=3›     30 ? " HELLO ";›     40 GOTO X*10›     50 REM X*10 WILL NOT BE›        RENUMBERED›     60 RENUM 10,100,20›     70 LIST››     This command renumbers your›program. The 'n' is the program line›number that you want to start›renumbering with. The 'i' is the›first NEW number. The 'j' is the›increment. It will not renumber line›references which involve variables or›computed values. See example #3.››     FORMAT:  DEL n,i››     EXAMPLE: DEL 60,100›              90 DEL 50,80››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 ? "THIS LINE STAYS"›     30 ? "30 GOES"›     40 ? "40 GOES"›     50 ? "50 GOES"›     60 DEL 30,50›     70 LIST››     This command deletes lines out›of your program. 'n' = the starting›number and 'i'= the ending number. It›can be used in the direct or›programmed mode.››     FORMAT:  DUMP››     EXAMPLE: DUMP›              90 DUMP››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 DIM A$(35),B(5)›     30 A$="DUMP - VARIABLES AND›        THEIR VALUES"›     40 REPEAT:X=X+1›     50 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER>",C›     60 B(X)=C:REM NUMBER ARRAY›     70 UNTIL X=5›     80 ? "   NUMBERS"›     90 FOR T = 1 TO 5›     100 ? B(T)›     110 NEXT T›     120 ?:? A$›     130 DUMP››     This command dumps the variables›used and their values. For numeric›arrays the DUMed value will be shown›as: (B,6. The DUMPed value is the›DIMed value +1. String values are›shown with their length first and›then their DIMed value. PROCEDURE›names and labels and their line›values are also listed. The NEW›command clears the DUMPed values.›This command can be used in the›direct or the programmed mode.››     FORMAT:  DUMP name››     EXAMPLE: DUMP "P:"›              DUMP "D8:VARIB"›              90 DUMP "P:"››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 DIM A$(40),B(5)›     30 A$="DUMPed - VARIABLES"›     40 FOR X = 1 TO 5›     50 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER>",C›     60 B(X)=C:REM NUMBER ARRAY›     70 NEXT X›     80 FOR Y = 1 TO 5›     90 ? B(Y):LPRINT B(Y)›     100 NEXT Y›     110 LPRINT:LPRINT A$›     120 DUMP "P:"››     This command is the same as›above except we DUMP to a device›specified. "P:" = printer or›"D8:VARIB" = Ram Disk. For example #2›turn on your printer. This command›can be used in the direct or the›programmed mode.››     FORMAT:  TRACE›              TRACE -››     EXAMPLE: 10 TRACE›              90 TRACE -››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 TRACE›     20 CLS›     30 ?:? "   TRACING"›     40 REPEAT:A=A+1›     50 ? A;", ";›     60 UNTIL A=10›     70 TRACE -›     80 ?:?›     90 ? "   NO TRACING"›     100 REPEAT:B=B+1›     110 ? B;", ";›     120 UNTIL B=10››     This command tells you what line›is about to be executed. It is shown›in [ ] on the screen. The TRACE is›the way you turn it ON. The TRACE -› is the way you turn it OFF. This is›a great aid in de-bugging a program.››     FORMAT:  INPUT "text";a,b...›              INPUT "text >",a,b...››     EXAMPLE: 20 INPUT "Numbers";A›              50 INPUT "Names";B$›              70 INPUT "Names &"›                 Ages >>",A$,B›              90 INPUT "ADDRESS >"›                 ,ADR$››              EXAMPLE #2:››     10 CLS›     20 DIM A$(10)›     30 ? "THIS WILL PRINT ?":?›     40 FOR X = 1 TO 3›     50 INPUT "Names";A$›     60 NEXT X›     70 ?:?›     80 ? "No Symbol - Use your own"›        :?›     90 FOR Y = 1 TO 3›     100 INPUT "Numbers >>",B›     110 NEXT Y››     This command lets you use a›prompt with the INPUT for easier›programming. If you use a semicolon›after the prompt the usual '?' will›be printed. If you use a comma after›the prompt nothing will be printed›and you have to include your own›symbol with the prompt. See example›#2.››     FORMAT:  GO TO››     EXAMPLE: 50 GO TO 20›              GO TO 100››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 ? " HELLO ";›     30 GO TO 20››     This command is the same as the›usual GOTO››     FORMAT:  *L (DEFAULT)›              *L -››     EXAMPLE: 30 *L›              90 *L -››              EXAMPLE #2›     10 CLS:?›     20 *L›     30 ? "LINE # 50-70 INDENT ON"›     40 FOR X = 1 TO 5›     50 ? " ";›     60 ? " ";›     70 ? " ";›     80 NEXT X›     90 LIST›     100 PAUSE 300›     110 CLS:?›     120 *L -›     130 ? "LINE # 50-70 INDENT OFF"›     140 LIST››     When listing a program with›loops this command either turns on›the indent on the loops or turns them›off. The *L turns it ON. This is the›normal default condition. The *L -› turns the indent OFF. This works not›only on the screen but also on the›printer.