›                   WORLD WIDE WEB FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS››                      This is part 1 of a 2-part posting.›                   Part 2 begins with section 5 (providing›               information to the web). It should be the next›                           posting in this thread.››   _This document resides on the World Wide Web on Sunsite (URL is›   http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html).›   ›   If you are unfamiliar with the term "URL", read on and learn!_›   ›Contents››     * 1: Recent changes to the FAQ›     * 2: Information about this document›     * 3: Elementary Questions›          + 3.1: What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?›          + 3.2: What is a URL?›          + 3.3: How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?›     * 4: Accessing the Web (User Questions)›          + 4.1: Introduction: How can I access the web? (Even by email!)›          + 4.2: Browsers Accessible by Telnet›          + 4.3: Obtaining browsers›               o 4.3.1: Microsoft Windows browsers›               o 4.3.2: MSDOS browsers›               o 4.3.3: Macintosh browsers›               o 4.3.4: Amiga browsers›               o 4.3.5: NeXTStep browsers›               o 4.3.6: X/DecWindows (graphical UNIX, VMS) browsers›               o 4.3.7: Text-based Unix and VMS browsers›               o 4.3.8: Batch-mode "browsers"›          + 4.4: How can I access the web through a firewall?›          + 4.5: What is on the web?›               o 4.5.1: How do I find out what's new on the web?›               o 4.5.2: Where is the subject catalog of the web?›               o 4.5.3: How can I search through ALL web sites?›          + 4.6: How can I save an inline image to disk?›          + 4.7: How can I get sound from the PC speaker with WinMosaic?›          + 4.8: I have a Windows PC (or a Macintosh). Why can't I open›            WAIS URLs?›          + 4.9: I'm running XMosaic. Why can't I get external viewers›            working?›          + 4.10: Hey, I know, I'll write a WWW-exploring robot! Why not?›          + 4.11: How do I send newsgroup posts in HTML to my web client?›     * 5: Providing Information to the Web (Provider Questions)›        5.1: Introduction: How can I provide information to the web?›          + 5.2: Obtaining Servers›               o 5.2.1: Unix Servers›               o 5.2.2: Macintosh Servers›               o 5.2.3: Windows and Windows NT Servers›               o 5.2.4: MSDOS Servers›               o 5.2.5: VMS Servers›               o 5.2.6: Amiga Servers›          + 5.3: Producing HTML documents›               o 5.3.1: Writing HTML directly›               o 5.3.2: HTML editors›               o 5.3.3: Converting other formats to HTML›          + 5.4: How do I publicize my work?›          + 5.5: Can I buy space on an existing server?›          + 5.6: Advanced Provider Questions›               o 5.6.1: How do I set up a clickable image map?›               o 5.6.2: How do I make a "link" that doesn't load a new›                 page?›               o 5.6.3: Where can I learn how to create fill-out forms?›                    # 5.6.3.1: How can I create hidden fields in forms›                      (keeping state)?›                    # 5.6.3.2: How can users email me through their›                      browsers?›               o 5.6.4: How do I comment an HTML document?›               o 5.6.5: How can I create decent-looking tables and stop›                 using <PRE>...</PRE>?›               o 5.6.6: What is HTML Level 3 and where can I learn more›                 about it?›               o 5.6.7: How can I make transparent GIFs?›               o 5.6.8: Which format is better for WWW images, JPEG or›                 GIF?›               o 5.6.9: How can I mirror part of another server?›               o 5.6.10: How come mailto: URLs don't work?›               o 5.6.11: How can I restrict and control access to my›                 server?›               o 5.6.12: How can I keep robots off my server?›     * 6: What newsgroups discuss the web?›     * 7: I want to know more.›     * 8: Credits›       ›                  1: RECENT ADDITIONS AND CHANGES TO THE FAQ›                                       ›     * 9/2/94: Email forms›     * 9/2/94: Keeping robots off your server›     * 9/2/94: Quadralay commercial-grade Mosaic›     * 9/2/94: New location of alternate BBEdit tools›     * 9/2/94: Emacs-W3 browser works on the Amiga›     * 9/2/94: Enhanced imagemaps section (URLs for other editors›       wanted!)