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G}JB|,#P#DE 1 HI BDEHHII 1 B 1 ,^ 1 70,0La- B V,#PH},^ 1 70 0L#L!-* 1P* 1 y0Yj383}mm ݭI}}`8}``|* ? ɛ,`|:-)| / 1L!`DESTINATION CANT BE DOJ}S.SYS0 0H{ 24Δ 28/L!/) 2 Π 2 0 ξK}hAΞB,0 J 1 BDEHI,HÝDE 1HIHIDELSAVE-GIVE L}FILE,START,END(,INIT,RUN)O S0 1`BDEPHI V` S0H 1 L!M}0 0 1L~0`PLEASE TYPE 1 LETTER,0`hhL! 70 1L0L<1 ,;ɛ7,"ɛ:ݦ1ݥN}A"D|ݤD|ȩ:|ȩ|ɛ,,(/+.ީ1 1,ɛ`轤{NAMEO} TOO LONG B VL!` L1I H1EΝDL1|mDiE` V0`8d/8 i:222 1 LP}!ERROR- 138ɛ+,' 20*.. өr2 1``2TOO MANY DIGITSINVALID HEXAQ}DECIMAL PARAMETER800 0 8 00`,0'D800 H,ɛh`2L1NEED D1 THRU D8uR} Path: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!hookup!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!julienas!chorus!chorus.frFrom: jloup@cT}horus.fr (Jean-loup Gailly)Newsgroups: comp.compression,comp.compression.research,news.answers,comp.answersSubject: comp.coU}mpression Frequently Asked Questions (part 1/3)Summary: *** READ THIS BEFORE POSTING ***Keywords: data compression, FAQMesV}sage-ID: Date: 17 Apr 94 12:28:43 GMTExpires: 30 May 94 16:17:20 GMTSender: news@chorus.chorus.fW}rReply-To: jloup@chorus.frFollowup-To: comp.compressionLines: 2643Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.EduSupersedes: Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu comp.compression:7402 comp.compression.research:1152 news.answers:18171 comY}p.answers:4937Archive-name: compression-faq/part1Last-modified: April 17th, 1994"I've already explained this once, butZ} repetition isthe very soul of the net."(from alt.config)This file is part 1 of a set of Frequently Asked Questions (F[}AQ) forthe groups comp.compression and comp.compression.research. If youcan't find part 2 or 3, see item 53 below. A copy \}of this FAQ is availableby ftp in rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/compression-faq/part[1-3].Certain questions get as]}ked time and again, and this is an attempt toreduce the bandwidth taken up by these posts and their associatedreplies. If ^}you have a question, *please* check this file before youpost. It may save a lot of peoples time.If you have not already r_}ead the overall Usenet introductory materialposted to "news.announce.newusers", please do. It is also available byftp in ga`}rbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/doc-net/usenews.zip (see item 2 below about .zip).If you don't want to see this FAQ regularly, please add a}the subjectline to your kill file. (If you don't know what a kill file is, getby ftp the file rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/newsb}.answers/killfile-faq.)If you have corrections or suggestions for this FAQ, send them toJean-loup Gailly .c} Thank you.Part 1 is oriented towards practical usage of compression programs.Part 2 is more intended for people who wantd} to know how compression works.Part 3 is a long list of image compression hardware.Main changes relative to the previous ve}ersion: - added .hap extension (item 2)- fix several typos in file names (item 2)- new version of unp (item 2)- updated f}pointer to ivs (items 15 and 20)- new ftp sites for medical images (item 55)Contents========General questions:[1] Whg}at are these newsgroups about?[2] What is this .xxx file type? Where can I find the corresponding compression program?h}[3] What is the latest pkzip version?[4] What is an archiver?[5] What is the best general purpose compression program?i}[7] Which books should I read?[8] What about patents on data compression algorithms?[9] The WEB 16:1 compressor.[11] Whj}at is the V.42bis standard?[12] I need source for the winners of the Dr Dobbs compression contest[13] I need source for arik}thmetic codingImage and audio compression:[15] Where can I get image compression programs?[16] What is the state of the l}art in lossless image compression?[17] What is the state of fractal compression?[18] I need specs and source for TIFF and Cm}CITT group 4 Fax.[19] What is JPEG?[20] I am looking for source of an H.261 codec and MPEG[25] Fast DCT (Discrete Cosine Tn}ransform) algorithms[26] Are there algorithms and standards for audio compression?Common problems:[30] My archive is coro}rupted![31] pkunzip reports a CRC error![32] VMS zip is not compatible with pkzip![33] I have a problem with Stacker or Dop}ubleSpace!Questions which do not really belong to comp.compression:[50] What is this 'tar' compression program?[51] I neq}ed a CRC algorithm[52] What about those people who continue to ask frequently asked questions?[53] Where are FAQ lists archr}ived?[54] I need specs for graphics formats[55] Where can I find Lenna and other images?[56] I am looking for a message dis}gest algorithmPart 2: (Long) introductions to data compression techniques[70] Introduction to data compression (long) t} Huffman and Related Compression Techniques Arithmetic Coding Substitutional Compressors The LZ78u} family of compressors The LZ77 family of compressors[71] Introduction to MPEG (long) What is MPEG? v} Does it have anything to do with JPEG? Then what's JBIG and MHEG? What has MPEG accomplished? So how dow}es MPEG I work? What about the audio compression? So how much does it compress? What's phase II? x}When will all this be finished? How do I join MPEG? How do I get the documents, like the MPEG I draft?[72] Why}at is wavelet theory?[73] What is the theoretical compression limit?[74] Introduction to JBIG[75] Introduction to JPEG[76z}] What is Vector Quantization?[77] Introduction to Fractal compressionPart 3: (Long) list of image compression hardware{}[85] Image compression hardware[99] AcknowledgmentsSearch for "Subject: [#]" to get to question number # quickly. Some ne|}wsreaders can also take advantage of the message digest format used here.If you know very little about data compression, r}}ead question 70 inpart 2 first.------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subject: [1~}] What are these newsgroups about?comp.compression is the place to discuss about data compression, bothlossless (for text} or data) and lossy (for images, sound, etc..).comp.compression.research was created later to provide a forum forcurrent re}search on data compression and data compression algorithms;this group is now moderated. If you are not experienced in data c}ompression,please post in comp.compression only.There is no archive for comp.compression, the volume is too high.(If you }know an ftp site archiving all of comp.compression, tell meat jloup@chorus.fr).If you only want to find a particular compr}ession program for aparticular operating system, please read first this FAQ and thearticle "How to find sources" which is r}egularly posted innews.answers.If you can't resist posting such a request, other groups are probablymore appropriate (com}p.binaries.ibm.pc.wanted, comp.os.msdos.apps,comp.sources.wanted, comp.sys.mac.wanted, comp.archives.msdos.d, comp.dsp,alt.