››     FORMAT:  *F (or *F+)›              *F -››     EXAMPLE: 70 *F›              90 *F -››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 ? "ILLEGAL REVERSE LOOP":?›     30 FOR X = 2 TO 1›     40 ? X›     50 NEXT X›     60 PAUSE 200›     70 *F›     80 ?:? "ILLEGAL LOOP - NO›        EXECUTION - '*F'"›     90 FOR X = 2 TO 1››     100 ? X›     110 NEXT X›     120 PAUSE 200›     130 LIST››     Atari Basic has a bug. It allows›execution of an illegal reverse loop.›(FOR X=2 TO 1:? X:NEXT X). This›command allows you to turn this›feature off or on. *F or *F + turns›it OFF. *F - turns the bug ON if you›want it.››     FORMAT:  *B (or B+)›              *B -››     EXAMPLE: 90 *B›              200 *B -››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?›     20 CLOSE:OPEN #1,8,0,"D8:TEST"›     30 FOR X=1 TO 3›     40 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER";A›     50 %PUT #1;A›     60 NEXT X:CLOSE›     70 PAUSE 100:?:?›     80 ? " I AM TRAPPING 'BREAK'›        KEY"›     90 *B›     100 CLOSE:TRAP 180:›         OPEN #1,4,0,"D8:TEST"›     110 ?:?›     120 FOR Y = 1 TO 3›     130 PAUSE 100›     140 %GET #1;A›     150 ? A;" TRY BREAK KEY"›     160 NEXT Y:CLOSE›     170 END›     180 REM TRAP›     190 ?:? "BREAK KEY TRAPPED!"›     200 GOTO 90››     This command lets you trap the›break key so your program cannot›accidentally be stopped by hitting›the BREAK key. This command works›with the TRAP command. The *B turns›it ON. The *B - truns it OFF.››     FORMAT:  --››     EXAMPLE: 10 --›              90 --››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 --›     20 CLS›     30 ? " 30 DASHES "›     40 ? " HELLO "›     50 --›     60 LIST››     This command prints 30 dashes›across the screen or the page when›you LIST your program. It can be used›to make your program listing›clearer.››     FORMAT:  DSOUND n,f,d,v›              DSOUND››     EXAMPLE: 10 DSOUND 1,72,12,8›              90 DSOUND››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 ?:? "PRESS 'RESET' TO STOP"›     30 X = RAND(255)›     40 ? X;", ";›     50 DSOUND 1,X,12,8›     60 PAUSE 25›     70 DSOUND›     80 DSOUND 0,X,12,8›     90 GOTO 30››     This command pairs channels for›increased frequency range.›n=channels(0-3). f=frequency range(0-›255). d=distortion(0-15) 10 and 14›produce pure tones. v=volume(0-15). 0›is silent 15 is the laudest. DSOUND›turns all sound OFF.›››         **  LINE LABELS  **›         -------------------›››     FORMAT:  # name››     EXAMPLE: 120 # END›              120 # END_OF_FILE››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 CLOSE:OPEN #1,8,0,"D8:TEST"›     30 REPEAT:X=X+%1›     40 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER";A›     50 %PUT #1,A›     60 UNTIL X=%3›     70 CLOSE›     80 CLOSE:OPEN #1,4,0,"D8:TEST"›     90 TRAP # END:%GET #1,A›     100 ? A›     110 GOTO 90›     120 # END:IF ERR=136 THEN CLOSE››     This command gives the line›number that has the '#' the VARIABLE›LABEL that follows the '#'. For›example: '120 # END' will now become›a VARIABLE LABEL and it will be in›the variable name table listed as›such (Use DUMP to see it). In example›#2 see line #90 '90 TRAP # END...".›It will go to line 120. This is the›same as if we wrote '90 TRAP 120...'›except it is clearer the first way.›When there is an EOL error(136)›channel #1 will be closed so no error›is printed. ›     A better way would have been›'120  # END_OF_FILE...' The›underscore (_) is allowed in›variables and labels and makes for›clearer listings. We would have a›better discription of WHERE and WHAT›the program does if we had used it.›If you use line labels they can be›renumbered. %1 and %3 in line 30 and›60 are used because they save us 6›bytes each and stand for the number 1›and 3. See dicussion on constants.››     FORMAT:  GO# name››     EXAMPLE: 60 GO# GET_KEY›              100 GO# ERROR››              EXAMPLE #2›     10 CLS›     20 ?:? "PRESS ANY KEY"›     30 CLOSE:OPEN #1,4,0,"K:"›     40 # GET_KEY:GET #1,A›     50 ? CHR$(A);", ";›     60 GO# GET_KEY››     This is the same as GOTO except›the GO# looks for a label. You cannot›have a space between the GO and #.›For the (_) in line 40 see '# name'›above. Line 40 has the variable label›of '# GET_KEY'. Line 60 looks for›this label and it works just like a›GOTO except the listing is clearer.