›     * 9/2/94: Big Dummy's Guide is now EFF's Guide›     * 9/2/94: Fixed location of Postscript HTML tutorial›     * 9/2/94: Added Mac program to transparent section›     * 9/2/94: Enhanced section on problems with XMosaic external viewers›     * 9/2/94: Removed references to obsolete HTML+ draft›     * Closed all <A NAME> tags. Should make browsers happier.›     * 9/2/94: Updated location of WinMosaic›     * 9/2/94: Updated URL of web space leasing document›     * 9/2/94: Email access to the web›       ›                      2: INFORMATION ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT›                                       ›   This is an introduction to the World Wide Web project, describing the›   concepts, software and access methods. It is aimed at people who know›   a little about navigating the Internet, but want to know more about›   WWW specifically. If you don't think you are up to this level, try an›   introductory Internet book such as Ed Krol's "The Whole Internet" or›   "EFF's Guide to the Internet". The latter is available electronically›   by anonymous FTP from ftp.eff.org in the directory›   pub/Net_info/EFF_Net_Guide.›   ›   This informational document is posted to news.answers,›   comp.infosystems.www.users, comp.infosystems.www.providers,›   comp.infosystems.www.misc, comp.infosystems.gopher,›   comp.infosystems.wais and alt.hypertext every four days (please allow›   a day or two for it to propagate to your site). The latest version is›   always available on the web as›   http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html. (see the section›   titled "What is a URL?" to understand what this means.)›   ›   The most recently posted version of this document is kept on the›   news.answers archive on rtfm.mit.edu in›   /pub/usenet/news.answers/www/faq. For information on FTP, send e-mail›   to _mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu_ with:›   ››send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources››   in the body (not subject line) of your message, instead of asking me.›   ›   Thomas Boutell maintains this document. Feedback about it is to be›   sent via e-mail to boutell@netcom.com.›   ›   In all cases, regard this document as out of date. Definitive›   information should be on the web, and static versions such as this›   should be considered unreliable at best. The most up-to-date version›   of the FAQ is the version maintained on the web. Please excuse any›   formatting inconsistencies in the posted version of this document, as›   it is automatically generated from the on-line version.›   ›                            3: ELEMENTARY QUESTIONS›                                       ›3.1: What are WWW, hypertext and hypermedia?››   WWW stands for "World Wide Web". The WWW project, started by CERN (the›   European Laboratory for Particle Physics), seeks to build a›   distributed hypermedia system.›   ›   ›   ›   The advantage of hypertext is that in a hypertext document, if you›   want more information about a particular subject mentioned, you can›   usually "just click on it" to read further detail. In fact, documents›   can be and often are linked to other documents by completely different›   authors -- much like footnoting, but you can get the referenced›   document instantly!›   ›   To access the web, you run a browser program. The browser reads›   documents, and can fetch documents from other sources. Information›   providers set up hypermedia servers which browsers can get documents›   from.›   ›   The browsers can, in addition, access files by FTP, NNTP (the Internet›   news protocol), gopher and an ever-increasing range of other methods.›   On top of these, if the server has search capabilities, the browsers›   will permit searches of documents and databases.›   ›   The documents that the browsers display are hypertext documents.›   Hypertext is text with pointers to other text. The browsers let you›   deal with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and›   you are presented with the text that is pointed to.›   ›   Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext -- it is any medium with›   pointers to other media. This means that browsers might not display a›   text file, but might display images or sound or animations.›   ›3.2: What is a URL?››   URL stands for "Uniform Resource Locator". It is a draft standard for›   specifying an object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup.›   ›   URLs look like this: (file: and ftp: URLs are synonymous.)