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G}JB|,#P#DE 1 HI BDEHHII 1 B 1 ,^ 1 70,0La- B V,#PH},^ 1 70 0L#L!-* 1P* 1 y0Yj383}mm ݭI}}`8}``|* ? ɛ,`|:-)| / 1L!`DESTINATION CANT BE DOJ}S.SYS0 0H{ 24Δ 28/L!/) 2 Π 2 0 ξK}hAΞB,0 J 1 BDEHI,HÝDE 1HIHIDELSAVE-GIVE L}FILE,START,END(,INIT,RUN)O S0 1`BDEPHI V` S0H 1 L!M}0 0 1L~0`PLEASE TYPE 1 LETTER,0`hhL! 70 1L0L<1 ,;ɛ7,"ɛ:ݦ1ݥN}A"D|ݤD|ȩ:|ȩ|ɛ,,(/+.ީ1 1,ɛ`轤{NAMEO} TOO LONG B VL!` L1I H1EΝDL1|mDiE` V0`8d/8 i:222 1 LP}!ERROR- 138ɛ+,' 20*.. өr2 1``2TOO MANY DIGITSINVALID HEXAQ}DECIMAL PARAMETER800 0 8 00`,0'D800 H,ɛh`2L1NEED D1 THRU D8uR} Newsgroups: alt.binaries.sounds.misc,alt.binaries.sounds.d,comp.dsp,alt.answers,comp.answers,news.answersPath: bloom-beacon.T}mit.edu!hookup!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!sun4nl!cwi.nl!guidoFrom: guido@cwi.nl (Guido van Rossum)U}Subject: FAQ: Audio File Formats (part 1 of 2)Message-ID: Followup-To: alt.binaries.soV}unds.d,comp.dspSender: news@cwi.nl (The Daily Dross)Supersedes: Nntp-Posting-Host: voW}orn.cwi.nlReply-To: guido@cwi.nlOrganization: CWI, AmsterdamDate: Tue, 22 Feb 1994 10:41:10 GMTApproved: news-answers-reqX}uest@MIT.EduExpires: Tue, 22 Mar 1994 10:41:06 GMTLines: 1079Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu alt.binaries.sounds.misc:13671 altY}.binaries.sounds.d:3312 comp.dsp:5169 alt.answers:1927 comp.answers:3869 news.answers:15528Archive-name: audio-fmts/part1SZ}ubmitted-by: Guido van Rossum Version: 3.08Last-modified: 22-Feb-1994FAQ: Audio File Formats==============[}=========Table of contents-----------------IntroductionDevice characteristicsPopular sampling ratesCompression scheme\}sCurrent hardwareFile formatsFile conversionsPlaying audio files on UNIXPlaying audio files on microsThe Sound Site New]}sletterPosting soundsAppendices (in part 2):FTP access for non-internet sitesAIFF Format (Audio IFF)The NeXT/Sun audio^} file formatIFF/8SVX FormatPlaying sound on a PCThe EA-IFF-85 documentationUS Federal Standard 1016 availabilityCreative_} Voice (VOC) file formatRIFF WAVE (.WAV) file formatU-LAW and A-LAW definitionsAVR File FormatThe Amiga MOD FormatIntr`}oduction------------This is version 3 of this FAQ, which I started in November 1991 underthe name "The audio formats guida}e". I bumped the major version numberagain at the occasion of the split in two parts: part one is the maintext and part twb}o consists of the collection of appendices.I am posting this about once a fortnight, either unchanged (just toinform new rc}eaders), or updated (if I learn more or when new hardwareor software becomes popular). I post to alt.binaries.sounds.$(miscd},d$)and to comp.dsp, for maximal coverage of people interested in audio,and to $(news,comp$).answers, for easy reference.e}The entire FAQ is also available by anonymous ftp from ftp.cwi.nl[192.16.184.180], directory pub/audio, files AudioFormats.$f}(part1,part2$).BTW: All FAQs, including this one, are available for anonymous ftp onthe archive site rtfm.mit.edu in direcg}tory /pub/usenet/news.answers/.The name under which a FAQ is archived appears in the "Archive-Name:"line at the top of the h}article. This FAQ is archived asaudio-fmts/part[12].A companion posting with subject "Changes to: ..." is occasionallypoi}sted listing the diffs between a new version and the last. This isnot reposted, and it is suppressed when the diffs are bigj}ger than thenew version.Send updates, comments and questions to . I'd like tothank everyone who sent updatk}es in the past.--Guido van Rossum, CWI, Amsterdam Device characteristics----------------------In this tl}ext, I will only use the term "sample" to refer to a singleoutput value from an A/D converter, i.e., a small integer numberm}(usually 8 or 16 bits).Audio data is characterized by the following parameters, whichcorrespond to settings of the A/D conn}verter when the data wasrecorded. Naturally, the same settings must be used to play the data.- sampling rate (in samples o}per second), e.g. 8000 or 44100- number of bits per sample, e.g. 8 or 16- number of channels (1 for mono, 2 for stereo, ep}tc.)Approximate sampling rates are often quoted in Hz or kHz ([kilo-]Hertz), however, the politically correct term is sampq}les per second(samples/sec). Sampling rates are always measured per channel, so forstereo data recorded at 8000 samples/ser}c, there are actually 16000samples in a second. I will sometimes write 8 k as a shorthand for8000 samples/sec.Multi-chans}nel samples are generally interleaved on a frame-by-framebasis: if there are N channels, the data is a sequence of frames,wt}here each frame contains N samples, one from each channel. (Thus,the sampling rate is really the number of *frames* per secu}ond.) Forstereo, the left channel usually comes first.The specification of the number of bits for U-LAW (pronounced mu-lav}w-- the u really stands for the Greek letter mu) samples is somewhatproblematic. These samples are logarithmically encodedw} in 8 bits,like a tiny floating point number; however, their dynamic range isthat of 12 bit linear data. Source for converx}ting to/from U-LAW(written by Jef Poskanzer) is distributed as part of the SOX packagementioned below; it can easily be ripy}ped apart to serve in otherapplications. The official definition is the CCITT standard G.711.There exists another encodinz}g similar to U-LAW, called A-LAW, whichis used as a European telephony standard. There is less support forit in UNIX works{}tations.(See the Appendix for some formulae describing U-LAW and A-LAW.)Popular sampling rates----------------------S|}ome sampling rates are more popular than others, for various reasons.Some recording hardware is restricted to (approximation}}s of) some ofthese rates, some playback hardware has direct support for some. Thepopularity of divisors of common rates ca~}n be explained by thesimplicity of clock frequency dividing circuits :-).Samples/sec Description5500 One }fourth of the Mac sampling rate (rarely seen).7333 One third of the Mac sampling rate (rarely seen).8000 } Exactly 8000 samples/sec is a telephony standard that goes together with U-LAW (and also A-LAW) encodin}g. Some systems use an slightly different rate; in particular, the NeXT workstation uses 8012}.8210513, apparently the rate used by Telco CODECs.11 k Either 11025, a quarter of the CD sampli}ng rate, or half the Mac sampling rate (perhaps the most popular rate on the Mac).16000 } Used by, e.g. the G.722 compression standard.18.9 k CD-ROM/XA standard.22 k Either 22050, half} the CD sampling rate, or the Mac rate; the latter is precisely 22254.545454545454 but usuall}y misquoted as 22000. (Historical note: 22254.5454... was the horizontal scan rate of the or}iginal 128k Mac.)32000 Used in digital radio, NICAM (Nearly-Instantaneous Companded Audio Multipl}ex [IBA/BREMA/BBC]) and other TV work, at least in the UK; also long play DAT and Japanese HD}TV.37.8 k CD-ROM/XA standard for higher quality.44056 This weird rate is used by professional audio } equipment to fit an integral number of samples in a video frame.44100 The CD sampli}ng rate. (DAT players recording digitally from CD also use this rate.)48000 The DAT (Digital Aud}io Tape) sampling rate for domestic use.Files samples on SoundBlaster hardware have sampling rates that are}divisors of 1000000.While professinal musicians disagree, most people don't have a problemif recorded sound is played at }a slightly different rate, say, 1-2%.On the other hand, if recorded data is being fed into a playbackdevice in real time (s}ay, over a network), even the smallestdifference in sampling rate can frustrate the buffering scheme used...There may be a}n emerging tendency to standardize on only a fewsampling rates and encoding styles, even if the file formats maydiffer. Th}e suggested rates and styles are: rate (samp/sec) style mono/stereo 8000 8-bit U-LAW mono 22050 8-bit linear un}signed mono and stereo 44100 16-bit linear signed mono and stereoCompression schemes-------------------Strange thou}gh it seems, audio data is remarkably hard to compresseffectively. For 8-bit data, a Huffman encoding of the deltas between}successive samples is relatively successful. For 16-bit data,companies like Sony and Philips have spent millions to develo}pproprietary schemes. Information about PASC (Philips' scheme) can befound in Advanced Digital Audio by Ken C. Pohlmann.