}graphics.pixutils). Please post your request in comp.compressiononly as a last resource.If your question is about graphics} only (no compression), pleasepost to comp.graphics, *after* reading the comp.graphics FAQ (seeitem 54 below). For some unk}nown reason, many questions aboutgraphics are incorrectly posted to comp.compression.For questions related to audio compres}sion, check also comp.dsp.Please do not post any program in binary form to comp.compression.Very short sources can be post}ed, but long sources should be be postedto the specialized source groups, such as comp.sources.* or alt.sources.If the prog}ram is already available by ftp, just give the name of theftp site and the full path name of the file.As for any newsgroup}s, do not post the same message separately tocomp.compression and comp.compression.research.------------------------------}------------------------------------------------Subject: [2] What is this .xxx file type? Where can I find the} corresponding compression program?All the programs mentioned in this section are lossless.For most programs, one US and }one European ftp site are given.(oak.oakland.edu: 141.210.10.117, garbo.uwasa.fi: 128.214.87.1)Many other sites (in particu}lar wuarchive.wustl.edu: 128.152.135.4)have the same programs.To keep this list to a reasonable size, many programs are no}tmentioned here. Additional information can be found in the fileftp.cso.uiuc.edu:/doc/pcnet/compression [128.174.5.61] main}tained byDavid Lemson (lemson@uiuc.edu). When several programs can handlethe same archive format, only one of them is given}.Sources for additional lossless data compressors can be found ingarbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/programming/lds_11.zip andoak.oakland}.edu:/pub/msdos/archivers/lz-comp2.zip.Sources in Pascal are in garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/turbopas/preskit2.zip.For Macintosh pro}grams, look on sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac [36.44.0.6].For VM/CMS, look on vmd.cso.uiuc.edu:/public.477 [128.174.5.98].}For Atari, look on atari.archive.umich.edu [141.211.165.41]For Amiga, look on ftp.cso.uiuc.edu:/pub/amiga [128.174.5.59]}If you don't know how to use ftp or don't have ftp access, read thearticle "How to find sources" which is regularly posted i}n news.answers.If you can't find a program given below, it is likely that a newerversion exists in the same directory. (Te}ll me )A very short description of the compression algorithm is given formost programs. For the meaning o}f LZ77, LZ78 and LZW, see question 70in part 2 of the FAQ.) If you are looking for the file format of aspecific compression} program, get the sources of the decompressor.ext: produced by or read by.arc: arc, pkarc for MSDOS. (LZW algorithm)wu}archive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/starter/pk361.exegarbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/pk361.exe arc for Unix wuarchive}.wustl.edu:/mirrors/misc/unix/arc521e.tar-zgarbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/arcers/arc.tar.Z Contact: Howard Chu arc for VMSwuarchive.wustl.edu:/packages/compression/vax-vms/arc.exe arcmac for Macmac.archive.um}ich.edu:/mac/utilities/compressionapps/arcmac.hqx arc for Amigaftp.funet.fi:pub/amiga/fish/001-100/ff070/arc.lha.a}rj: arj for MSDOS (LZ77 with hashing, plus secondary static Huffman encoding on a block basis) Contact: Rob}ert K Jung wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/archivers/arj241a.exegarbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcer}s/arj241a.exe unarj for Unix. Decompresses only. (There is no arj compressor for Unix. Don't post a request.)} wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/misc/unix/unarj241.tar-zgarbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/arcers/unarj241.tar.Z unarj for Ma}c mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/util/compression/unarjmac.cpt.hqx unarj for Amigaftp.funet.fi:pub/amiga/u}tilities/archivers/unarj-0.5.lha.bck: VMS BACKUP. BACKUP is *not* a compression program. Do "help backup"..cpt: Compact P}ro for Mac sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac/util/compact-pro-133.hqx [36.44.0.6] For Unix:sumex-aim.stanford}.edu:/info-mac/unix/macutil-20b1.shar ftp.cwi.nl:/pub/macutil2.0b3.shar.Z.exe: self-extracting MSDOS executable (cr}eates files on disk when run) Run the file, or try unzip, lha or arj on it..exe: compressed MSDOS executable (decompr}esses itself in memory then runs the decompressed code). To get the original uncompressed .exe: oak.oakland.edu}:/pub/msdos/execomp/unp330.zip To create such files: oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/execomp/lzexe91e.zipnic.funet}.fi:/pub/msdos/windows/util/winlite1.zip (for Windows exe).gif: gif files are images compressed with the LZW algorithm. See} the comp.graphics FAQ list for programs manipulating .gif files. See suffix .Z below for source of LZW..gz, .z}: gzip (or pack, see .z below). gzip uses the same algorithm as zip 2.0 (see below); it can also extract packed an}d compressed files. For Unix, MSDOS, OS/2, VMS, Atari, Amiga, Primos:prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/gzip-1.2.4.tar (or .sh}ar or .tar.gz : source)prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/gzip-msdos-1.2.4.exe (MSDOS, lha self-extract)garbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/arcers}/gzip-1.2.4.tar.Z (source)garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/gzip124.zip (MSDOS exe)ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/VMS/gzi}p123x.exe (VMS exe) mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/util/compression/macgzip0.2.cpt.hqx (Mac) mac.archive.umich.ed}u:/mac/development/source/macgzip0.2src.cpt.hqx.ha: ha 0.98 for MSDOS (improved PPMC - 4th order Markov modeling)garbo.u}wasa.fi:/pc/arcers/ha098.zip.hap: Hamarsoft HAP 3.00 archiver. Contact: harald.feldmann@almac.co.uk garbo.uwasa.fi:}/pc/arcers/hap300re.zip.hqx: Macintosh BinHex format.. (BinHex is *not* a compression program,it is similar to uuencode b}ut handles multiple forks.) for Mac: mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/utilities/compressionapps/binhex4.0.bin for }Unix: sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac/cmp/mcvert-212.shar [36.44.0.6] for MSDOS: wuarchive.wustl.e}du:/mirrors/msdos/xbin23.zip.lha:.lzh: lha for MSDOS (LZ77 with a trie data structure, plus secondary static Huf}fman coding on a block basis)oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/archiver/lha213.exe (exe)oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/archiver/lh}a211sr.zip (sources)garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/lha255b.exe lharc for Unix. (LZ77 with hash table and binary trees, pl}us secondary Huffman coding) Warning: lharc can extract .lzh files created by lharc 1.xx but }not those created by lha. See lha for Unix below. wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/misc/unix/lharc102a.tar-zgarbo.uwasa}.fi:/unix/arcers/lha101u.tar.Z lharc for VMS. Same warning as for Unix lharc.wuarchive.wustl.edu:/packages/compressi}on/vax-vms/lharc.exe lha for Unix. Warning: all doc is in Japanese.wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/misc/unix/lha101u.ta}r-zgarbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/arcers/lha-1.00.tar.Z Contact: lha-admin@oki.co.jp or oki@wbg.telcom.oki.co.jp lha} for Mac mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/utilities/compressionapps/maclha2.0.cpt.hqx lha for Amigaftp.funet.fi:pu}b/amiga/utilities/archivers/LhA_e138.run.pak: pak for MSDOS (LZW algorithm) wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/arc}hivers/pak251.exegarbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/pak251.exe.pit: PackIt (Macintosh) for Mac: sumex-aim.stanford}.edu:/info-mac/util/stuffit-151.hqx [36.44.0.6] for Unix: sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac/unix/mcvert-165.