›     * file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/graphics/gifkit.zip›     * ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors›     * http://info.cern.ch:80/default.html›     * news:alt.hypertext›     * telnet://dra.com›       ›   ›   ›   The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access›   method. The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to›   the access method. In general, two slashes after the colon indicate a›   machine name (machine:port is also valid).›   ›   When you are told to "check out this URL", what to do next depends on›   your browser; please check the help for your particular browser. For›   the line-mode browser at CERN, which you will quite possibly use first›   via telnet, the command to try a URL is "GO URL" (substitute the›   actual URL of course). In Lynx you just select the "GO" link on the›   first page you see; in graphical browsers, there's usually an "Open›   URL" option in the menus.›   ›3.3: How does WWW compare to gopher and WAIS?››   While all three of these information presentation systems are›   client-server based, they differ in terms of their model of data. In›   gopher, data is either a menu, a document, an index or a telnet›   connection. In WAIS, everything is an index and everything that is›   returned from the index is a document. In WWW, everything is a›   (possibly) hypertext document which may be searchable.›   ›   In practice, this means that WWW can represent the gopher (a menu is a›   list of links, a gopher document is a hypertext document without›   links, searches are the same, telnet sessions are the same) and WAIS›   (a WAIS index is a searchable page, returning a document with no›   links) data models as well as providing extra functionality.›   ›   Gopher and World Wide Web usage are now running neck and neck,›   according to the statistics-keepers of the Internet backbone. (Of›   course, World Wide Web browsers can also access Gopher servers, which›   inflates the numbers for the latter.) This is changing as WWW reaches›   critical mass (usage of the server at CERN doubles every 4 months --›   twice the rate of Internet expansion).›   ›4.1: Introduction: how can I access the web?››   You have three options: use a browser on your own machine (the best›   option), use a browser that can be telnetted to (not as good), or›   access the web by email (the least attractive, but for some it's the›   only way). It is always best to run a browser on your own machine,›   unless you absolutely cannot do so; but feel free to telnet to a›   browser for your first look at the web, or use email if the telnet›   command does not work on your system (_try it first!_ The following›   sections cover telnetting to a browser and obtaining your own browser;›   if neither of these are possible for you (because you have only an›   email-and-news connection to the Internet), here is how to access a›   web page by email:›   ›   Send email to listserv@info.cern.ch containing the following single›   line. (What you put on the subject line doesn't matter; blank is OK.›   This line should go in the text of the message.) You will receive as a›   reply a simple page intended to help you learn more about the Web.›   ››send http://www.earn.net/gnrt/www.html››   ›   ›4.2: Browsers accessible by telnet››   An up-to-date list of these is available on the Web as›   http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html and should be›   regarded as an authoritative list.›   ›   info.cern.ch›          No password is required. This is in Switzerland, so continental›          US users might be better off using a closer browser.›          ›   www.cc.ukans.edu›          A full screen browser "Lynx" which requires a vt100 terminal.›          Log in as www. Does not allow users to "go" to arbitrary URLs,›          so GET YOUR OWN COPY of Lynx and install it on your system if›          your administrator has not done so already. The best plain-text›          browser, so move mountains if necessary to get your own copy of›          Lynx!›          ›   www.njit.edu›          (or telnet 128.235.163.2) Log in as www. A full-screen browser›          in New Jersey Institute of Technology. USA.›          ›   www.huji.ac.il›          A dual-language Hebrew/English database, with links to the rest›          of the world. The line mode browser, plus extra features. Log›          in as www. Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.›          ›   sun.uakom.cs›          Slovakia. Has a slow link, only use from nearby.›          ›   info.funet.fi›          (or telnet 128.214.6.102). Log in as www. Offers several›          browsers, including Lynx (goto option is disabled there also).›          ›   fserv.kfki.hu›          Hungary. Has slow link, use from nearby. Login is as www.