}Public standards for voice compression are slowly gaining popularity,e.g. CCITT G.721 (ADPCM at 32 kbits/sec) and G.723 (ADP}CM at 24 and 40kbits/sec). (ADPCM == Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation.) SunMicrosoft has placed the source code of a }portable implementation ofthese algorithms (as well as G.711, which defines A-LAW and U-LAW) inthe public domain (needless }to say, their proprietary implementationdistributed in binary form with Solaris is better :-). One place toftp this source} code from is ftp.cwi.nl:/pub/audio/ccitt-adpcm.tar.Z.Source for another 32 kbits/sec ADPCM implementation, assumed to beco}mpatible with Intel's DVI audio format, can be ftp'ed fromftp.cwi.nl:/pub/audio/adpcm.shar. (** NOTE: if you are using v1.0},you should get v1.1, released 17-Dec-1992, which fixes a serious bug-- the quality of v1.1 is claimed to be better than U-}LAW **)GSM 06.10 is a speech encoding in use in Europe that compresses 16013-bit samples into 260 bits (or 33 bytes), i.e.} 1650 bytes/sec (at8000 samples/sec). A free implementation can be ftp'ed fromtub.cs.tu-berlin.de, file /pub/tubmik/gsm-1.}0.tar.Z.There are also two US federal standards, 1016 (Code excited linearprediction (CELP), 4800 bits/s) and 1015 (LPC-10}E, 2400 bits/s). Seealso the appendix for 1016.Tony Robinson has written a good FAST loss-lesscompre}ssion for lots of different audio formats (particularly good forWAV and MOD files). The software is available by anonymous }ftp fromsvr-ftp.eng.cam.ac.uk [129.169.24.20], directory misc, fileshorten-1.08.tar.Z.(Note that U-LAW and silence detect}ion can also be consideredcompression schemes.)Here's a note about audio codings by Van Jacobson :Several} people used the words "LPC" and "CELP" interchangably. Theyare very different. An LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) coder fi}tsspeech to a simple, analytic model of the vocal tract, then throwsaway the speech & ships the parameters of the best-fit }model. An LPCdecoder uses those parameters to generate synthetic speech that isusually more-or-less similar to the origina}l. The result isintelligible but sounds like a machine is talking. A CELP (CodeExcited Linear Predictor) coder does the s}ame LPC modeling but thencomputes the errors between the original speech & the synthetic modeland transmits both model para}meters and a very compressedrepresentation of the errors (the compressed representation is anindex into a 'code book' share}d between coders & decoders -- this iswhy it's called "Code Excited"). A CELP coder does much more workthan an LPC coder (}usually about an order of magnitude more) but theresult is much higher quality speech: The FIPS-1016 CELP we're workingon i}s essentially the same quality as the 32Kb/s ADPCM coder but usesonly 4.8Kb/s (the same as the LPC coder).The comp.compres}sion FAQ has some text on the 6:1 audio compressionscheme used by MPEG (a video compression standard-to-be). It'sinteresti}ng to note that video compression reaches much higher ratios(like 26:1). This FAQ is ftp'able from rtfm.mit.edu [18.72.1.58}] indirectory /pub/usenet/news.answers/compression-faq, files part1 andpart2.Comp.compression also carries a regular post}ing "How to uncompressanything" by David Lemson , which (tersely) hints onwhich program you need to uncomp}ress a file whose name ends in .for almost any conceivable . Ftp'able from ftp.cso.uiuc.edu(128.174.5.59) in the} directory /doc/pcnet as the file compression.Documentation on a digital cellular telephone system by Qualcomm Inc.can be }ftp'ed from ftp.qualcomm.com:/pub/cdma; the vocoder is inappendix A.Apple has an Audio Compression/Expansion scheme called} ACE (on the GS)/ MACE (on the Macintosh). It's a lossy scheme that attempts topredict where the wave will go on the next }sample. There's very littlequality change on 8:4 compression, somewhat more for 8:3. It doesguarantee exactly 50% or 62.5%} compression, though. I believe MACEuses larger ratios/more loss, but I'm unsure of the specific numbers.(Marc Sira)Cur}rent hardware----------------I am aware of the following computer systems that can play back and(sometimes) record audio }data, with their characteristics. Note thatfor most systems you can also buy "professional" sampling hardware,which suppor}ts much better quality, e.g. >= 44.1 k 16 bits stereo.The characteristics listed here are a rough estimate of thecapabiliti}es of the basic hardware only (and even here I am on thinice, with systems becoming ever more powerful).machine } bits max sampling rate #output channelsMac (all types) 8 22k 1Mac (newe}r ones) 16 64k 4(128)Apple IIgs 8 32k / >70k 16(st)PC/sou}ndblaster pro 8 ?/(22k st, 44.1k mo) 1(st)PC/soundblaster 16 16 44.1k 1(st)PC/pa}s 8 44.1k st, 88.2k mo 1(st)PC/pas-16 16 44.1k st, 88.2k mo 1(st)PC/t}urtle beach multisound 16 44.1k 1(st)PC/cards with aria chipset 16 44.1k 1(st)PC/}roland rap-10 16 44.1k 1(st)PC/gravis ultrasound 8/16 44.1k 14-32(st})Atari ST 8 22k 1Atari STE,TT 8 50k 2Atari} Falcon 030 16 50k 8(st)Amiga 8 varies above 29k 4(st)Sun }Sparc U-LAW 8k 1Sun Sparcst. 10 U-LAW,8,16 48k 1(st)NeXT } U-LAW,8,16 44.1k 1(st)SGI Indigo 8,16 48k 4(st)SGI In}digo2,Indy 8,16 48k 16(st,4-channel)Acorn Archimedes ~U-LAW ~180k }8(st)Sony NWS-3xxx U,A,8,16 8-37.8k 1(st)Sony NWS-5xxx U,A,8,16 8-48k } 1(st)VAXstation 4000 U-LAW 8k 1DEC 3000/300-500 U-LAW 8k 1}DEC 5000/20-25 U-LAW 8k 1Tandy 1000/*L* 8 22k 3Tandy 2}500 8 22k 3HP9000/705,710,425e U,A-LAW,16 8k 1HP9000/715,725},735 U,A-LAW,16 48k 1(st)HP9000/755 option: U,A-LAW,16 48k 1(st)NCD MCX termi}nal U,A,8,16 52k 1(st)4(st) means "four voices, stereo"; sampling rates xx/yy aredifferent reco}rding/playback rates; *L* is any type with 'L' in it.All these machines can play back sound without additional hardware,al}though the needed software is not always standard; also, somemachines need external hardware to record sound (or to record a}thigher quality, like the NeXT, whose built-in sampling hardware onlydoes 8000 samples/sec in U-LAW). Please don't send me} details onoptional or 3rd party hardware, there is too much and it is reallybeyond the scope of this FAQ. In particular, }there is a separatenewsgroup devoted to PC sound cards: comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard, whichincludes FAQ of its own (also poste}d to comp.answers and news.answers).The new VAXstation 4000 (VLC and model 60) series lets you PLAY audio(.au) files, and }the package DECsound will let you do the recording.In fact, DECsound is given away free with Motif 1.1 and supports theVAXs}tation, Sun SPARCstation, DECvoice, and DECaudio devices. Sunsound files work without change. The Alpha systems (DEC 3000 }Model300, 400, 500) also have DECsound bundled with Motif.Notes for the DECstation 5000/20-25: You need either XMedia tool}s fromDEC ($$$$), or the AudioFile package (which works nicely) fromcrl.dec.com (see below). The audio device is "/dev/bba"}, you cannotsend ".au" files directly to the device, the Xmedia/AF softwareprovide an "audioserver" which must be run to pl}ay/record sounds.The SGI Personal