}shar [36.44.0.6].pp: PowerPacker (Amiga)ftp.funet.fi:pub/amiga/fish/501-600/ff561/PPLib.lha.sea: self-extracting archiv}e (Macintosh) Run the file to extract it. The self-extraction code can be removed with:  mac.archive.umic}h.edu:/mac/utilities/compressionapps/desea1.11.cpt.hqx.sdn: used by the Shareware Distribution Network. Try the decom}pressors for .pak or .arj (see above).shar: Shell archive. This is not a compression program. Use "sh foo.shar" to} extract..sit: Stuffit for Macintosh for Mac: sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac/util/stuffit-lite-30.hqx [36}.44.0.6] for Unix: sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac/cmp/unsit-15-unix.shar [36.44.0.6] for Amiga: }ftp.funet.fi:pub/amiga/utilities/archivers/unsit-1.5c2.lha for MSDOS: garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/unsit30.zip.?q?: }Squeeze for MSDOS (do not confuse with other 'squeeze' below). Static Huffman coding.oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/start}er/sqpc12a.com (squeeze)oak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/starter/nusq110.com (unsqueeze).sqz: Squeeze for MSDOS (do not confuse} with other 'squeeze' above) LZ77 with hashing.wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/archivers/sqz1083e.exe garb}o.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/sqz1083e.exe.tar: tar is *not* a compression program. However, to be kind for you: for MSDOSw}uarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/starter/tarread.exegarbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/unix/tar4dos.zoo for Unix tar (you h}ave it already. To extract: tar xvf file.tar) for VMSwuarchive.wustl.edu:/packages/compression/vax-vms/tar.exe } for Macintosh sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac/util/tar-30.hqx for Amiga:ftp.funet.fi:pub/amiga/fish/401-5}00/ff445/Tar.lha.tar.Z, .tar-z, .taz: tar + compress For Unix: zcat file.tar.Z | tar xvf - with GNU tar: ta}r xvzf file.tar.Z Other OS: first uncompress (see .Z below) then untar (see .tar above).tar.gz, tar.z, .tgz: tar + gz}ip For Unix: gzip -cd file.tar.gz | tar xvf - with GNU tar: tar xvzf file.tar.gz Other OS: first uncompress} (see .gz above) then untar (see .tar above).td0: (compressed MS-DOS floppy image produced by TeleDisk) oak.oakland.e}du:/pub/msdos/diskutil/teled212.zip.uc2: UC2 for MSDOS and OS/2. (LZ77 with secondary static Huffman encoding on a block }basis, and dynamic dictionaries shared among files.)Contact: desk@aip.nl garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/uc2ins.exe.z: }pack or gzip (see .gz above). pack uses static Huffman coding. To extract, see .gz above..zip: pkzip 1.10 for MSDOS. }(LZ77 with hashing, plus secondary static Shannon-Fano encoding on whole file) Contact: pkware.inc@mixco}m.com wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/zip/pkz110eu.exe. garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/goldies/pkz110eu.exe. } Note: pkz110eu.exe is an 'export' version without encryption. zip 1.1 for Unix, MSDOS, VMS, OS/2, ... (compatible }with pkzip 1.10. For corresponding unzip, see unzip 5.1 below). ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/zip11.zip arcutil 2.}0 for VM/CMS (unzip only, not yet compatible with pkzip 2.04) vmd.cso.uiuc.edu:/public.477/arcutil.* [128.174.5.98].} pkzip 2.04g for MSDOS. (LZ77 with hashing, plus secondary static Huffman coding on a block basis) oak.oa}kland.edu:/pub/msdos/zip/pkz204g.exe garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/pkz204g.exe zip 2.0.1 and unzip 5.1 for Unix, }MSDOS, VMS, OS/2, Amiga, ... Compatible with pkzip 2.04g (LZ77 with hashing, plus secondary static Huffma}n coding on a block basis). Contact: zip-bugs@wkuvx1.wku.edu (On SGI, do not confuse with the editor also named 'zi}p'.)  ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/zip201.zip (source) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/unzip51.tar.Z } (source) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/MSDOS/zip20x.zip (MSDOS exe) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/MSDOS/unzip51x}.exe (MSDOS exe) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/VMS/unz50p1x.exe (Vax/VMS exe) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/VMS/zip20}x-vms.zip (Vax/VMS exe) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/AMIGA/unzip51x.* (Amiga exe) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/AMIG}A/zip201x.zip (Amiga exe) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/OS2*/* (OS/2 exe 16&32 bit) ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiv}ing/zip/zcrypt21.zip (encryption source) (Non US residents must get the crypt versions from garbo,see below)} garbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/arcers/zip201.zip (source) garbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/arcers/unzip51.tar.Z (source) garbo.uwasa.fi:/}pc/arcers/zip20x.zip (MSDOS exe) garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/unz51x3.exe (MSDOS exe) garbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/a}rcers/zcrypt21.zip (encryption source) for Macintosh: mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/util/compression/unzip2.01}.cpt.hqx mac.archive.umich.edu:/mac/util/compression/zipit1.2.cpt.hqx ftp.uu.net:/pub/archiving/zip/MAC/mac-unzip-51.hqx}.zoo: zoo 2.10 for MSDOS (algorithm copied from that of lha, see lha above) Contact: Rahul Dhesi  }wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/zoo/zoo210.exe garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/zoo210.exe zoo 2.10 for Unix, VMS } oak.oakland.edu:/pub/misc/unix/zoo210.tar.Z garbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/arcers/zoo210.tar.Z zoo for Mac  mac.archive.u}mich.edu:/mac/utilities/compressionapps/maczoo.sit.hqx zoo for Amigaftp.funet.fi:pub/amiga/utilities/archivers/Zoo-2}.1.lha.F: freeze for Unix (LZ77 with hashing, plus secondary dynamic Huffman