›› * MODIFICATION OF ATARI COMMANDS *› ----------------------------------››     FROMAT:  CLOSE››     EXAMPLE: 90 CLOSE›              120 CLOSE:›              OPEN #1,4,0,"D8:TEST"››     This command closes ALL opened›channels. It is a good practice to›close a channel first before opening›it. This command is the same as 'FOR›X=1 TO 7:CLOSE X:NEXT X'››     FORMAT:  DIM a(n)››     EXAMPLE: 10 DIM A(6)›              30 DIM B$(20)››     This command automatically›assigns a value of 0 to all elements›in a numeric array and null›characters to all elements of a›string. The LEN function is still›variable and initially 0››     FORMAT:  GET name››     EXAMPLE: 20 GET A›              90 GET K››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 GET A›     30 ? "The key is ";CHR$(A);›     40 ? " the ATASCII = ";A›     50 GOTO 20››     This command returns the ATASCII›value of the key pressed. It is the›same as 'OPEN #1,4,0,"K:":GET›#1;A:CLOSE #1'. The command waits for›a key press and assigns the ATASCII›value to the variable.››     FORMAT:  LIST n,››     EXAMPLE: LIST 90,›     This command list the program›from the line specified to its end›provided the comma is used.››     FORMAT:  ON a EXEC n1,n2,...››     EXAMPLE: 30 ON X EXEC START,›              MAIN_PROG,ENDING››     This command is the same as›'ON...GOSUB' except it is used with›PROCEDURE. The command executes the›PROCEDURES named. Instead of 'ON X›GOSUB 200,300,400' we use variable›label names of the PROCEDURES. See›PROCEDURE››     FORMAT:  ON a GO# n1,n2,...››     EXAMPLE: 70 ON X GO# NORMAL,›              UPSIDE_DOWN››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:DIM A$(1)›     20 ?:?›     30 INPUT "Normal or Upside›        down";A$›     40 IF A$(1,1)="N" THEN X=1›     50 IF A$(1,1)<>"N" THEN X=2›     60 ?:?›     70 ON X GO# NORMAL,UPSIDE_DOWN›     80 # NORMAL›     90 POKE 755,2›     100 ? "THIS IS PRINTED›         NORMALLY"›     110 GOTO 20›     120 # UPSIDE_DOWN:CLS›     130 POKE 755,7:?:?›     140 ? "THIS IS PRINTED UPSIDE›         DOWN"›     150 PAUSE 200:POKE 755,2›     160 GOTO 20››     This command is the same as›ON...GOTO except we use variable›label names instead of line numbers.›In example #2 see line 70.››     FORMAT:  POP››     EXAMPLE: 100 POP››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 GOSUB 50›     30 ? "I am the next line"›     40 END›     50 REM SUBROUTINE›     60 POP›     70 GOTO 90›     80 RETURN›     90 ? "I POPPED the RETURN›        line 30"›     100 LIST›     The POP command will work with›all 4 loops, the DO-LOOP, WHILE-WEND,›FOR-NEXT and GOSUB. When TURBO BASIC›sees a DO, WHILE, FOR or GOSUB it›saves its RETURN address on the›runtime stack so it knows to what›line to return to. If you want BASIC›to 'FORGET' this return line use POP.›Too many POPs can lead to errors and›make for poor programming.››     FORMAT:  PUT n››     EXAMPLE: 60 PUT 90›              20 PUT 89,69,83››             EXAMPLE #2››     10 REM SIMPLE WORDPROCESSOR›     20 CLS:?›     30 OPEN #1,4,0,"K:"›     40 GET #1;A:R=R+1›     50 IF R=37 THEN ? CHR$(155):R=0›     60 PUT A›     70 GOTO 40››     This command is the same as›'PRINT CHR$(A)';. It takes the›ATASCII number and converts it into a›character.››     FORMAT:  RESTORE #name››     EXAMPLE: 120 RESTORE #AGAIN›              160 RESTORE #NUM_AGAIN››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?›     20 DATA 1,2,3,4,5›     30 # AGAIN›     40 DATA 6,7,8,9,0›     50 READ A›     60 IF A=0 THEN 100›     70 ? A;", ";›     80 PAUSE 10›     90 GOTO 50›     100 ?:? "NOW DOING LN 40 DATA›        AGAIN"›     110 PAUSE›     120 RESTORE #AGAIN›     130 READ A›     140 IF A=0 THEN 170›     150 ? A;", ";›     160 GOTO 130›     170 ?:LIST››     This command moves the data›pointer back to the variable label in›the DATA chain. In example #2 the›RESTORE printed only the numbers in›DATA ln. 40 because it came after '30›#AGAIN'. It did not start with ln.›#20. It is the same as RESTORE 40›except we use a variable label for›clearer programming. The 0 was the›flag. When the READ saw a 0 then the›IF-THEN came in and directed it to›some other line.››     FORMAT:  RND››     EXAMPLE: 20 RND›              40 X=RND›              90 X=INT(RND*10)›              100 X=INT(RND*10)+1›              200 X=INT(RND*100)››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 X=RND›     20 ? X;", ";›     30 GOTO 10››              EXAMPLE #3››     10 CLS:?