IRIS 4D/30 and 4D/35 have the same capabilities asthe Indigo. The audio board was option}al on the 4D/30.The Indigo2 and Indy features are a superset of the Indigo features.The new Apple Macs have more powerful }audio hardware; the latestmodels have built-in microphones.Software exists for the PC that can play sound on its 1-bit spe}akerusing pulse width modulation (see appendix); the Soundblaster boardrecords at rates up to 13 k and plays back up to 22 }k (weirdcombination, but that's the way it is).Here's some info about the newest Atari machine, the Falcon030. Thismachi}ne has stereo 16 bit CODECs and a 32 MHz Motorola 56001 that canhandle 8 channels of 16 bit audio, up to 50 khz/channel with}simultaneous playback and record. The Falcon DMA sound engine is alsocompatible with the 8 bit stereo DMA used on the STe }and TT. All ofthese systems use signed data.On the NeXT, the Motorola 56001 DSP chip is programmable and you can(in princ}iple) do what you want. The SGI Indigo uses the same DSP chip butit can't be programmed by users -- SGI prefers to offer it} as a sharedsystem resource to multiple applications, thus enabling developers toprogram audio with their Audio Library and} avoid code modificationsfor execution on future machines with different audio hardware, i.e. adifferent DSP. For example, }the Indigo2 and Indy do not have a DSP chip.The Amiga also has a 6-bit volume, which can be used to producesomething like }a 14-bit output for each voice. The hardware can alsouse one of each voice-pair to modulate the other in FM (period) or AM}(volume, 6-bits).The Acorn Archimedes uses a variation on U-LAW with the bit orderreversed and the sign bit in bit 0. Bei}ng a 'minority' architecture,Arc owners are quite adept at converting sound/image formats fromother machines, and it is unl}ikely that you'll ever encounter sound inone of the Arc's own formats (there are several).The NCD MCX terminal has audio i}ntegrated with its X server. TheNCDAudio server is an extension of the X server, working together withit, with stress on t}he networking capability of sound transmission.The NCDAudio API provides format handling (ULAW8, Linear Unsig 8,Linear Sig }8, Linear Sig 16 MSB, Linear Unsig 16 MSB), flowing (to theserver, from the server, to the i/o, from the i/o), wave formgen}erators (Square, Sine, Saw, Constant) and the capability of areabroadcast using UDP. Provision for manipulating data files}(SND, WAV, VOC & AU) is also provided.CD-I machines form a special category. The following formats are used: - PCM 4}4.1 kHz standard CD format - ADPCM - Addaptive Delta PCM - Level A 37.8 kHz 8-bit - Level B 37.8 kHz 4-bit} - Level C 18.9 kHz 4-bitFile formats------------Historically, almost every type of machine used its own file fo}rmatfor audio data, but some file formats are more generally applicable,and in general it is possible to define conversions} between almost anypair of file formats -- sometimes losing information, however.File formats are a separate issue from de}vice characteristics. Thereare two types of file formats: self-describing formats, where thedevice parameters and encoding} are made explicit in some form ofheader, and "raw" formats, where the device parameters and encodingare fixed.Self-descr}ibing file formats generally define a family of dataencodings, where a header fields indicates the particular encodingvaria}nt used. Headerless formats define a single encoding and usuallyallows no variation in device parameters (except sometimes }samplingrate, which can be a pain to figure out other than by listening to thesample).The header of self-describing forma}ts contains the parameters of thesampling device and sometimes other information (e.g. ahuman-readable description of the s}ound, or a copyright notice). Mostheaders begin with a simple "magic word". (Some formats do not simplydefine a header fo}rmat, but may contain chunks of data intermingledwith chunks of encoding info.) The data encoding defines how theactual sa}mples are stored in the file, e.g. signed or unsigned, asbytes or short integers, in little-endian or big-endian byte order,}etc. Strictly spoken, channel interleaving is also part of theencoding, although so far I have seen little variation in th}is area.Some file formats apply some kind of compression to the data, e.g.Huffman encoding, or simple silence deletion.H}ere's an overview of popular file formats. Self-describing file formats ----------------------------extens}ion, name origin variable parameters (fixed; comments).au or .snd NeXT, Sun rate, #channels, encodin}g, info string.aif(f), AIFF Apple, SGI rate, #channels, sample width, lots of info.aif(f), AIFC Apple, SGI } same (extension of AIFF with compression).iff, IFF/8SVX Amiga rate, #channels, instrument info (8 bits).voc } Soundblaster rate (8 bits/1 ch; can use silence deletion).wav, WAVE Microsoft rate, #channels, }sample width, lots of info.sf IRCAM rate, #channels, encoding, infonone, HCOM Mac } rate (8 bits/1 ch; uses Huffman compression)none, MIME Internet (see below)none, NIST SPHERE DARPA speech c }ommunity (see below).mod or .nst Amiga (see below)Note that the filename extension ".snd" is ambiguous: it }can be eitherthe self-describing NeXT format or the headerless Mac/PC format, oreven a headerless Amiga format.I know not }hing for sure about the origin of HCOM files, only thatthere are a lot of them floating around on our system and probably at }FTP sites over the world. The filenames usually don't have a ".hcom"extension, but this is what SOX (see below) uses. The } file formatrecognized by SOX includes a MacBinary header, where the filetype field is "FSSD". The data fork begins with t }he magic word "HCOM"and contains Huffman compressed data; after decompression it it is 8bits unsigned data.IFF/8SVX allow }s for amplitude contours for sounds (attack/decay/etc).Compression is optional (and extensible); volume is variable; author, }notes and copyright properties; etc.AIFF, AIFC and WAVE are similar in spirit but allow more freedom inencoding style (ot }her than 8 bit/sample), amongst others.There are other sound formats in use on Amiga by digitizers and musicprograms, such } as IFF/SMUS.Appendices describes the NeXT and VOC formats; pointers to more infoabout AIFF, AIFC, 8SVX and WAVE (which ar }e too complex to describehere) are also in appendices.DEC systems (e.g. DECstation 5000) use a variant of the NeXT format }that uses little-endian encoding and has a different magic number(0x0064732E in little-endian encoding).Standard file form }ats used in the CD-I world are IFF but on the discthey're in realtime files.An interesting "interchange format" for audio }data is described in theproposed Internet Standard "MIME", which describes a family oftransport encodings and structuring d }evices for electronic mail. Thisis an extensible format, and initially standardizes a type of audiodata dubbed "audio/basi }c", which is 8-bit U-LAW data sampled at 8000samples/sec.The "IRCAM" sound file system has now been superseded by the so-c }alled"BICSF" (for Berkeley/IRCAM/CARL Sound File system) software release.More recently, there has been an effort at Prince }ton (Prof. PaulLansky) and Stanford (Stephen Travis Pope) to standardize severalextensions to BICSF. A description of BICS }F and thePrinceton/Stanford extensions is available by anonymous ftp fromftp.cwi.nl [192.16.184.180], in directory /pub/aud }io/BICSF-info. Thisfile contains further ftp pointers to software.A sound file format popular in the DARPA speech communi }ty is the NISTSPHERE standard. The most recent version of the SPHERE package isavailable via anonymous ftp from jaguar.ncs }l.nist.gov [129.6.48.157]in compressed tar form as "sphere-v.tar.Z" (where "v" is the versioncode). The NIST SPHERE header } is an object-oriented, 1024-byteblocked, ASCII structure which is prepended to the waveform data. Theheader is composed o }f a fixed-format portion followed by anobject-oriented variable portion. I have placed a short descriptionof NIST SPHERE o }n ftp.cwi.nl:/pub/audio/NIST-SPHERE.Finally, a somewhat different but popular format are "MOD" files,usually with extensio }n ".mod" or ".nst" (they can also have a prefixof "mod."). This originated at the Amiga but players now exist formany plat }forms. MOD files are music files containing 2 parts: (1) abank of digitized samples; (2) sequencing information describing }howand when to play the samples. See the appendix "The Amiga MOD Format"for a description of this file format (and pointer }s to ftp'ableplayers and example MOD files). Headerless file formats -----------------------extension } origin parametersor name.snd, .fssd Mac, PC variable rate, 1 channel, 8 bits unsigned.ul } US telephony 8 k, 1 channel, 8 bit "U-LAW" encoding.snd? Amiga variable rate, 1 channel, 8 bits s !