encoding) wuarchive.wustl.edu:/u}senet/comp.sources.misc/volume35/freeze/part0[1-3].Z ftp.inria.fr:/system/arch-compr/freeze-2.5.tar.Z Contact: Leon}id A. Broukhis .Y: yabba for Unix, VMS, ... (Y coding, a variant of LZ78) wuarchive.wustl.edu:/usenet/}comp.sources.unix/volume24/yabbawhap/part0[1-4].Z ftp.inria.fr:/system/arch-compr/yabba.tar.Z Contact: Dan Bernstein .Z: compress for Unix ('the' LZW algorithm) It is likely that your Unix system has 'compress'} already. Otherwise:wuarchive.wustl.edu:/packages/compression/compress-4.1.tar (not in .Z format to avoid chicken a}nd egg problem) compress for MSDOSoak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/compress/comp430[ds].zipgarbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/unix/comp430}d.zipgarbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/source/comp430s.zip compress for Macintosh sumex-aim.stanford.edu:/info-mac/util/macco}mpress-32.hqx compress for Amigaftp.funet.fi:pub/amiga/utilities/archivers/compress-4.1.lha compress for Vax/VMS}wuarchive.wustl.edu:/packages/compression/vax-vms/lzcomp.exewuarchive.wustl.edu:/packages/compression/vax-vms/lzdcmp.exe}------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subject: [3] What is the latest PKZIP versio}n?The latest official version is 2.04g. Release 2.04c had serious bugs,corrected in 2.04e and 2.04g.Be warned that there} are countless bogus PKZIP 1.20, 2.0, 2.02,3.05 and whatever scams floating around. They usually are hacks ofPKZIP 1.93A b}eta test version. Some of them are trojans and / orcarry computer virii.Note about pkzip 2.06 from a PKware employee: } Version 2.06 was released as an INTERNAL use only IBM version. It is identical to 2.04G, but it has IBM names in the he}lp screens and such. That release is meant for IBM only.---------------------------------------------------------------}---------------Subject: [4] What is an archiver?There is a distinction between archivers and other compressionprograms: }- an archiver takes several input files, compresses them and produces a single archive file. Examples are arc, arj, lha, }zip, zoo.- other compression programs create one compressed file for each input file. Examples are freeze, yabba, compres }s. Such programs are often combined with tar to create compressed archives (see question 50: "What is this tar compressio }n program?").------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subject: [5] What is the best }general purpose compression program?The answer is: it depends. (You did not expect a definitive answer,did you?)It depe }nds whether you favor speed, compression ratio, a standard andwidely used archive format, the number of features, etc... Ju }st asfor text editors, personal taste plays an important role. compress has4 options, arj 2.30 has about 130 options; diffe }rent people likedifferent programs. *Please* do not start or continue flame wars onsuch matters of taste.The only objecti }ve comparisons are speed and compression ratio. Hereis a short table comparing various programs on a 33Mhz Compaq 386.All p }rograms have been run on Unix SVR4, except pkzip and arj whichonly run on MSDOS. (MSDOS benchmarks are available by ftp ono }ak.oakland.edu:/pub/msdos/info/arctst*.zip.)*Please* do not post your own benchmarks made on your own files thatnobody els }e can access. If you think that you must absolutely post yetanother benchmark, make sure that your test files are available }byanonymous ftp.The programs compared here were chosen because they are the mostpopular or because they run on Unix and s }ource is available. For ftpinformation, see above. Three programs (hpack, comp-2 and ha) havebeen added because they achie }ve better compression (at the expense ofspeed) and one program (lzrw3-a) has been added because it favorsspeed at the expen }se of compression:- comp-2 is in wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/ddjmag/ddj9102.zip (inner zip file nelson.zip),- hpa }ck is in wuarchive.wustl.edu:/mirrors/misc/unix/hpack75a.tar-z and garbo.uwasa.fi:/unix/arcers/hpack78src.tar.Z- ha 0.98 i }s in garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/arcers/ha098.zip- ftp.adelaide.edu.au:/pub/compression/lzrw3-a.c [129.127.40.3]The 14 files used }in the comparison are from the standard CalgaryText Compression Corpus, available by ftp on ftp.cpsc.ucalgary.ca [136.159.7 }.18] in /pub/text.compression.corpus/text.compression.corpus.tar.Z.The whole corpus includes 18 files, but the 4 files pape }r[3-6] aregenerally omitted in benchmarks. It contains several kinds of file(ascii, binary, image, etc...) but has a bias t }owards large files.You may well get different ratings on the typical mix of files thatyou use daily, so keep in mind that t }he comparisons given below areonly indicative.The programs are ordered by decreasing total compressed size. For afair com }parison between archivers and other programs, this size isonly the size of the compressed data, not the archive size.The p }rograms were run on an idle machine, so the elapsed timeis significant and can be used to compare Unix and MSDOS programs. }[Note: I did not have time to run again all benchmarks with morerecent versions of zip, freeze, arj and hpack. To be done fo }r somefuture revision of this FAQ.] size lzrw3a compress lharc yabba pkzip freeze version: } 4.0 1.02 1.0 1.10 2.3.5options: -m300000 } ------ ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------bib 111261 49040 46528 46502 }40456 41354 41515 book1 768771 416131 332056 369479 306813 350560 344793 book2 610856 274371 }250759 252540 229851 232589 230861 geo 102400 84214 77777 70955 76695 76172 68626 news } 377109 191291 182121 166048 168287 157326 155783 obj1 21504 12647 14048 10748 13859 }10546 10453 obj2 246814 108040 128659 90848 114323 90130 85500 paper1 53161 24522 25077 !} 21748 22453 20041 20021 paper2 82199 39479 36161 35275 32733 32867 32693 pic 513216 "} 111000 62215 61394 65377 63805 53291 progc 39611 17919 19143 15399 17064 14164 1 #}4143 progl 71646 24358 27148 18760 23512 17255 17064 progp 49379 16801 19209 12792 $} 16617 11877 11686 trans 93695 30292 38240 28092 31300 23135 22861 3,141,622 1,400,105 %}1,259,141 1,200,580 1,159,340 1,141,821 1,109,290real 0m35s 0m59s 5m03s 2m40s 5m27suse &}r 0m25s 0m29s 4m29s 1m46s 4m58ssys 0m05s 0m10s 0m07s 0m18s '} 0m08sMSDOS: 1m39s zoo l (}ha arj pkzip zip hpack comp-2 ha 2.10 1.0(Unix) 2.30 2.04g 1.9 0.75a )} 0.98 ah 2.13(MSDOS) -jm -ex -6 a2 ------ ------ ------ - *}----- ------- ------ ------ ------bib 40742 40740 36090 35186 34950 35619 29840 26927book1 +} 339076 339074 318382 313566 312619 306876 237380 235733book2 228444 228442 210521 207204 20630 ,}6 208486 174085 163535geo 68576 68574 69209 68698 68418 58976 64590 59356news 155086 1 -}55084 146855 144954 144395 141608 128047 123335obj1 10312 10310 10333 10307 10295 10572 .