›     20 X=INT(RND*10)›     30 PAUSE 25:? X;", ";›     40 GOTO 20››     In this command the dummy›variable (0) has been eliminated. You›can still use the ATARi way RND(0) if›you want to. In the example ln. 90›you get random numbers from 0-9. In›ln. 100 you get random numbers from›1-10. In ln. 200 you get random›numbers from 0-99››     FORMAT:  RAND(n)››     EXAMPLE: 10 X = RAND(10)›              90 X = RAND(100)››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 X = RAND(100)›     30 ? X;", ";›     40 PUASE 25›     50 GOTO 20››     In this command the random›numbers are printed as integers. They›start with 0 and end with the number-›1 in the parentheses.››     FORMAT:  SOUND››     EXAMPLE: 90 SOUND››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 R=R+1›     20 Y = RAND(255)›     30 SOUND 0,Y,10,8›     40 PAUSE 100›     50 SOUND›     60 X = RAND(255)›     70 SOUND 1,X,12,8›     80 PAUSE 50›     90 SOUND›     100 IF R=8 THEN SOUND:›         R=0:GOTO 120›     110 GOTO 10›     120 END››     This command turns all sounds›off. It is the same as 'SOUND›0,0,0,0››     FORMAT:  TRAP #name››     EXAMPLE: 90 TRAP #END›              95 TRAP #END_OF_FILE››     This command is the same as '90›TRAP 150' except it uses variable›label names. For an application see›example #2 on the command  '#name'››      **  STRINGS AND ERRORS **›      -------------------------›››     FORMAT:  TIME››     EXAMPLE: 95 ? TIME/60››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 ? "TIMING A LOOP":?:?›     30 S=TIME:REM STARTING TIME›     40 FOR X=1 TO 120:? X;", ";:›        NEXT X›     50 E=(TIME-S)/60:REM E=ELAPSED›        TIME-S, STARTING TIME›     60 ?:?:? INT(E*100)/100;›        " SECONDS"››     The TIME counter is active as›soon as you turn on your computer. It›counts 60 numbers per second. To get›a readout in seconds use TIME/60. To›get a readout in minutes use›TIME/3600. To get a readout in hours›use TIME/216000. The TIME counter›will continue as long as your›computer is turned on. If you want to›start the time counter from the›beginning then press the RESET›button.››     FORMAT:  TIME$››     EXAMPLE: 30 ? TIME$››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 DIM T$(6)›     30 INPUT "SET TIME - HHMMSS";›        T$›     40 INPUT "WHEN TO STOP -›        HHMMSS";S›     50 CLS›     60 TIME$=T$›     70 REPEAT›     80 POKE 755,0:REM NO CURSOR›     90 POSITION 10,10:? "HOURS,›        MIN,SEC:";:? TIME$›     100 X=VAL(TIME$)›     110 UNTIL X=S›     120 POSITION 10,12:? "RING!›         RING! RING!"›     130 POKE 755,3:REM CURSOR››     This command prints the time of›day in the form of HOUR MINUTE SECOND›(HHMMSS). In Europe they use 50 cycle›current and European ATARI'S run on›this current as against 60 cycle in›the USA. As a result of this the›TIME$ function is not accurate and›gains 10 minutes each hour.››     FORMAT:  INKEY$››     EXAMPLE: 70 ? INKEY$›              90 A$=INKEY$››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 REM SCREEN WRITER›     20 ? INKEY$;›     30 GOTO 20››           EXAMPLE #3››     10 CLS:DIM A$(1):?:?:REM GAME›     20 ? "HIT THE KEY OF THE›        LETTER ON THE SCREEN!"›     30 PAUSE 150›     40 R=RAND(90):IF R<65 THEN 40›     50 CLS:POSITION 19,12:›        ? CHR$(R)›     60 PAUSE 55›     70 A$=INKEY$›     80 IF A$=CHR$(R):GOTO 90:›        ELSE:GOTO 100:ENDIF›     90 ?:? "YOU GOT IT!":PAUSE 90:›        GOTO 40›     100 ?:? "YOU MISSED IT!":›        PAUSE 90:GOTO 40››     This command returns the›character of the last key hat was›pressed. In example #3 please note›line 70. Line 80 uses and IF-ELSE-›ENDIF command.››     FORMAT:  INSTR(x$,a$,i)››     EXAMPLE: 50 ? INSTR(X$,A$,1)››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 DIM X$(30),A$(5)›     20 X$="MY HEART BELONGS TO›        DADDY"›     30 A$="DADDY"›     40 ? "DADDY IS AT POSIT. ";›     50 ? INSTR(X$,A$,1)››     This command returns the›beginning of a sub string. The x$ =›the original string. The a$ = the sub›string you want to find. The i = the›position in muneric form that you›want to search the original string.›This command will return the position›number where the sub string starts.›Spaces are also counted.››     FORMAT:  UINSTR(x$,a$)›              UINSTR(x$,a$,i)››     EXAMPLE: 50 ? UINSTR(X$,A$)›              20 ? UNISTR(X$,A$,5)››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 DIM X$(40),A$(8)›     20 X$="WHERE HAVE ALL THE ›        SOLDIERS GONE"›     30 A$="soldiers"›     40 ? "soldiers IS AT POSIT";›     50 ? UINSTR(X$,A$)››              EXAMPLE #3››     10 DIM X$(40),A$(8)›     20 X$="ICH BIN EIN BERLINER"›     30 A$="berliner"›     40 ? "berliner IS AT POSIT.";›     50 ? UINSTR(X$,A$,5)››     This command is the same as›INSTR above. It searches for the›beginning of a sub string.›x$=original string. a$=sub string.›i=starting position of the search.