}ignedIt is usually easy to distinguish 8-bit signed formats from unsignedby looking at the beginning of the data with 'od "}-b ) SOX/DOS MACSound Format file ext type Mac program to conve (}rt to 'snd'---------------------- -------- ---- -------------------------------Mac snd .snd sfil [n/ )}a]Amiga IFF/8SVX .iff AmigaSndConverter, BSTAmiga SoundTracker .mod STrk ModVoicerAudio IFF *} .aiff AIFF SoundExtractor, Sample Editor, UUTool, BST, M5MacDSP Desi +}gner DSPs SoundHackIRCAM .sf IRCM SoundHackMacMix MS ,}ND SoundHackRIFF WAVE .wav SoundExtractor, BST, BalthazarSoundBlaster .voc So -}undExtractor, BSTSoundDesigner/AudioMedia Sd2f SoundHackSound[Edit|Cap|Wave] .hcom FSSD SoundExtractor, Sou .}ndEdit, Wavicle, BSTSun uLaw/Next .snd .au/.snd NxTS SoundExtractor, SoundHack, /} au<->snd, UUTool, BSTFile conversions---------------- SOX (UNIX, PC, Ami 0}ga) ---------------------The most versatile tool for converting between various audio formatsis SOX ("Sound Exchan 1}ge"). It can read and write various types ofaudio files, and optionally applies some special effects (e.g. echo,channel av 2}eraging, or rate conversion).SOX recognizes all filename extensions listed above except ".snd",which would be ambiguous an 3}yway, and ".wav" (but there's a patch, seebelow). Use type ".au" for NeXT ".snd" files. Mac and PC ".snd"files are comple 4}tely described by these parameters: -t raw -b -u -r 11000(or -r 22000 or -r 7333 or -r 5500; 11000 seems to be the 5} most commonrate).The source for SOX, version 6, platchlevel 8, was posted toalt.sources, and should be widely archived. 6} (Patch 9 was posted laterand incporporates some important .wav fixes.) To save you the troubleof hunting it down, it can 7}be gotten by anonymous ftp fromwuarchive.wustl.edu, in the directory usenet/alt.sources/articles,files 7288.Z through 7295. 8}Z. (These files are compressed newsarticles containing shar files, if you hadn't guessed.) I am suremany sites have simil 9}ar archives, I'm just listing one that I know ofand which carries a lot of this kind of stuff. (Also see the appendixif yo :}u don't have Internet access.)A compressed tar file containing the same version of SOX is availableby anonymous ftp from f ;}tp.cwi.nl [192.16.184.180], in directory/pub/audio/sox7.tar.Z. You may be able to locate a nearer versionusing archie!Po <}rts of SOX:- The source as posted should compile on any UNIX and PC system.- A PC version is available by ftp from ftp.cw =}i.nl (see above) as pub/audio/sox5dos.zip; also available from the garbo mail server.- The latest Amiga SOX is available >}via anonymous ftp to wuarchive.wustl.edu, files systems/amiga/audio/utils/amisox*. (See below for a non-SOX solution.) ?} The final release of r6 will compile as distributed on the Amiga with SAS/C version 6. Binaries (since many Amiga users d @}o not own compilers) will continue to be available for FTP.SOX usage hints:- Often, the filename extension of sound fil A}es posted on the net is wrong. Don't give up, try a few other possibilities using the "-t " option. Remember that B} the most common file type is unsigned bytes, which can be indicated with "-t ub". You'll have to guess the proper sampl C}ing rate, but often it's 11k or 22k.- In particular, with SOX version 4 (or earlier), you have to specify "-t 8svx" for f D}iles with an .iff extension.- When converting linear samples to U-LAW using the .au type for the output file, you must sp E}ecify "-U" for the output file, otherwise you will end up with a file containing a NeXT/Sun header but linear samples -- F}only the NeXT will play such files correctly. Also, you must explicitly specify an output sampling rate with "-r 8000". G}(This may seem fixed for most cases in version 5, but it is still occasionally necessary, so I'm keeping this warning in.) H} Sun Sparc ---------On Sun Sparcs, starting at SunOS 4.1, a program "raw2audio" isprovided by Sun (in /usr I}/demo/SOUND -- see below) which takes a rawU-LAW file and turns it into a ".au" file by prefixing it with anappropriate hea J}der. NeXT ----On NeXTs, you can usually rename .au files to .snd and it'll work likea charm, but some .au K} files lack header info that the NeXT needs.This can be fixed by using sndconvert: sndconvert -c 1 -f 1 -s 8012.821 L}0513 -o nextfile.snd sunfile.au SGI Indigo, Indigo2, Indy and Personal IRIS -------------------------------- M}-----------SGI supports "soundfiler" (in /usr/sbin), a program similar inspirit to SOX but with a GUI. Soundfiler plays a N}iff, aifc, NeXT/Sunand .wav formats. It can do conversions between any of these formatsand to and from raw formats includi O}ng mulaw. It also does sample rateconversions.Three shell commands are also provided that give the same functionality:"s P}fplay", "sfconvert", and "aifcresample" (all in /usr/sbin). Amiga -----Mike Cramer's SoundZAP can do no ef Q}fects except rate change and itonly does conversions to IFF, but it is generally much faster thanSOX. (Ftp'able from the s R}ame directory as amisox above.)Newer versions of OmniPlay (see below) will also convert to IFF. Tandy ---- S}-The Tandy 1000 uses a (proprietary?) compressed format. There is a PDMac to Tandy conversion program called CONVERT. Le T}onard Erickson writes: There is a WAV driver from Tandyif people ask. There also appears to b U}e a program that purports toconvert other formats to Tandy, but I haven't tested this one yet. Apple Macintosh V} ---------------Bill Houle sent the following list:Popular commercial apps are indicated with a [*]. All other progra W}msmentioned are shareware/freeware available from SUMEX and the variousmirror sites, or check archie for the nearest FTP lo X}cation.MAC SOUND CONVERSION PROGRAMSSoundHack [Tom Erbe, tom@mills.edu] Can read/write Sound Designer II, Audio IFF, IR Y}CAM, DSP Designer and NeXT .snd (or Sun .au); 8-bit uLaw, 8-bit linear, 32-bit floating point and 16-bit linear data enc Z}oding. Can read (but not write) raw data files. Implements soundfile convolution, a phase vocoder, a binaural filter and [}an amplitude analysis & gain change module.SoundExtractor [Alberto Ricci, FRicci@polito.it] Extracts 'snd' resources, \}AIFF, SoundEdit, VOC, and WAV data from practically anything, converting to 'snd' files.Balthazar [Craig Marciniak, AOL:T ]}emplarDev] Converts WAV files to 'snd'. Brian's Sound Tool [Brian Scott, bscott@ironbark.ucnv.edu.au] Converts 'snd' o ^}r SoundEdit to WAV. Can also convert WAV, VOC, AIFF, Amiga 8SVX and uLaw to 'snd'.AmigaSndConverter [Povl H. Pederson, e _}co861771@ecostat.aau.dk] Converts Amiga IFF/8SVX to Mac 'snd'.au<->Mac [Victor J. Heinz, vic:wbst128@xerox.com] Convert `}s Sun uLaw to Mac 'snd'. ULAW [Rod Kennedy, rod@faceng.anu.edu.au] Converts 'snd' to Sun uLaw.UUTool [Bernie Wieser, w a}ieser@acs.ucalgary.ca] Primarily a uuencode/decode program, but in true Swiss Army Knife fashion can also read/write Sun b}uLaw, AIFF, and 'snd' files.ModVoicer [Kip Walker, Kip_Walker@mcimail.com] Converts Amiga MOD voices into SoundEdit files c} or 'snd' resources.Music 5 Mac [Simone Bettini, space@maya.dei.unipd.it] Primarily a Music Synthesis system, but can als d}o convert between 'snd', AIFF, and IBM .DAT(?).See also the section on players -- some players also do conversions.Pla e}ying audio files on UNIX---------------------------The commands needed to play an audio file depend on the file formatand f} the available hardware and software. Most systems can onlydirectly play sound in their native format; use a conversion pro q}B%DOS SYSB*)DUP SYSBSAUDIO_P1ATABAUDIO_P2ATABeCP30174ETXTgram(see above) to play other formats. Sun Sparcstation running SunOS 4.x --------------------------------- r}-Raw U-LAW files can be played using "cat file >/dev/audio".A whole package for dealing with ".au" files is provided by S s}un on anexperimental basis, in /usr/demo/SOUND. You may have to compile theprograms first. (If you can't find this direct t}ory, either you are notrunning SunOS 4.1 yet, or your system administrator hasn't installedit -- go ask him for it, not me! u}) The program "play" in thisdirectory recognizes all files in Sun/NeXT format, but a SS 1 or 2 canplay only those using U- v}LAW encoding at 8 k -- the SS 10 hardwareplays other encodings, too.If you ca't find "play", you can also cat a ".au" file w} to /dev/audio,if it uses U-LAW; the header will sound like a short burst of noisebut the rest of the data will sound OK (r x}eally, the only difference inthis case between raw U-LAW and ".au" files is the header; the U-LAWdata is exactly the same). y}Finally, OpenWindows 3.0 has a full-fledged audio tool. You can dropaudio file icons into it, edit them, etc. Su z}n Sparcstation running Solaris 2.0 ------------------------------------Under SVR4 (and hence Solaris 2.0), writing {}to /dev/audio from theshell is a bad idea, because the device driver will flush its queue assoon as the file is closed. Us |}e "audioplay" instead. The supportedformats and sampling rates are the same as above. NeXT ----On NeXT m }}achines, the standard "sndplay" program can play all NeXTformat files (this include Sun ".au" files). It supports at least ~}U-LAW at 8 k and 16 bits samples at 22 or 44.1 k. It attemptson-the-fly conversions for other formats.Sound files are als }o played if you double-click on them in the filebrowser. SGI Indigo, Indigo2, Indy and Personal IRIS ------ }-------------------------------------On SGI Indigo, Indigo2, Indy and the 4D/30 and /35 Personal IRIS workstations,"WorkSp }ace" plays audio files in .aiff, .aifc, .au, and .wav formats ifyou double click them and the sampling rate is one of 8000, }11025,16000, 22050, 32000, 44100, or 48000. On the Personal IRIS, you needto have the audio board installed (check the out }put from hinv) and youmust run IRIX 3.3.2 or 4.0 or higher. These files can also be playedwith "soundfiler" and "sfplay". } ".aiff" and ".aifc" files at the abovesampling rates can also be played with playaifc. (All in /usr/sbin)There is no sim }ple /dev/audio interface on these SGI machines. (Therewas one on 4D/25 machines, reading and writing signed linear 8-bitsa }mples at rates of 8, 16 and 32 k.)A program "playulaw" was posted as part of the "radio 2.0" releasethat I posted to sever }al source groups; it plays raw U-LAW files onthe Indigo, Indigo2, Indy or Personal IRIS audio hardware. Sony NEWS } ---------The whole current Sony NEWS line (laptop, desktop, server) havebuiltin sound capabilities. You can buy an } external board for theolder NEWS machines. In the default mode (8k/8-bit mulaw), Sun .aufiles are directly supported (you } can 'cat' .au files to /dev/sb0 andhave them play.) The /usr/sony/bin/sbplay command on NEWS-OS 6.0also supports Sun .au }files. Others ------Most other UNIX boxes don't have audio hardware and thus can't playaudio data. This }is actually rapidly changing and most new hardwarethat hits the market has some form of audio support. Unfortunatelythere }is no single portable interface for audio that comes near theacceptance and functionality (let alone code size :-) of X11 fo }rgraphics. There are at least two network-transparent packages, bothin some way based on the X11 architecture, that attemp }t to fillo thegap:DEC CRL's AudioFile supports Digital RISC systems running Ultrix,Digital Alpha AXP systems running OSF/ }1, Sun Sparcs, and SGIAL-capable systems (e.g., Indigo, Indy). The source kit is located atftp site crl.dec.com [192.58.20 }6.2] in /pub/DEC/AF.NCD's NetAudio supports NCD's MCX line of X terminals as well asSparcs running either SunOS 4.1.3 or S }olaris 2.2, using the /dev/audiointerface (they claim it should be easy to port). The source itlocated at ftp.x.org [198.1 }12.44.100] in contrib/netaudio. It is alsoported to SGI (tested on IRIX 5.x), and there are unconfirmed rumorsthat it is b }eing ported to SCI and Linux.Playing audio files on the Vaxstation 4000 (VMS)-------------------------------------------- }----1) Without DECsound".au" files can be played by COPYING them to device "SOA0:". Thisdevice is set up by enabling th }e driver SODRIVER. You can use thefollowing command file:$!---------------- cut here -------------------------------$! s }ound_setup.com enable SOUND driver$ run sys$system:sysgenconnect soa0 /adapter=0 /csr=%x0e00 /vector=%o304 /driver=sodri }verexit$ exit$!----------------- cut here ------------------------------------2) With DECsound (bundled with motif)Jus }t start DECsound by selecting it from the session manager in the applications menu. (Not there use "@vue$library:sound$vue_s }tartup").Make sure settings; device type (vaxstation 4000) and play settings(headphone jack) are selected. To play files f }rom the DCL prompt (handy if you want to play sounds on a remote workstation) set a symbol up as follows; PLAY == "$DECSOU }ND -VOLUME 50 -PLAY"usage;DCL> play sound.au3) Audio portThe external audio port comes with a telephone-jack-like port. } Forstarters, you can plug a telephone RECEIVER right into this port tohear your first sound files. After that, you can } use the adapter(that came with the VaxStation), and plug in a small set of stereospeakers or headphones (the kind you'd pl }ug into a WALKMAN, for example), for more volume. The adapter also has a microphone plug sothat you can record sounds if D }ECsound is installed.Playing audio files on micros-----------------------------Most micros have at least a speaker buil }t in, so theoretically all youneed is the right software. Unfortunately most systems don't comebundled with sound-playing }software, so there are many public domainor shareware software packages, each with their own bugs and features.Most separat }e sound recording hardware also comes with playingsoftware, most of which can play sound (in the file format used bythat ha }rdware) even on machines that don't have that hardwareinstalled. PC or compatible ----------------Chris S }. Craig announces the following software for PCs:ScopeTrax This is a complete PC sound player/editor package. Sounds } can be played back at ANY rate between 1kHz to 65kHz through the PC speaker or the Sound Bla }ster. It supports several file formats including VOC, IFF/8SVX, raw signed and raw unsigned. } A separate executable is provided to convert .au and mu-law to raw format. ScopeTrax requires EGA/VGA } graphics for