›          ›4.3: Obtaining browsers››   The preferred method of access of the Web is to run a browser›   yourself. Browsers are available for many platforms, both in source›   and executable forms. Here is a list generated from the authoritative›   list, http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Clients.html.›   ›  4.3.1: MICROSOFT WINDOWS BROWSERS›  ›   ›   ›   NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP›   networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone›   lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider›   or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell›   access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or›   VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do›   so.›   ›   Cello        Browser from Cornell LII. Available by anonymous FTP from›   ftp.law.cornell.edu in the directory /pub/LII/cello.›   ›   Mosaic for Windows   From NCSA. Available by anonymous FTP from›   ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory PC/Windows/Mosaic.›   ›  4.3.2: MSDOS BROWSERS›  ›   ›   ›   NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP›   networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone›   lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider›   or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell›   access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or›   VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do›   so.›   ›   DosLynx›          DosLynx is an excellent text-based browser for use on DOS›          systems. You must have a level 1 packet driver, or an emulation›          thereof, or you will only be able to browse local files;›          essentially, if your PC has an Ethernet connection, or you have›          SLIP, you should be able to use it. DosLynx can view GIF›          images, but not when they are inline images (as of this›          writing). See the README.HTM file at the DosLynx site for›          details. You can obtain DosLynx by anonymous FTP from›          ftp2.cc.ukans.edu in the directory pub/WWW/DosLynx; the URL is›          ftp://ftp2.cc.ukans.edu/pub/WWW/DosLynx/.›          ›  4.3.3: MACINTOSH BROWSERS›  ›   ›   ›   NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP›   networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone›   lines, but only with the active cooperation of your network provider›   or educational institution. If you only have normal dialup shell›   access, your best option at this time is to run Lynx on the Unix (or›   VMS, or...) system you call, or telnet to a browser if you cannot do›   so.›   ›   Mosaic for Macintosh›          From NCSA. Full featured. Available by anonymous FTP from›          ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory Mac/Mosaic.›          ›   Samba  From CERN. Basic. Available by anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch›          in the directory /ftp/pub/www/bin as the file mac.›          ›   MacWeb›          From EINet. Has features that Mosaic lacks; lacks some features›          that Mosaic has. Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.einet.net›          in the directory einet/mac/macweb.›          ›   ›   ›  4.3.4: AMIGA BROWSERS›  ›   AMosaic›          Browser for AmigaOS, based on NCSA's Mosaic. Supports older›          Amigas as well as the newer machines in the latest versions, I›          am told; available for anonymous ftp from›          max.physics.sunysb.edu in the directory /pub/amosaic, or from›          aminet sites in /pub/aminet/comm/net. see the site for details.›          See the URL http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/AMosaic/home.html.›          ›   Emacs-W3›          The Emacs-W3 browser works under Gnu Emacs on the Amiga (see›          section 4.3.7).›          ›  4.3.5: NEXTSTEP BROWSERS›  ›   ›   ›   Note: NeXT systems can also run X-based browsers using one of the›   widely used X server products for the NeXT. The browsers listed here,›   by contrast, are native NeXTStep applications.›   ›   OmniWeb›          A World Wide Web browser for NeXTStep. The URL for more›          information is http://www.omnigroup.com/; you can ftp the›          package from ftp.omnigroup.com in the /pub/software/ directory.›          ›   WorldWideWeb, CERN's NeXT Browser-Editor›          A browser/editor for NeXTStep. _Currently out of date; editor›          not operational._ Allows wysiwyg hypertext editing. Requires›          NeXTStep 3.0. Available for anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch in›          the directory /pub/www/src.