} 10819 9799obj2 84983 84981 82052 81213 81336 80806 85465 80381paper1 19678 19676 187 /}10 18519 18525 18607 16895 15675paper2 32098 32096 30034 29566 29674 29825 25453 2395 0}6pic 52223 52221 53578 52777 55051 51778 55461 51639progc 13943 13941 13408 13363 1} 13238 13475 12896 11795progl 16916 16914 16408 16148 16175 16586 17354 15298progp 115 2}09 11507 11308 11214 11182 11647 11668 10498trans 22580 22578 20046 19808 18879 2 3}0506 21023 17927 1,096,166 1,096,138 1,036,934 1,019,451 1,021,043 1,005,367 890,976 845,854real 4m07s 6m03s 4} 1m49s 1h22m17s 27m05suser 3m47s 4m23s 1m43s 1h20m46s 19m27ssys 5} 0m04s 0m08s 0m02s 0m12s 2m03sMSDOS: 1m49s 2m41s 1m43s 6} 14m43sNotes:- the compressed data for 'zoo ah' is always two bytes longer than for lha. This is simply 7}because both programs are derived from the same source (ar002, written by Haruhiko Okumura, available by ftp in wuarchive 8}.wustl.edu:/mirrors/msdos/archivers/ar002.zip).- hpack 0.75a gives slightly different results on SunOS. (To be checked wi 9}th latest version of hpack).- the MSDOS versions are all optimized with assembler code and were run on a RAM disk. So it :}is not surprising that they often go faster than their Unix equivalent.-------------------------------------------------- ;}----------------------------Subject: [7] Which books should I read?[BWC 1989] Bell, T.C, Cleary, J.G. and Witten, I.H, " <}Text Compression", Prentice-Hall 1989. ISBN: 0-13-911991-4. Price: approx. US$60 The reference on text data compressi =}on.[Nel 1991] Mark Nelson, "The Data Compression Book" M&T Books, Redwood City, CA, 1991. ISBN 1-55851-216-0. Pric >}e $36.95 including two 5" PC-compatible disks bearing all the source code printed in the book. A practical introducti ?}on to data compression. The book is targeted at a person who is comfortable reading C code but doesn't know anything @}about data compression. Its stated goal is to get you up to the point where you are competent to program standard co A}mpression algorithms.[Will 1990] Williams, R. "Adaptive Data Compression", Kluwer Books, 1990. ISBN: 0-7923-9085-7. Pr B}ice: US$75. Reviews the field of text data compression and then addresses the problem of compressing rapidly changing C} data streams.[Stor 1988] Storer, J.A. "Data Compression: Methods and Theory", Computer Science Press, Rockville, MD. D}ISBN: 0-88175-161-8. A survey of various compression techniques, mainly statistical non-arithmetic compression and LZ E}SS compression. Includes complete Pascal code for a series of LZ78 variants.[Stor 1992] Storer, J.A. "Image and Text C F}ompression", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992, ISBN 0-7923-9243-4[ACG 1991] Advances in Speech Coding, edited by Atal, G}Cuperman, and Gersho, Kluwer Academic Press, 1991.[GG 1991] Vector Quantization and Signal Compression, by Gersho and G H}ray, Kluwer Acad. Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7923-9181-0.[CT 1991] Elements of Information Theory, by T.M.Cover and J.A.Thomas I} John Wiley & Sons, 1991. ISBN 0-471-06259-6.Review papers:[BWC 1989] Bell, T.C, Witten, I.H, and Cleary, J.G. "Mod J}eling for Text Compression", ACM Computing Surveys, Vol.21, No.4 (December 1989), p.557 A good general overview of co K}mpression techniques (as well as modeling for text compression); the condensed version of "Text Compression".[Lele 1987 L}] Lelewer, D.A, and Hirschberg, D.S. "Data Compression", ACM Computing Surveys, Vol.19, No.3 (September 1987), p.261. M} A survey of data compression techniques which concentrates on Huffman compression and makes only passing mention of oth N}er techniques.------------------------------------------------------------------------------Subject: [8] What about pate O}nts on data compression algorithms?[Note: the appropriate group for discussing software patents iscomp.patents (or misc.l P}egal.computing), not comp.compression.]All patents mentioned here are US patents, and thus probablynot applicable outside Q}the US. See item 70, "Introduction to datacompression" for the meaning of LZ77, LZ78 or LZW.(a) Run length encoding- Ts R}ukiyama has two patents on run length encoding: 4,586,027 and 4,872,009 granted in 1986 and 1989 respectively. The first on S}e covers run length encoding in its most primitive form: a length byte followed by the repeated byte. The second patent c T}overs the 'invention' of limiting the run length to 16 bytes and thus the encoding of the length on 4 bits. Here is the s U}tart of claim 1 of patent 4,872,009, just for pleasure: 1. A method of transforming an input data string comprising a pl V}urality of data bytes, said plurality including portions of a plurality of consecutive data bytes identical to one an W}other, wherein said data bytes may be of a plurality of types, each type representing different information, said met X}hod comprising the steps of: [...]- O'Brien has patented (4,988,998) run length encoding followed by LZ77.(b) LZ77- Wa Y}terworth patented (4,701,745) the algorithm now known as LZRW1, because Ross Williams reinvented it later and posted it on Z} comp.compression on April 22, 1991. (See item 5 for the ftp site with all LZRW derivatives.) The *same* algorithm has lat [}er been patented by Gibson & Graybill (see below). The patent office failed to recognize that the same algorithm was pate \}nted twice, even though the wording used in the two patents is very similar. The Waterworth patent is now owned by Stac ]}Inc, which won a lawsuit against Microsoft, concerning the compression feature of MSDOS 6.0. Damages awarded were $120 mi ^}llion.- Fiala and Greene obtained in 1990 a patent (4,906,991) on all implementations of LZ77 using a tree data structure _}. Claim 1 of the patent is much broader than the algorithms published by Fiala and Greene in Comm.ACM, April 89. The pate `}nt covers the algorithm published by Rodeh and Pratt in 1981 (J. of the ACM, vol 28, no 1, pp 16-24). It also covers the a} algorithm previously patented by Eastman-Lempel-Ziv (4,464,650), and the algorithms used in lharc, lha and zoo.- Noten b}boom (from Microsoft) 4,955,066 uses three levels of compression, starting with run length encoding.