editing and displaying sounds on a REALTIME oscilloscope. The package also includes }: * An expanded memory player which can play sounds larger than 640K in size. } * Basic (rough) sound compression/uncompression utilities. } * Complete documentation. The package is FREEWARE! It is available on SIMTEL in the PD1:[MS }DOS.SOUND] directory.One of the appendices below contains a list of more programs to playsound on the PC. Atari } -----For sounds on Atari STs - programs are in the atari/sound/playersdirectory on atari.archive.umich.edu (141.211 }.164.8). Tandy -----On a Tandy 1000, sounds can be played and recorded with DeskMate Sound(SOUND.PDM), or } if they not stored in compressed format, they can alsobe played be a program called PLAYSND. No indication of whetherPLAY }SND is PD or not. It hasn't been updated since March of 89. Amiga -----On the Amiga, OmniPlay by David Cha }mpion plays and converts IFF-8SVX, AIFF, WAV, VOC, .au, .snd, and 8 bit raw(signed, unsigned, u-l }aw) samples. As of version 1.23, OmniPlay willalso convert any playable sample to 8SVX. Files: wuarchive.wustl.eduin /sys }tems/amiga/audio/sampleplayers/oplay123.lha (?)amiga.physik.unizh.ch in mus/play/oplay123.lha Apple Macintosh } ---------------Malcolm Slaney from Apple writes: "We do have tools to play sound back on most of our Unix hosts. We w }rote a program called TcpPlay that lets us read a sound file on a Unix host, open a TCP/IP connection to the Mac on my desk }, and plays the file. We think of it as X windows for sound (at least a step in that direction.) This software is availab }le for anonymous FTP from ftp.apple.com [IP address 130.43.2.3 -- Guido]. Look for ~ftp/pub/TcpPlay/TcpPlay.sit.hqx. Fin }ally, there are MANY tools for working with sound on the Macintosh. Three applications that come to mind immediately are Sou }ndEdit (formerly by Farralon and now by MacroMind/Paracomp), Alchemy and Eric Keller's Signalyze. There are lots of other t }ools available for sound editing (including some of the QuickTime Movie tools.)"Bill Houle sent the following lists:Popu }lar commercial apps are indicated with a [*]. All other programsmentioned are shareware/freeware available from SUMEX and t }he variousmirror sites, or check archie for the nearest FTP location.MAC SOUND EDITORSSample Editor [Garrick McFarlane, }McFarlaneGA@Kirk.Vax.Aston.Ac.UK] Plays AIFF and 'snd' sounds. Can convert between AIFF and 'snd'. Can record from built }-in mic. Can add effects such as fade, normalize, delay, etc.Wavicle [Lee Fyock] Plays SoundEdit files. Can convert t }o 'snd'. Can record from built-in mic. Can add effects such as fade, filter, reverb, etc.[*]SoundEdit/SoundEdit Pro [Far }allon/MacroMind*Paracomp] Plays SoundEdit and 'snd' sounds. Can read/write SoundEdit files and 'snd' sounds. Can recor }d from built-in mic. Can add effects such as echo, filter, reverb, etc.MAC SOUND PLAYERSSound-Tracker [Frank Seide] } Plays Amiga SoundTracker files in foreground or background.Macintosh Tracker [Thomas R. Lawrance, tomlaw@world.std.com] } Plays Amiga SoundTracker files in foreground or background. A port of Marc Espie's Unix Tracker version with Frank Seide's } core player thrown in for good measure.The Player [Antoine Rosset & Mike Venturi] Plays AIFF, SoundEdit, MOD, and 'snd }' files.SoundMaster (aka [*]Kaboom!) [Bruce Tomlin] Associates SoundEdit files to MacOS events.SndControl [Riccardo Ett }ore, 72277.1344@compuserve.com] Associates 'snd' sounds to MacOS events.Canon 2 [Glenn Anderson, glenn@otago.ac.nz; Jeff }Home, jeff@otago.ac.nz] Plays AIFF or 'snd' files in foreground or background.Another Mac play/convert program: "It's cal }led SoundApp. I wrote it,(franke1@llnl.gov) and it's FreeWare. It will play: SoundCap,SoundEdit, WAVE, VOC, MOD, Amiga IFF }(8SVX), Sound Designer, AIFF, AU,Mac Resource, and DVI ADPCM. It can convert all the above to System 7sound resources (exce }pt MOD where just the samples are extracted.) Andit will double buffer."The Sound Site Newsletter----------------------- }--An electronic publication with lots of info about digitised sound andsound formats, albeit mostly on PCs, is "The Sound }Site Newsletter",maintained by David Komatsu .Issue 14 appeared in July 1993. As of that iss }ue, the Sound SiteNewsletter has expanded its charter to include commercial products andwill appear monthly. There is now }also a sound site network of ftpservers, bulletin boards and authors. The Sound Site Newsletter (onceagain!) has its own f }tp site: sound.usach.cl.The Sound Newsletter is posted to: comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard com }p.sys.ibm.pc.misc rec.games.miscFTP: oak.oakland.edu (misc/sound) garbo.uwasa.fi (pc }/sound) sound.usach.cl (pub/Sound/Newsltr) [Home Base]Posting sounds--------------The newsgroup alt.binaries.sound }s.misc is dedicated to postingscontaining sound. (Discussions related to such postings belong inalt.binaries.sounds.d.)T }here is no set standard for posting sounds; uuencoded files in mostpopular formats are welcome, if split in parts under 50 k }Bytes. Toaccomodate automatic decoding software (such as the ":decode" commandof the nn newsreader), please place a part i }ndicator of the form(mm/nn) at the end of your subject meaning this is number mm of atotal of nn part.It is recommended t }o post sounds in the format that was used for theoriginal recording; conversions to other formats often loseinformation and } would do people with identical hardware as the posterno favor. For instance, convering 8-bit linear sound to U-LAW losest }he lower few bits of the data, and rate changing conversions almostalways add noise. Converting from U-LAW to linear requir }es expansionto 16 bit samples if no information loss is allowed!U-LAW data is best posted with a NeXT/Sun header.If you }have to post a file in a headerless format (usually 8-bitlinear, like ".snd"), please add a description giving at least the }sampling rate and whether the bytes are signed (zero at 0) or unsigned(zero at 0200). However, it is highly recommended to }add a headerthat indicates the sampling rate and encoding scheme; if necessary youcan use SOX to add a header of your choic }e to raw data.Compression of sound files usually isn't worth it; the standard"compress" algorithm doesn't save much when a }pplied to sound data(typically at most 10-20 percent), and compression algorithmsspecifically designed for sound (e.g. NeXT }'s) are usuallyproprietary. (See also the section "Compression schemes" earlier.)TNewsgroups: alt.binaries.sounds.misc,alt.binaries.sounds.d,comp.dsp,alt.answers,comp.answers,news.answersPath: bloom-beacon. }mit.edu!hookup!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!EU.net!sun4nl!cwi.nl!guidoFrom: guido@cwi.nl (Guido van Rossum) }Subject: FAQ: Audio File Formats (part 2 of 2)Message-ID: Followup-To: alt.binaries.so }unds.d,comp.dspSender: news@cwi.nl (The Daily Dross)Supersedes: Nntp-Posting-Host: vo }orn.cwi.nlReply-To: guido@cwi.nlOrganization: CWI, AmsterdamDate: Tue, 22 Feb 1994 10:41:15 GMTApproved: news-answers-req }uest@MIT.EduExpires: Tue, 22 Mar 1994 10:41:06 GMTLines: 1190Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu alt.binaries.sounds.misc:13672 alt }.binaries.sounds.d:3313 comp.dsp:5170 alt.answers:1928 comp.answers:3870 news.answers:15529Archive-name: audio-fmts/part2S }ubmitted-by: Guido van Rossum Version: 3.05Last-modified: 27-Sep-1993Appendices==========Here are some m }ore detailed pieces of info that I received by e-mail.They are reproduced here virtually without much editing.Table of con }tents-----------------FTP access for non-internet sitesAIFF Format (Audio IFF)The NeXT/Sun audio file formatIFF/8SVX Fo }rmatPlaying sound on a PCThe EA-IFF-85 documentationUS Federal Standard 1016 availabilityCreative Voice (VOC) file format }RIFF WAVE (.WAV) file formatU-LAW and A-LAW definitionsAVR File FormatThe Amiga MOD Format----------------------------- }-------------------------------------------FTP access for non-internet sites---------------------------------From the sci }.space FAQ: Sites not connected to the Internet cannot use FTP directly, but there are a few automated FTP servers w }hich operate via email. Send mail containing only the word HELP to ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com or bitftp@pucc.princeton.ed }u, and the servers will send you instructions on how to make requests. (The bitftp service is no longer available th }rough UUCP gateways due to complaints about overuse :-( )Also: FAQ lists are available by anonymous FTP from rftm. }mit.edu and by email from mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu (send a message containing "help" for instructions about the mail }server).