›          ›  4.3.6: X/DECWINDOWS (GRAPHICAL UNIX, VMS) BROWSERS›  ›   NCSA Mosaic for X›          Unix browser using X11/Motif. Multimedia magic. Full http 1.0›          support including PUT-method forms, image maps, etc.›          Recommended if you can run it. Available by anonymous FTP from›          ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the directory Mosaic.›          ›   NCSA Mosaic for VMS›          Browser using X11/DecWindows/Motif. For the VMS operating›          system. Multimedia magic. Full http 1.0 support including›          PUT-method forms, image maps, etc. Recommended if you can run›          it. Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the›          directory Mosaic.›          ›   Quadralay GWHIS Viewer (Commercial Mosaic)›          Quadralay offers a commercial-grade (not free!) version of›          Mosaic for Unix systems, with Windows and Macintosh versions›          expected in the future. (URL is:›          http://www.quadralay.com/products/products.html#gwhis)›          ›   tkWWW Browser/Editor for X11›          Unix Browser/Editor for X11. (Beta test version.) Available for›          anonymous ftp from harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in the directory›          tkwww[extension] (followed by an extension possibly dependent›          on the current version). Please ftp to the site and look for›          the latest version (or use the link above). Supports WSYIWYG›          HTML editing.›          ›   MidasWWW Browser›          A Unix/X browser from Tony Johnson. (Beta, works well.)›          ›   Viola for X (Beta)›          Viola has two versions for Unix/X: one using Motif, one using›          Xlib (no Motif). Handles HTML Level 3 forms and tables. Has›          extensions for multiple columning, collapsible/expandable list,›          client-side document include. Available by anonymous FTP from›          ora.com in /pub/www/viola. More information available at the›          URL http://xcf.berkeley.edu/ht/projects/viola/README.›          ›   Chimera›          Unix/X Browser using Athena (doesn't require Motif). Supports›          forms, inline images, etc.; closest to Mosaic in feel of the›          non-Motif X11 browsers. Available for anonymous FTP from›          ftp.cs.unlv.edu in the directory /pub/chimera.›          ›    4.3.7: Text-mode Unix and VMS browsers›    ›   ›   ›   These are text-based browsers for Unix (and in some cases also VMS)›   systems. In many cases your system administrator will have already›   installed one or more of these packages; check before compiling your›   own copy.›   ›   Line Mode Browser›          This program gives W3 readership to anyone with a dumb›          terminal. A general purpose information retrieval tool.›          Available by anonymous ftp from info.cern.ch in the directory›          /pub/www/src.›          ›   The "Lynx" full screen browser›          This is a hypertext browser for vt100s using full screen, arrow›          keys, highlighting, etc. Available by anonymous FTP from›          ftp2.cc.ukans.edu.›          ›   Tom Fine's perlWWW›          A tty-based browser written in perl. Available by anonymous FTP›          from archive.cis.ohio-state.edu in the directory pub/w3browser›          as the file w3browser-0.1.shar.›          ›   For VMS›          Dudu Rashty's full screen client based on VMS's SMG screen›          management routines. Available by anonymous FTP from›          vms.huji.ac.il in the directory www/www_client.›          ›   Emacs w3-mode›          W3 browse mode for emacs. Uses multiple fonts when used with›          Lemacs or Epoch. See the documentation. Available by anonymous›          FTP from moose.cs.indiana.edu in the directory pub/elisp/w3 as›          the files w3.tar.Z and extras.tar.Z.›          ›  4.3.8: BATCH-MODE "BROWSERS"›  ›   Batch mode browser›          A batch-mode "browser", url_get, which is available through the›          URL http://wwwhost.cc.utexas.edu/test/zippy/url_get.html. It›          can be retrieved via anonymous FTP to ftp.cc.utexas.edu, as the›          file /pub/zippy/url_get.tar.Z. This package is intended for use›          in cron jobs and other settings in which fetching a page in a›          command-line fashion is useful.›          ›4.4: How can I access the web through a firewall?››   For information on using NCSA Mosaic from behind a firewall, please›   read the following. In general, browsers can be made useful behind›   firewalls through the use of a package called "SOCKS"; the source must›   be modified slightly and rebuilt to accommodate this. Whenever›   possible, work _with_ your network administrators to solve the›   problem, not against them.