- The Gibson & Graybi c}ll patent 5,049,881 covers the LZRW1 algorithm previously patented by Waterworth and reinvented by Ross Williams. Claims d}4 and 12 are very general and could be interpreted as applying to any LZ algorithm using hashing (including all variants e}of LZ78): 4. A compression method for compressing a stream of input data into a compressed stream of output data b f}ased on a minimum number of characters in each input data string to be compressed, said compression method comprisi q}B%DOS SYSB*)DUP SYSBSDATCOMP1TXTBRAM_LED TXTng the creation of a hash table, hashing each occurrence of a string of input data and subsequently searching for i r}dentical strings of input data and if such an identical string of input data is located whose string size is at least eq s}ual to the minimum compression size selected, compressing the second and all subsequent occurrences of such identic t}al string of data, if a string of data is located which does not match to a previously compressed string of data, s u}toring such data as uncompressed data, and for each input strings after each hash is used to find a possible previous v} match location of the string, the location of the string is stored in the hash table, thereby using the previously pr w}ocessed data to act as a compression dictionary. Claim 12 is identical, with 'method' replaced with 'apparatus'. Sin x}ce the 'minimal compression size' can be as small as 2, the claim could cover any dictionary technique of the LZ family. y}However the text of the patent and the other claims make clear that the patent should cover the LZRW1 algorithm only. (In z} any case the Gibson & Graybill patent is likely to be invalid because of the prior art in the Waterworth patent.)- Phil {}Katz, author of pkzip, also has a patent on LZ77 (5,051,745) but the claims only apply to sorted hash tables, and when the |}hash table is substantially smaller than the window size.- IBM patented (5,001,478) the idea of combining a history buffe }}r (the LZ77 technique) and a lexicon (as in LZ78).- Stac Inc patented (5,016,009 and 5,126,739) yet another variation of ~}LZ77 with hashing. The '009 patent was used in the lawsuit against Microsoft (see above). Stac also has patents on LZ77 w }ith parallel lookup in hardware (4,841,092 and 5,003,307).- Robert Jung, author of 'arj', has been granted patent 5,140,3 }21 for one variation of LZ77 with hashing. This patent covers the LZRW3-A algorithm, also previously discovered by Ross }Williams. LZRW3-A was posted on comp.compression on July 15, 1991. The patent was filed two months later on Sept 4, 1991. } (The US patent system allows this because of the 'invention date' rule.)- Chambers 5,155,484 is yet another variation of } LZ77 with hashing. The hash function is just the juxtaposition of two input bytes, this is the 'invention' being patente }d. The hash table is named 'direct lookup table'.(c) LZ78- One form of the original LZ78 algorithm was patented (4,464 },650) by its authors Lempel, Ziv, Cohn and Eastman.- The LZW algorithm used in 'compress' is patented by IBM (4,814,746) } and Unisys (4,558,302). It is also used in the V.42bis compression standard (see question 11 on V.42bis below) and in Pos }tscript Level 2. (Unisys sells the license to modem manufacturers for a onetime $25,000 fee.) The IBM patent application }was filed three weeks before that of Unisys, but the US patent office failed to recognize that they covered the same algo }rithm. (The IBM patent is more general, but its claim 7 is exactly LZW.)- AP coding is patented by Storer (4,876,541). (G }et the yabba package for source code, see question 2 above, file type .Y)(d) arithmetic coding- IBM holds many patents } on arithmetic coding (4,286,256 4,295,125 4,463,342 4,467,317 4,633,490 4,652,856 4,891,643 4,905,297 4,935,882). It has } patented in particular the Q-coder implementation of arithmetic coding. The arithmetic coding option of the JPEG standard } requires use of the patented algorithm. No JPEG-compatible method is possible without infringing the patent, because wh }at IBM actually claims rights to is the underlying probability model (the heart of an arithmetic coder). (See the JPEG FA }Q for details.) AT&T has 3 patents on arithmetic coding (4,973,961, 5,023,611, 5,025,258).As can be seen from the above } list, some of the most popular compressionprograms (compress, pkzip, zoo, lha, arj) are now covered by patents.(This says }nothing about the validity of these patents.)Here are some references on data compression patents. A number of them aretak }en from the list prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/lpf/patent-list.3,914,586Data compression method and apparatusfiled 10/25/73, grant }ed 10/21/75General Motors Corporation, Detroit MIDuane E. McIntosh, Santa Ynez CAData compression apparatus is disclosed i }s operable in either a bitpair coding mode of a word coding mode depending on the degree ofredundancy of the data to be enc }oded.3,976,844Data communication system for transmitting data in compressed formfiled Apr. 4, 1975, granted Aug. 24, 1976 }inventor Bernard K. Betz, assignee Honeywell Information Systems, Inc.[encode differences with previous line]4,021,782D }ata compaction system and apparatusinventor Hoerningfiled 04/30/1975, granted 05/03/1977[A primitive form of LZ77 with imp }licit offsets (compare with previous record)]4,054,951Data expansion apparatusinventor R.D. Jackson, assignee IBMfiled J }un. 30, 1976, granted Oct. 18, 1977[Covers only decompression of data compressed with a variant of LZ77.]4,087,788Data co }mpression systemfiled 1/14/77, granted 5/2/78NCR Canada LTD - NCR Canada Ltee, Mississauga CABrian J. Johannesson, Waterlo }o CAA data compression system is disclosed in which the left hand boundaryof a character is developed in the form of a sequ }ence of Freemandirection codes, the codes being stored in digital form within aprocessor.4,286,256Method and means for a }rithmetic coding using a reduced number of operations.granted Aug 25, 1981assignee IBM4,295,125A method and means for pi }peline decoding of the high to low order pairwisecombined digits of a decodable set of relatively shifted finite number ofs }tringsgranted Oct 13, 1981assignee IBM4,412,306System for minimizing space requirements for storage and transmission of }digital signalsfiled May 14, 1981, granted Oct. 25, 1983inventor Edward W. Moll4,463,342A method and means for carry-ov }er control in a high order to low ordercombining of digits of a decodable set of relatively shifted finite numberstrings.g }ranted Jul 31, 1984assignee IBM4,491,934Data compression processfiled May 12, 1982, granted Jan. 1, 1985inventor Karl }E. Heinz4,464,650Apparatus and method for compressing data signals and restoring thecompressed data signalsinventors Lem }pel, Ziv, Cohn, Eastmanassignees Sperry Corporation and At&T Bell Laboratoriesfiled 8/10/81, granted 8/7/84A compressor pa }rses the input data stream into segments where eachsegment comprises a prefix and the next symbol in the data streamfollowi }ng the prefix.4,467,317High-speed arithmetic compression using using concurrent value updating.granted Aug 21, 1984assig }nee IBM4,494,108Adaptive source modeling for data file compression within bounded memoryfiled Jun. 5, 1984, granted Jan. }15, 1985invntors Glen G. Langdon, Jorma J. Rissanenassignee IBMorder 1 Markov modeling4,558,302High speed data compress }ion and decompression apparatus and methodinventor Welchassignee Sperry Corporation (now Unisys)filed 6/20/83, granted 12/ }10/85The text for this patent can be ftped from rusmv1.rus.uni-stuttgart.de(129.69.1.12) in /info/comp.patents/US4558302.Z. }4,560,976Data compressionfiled 6/5/84, granted 12/24/85Codex