›With UINSTR you can have lower case,›upper case or inverse as the sub›string. It does not distinguish›between case. You can include or›eliminate the starting position of›the search. See example #2 and #3.›››     FORMAT:  ERR      ››     EXAMPLE: 20 ? ERR›              90 ? "ERROR # ";ERR;›                 " AT LINE ";ERL››              EXAMMPLE #3››     10 CLS:DIM A$(15):?:?›     20 TRAP 90:READ A$›     30 ? A$›     40 GOTO 20›     50 DATA MONDAY,TUESDAY,›        WEDNESDAY›     60 DATA THURSDAY,FRIDAY›     70 DATA SATRUDAY,SUNDAY›     90 REM ERROR TRAP ROUTINE›     100 ?:? "ERROR # ";ERR;›         " AT LINE ";ERL›     110 LIST DPEEK(186):REM LIST›         ERROR LINE››     This command list the last error›number ››     FORMAT:  ERL››     EXAMPLE: 20 ? ERL›              90 ? "ERROR # ";ERR;›                 " AT LINE ";ERL››     This command prints the line›number where the last error occurred.›See example #3 at 'ERR"›››    **  LOOPS AND SUBROUTINES  **›    -----------------------------››     In TURBO BASIC you call a›subroutine in 3 ways: 1) GOSUB - by›line number. 2) PROCEDURE - by name.›3) USR - by address.››     FORMAT:  REPEAT - UNTIL - EXIT››     EXAMPLE: 10 REPEAT:A=A+1›              20 ? A›              30 UNTIL A=6››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 A=64›     30 ?:?:?:?›     40 REPEAT:A=A+1›     50 ? CHR$(A);", ";›     60 UNTIL A=90››     This command is a loop. It will›repeat itself till the end condition›is met. The end condition must be›included with the UNTIL statement.›EXIT gets you out of the loop. See›DO-LOOP››     FORMAT:  WHILE - WEND - EXIT››     EXAMPLE: 10 A=10:WHILE A›              20 ? A›              30 A=A-1:WEND››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?›     20 A=90:WHILE A:? CHR$(A);›        ", ";›     30 IF A=65 THEN A=1›     40 A=A-1:WEND››     This command is a loop. As long›as the WHILE remains NON-ZERO the›loop will execute. All statements›between WHILE and WEND will be›excecuted. In example #2, A=A-1 is›the reverse counter. We terminate the›loop before it becomes zero with the›IF-THEN. If you go out of this loop›with GOTO use the POP to clear the›stack. Example #2 is the same as 'FOR›X=90 TO 64 STEP-1'. EXIT gets you out›of the loop. See DO-LOOP››     FORMAT:  DO - LOOP - EXIT››     EXAMPLE: 10 DO:A=A+1›              20 ? A;", ";›              30 IF A=15O THEN EXIT›              40 LOOP››     The DO-LOOP is an infinte loop›unless you use the EXIT command to›get out of it. The DO and the LOOP›are the 2 parts needed for this loop.›Anything between them will be›printed. ››     FORMAT:  IF - ELSE - ENDIF›              IF - ENDIF          ››     EXAMPLE: 90 IF X>3:? "TOO›              LARGE:ELSE:? "OK":›              ENDIF›              10 IF A<7 ? "YES"›              :ENDIF››           EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER";A›     30 IF A>5›     40    PRINT A›     50    GO# TOO_BIG›     60 ELSE›     70    PRINT A›     80    GO# A_IS_OK›     90 ENDIF›     100 # TO_BIG:? "THIS NUMBER›         IS TOO LARGE":?:GO TO 20›     110 # A_IS_OK:? "THIS NUMBER IS›         JUST RIGHT"›     120 END››              EXAMPLE #3››     10 CLS:?:?:DIM A$(1)›     20 INPUT "IS THIS PORRIDGE›        OK(Y/N)";A$›     30 IF A$(1,1)="N":GO# TOO_HOT:›        ELSE:GO# JUST_RIGHT:ENDIF›     40 # TOO_HOT:?:? "THIS PORRIDGE›        IS TOO HOT SAID GOLDILOCKS"›        :END›     50 # JUST_RIGHT:? :? "THIS IS ›        JUST RIGHT SAID GOLDILOCKS"››     This command as NO THEN in it.›It can be used with an ELSE or not.›If you use it on one line be sure to›have a colon before and after the›ELSE (:ELSE:). This command must be›terminated with an :ENDIF. The ENDIF›has a colon in front of it if it is›used on one line. See example #3 line›30.››     FORMAT:  PROC - ENDPROC -(EXEC)››     EXAMPLE: 10 EXEC START_PROG›              20 END›              30 PROC START_PROG›              40 ? "HELLO"›              50 ENDPROC››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 EXEC TOO_HARD›     30 EXEC TOO_SOFT›     40 EXEC JUST_RIGHT›     50 END›     60 --›     70 PROC TOO_HARD›     80 ? "GOLDILOCKS SAID THIS BED›        IS TOO HARD!":?›     90 ENDPROC›     100 --›     110 PROC TOO_SOFT›     120 ? "GOLDILOCKS SAID THIS›         BED IS TOO SOFT!":?›     130 ENDPROC›     140 --›     150 PROC JUST_RIGHT›     160 ? "GOLDILOCKS SAID THIS IS›         JUST RIGHT!"›     170 ENDPROC››     This command is used like GOSUB›except we use a variable label name.