›   ›   An excerpt from the NCSA Mosaic FAQ:›   ›   NCSA Mosaic requires a direct internet connection to work, but some›   folks have put together a package that works behind firewalls. This is›   _completely unsupported_ by NCSA, but here is the latest announcement:›   ›     _November 15, 1993:_ C&C Software Technology Center (CSTC) of NEC›     Systems Lab has made available a version of SOCKS, a package for›     running Internet clients from behind firewalls without breaching›     security requirements, that includes a suitably modified version of›     Mosaic for X 2.0. _Beware: such a version is not supported by NCSA;›     we can't help with questions or problems arising from the›     modifications made by others._ But, we encourage you to check it out›     if it's interesting to you. Questions and problem notifications can›     be sent to Ying-Da Lee (_ylee@syl.dl.nec.com_).›     ›   ›   ›4.5: What is on the web?››   Currently accessible through the web:›     * anything served through gopher›     * anything served through WAIS›     * anything on an FTP site›     * anything on Usenet›     * anything accessible through telnet›     * anything in hytelnet›     * anything in hyper-g›     * anything in techinfo›     * anything in texinfo›     * anything in the form of man pages›     * sundry hypertext documents›       ›   ›   ›  4.5.1: HOW DO I FIND OUT WHAT'S NEW ON THE WEB?›  ›   The unofficial newspaper of the World Wide Web is What's New With NCSA›   Mosaic (URL is›   http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html),›   which carries announcements of new servers on the web and also of new›   web-related tools. This should be in your hot list if you're not using›   Mosaic (which can access it directly through the help menu).›   ›  4.5.2: WHERE IS THE SUBJECT CATALOG OF THE WEB?›  ›   There are several. There is no mechanism inherent in the web which›   forces the creation of a single catalog (although there is work›   underway on automatic mechanisms to catalog web sites). The best-known›   catalog, and the first, is The WWW Virtual Library (URL is›   http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html),›   maintained by CERN. The Virtual Library is a good place to find›   resources on a particular subject, and has separate maintainers for›   many subject areas.›   ›   There is also a newer cataloging system called ALIWEB that requires›   very little effort to maintain and is growing rapidly (URL is›   http://web.nexor.co.uk/aliweb/doc/aliweb.html).›   ›  4.5.3: HOW CAN I SEARCH THROUGH ALL WEB SITES?›  ›   Several people have written robots which create indexes of web sites›   -- including sites which have not arranged to be mentioned in the›   newspapers and catalogs above. (Before writing your own robot, please›   read the section on robots.)›   ›   Here are a few such automatic indexes you can search:›     * WebCrawler (URL is›       http://www.biotech.washington.edu/WebQuery.html) builds an›       impressively complete index; on the other hand, since it indexes›       the content of documents, it may find many links that aren't›       exactly what you had in mind.›     * World Wide Web Worm (URL is›       http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/mcbryan/WWWW.html) builds its›       index based on page titles and URL contents only. This is somewhat›       less inclusive, but pages it finds are more likely to be an exact›       match with your needs.›       ›   You can read about other robots in the robots section.›   ›4.6: How can I save an inline image to disk?››   ›   ›   Here are two ways:›   ›   1. Turn on "load to local disk" in your browser, if it has such an›   option; then reload images. You'll be prompted for filenames instead›   of seeing them on the screen. Be sure to shut it off when you're done›   with it.›   ›   2. Choose "view source" and browse through the HTML source; find the›   URL for the inline image of interest to you; copy and paste it into›   the "Open URL" window. This should load it into your image viewer›   instead, where you can save it and otherwise muck about with it.›   ›4.7: How can I get sound from the PC speaker with WinMosaic?››   ›   ›   This piece of wisdom donated by Hunter Monroe:›   ›   This section explains how to install sound on a PC which already has a›   working version of Mosaic for Microsoft Windows. Be warned in advance›   that the results may be poor.›   ›   To get Mosaic to produce sound out of the PC speaker, first, you need›   a driver for the speaker. You can get the Microsoft speaker driver›   from the URL ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SPEAK.EXE or by›   doing an Archie search to find it somewhere else. SPEAK.EXE is a›   self-extracting file. Copy the speak.exe file to a new directory, and›   then type "SPEAK" at the DOS prompt. Do not put the file SPEAKER.DRV›   in a separate directory from OEMSETUP.INF.