Corporation, Mansfield MASteven G. Finn, Framingham, MAA }stream of source characters, which occur with varying relativefrequencies, is encoded into a compressed stream of codewords, } eachhaving one, two or three subwords, by ranking the source characters bytheir current frequency of appearance, encoding }the source charactershaving ranks no higher than a first number as one subword codewords,source characters having ranks hig }her than the first number but nohigher than a second number as two subword codewords, and theremaining source characters as } three subword codewords.4,586,027Method and system for data compression and restorationinventor Tsukimaya et al.assigne }e Hitachifiled 08/07/84, granted 04/29/86patents run length encoding4,597,057System for compressed storate of 8-bit asci }i bytes using coded stringsof 4-bit nibbles.inventor Snow, assignee System Development corporation.filed 12/31/1981, grant }ed 06/24/1986.Compression using static dictionary of common words, prefixes and suffixes.4,612,532Data compression appara }tus and methodinventor Bacon, assignee Telebyte Corportionfiled Jun. 19, 1984, granted Sep. 16, 1986[Uses followsets as in } the pkzip 0.92 'reduce' algorithm, but thefollowsets are dynamically updated. This is in effect a sort of order-1Markov mo }deling.]4,622,545Method and apparatus for image compression and Manipulationinventor William D. Atkinsonassignee Apple c }omputer Inc.filed 9/30/82granted 11/11/864,633,490Symmetrical adaptive data compression/decompression system.granted De }c 30, 1985assignee IBM4,652,856A multiplication-free multi-alphabet arithmetic code.granted Feb 4, 1986assignee IBM4 },667,649Data receiving apparatusfiled 4/18/84, granted 6/30/87inventors Kunishi et al.assignee Canon Kabushiki Kaisha, To }kyo Japancompression of Fax images.4,682,150Data compression method and apparatusinventors Mathes and Protheroe, assign }ee NCR Corporation, Dayton OHA system and apparatus for compressing redundant and nonredundantbinary data generated as part } of an operation of a time and attendanceterminal in which the data represents the time an employee is presentduring workin }g hours.4,701,745Data compression systeminventor Waterworth John Rassignee Ferranti PLC GB, patent rights now acquired b }y Stac Inc.filed 03/03/1986 (03/06/1985 in GB), granted 10/20/1987Algorithm now known as LZRW1 (see above)I claim:1. A da }ta compression system comprising an input store for receivingand storing a plurality of bytes of uncompressed data from an o }utsidesource, and data processing means for processing successive bytes ofdata from the input store;the data processing me }ans including circuit means operable to checkwhether a sequence of successive bytes to be processed identical witha sequenc }e of bytes already processed, and including hash generatingmeans responsive to the application of a predetermined number of }bytes in sequence to derive a hash code appropriate to those bytes, atemporary store in which the hash code may represent th }e address of astorage location, and a pointer counter operable to store in thetemporary store at said address a pointer ind }icative of the positionin the input store of one of the predetermined number of bytes;output means operable to apply to a t }ransfer medium each byte of datanot forming part of such an identical sequence; andencoding means responsive to the identif }ication of such a sequence toapply to the transfer medium an identification signal which identifiesboth the location in the } input store of the previous occurrence of thesequence of bytes and the number of bytes contained in the sequence.4,730,34 }8Adaptive data compression systeminventor MacCrisken, assignee Adaptive Computer Technologiesfiled Sep. 19, 1986, granted }Mar. 8, 1988[order-1 Markov modeling + Huffman coding + LZ77]4,758,899Data compression control deviceinventor Tsukiyama, } assignee Hitachifiled 11/20/1985, granted 07/19/1988Limits compression to ensure that tape drive stays busy.4,809,350Da }ta compression systemfiled Jan. 30, 1987, granted Feb. 28, 1989inventor Yair Shimoni & Ron Nivassignee Elscint Ltd., Haifa }, Israel[Image compression via variable length encoding of differences withpredicted data.]4,814,746Data compression met }hodinventors Victor S. Miller, Mark N. Wegmanassignee IBMfiled 8/11/86, granted 3/21/89A previous application was filed o }n 6/1/83, three weeks before theapplication by Welch (4,558,302)Communications between a Host Computing System and a number } of remoteterminals is enhanced by a data compression method which modifies thedata compression method of Lempel and Ziv by } addition of new characterand new string extensions to improve the compression ratio, anddeletion of a least recently used }routine to limit the encoding tablesto a fixed size to significantly improve data transmission efficiency.4,841,092contin }ued in 5,003,3074,853,696Code converter for data compression/decompressionfiled 4/13/87, granted 8/1/89inventor Amar Muk }herjee, Maitland FLassignee University of Central Florida, Orlando FLAnother hardware Huffman encoder:A code converter has } a network of logic circuits connected in reversebinary tree fashion with logic paths between leaf nodes and a commonroot n }ode.4,872,009Method and apparatus for data compression and restorationinventor Tsukimaya et al.assignee Hitachifiled 12 }/07/87, granted 10/03/89This patent on run length encoding covers the 'invention' of limitingthe run length to 16 bytes and } thus the encoding of the length on 4 bits.4,876,541Stem [sic] for dynamically compressing and decompressing electronic da }tafiled 10/15/87, granted 10/24/89inventor James A. Storerassignee Data Compression CorporationA data compression system }for encoding and decoding textual data,including an encoder for encoding the data and for a decoder fordecoding the encoded } data.4,891,643Arithmetic coding data compression/de-compression by selectivelyemployed, diverse arithmetic encoders and }decoders.granted Jan 2, 1990assignee IBM4,905,297granted Feb 27, 1990assignee IBMArithmetic coding encoder and decode }r system.4,906,991Textual substitution data compression with finite length search windowfiled 4/29/1988, granted 3/6/1990 }inventors Fiala,E.R., and Greene,D.H.assignee Xerox Corporation4,935,882Probability adaptation for arithmetic coders.gr }anted Jun 19, 1990assignee IBM4,941,193Barnsley, fractal compression.4,943,869Compression Method for Dot Image Datafi }led 1988-05-04, granted 1990-07-24assignee Fuji Photo Film Co.Lossy and lossless image compression schemes.4,955,066Comp }ressing and Decompressing Text Filesfiled 10/13/89, granted 09/04/90inventor Notenboom, L.A.assignee MicrosoftNow extend }ed as 5,109,433[Noted in signon screen of Word 5.5 and on the outside of the MS-DOS 5.0Upgrade.]A method of compressing a }text file in digital form is disclosed.A full text file having characters