------------------------------------------------------------------------AIFF Format (Audio IFF) and AIFC-------- }------------------------This format was developed by Apple for storing high-quality sampledsound and musical instrument in }fo; it is also used by SGI and severalprofessional audio packages (sorry, I know no names). An extension,called AIFC or AI }FF-C, supports compression (see the last item below).I've made a BinHex'ed MacWrite version of the AIFF spec (no idea ifit }'s the same text as mentioned below) available by anonymous ftp fromftp.cwi.nl [192.16.184.180]; the file is /pub/audio/Audi }oIFF1.2.hqx.A newer version is also available: /pub/audio/AudioIFF1.3.hqx.But you may be better off with the AIFF-C specs, }see below.Mike Brindley (brindley@ece.orst.edu) writes:"The complete AIFF spec by Steve Milne, Matt Deatherage (Apple) is }available in 'AMIGA ROM Kernal Reference Manual: Devices (3rd Edition)'1991 by Commodore-Amiga, Inc.; Addison-Wesley Publis }hing Co.; ISBN 0-201-56775-X, starting on page 435 (this edition has a charcoalgrey cover). It is available in most bookst }ores, and soon in manygood librairies."According to Mark Callow (msc@sgi.com):A PostScript version of the AIFF-C specifi }cation is available viaanonymous ftp on FTP.SGI.COM (192.48.153.1) as /sgi/aiff-c.9.26.91.ps.Benjamin Denckla writes:A piece of information that may be of some use to people who want to useAIFF files with their Macin }tosh Think C programs: AIFF data structures arecontained in the file AIFF.h in the "Apple #Includes" folder that comeson t}he distribution disks. I found this out a little too late: I hadalready coded my own structures. I assume that this header} file comeswith Apple programming products like MPW [C|C++] as well.An important file format for the Mac which is only men}tioned once in theFAQ is the Sound Designer II file format. There is also an older SoundDesigner I format. I have the SDI}I format in electronic form but I don'tthink I'm at liberty to distribute it. It can be obtained by applying tobecome a 3r}d Party Developer for Digidesign. This process is simple(1-page application) and free. Call Digidesign at 415-688-0600 for}information. The SDII file format is interesting in that all non-sampledata (sample rate, channels, etc.) is contained in }the resource fork andthe data fork contains sample data only.-------------------------------------------------------------}-----------The NeXT/Sun audio file format------------------------------Here's the complete story on the file format, from} the NeXTdocumentation. (Note that the "magic" number is ((int)0x2e736e64),which equals ".snd".) Also, at the end, I've a }dded a litte documentthat someone posted to the net a couple of years ago, that describesthe format in a bit-by-bit fashion } rather than from C.I received this from Doug Keislar, NeXT Computer. This is also theSun format, except that Sun doesn't } recognize as many format codes. Iadded the numeric codes to the table of formats and sorted it.SNDSoundStruct: How a N }eXT Computer Represents SoundThe NeXT sound software defines the SNDSoundStruct structure to represent sound. This struc }ture defines the soundfile and Mach-O sound segment formats and the sound pasteboard type. It's also used to describe so}unds in Interface Builder. In addition, each instance of the Sound Kit's Sound class encapsulates a SNDSoundStruct and p}rovides methods to access and modify its attributes.Basic sound operations, such as playing, recording, and cut-and-paste }editing, are most easily performed by a Sound object. In many cases, the Sound Kit obviates the need for in-depth underst}anding of the SNDSoundStruct architecture. For example, if you simply want to incorporate sound effects into an applicat}ion, or to provide a simple graphic sound editor (such as the one in the Mail application), you needn't be aware of the d}etails of the SNDSoundStruct. However, if you want to closely examine or manipulate sound data you should be familiar wi}th this structure.The SNDSoundStruct contains a header, information that describes the attributes of a sound, followed by} the data (usually samples) that represents the sound. The structure is defined (in sound/soundstruct.h) as:typedef st}ruct $( int magic; /* magic number SND_MAGIC */ int dataLocation; /* offset or pointer to the da}ta */ int dataSize; /* number of bytes of data */ int dataFormat; /* the data format code */ }int samplingRate; /* the sampling rate */ int channelCount; /* the number of channels */ char info[4]; } /* optional text information */$) SNDSoundStruct;SNDSoundStruct Fieldsmagicmagic is a magic number tha}t's used to identify the structure as a SNDSoundStruct. Keep in mind that the structure also defines the soundfile and M}ach-O sound segment formats, so the magic number is also used to identify these entities as containing a sound.dataLo}cationIt was mentioned above that the SNDSoundStruct contains a header followed by sound data. In reality, the structure} only contains the header; the data itself is external to, although usually contiguous with, the structure. (Nonetheless}, it's often useful to speak of the SNDSoundStruct as the header and the data.) dataLocation is used to point to the dat}a. Usually, this value is an offset (in bytes) from the beginning of the SNDSoundStruct to the first byte of sound data.  } The data, in this case, immediately follows the structure, so dataLocation can also be thought of as the size of the stru!}cture's header. The other use of dataLocation, as an address that locates data that isn't contiguous with the structure,"} is described in "Format Codes," below.dataSize, dataFormat, samplingRate, and channelCountThese fields describe th#}e sound data.dataSize is its size in bytes (not including the size of the SNDSoundStruct).dataFormat is a code that ide$}ntifies the type of sound. For sampled sounds, this is the quantization format. However, the data can also be instructi%}ons for synthesizing a sound on the DSP. The codes are listed and explained in "Format Codes," below.samplingRate is the&} sampling rate (if the data is samples). Three sampling rates, represented as integer constants, are supported by the ha'}rdware:Constant Sampling Rate (samples/sec) SND_RATE_CODEC 8012.821 (CODEC input)SND_RATE_LOW 22050.0 (}(low sampling rate output)SND_RATE_HIGH 44100.0 (high sampling rate output)channelCount is the number of channels of sam)}pled sound.infoinfo is a NULL-terminated string that you can supply to provide a textual description of the sound. *} The size of the info field is set when the structure is created and thereafter can't be enlarged. It's at least four by+}tes long (even if it's unused).Format CodesA sound's format is represented as a positive 32-bit integer. NeXT rese,}rves the integers 0 through 255; you can define your own format and represent it with an integer greater than 255. Most of-} the formats defined by NeXT describe the amplitude quantization of sampled sound data:Value Code Format 0 .