›   ›   Now, you need to install the driver. In Windows, from the Program›   Manager choose successively Main/Control Panel/Drivers/Add/Unlisted or›   updated drivers/(enter path of SPEAK.EXE)/PC Speaker. At this point›   some strange sounds come out as the driver is initialized. Change the›   settings to improve the sound quality on the various sounds: tada,›   chimes, etc. Click OK when you are finished and choose the Restart›   windows option.›   ›   Having installed the speaker driver, you will now get sounds whenever›   you start Windows, make a mistake, or exit Windows. If you do not want›   this, from the Main/Control Panel/Sounds menu, make sure there is no X›   next to "Enable System Sounds."›   ›   Now, you need a sound viewer program that Mosaic can call to display›   sounds. NCSA unfortunately recommend WHAM, which does not work well›   with a PC speaker. Get the program WPLANY instead. You can find a copy›   nearby with an Archie search on the string "wplny"; the current›   version is WPLNY09B.ZIP. For details on archie and other basic issues›   related to FTP, please read the Usenet newsgroup›   news.announce.newusers.›   ›   Move the zip file to a new directory, and use an unzip program like›   pkunzip to unzip it, producing the files WPLANY.EXE and WPLANY.DOC.›   Then edit the MOSAIC.INI file to remove the "REM" before the line›   "TYPE9=audio/basic". Then, you need lines in the section below that›   read something like: audio/basic="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls"›   audio/wav="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls" where you have filled in the›   correct path for wplany.exe. The MOSAIC.INI file delivered with Mosaic›   may have NOTEPAD.EXE on the audio/basic line, but this will not work.›   Now, restart Mosaic, and you should now be able to produce sounds. To›   check this, with Mosaic choose File/Local File/\WINDOWS\*.WAV and then›   try to play TADA.WAV. Then, you might try the Mosaic Demo document for›   some .AU sounds, but you are lucky if your speaker produces something›   you can understand.›   ›4.8: I have a Windows PC or Macintosh. Why can't I access WAIS URLs?››   ›   ›   This answer provided by Michael Grady (m-grady@uiuc.edu):›   ›   The version of Mosaic for X has "wais client" code built-in to it.›   This was relatively easy for the developers to do, because there was›   already a set of library routines for talking to WAIS available for›   Unix as "public domain" (freeWAIS). I don't think there is such a›   library of routines for PC/Windows or Mac, which would make it much›   more difficult for the Mosaic versions for Windows and the Mac to add›   "wais client" capability. Therefore, at least for now, neither the›   Windows or Mac versions of Mosaic support direct query of a WAIS›   server (i.e. can act as wais clients themselves).›   ›4.9: I'm running XMosaic. Why can't I get external viewers working...››   ... No matter what no matter what I do to my .mailcap and .mime.types›   files?›   ›   Answer provided by Ronald E. Daniel (rdaniel@acl.lanl.gov):›   ›     ›     ›     Mosaic only looks at the .mime.types file if it has no idea what the›     document's type is. This is actually a very rare situation.›     Essentially all servers now use the HTTP/1.0 protocol, which means›     that they tell Mosaic (or other browsers) what the document's MIME›     Content-type is. The servers use a file very much like Mosaic's›     .mime.types file to infer the Content-type from the filename's›     extension.›     ›     It is pretty simple to find out if this really is the problem. Use›     telnet to talk to the server and find out if it is assigning a MIME›     type to the document in question. Here's an example, looking at the›     home page for my server. (idaknow: is my shell prompt)›     ››  idaknow: telnet www.acl.lanl.gov 80  // Connect to the httpd server›  Trying 128.165.148.3 ...›  Connected to www.acl.lanl.gov.›  Escape character is '^]'.›  HEAD /Home.html HTTP/1.0             // replace Home.html with your document›                                       // you supply the blank line›  HTTP/1.0 200 OK                      // the rest of this comes from the serve›r  Date: Wednesday, 25-May-94 19:18:11 GMT›  Server: NCSA/1.1›  MIME-version: 1.0›  Content-type: text/html              // Here's the MIME Content-type›  Last-modified: Monday, 16-May-94 16:21:58 GMT›  Content-length: 1727››  Connection closed by foreign host.