formed into phrases is provided by anauthor. The } characters are digitally represented by bytes. A first passcompression is sequentially followed by a second pass compressi }on of thetext which has previously been compressed. A third or fourth level ofcompression is serially performed on the com }pressed text. For example, ina first pass, the text is run-length compressed. In a second pass, thecompressed text is fur }ther compressed with key phrase compression. In athird pass, the compressed text is further compressed with Huffmancompres }sion. The compressed text is stored in a text file having a Huffmandecode tree, a key phrase table, and a topic index. The } data isdecompressed in a single pass and provided one line at a time as an output.Sequential compressing of the text minim }izes the storage space required forthe file. Decompressing of the text is performed in a single pass. As acomplete line i }s decompressed, it is output rapidly, providing full text tothe user.4,973,961Method and apparatus for carry-over control } in arithmetic coding.granted Nov 27, 1990assignee AT&T4,988,998Data compression system for successively applying at lea }st two datacompression methods to an input data stream.inventor O'Brienassignee Storage Technology Corporation, Louisville }, Coloradofiled Sep 5, 1989, granted Jan 29, 1991.Run length encoding followed by LZ77.5,001,478Method of Encoding Compr }essed Datafiled 12/28/89, granted 03/19/91inventor Michael E. Nagyassignee IBM1. A method of encoding a compressed data s }tream made up of a sequence ofliteral references, lexicon references and history references, whichcomprises the steps of:a }ssigning to each literal reference a literal identifier;assigning to each history reference a history identifier;assigning }to each lexicon reference a lexicon identifier;and emitting a data stream with said identifiers assigned to said references. }Gordon Irlam says:The invention can probably be best understood by considering thedecompresso }r. It consists of a history buffer, and a lexicon buffer, bothof which are initially empty. The history buffer contains th }e last nsymbols emitted. Whenever a history buffer reference is to be output thestring so referenced is subsequently moved } to the lexicon buffer for futurereference. Thus the history buffer keeps track of strings that may berepeated on a very s }hort term basis, while the lexicon buffer stores itemsfor a longer time. Furthermore a history reference involves specifyin }gboth the offset and length within the history buffer, whereas a lexiconreference simply specifies a number denoting the st }ring. Both buffers havea finite size.5,003,307Data compression apparatus with shift register search meansfiled Oct. 6, }1989, granted Mar. 26, 1991inventors George Glen A, Ivey Glen E, Whiting Douglas Lassignee Stac Inccontinuation of 4,841,0 }925,016,009Data compression apparatus and methodfiled 01/13/1989, granted 05/14/1991inventors George Glen A, Ivey Glen E }, Whiting Douglas Lassignee Stac IncLZ77 with offset hash table (extended in 5,126,739)5,023,611Entropy encoder/decoder }including a context extractor.granted Jun 11, 1991assignee AT&T5,025,258Adaptive probability estimator for entropy encod }er/decoder.granted Jun 18, 1991assignee AT&T5,049,881Apparatus and method for very high data rate-compression incorporat }inglossless data compression and expansion utilizing a hashing techniqueinventors Dean K. Gibson, Mark D. Graybillassignee } Intersecting Concepts, Inc.filed 6/18/90, granted 9/17/91[covers lzrw1, almost identical with Waterworth 4,701,745]5,051 },745String searcher, and compressor using samefiled 8/21/90, granted 9/24/91inventor Phillip W. Katz (author of pkzip)I }n the string search method and apparatus pointers to the string to besearched are indexed via a hashing function and organiz }ed according to thehashing values of the string elements pointed to. The hashing function isalso run on the string desired }to be found, and the resulting hashing valueis used to access the index. If the resulting hashing value is not in theindex, } it is known that the target string does not appear in the stringbeing searched. Otherwise the index is used to determine th }e pointers whichcorrespond to the target hashing value, these pointers pointing to likelycandidates for matching the target } string. The pointers are then used tosequentially compare each of the locations in the string being searched tothe target }string, to determine whether each location contains a match tothe target string.In the method and apparatus for compressing } a stream of data symbols, afixed length search window, comprising a predetermined contiguous portionof the symbol stream, }is selected as the string to be searched by thestring searcher. If a string to be compressed is found in the symbolstream, }a code is output designating the location within the search windowof the matching string and the length of the matching stri }ng.5,065,447Barnsley, fractal compression5,109,433Compressing and decompressing text filesinventor Notenboomassignee }Microsoftextension of 4,955,0665,126,739Data Compression Apparatus and Methodfiled Nov. 27, 1990, granted June 30, 1992. }inventor Whiting et. alassignee Stac IncLZ77 with offset hash table (extension of 5,016,009)5,140,321Data compression/d }ecompression method and apparatusfiled 9/4/91, granted 8/18/92inventor Robert Jungassignee Prime Computer5,155,484Fast }data compressor with direct lookup table indexing into history bufferfiled 9/13/1991, granted 10/13/1992inventor Chambers, }IV, Lloyd L., Menlo Park, Californiaassignee Salient Software, Inc., Palo Alto, California (02)Uses a 64K hash table indexe }d by the first two characters ofthe input string. Includes several claims on the LZ77 file format(literal or pair offset,le }ngth).5,179,378file Jul. 30, 1991, granted Jan. 12, 1993inventor Ranganathanassignee University of South FloridaMethod }and apparatus for the compression and decompression of datausing Lempel-Ziv based techniques.[This covers LZ77 hardware com }pression with a systolic array ofprocessors working in parallel.]Japan 2-46275Coding ofprocet@ :ssintedkup t in l-Ziv }lori7 hardwa 2:e index/17/91[cpCtedsiert fIn mMmpressed iD1procaT,140,3IV, aompr esignating the locatIMmassig8proc3IV, } aomp LZ7srtxed leny9oessionng the ata com.tharRr,15srtxed leny9oessionng the ata com.ssion of nrnvehkup :r usueach of. au(0 }2v1ekelyc, aompri areppuapan 2-46275Coding ofprocet@ :ssintedkup t in l-Ziv loritin0ad coark,a5amritdkuingbeing searche }d. 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Yes!Feedback on th}is MOD.. Tell me whereyou mounted the LED? A better 5voltlocation than L25 etc. Star NET BBS Pro node 449 305-86}8-0211 24hrs 7 days 240 megs online.Now for the Greeting!! Steve Hoffee of LAPD! Bob Puff of CSS Tom Hunt}! from CTH BBS Ben Poehland of AC Jeff Potter of AC Wes Newell I/