›Just like GOSUB you should have an›END statement somwhere in your›program. The PROC stand for procedure›and is called by the EXEC (execute)›command. The EXEC looks for the PROC›name and then executes it. The›command is terminated with ENDPROC.›Anything between PROC and ENDPROC›will be executed.›››          **  GRAPHICS  **›          ----------------››     To get a clear understanding of›the various graphics modes, colors,›screen postions and text windows etc.›see the book "YOUR ATARI COMPUTER" by›Lon Poole et al. published by›Osbrone/Mc Graw-Hill››     FORMAT:  CIRCLE x,y,r››     EXAMPLE: 40 CIRCLE 160,96,20››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 GRAPHICS 8+16›     20 COLOR 1›     30 FOR X = 1 TO 90 STEP 3›     40 CIRCLE 160,96,X›     50 NEXT X›     60 GOTO 20››              EXAMPLE #3››     10 GRAPHICS 8+16›     20 COLOR 1›     30 FOR X=20 TO 300 STEP 20›     40 CIRCLE X,96,80›     50 NEXT X›     60 GOTO 20››     This command draws a circle. The›graphic mode has to be stated in the›program. x and y are the center›position of the circle. r is the›radius of the circle.››     FORMAT:  CIRCLE x,y,r,r2››     EXAMPLE: 30 CIRCLE 160,96,50,70››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 GRAPHICS 8+16›     20 COLOR 1›     30 FOR X=1 TO 75 STEP 3›     30 CIRCLE 160,96,X,X+25›     40 NEXT X›     50 GOTO 20››     This command is the same as›above except we have a vertical›radius r2 so we can draw true circles›or ellipses. x,y is the center of the›circle, r is the radius and r2 is the›vertical radius.››     FORMAT:  FCOLOR n››     EXAMPLE: 30 FCOLOR 3››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 GRAPHICS 7+16›     20 COLOR 1›     30 CIRCLE 80,48,45›     40 FCOLOR 3›     50 FILLTO 80,48›     60 FCOLOR 1›     70 FILLTO 80,93›     80 GOTO 20››     FCOLOR is usually used in›conjunction with the FILLTO command.›FCOLOR selects the fill in color. The›number of fill in colors depend on›the graphics mode.››     FORMAT:  FILLTO x,y››     EXAMPLE: 70 FILLTO 80,93›     This command fills in a shape›with the color selected by the FCOLOR›command. It is the same as XIO›18,#6,0,0,"S:". The x and y are the›starting position INSIDE the shape.›See example #2 under FCOLOR.››     FORMAT:  PAINT x,y››     EXAMPLE: 40 PAINT 80,48››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 GRAPHICS 7+16›     20 COLOR 1›     30 CIRCLE 80,48,45›     40 PAINT 80,48›     50 GOTO 20››     This is also a type of fill in›command. This is a recursive routine›that will fill any closed shape. The›x and y have to be the position›inside the shape to be filled.››     FORMAT:  TEXT x,y,a$››     EXAMPLE: 40 TEXT 3,8,A$››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS›     20 DIM A$(4)›     30 A$="WIND"›     40 TEXT 3,8,A$››     This command bit-blocks the text›in A$ at position x,y›››  **  CONSTANTS AND ERROR CODES  **›  ---------------------------------››     FORMAT:  %0 %1 %2 %3››     EXAMPLE: 20  X=%1›              50 FOR T = %1 TO %3:›                 ? T:NEXT T››     These 4 constants stand for the›numbers 0 to 3. They are used like›regular numbers. "X=1" uses 10 bytes›while "X=%1" uses 4 bytes. When you›use these numbers you save on each›number 6 bytes. It is good›programming to make variables of›numbers that are used more than 3›times.›››           NEW ERROR CODES›           ---------------››     TURBO-BASIC prints out in›English all errors. You do not have›to look up the error code numbers›anymore. TURBO-BASIC has 8 new error›codes not in ATARI-BASIC. The new›error codes are form 22 to 30››     FORMAT:  Error - 22 ?NEST››     The loops are not properly›     nested››     FORMAT:  Error - 23 ?WHILE››     A WHILE-WEND loop with no›     corresponding WHILE››     FORMAT:  Error - 24 ?REPEAT››     An UNTIL with no corresponding›     REPEAT››     FORMAT:  Error - 25 ?DO››     A DO-LOOP with no›     corresponding DO››     FORMAT:  Error - 26 ?EXIT››     EXIT is outside a loop››     FORMAT:  Error - 27 ?XPROC››     Error in executing a procedure›     ( There is no END line in your›     program etc.)››     FORMAT:  Error - 28 ?EXEC››     ENDPROC with no corresponding›     EXEC.››     FORMAT:  Error - 29 ?PROC››     PROC does not exist››     FORMAT:  Error - 30 ?