›  idaknow:››     In the example above, /Home.html will get›     http://www.acl.lanl.gov/Home.html.›     ›     Normally servers will be configured to supply a Content-type of›     text/plain if they don't know what else to do. If this is the›     problem you are having, take a look at the TypesConfig documentation›     for NCSA's httpd. You can have the server look at the filename›     extension, supply the correct Content-type, then use your local›     .mailcap file to tell Mosaic what viewer to use to look at the›     document.›     ›   Russ Segal adds:›   ›     The answer from Ronald Daniel is essentially correct, but it needs a›     small addendum.›     ›     When starting Moasic, you can specify a "fileProxy" which will fetch›     files for you:›     ›     "*fileProxy: http://socks/"›     ›     If you do this, file: URLs are no longer strictly local accesses. So›     even if the URL is not fttp:, the proxy server must be upgraded as›     Mr. Daniel suggests.›     ›   ›   ›4.10: Hey, I know, I'll write a WWW-exploring robot! Why not?››   Programs that automatically traverse the web can be quite useful, but›   have the potential to make a serious mess of things. Robots have been›   written which do a "breadth-first" search of the web, exploring many›   sites in a gradual fashion instead of aggressively "rooting out" the›   pages of one site at a time. Some of these robots now produce›   excellent indexes of information available on the web.›   ›   But others have written simple depth-first searches which, at the›   worst, can bring servers to their knees in minutes by recursively›   downloading information from CGI script-based pages that contain an›   infinite number of possible links. (Often robots can't realize this!)›   Imagine what happens when a robot decides to "index" the CONTENTS of›   several hundred mpeg movies. Shudder.›   ›   The moral: a robot that does what you want may already exist; if it›   doesn't, please study the document World Wide Web Robots, Wanderers›   and Spiders (URL is:›   http://web.nexor.co.uk/mak/doc/robots/robots.html) and learn about the›   emerging standards for exclusion of robots from areas in which they›   are not wanted. You can also read about existing robots there.›   ›4.11: How do I send newsgroup posts in HTML to my web client?››   How to do this depends greatly on your system; if you have a Mac or›   Windows system, the answer is completely different. But, as food for›   thought, here is a simple shell script I use on my Unix account to›   send posts from rn and related newsreaders to Lynx. Put this text in›   the file "readwebpost" and use the "chmod" command to make it›   executable, then put it somewhere in your path (such as your personal›   bin directory):›   ››#!/bin/sh›echo \<PRE\> > .article.html›cat >> .article.html›echo \</PRE\> >> .article.html›lynx .article.html < /dev/tty›rm .article.html››   Then add the following line to your .rnmac file (create it if you›   don't already have one):›   ››W     |readwebpost %C››   Now, when you press "W" while reading a post in rn, a message will be›   sent to Lynx, and the links enclosed in it will be live.›   ›   Larry W. Virden provides the following version which invokes Mosaic›   instead, and is also capable of communicating with an already-running›   copy of Mosaic instead of launching another. (You can use the same rn›   macro as above, invoking "goto-xm" instead of "readwebpost".) Read the›   comments for details on the assumptions made by the script.›   ››#! /bin/sh›# goto-xm, by Joseph T. Buck›# Modified heavily by Larry W. Virden›# Script for use with newsreaders such as trn.  Piping the article›# through this command causes xmosaic to pop up, pointing to the›# article.  If an existing xmosaic (version 1.1 or later) exists,›# the USR1 method will be used to cause it to point to the correct›# article, otherwise a new one will be started.››# assumptions: ps command works as is on SunOS 4.1.x, may need changes›# on other platforms.››URL=`/bin/grep '^Message-ID:' | /bin/sed -e 's/.*</news:/' -e 's/>.*//'`›if [ "X$URL" = "X" ]; then›        echo "USAGE: $0 [goto] [once] < USENET_msg" >&2›        exit 1›fi››pid=`ps -xc | egrep '[Mm]osaic' | awk 'NR == 1 {print $1}'`›p=`which Mosaic`›gfile=/tmp/Mosaic.$pid››$p "$URL" &››if      [ "$#" -gt 0 ] ; then›  if    [ "$1" = "goto" -o "$1" = "same" ] ; then›        shift›        echo "goto"   > $gfile›  else›        echo "newwin" > $gfile›  fi›else›        echo "newwin" > $gfile›fi›/bin/awk 'END { printf "'"$URL"'" }' </dev/null >> $gfile››trap "echo signal encountered" 30›kill -USR1 $pid››exit 0››   ››