#››     Variable name label dos not›     exist. ››     FORMAT:  Error - 15››     Error 15 has been expanded to›include an UNTIL which is in a›REPEAT-UNTIL loop and which has been›deleted by mistake›››    **  ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC  **›    ----------------------------››     FORMAT:  HEX$(n)››     EXAMPLE: 20 ? HEX$(32)››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 INPUT "GIVE ME A DECIMAL›        NUMBER";A›     30 ? "DECIMAL ";A;" = HEX ";›        HEX$(A)›     40 ?:GOTO 20››     This command takes a decimal›number and converts it into a›HEXIDECIMAL number››     FORMAT:  DEC(a$)››     EXAMPLE: 20 A$="FF":? DEC(A$)››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?: DIM A$(8)›     20 INPUT "GIVE ME THE HEX›        NUMBER";A$›     30 ? "HEX ";A$;" = DECIMAL ";›        DEC(A$)›     40 ?:GOTO 20››     This command changes a›HEXIDECIMAL number to a decimal›number. The HEX number must first be›put into a string.››     FORMAT:  n DIV i››     EXAMPLE: 20 A=9:B=4:? A DIV B››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER";A›     30 INPUT "GIVE ME A SMALLER›        NUMBER";B›     40 Q=A DIV B:R=A MOD B›     50 ? A;"/";B;" = ";›     60 ? Q;" REMAINDER ";R››     This command gives you the whole›number part of a division or›fraction. Example 9/4=2 R 1. This›command prints the 2.››     FORMAT:  n MOD i››     EXAMPLE: 20 A=9:B=4:? A MOD B››     This command returns the›remainder of a division as  a whole›number. Example 9/4=2 R 1 This›command will print 1. See example #2›above.››     FORMAT:  FRAC(a)››     EXAMPLE: A=22/7:? FRAC(A)››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 A=22/7›     30 ? "THE FRACTION 22/7 = ";A›     40 ? "THE DECIMAL PART OF›        22/7 = ";FRAC(A)››     This command prints the decimal›part of a fraction ONLY. Example›22/7=3.142857... This command prints›142857...››     FORMAT:  TRUNC(a)››     EXAMPLE: A=22/7:? TRUNC(A)››             EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 A=22/7›     30 ? "THE FRACTION 22/7 =";A›     40 ? "THE INTEGER PART =";›        TRUNC(A)››     This command prints the Integer›part of a fraction ONLY. Example›22/7=3.142857 it will print only 3››     FORMAT:  $nnnn››     EXAMPLE: 20 POKE $8000››              EXAMPLE #2››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 FOR T = $0F TO $FF›     30 ? T;", ";›     40 NEXT T››     This command allows you to use›hexidecimal numbers but they are›converted to decimal numbers. In›example #2 line 20 is converted to›'FOR T = 15 TO 255.›››        **  BOOLEAN LOGIC  **›        ---------------------››     The &, !, EXOR, are used in›BOOLEAN logic. They are usually used›to compare 2 bits. The bits have to›be positive. Negative numbers will›give you an error. Each program will›print out a table for you of the›result of comparing 2 bits››     FORMAT:  n & i››     EXAMPLE:››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 ?,"BOOLEAN 'AND' (&)"›     30 ?›     40 ? "BIT ONE","BIT TWO",›        "RESULT"›     50 ? "1     &","1 =",1&1›     60 ? "0     &","1 =",0&1›     70 ? "1     &";"0 =",1&0›     80 ? "0     &";"0 =",0&0›     This command is the BOOLEAN›'AND'››     FORMAT:  n ! i››     EXAMPLE:››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 ? ,"BOOLEAN 'OR' (!)"›     30 ?›     40 ? "BIT ONE","BIT TWO",›        "RESULT"›     50 ? "1     !","1 =",1!1›     60 ? "0     !","1 =",0!1›     70 ? "1     !","0 =",1!0›     80 ? "0     !","0 =",0!0››     This command is the BOOLEAN›'OR'››     FORMAT:  n EXOR I››     EXAMPLE:››     10 CLS:?:?›     20 ? " BOOLEAN 'EXCULSIVE OR'›        (EXOR)›     30 ?›     40 ? "BIT ONE","BIT TWO",›        "RESULT"›     50 ? "1  EXOR";"1 =",1 EXOR 1›     60 ? "0  EXOR";"1 =",0 EXOR 1›     70 ? "1  EXOR","0 =",1 EXOR 0›     80 ? "0  EXOR","0 =",0 EXOR 0››     This command is the BOOLEAN›"Exclusive Or'›››    **  SELF BOOTING PROGRAMS  **›    -----------------------------›››     If you want to have a program›that runs itself upon booting up the›disk name it 'AUTORUN.BAS'. TURBO-›BASIC looks for a BASIC file by this›name when the boot process is in›operation›››            **  NOTES  **›            -------------››     Variables, Procedure Names and›labels may contain the underscore›(_). Now you can combine several›words into a name that tells you WHAT›and WHERE    it goes. This is a›powerful feature to make your›programs more legible.››              EXAMPLES:››     10 TRAP 200›     10 TRAP #END_OF_FILE›     60 X = 65›     60 # LAST_CHAR = 65››     90 IF A$(1,1) = "Y" THEN 60›     90 IF A$(1,1) = "Y" THEN›        # FETCH_LABEL››            DOUBLE QUOTES›            -------------››     Double quotes are allowed in›print statements. Whenever you want a›quote in a print statement put in›double quotes.››              EXAMPLE:››     30 ? "SHE SAID ""GOODBYE"" AND›SLAMMED THE DOOR"››    MULITIPLE LINE IF-ELSE-ENDIF›    ----------------------------››     You can use several lines›between IF and ELSE and ENDIF. See›example #2 of IF-ELSE-ENDIF on page›24››               ARRAYS›               ------››     You can have only NUMBER arrays.›Just like ATARI BASIC, TURBO-BASIC›does not allow string arrays. Number›arrays can be one or two ›dimensional. You must DIM each array.›One dimensional array 'DIM A(5)'. Two›dimesnional arrays 'DIM A(5,8)'. For›a tutorial on arrays and sorting see›the back of this disk.››               SORTING››     For a tutorial on sorting of›numbers and strings see the back of›this disk.››          *****************›          *               *›          * PUBLIC DOMAIN *›          *               *›          *****************››     I am collecting TURBO-BASIC›utilities to be put into the Public›Domain. Your help is appreciated. If›you have a utility to share please›send it to the author (I prefer it on›a disk if possible)››     This documentation is in the›Public Domain and may be copied by›anyone!››     The author of this documentaion›apologizes for any omission or›mistakes - they were accidental.››     If you cannot get this disk›through any Public Domain source›please send $5.00 to the author to›cover the expense of the disk, the›mailer and postage.››     If you have any comments or›suggestion about this documentation ›- they are welcome. Please write to:››             RON FETZER›            22 MONACO AVE›         ELMONT, N.Y. 11003››››››››››   TURBO-BASIC DOCUMENTATION INDEX›   ===============================››     NAME                PAGE›     ----                ----››     ARITHMETIC          29›     ARRAYS              33›     *B                  12›     BGET                5›     BLOAD               2›     BOOLEAN LOGIC       31›     BPUT                4›     BRUN                2›     CIRCLE              26›     CLS                 6›     CLS #n              6›     COMPUTERS           1›     DEC                 30›     DEL                 8›     DELETE              2›     DIM                 15›     DIR                 2›     DISK COMMANDS       1›     DIV                 30›     DO-LOOP             24›     DOS COMMANDS        1›     DOUBLE QUOTES       33›     DPEEK               4›     DPOKE               3›     DSOUND              13›     DUMP                8›     DUMP name           9›     ERL                 23›     ERR                 22›     ERROR 15            29›     ERROR 22            28›     ERROR 23            28›     ERROR 24            29›     ERROR 25            29›     ERROR 26            29›     ERROR 27            29›     ERROR 28            29›     ERROR 29            29›     ERROR 30            29›     ERROR CODES         28›     EXOR                32›     *F                  11›     FCOLOR              27›     FETZER, RON         34›     FILLTO              27›     FRAC                30›     GENERAL PROGRAM     6›     %GET                6›     GET name            15›     GO #name            14›     GO TO               11›     GRAPHICS            26›     HEX$                29›     IF-ELSE-ENDIF       24, 33›     INKEY$              21›     INPUT               10›     INSTR               21›     *L                  11›     LINE LABELS         13›     LIST n              16›     LOADING             1›     LOCK                3›     LOOPS & SUBROUTINES 23›     MEMORY              1, 3›     MOD                 30›     MODIFICATIONS       15›     MOVE                4›     -MOVE               4›     #nnnn               31›     # name              13›     NOTES               33›     NUMBER SORT         34›     ON a EXEC n1,n2     16›     ON a GO# n1,n2      16›     OSTROWSKI, FRANK    1›     PAINT               27›     PAUSE               7›     POP                 16›     PROC-ENDPROC        25›     PUBLIC DOMAIN       34›     %PUT                5›     PUT n               17›     RAND                18›     RENAME              3›     RENUM               7›     REPEAT-UNTIL        23›     RESTORE #name       17›     RND                 18›     SLEF-BOOTING        32›     SORT                34›     SOUND               19›     STRING SORTING      34›     TEXT                28›     TIME                19›     TIME$               20›     TRACE               9›     TRAP #name          19›     TRUNC               31›     UINSTR              22›     UNDERSCORE          14, 33›     UNLOCK              3›     USEABLE RAM         1›     VARIABLE LABLES     14›     VARIABLES NUMBERS   1›     WHILE-WEND          23›     !                   32›     &                   32›     %0 - %3             28›     --                  13›  ››