} SND_FORMAT_UNSPECIFIED unspecified format 1 SND_FORMAT_MULAW_8 8-bit mu-law samples2 SND_FORMAT_LINEAR_8/} 8-bit linear samples3 SND_FORMAT_LINEAR_16 16-bit linear samples4 SND_FORMAT_LINEAR_24 24-bit linear0} samples5 SND_FORMAT_LINEAR_32 32-bit linear samples6 SND_FORMAT_FLOAT floating-point samples7 1} SND_FORMAT_DOUBLE double-precision float samples8 SND_FORMAT_INDIRECT fragmented sampled data9 SND_F2}ORMAT_NESTED ?10 SND_FORMAT_DSP_CORE DSP program11 SND_FORMAT_DSP_DATA_8 8-bit fixed-point samples123} SND_FORMAT_DSP_DATA_16 16-bit fixed-point samples13 SND_FORMAT_DSP_DATA_24 24-bit fixed-point samples14 S4}ND_FORMAT_DSP_DATA_32 32-bit fixed-point samples15 ?16 SND_FORMAT_DISPLAY non-audio display data17 SN5}D_FORMAT_MULAW_SQUELCH ?18 SND_FORMAT_EMPHASIZED 16-bit linear with emphasis19 SND_FORMAT_COMPRESSED 16}6-bit linear with compression20 SND_FORMAT_COMPRESSED_EMPHASIZED A combination of the two above21 SND_FORM7}AT_DSP_COMMANDS Music Kit DSP commands22 SND_FORMAT_DSP_COMMANDS_SAMPLES ?[Some new ones supported by Sun. Th8}is is all I currently know. --GvR]23 SND_FORMAT_ADPCM_G72124 SND_FORMAT_ADPCM_G72225 SND_FORMAT_ADPCM_G723_9}326 SND_FORMAT_ADPCM_G723_527 SND_FORMAT_ALAW_8Most formats identify different sizes and types of sampled da:}ta. Some deserve special note: -- SND_FORMAT_DSP_CORE format contains data that represents a loadable DSP core pr;}ogram. Sounds in this format are required by the SNDBootDSP() and SNDRunDSP() functions. You create a SND_FORMAT_DSP_CO<}RE sound by reading a DSP load file (extension ".lod") with the SNDReadDSPfile() function.-- SND_FORMAT_DSP_COMMANDS=} is used to distinguish sounds that contain DSP commands created by the Music Kit. Sounds in this format can only be cre>}ated through the Music Kit's Orchestra class, but can be played back through the SNDStartPlaying() function.-- SND_F?}ORMAT_DISPLAY format is used by the Sound Kit's SoundView class. Such sounds can't be played. -- SND_FORMAT_INDIR@}ECT indicates data that has become fragmented, as described in a separate section, below. -- SND_FORMAT_UNSPECIFIEA}D is used for unrecognized formats.Fragmented Sound DataSound data is usually stored in a contiguous block of memory.B} However, when sampled sound data is edited (such that a portion of the sound is deleted or a portion inserted), the datC}a may become discontiguous, or fragmented. Each fragment of data is given its own SNDSoundStruct header; thus, each fragD}ment becomes a separate SNDSoundStruct structure. The addresses of these new structures are collected into a contiguous,E} NULL-terminated block; the dataLocation field of the original SNDSoundStruct is set to the address of this block, while F}the original format, sampling rate, and channel count are copied into the new SNDSoundStructs. Fragmentation serves oneG} purpose: It avoids the high cost of moving data when the sound is edited. Playback of a fragmented sound is transparenH}t-you never need to know whether the sound is fragmented before playing it. However, playback of a heavily fragmented sounI}d is less efficient than that of a contiguous sound. The SNDCompactSamples() C function can be used to compact fragmenteJ}d sound data.Sampled sound data is naturally unfragmented. A sound that's freshly recorded or retrieved from a soundfiK}le, the Mach-O segment, or the pasteboard won't be fragmented. Keep in mind that only sampled data can become fragmentedL}._________________________>From mentor.cc.purdue.edu!purdue!decwrl!ucbvax!ziploc!eps Wed Apr 4 23:56:23 EST 1990ArtiM}cle 5779 of comp.sys.next:Path: mentor.cc.purdue.edu!purdue!decwrl!ucbvax!ziploc!eps>From: eps@toaster.SFSU.EDU (Eric P. ScN}ott)Newsgroups: comp.sys.nextSubject: Re: Format of NeXT sndfile headers?Message-ID: <445@toaster.SFSU.EDU>Date: 31 Mar 9O}0 21:36:17 GMTReferences: <14978@phoenix.Princeton.EDU>Reply-To: eps@cs.SFSU.EDU (Eric P. Scott)Organization: San FranciscP}o State UniversityLines: 42In article <14978@phoenix.Princeton.EDU> bskendig@phoenix.Princeton.EDU (Brian Kendig) Q}writes:>I'd like to take a program I have that converts Macintosh sound files>to NeXT sndfiles and polish it up a bit to R}go the other direction as>well.Two people have already submitted programs that do this(Christopher Lane and Robert Hood);S} check the variousNeXT archive sites.> Could someone please give me the format of a NeXT sndfile>header?"big-endiT}an" 0 1 2 3 +-------+-------+-------+-------+0 | 0x2e | 0x73 | 0x6e | 0x64 | U} "magic" number +-------+-------+-------+-------+4 | | data location V} +-------+-------+-------+-------+8 | | data size +-------+-------+---W}----+-------+12 | | data format (enum) +-------+-------+-------+-------+16X} | | sampling rate (int) +-------+-------+-------+-------+20 | Y} | channel count +-------+-------+-------+-------+24 | | | | Z} | (optional) info string28 = minimum value for data locationdata format values can be found in /usr/include/sou[}nd/soundstruct.hMost common combinations: sampling channel data rate count format \} voice file 8012 1 1 = 8-bit mu-lawsystem beep 22050 2 3 = 16-bit linearCD-quality 44100 ]} 2 3 = 16-bit linear------------------------------------------------------------------------IFF/8SVX Format---^}------------Newsgroups: alt.binaries.sounds.d,alt.sex.soundsSubject: Format of the IFF header (Amiga sounds)Message-ID: <_}2509@tardis.Tymnet.COM>From: jms@tardis.Tymnet.COM (Joe Smith)Date: 23 Oct 91 23:54:38 GMTFollowup-To: alt.binaries.sounds`}.dOrganization: BT North America (Tymnet)The first 12 bytes of an IFF file are used to distinguish between an Amigapictura}e (FORM-ILBM), an Amiga sound sample (FORM-8SVX), or other fileconforming to the IFF specification. The middle 4 bytes is tb}he count ofbytes that follow the "FORM" and byte count longwords. (Numbers are storedin M68000 form, high order byte firstc}.) ------------------------------------------FutureSound audio file, 15000 samples at 10.000KHz, file is 1d}5048 bytes long.0000: 464F524D 00003AC0 38535658 56484452 FORM..:.8SVXVHDR F O R M 15040 8 S V X V H D R0010e}: 00000014 00003A98 00000000 00000000 ......:......... 20 15000 0 00020: 27100100 00010000 4f}24F4459 00003A98 '.......BODY..:. 10000 1 0 1.0 B O D Y 150000000000..03 = "FORM", identifies this as an Ig}FF format file.FORM+00..03 (ULONG) = number of bytes that follow. (Unsigned long int.)FORM+03..07 = "8SVX", identifies thih}s as an 8-bit sampled voice.????+00..03 = "VHDR", Voice8Header, describes the parameters for the BODY.VHDR+00..03 (ULONG) i}= number of bytes to follow. VHDR+04..07 (ULONG) = samples in the high octave 1-shot part.VHDR+08..0B (ULONG) = samples in j}the high octave repeat part.VHDR+0C..0F (ULONG) = samples per cycle in high octave (if repeating), else 0.VHDR+10..11 (UWORk}D) = samples per second. (Unsigned 16-bit quantity.)VHDR+12 (UBYTE) = number of octaves of waveforms in sample.VHDR+13l} (UBYTE) = data compression (0=none, 1=Fibonacci-delta encoding).VHDR+14..17 (FIXED) = volume. (The number 65536 means m}1.0 or full volume.)????+00..03 = "BODY", identifies the start of the audio data.BODY+00..03 (ULONG) = number of bytes to n}follow.BODY+04..NNNNN = Data, signed bytes, from -128 to +127.0030: 04030201 02030303 04050605 050606050040: 0608080o}6 07060505 04020202 01FF00000050: 00000000 FF00FFFF FFFEFDFD FDFEFFFF0060: FDFDFF00 00FFFFFF 00000000 00FFFF000070: 000000p}00 00FF0000 00FFFEFF 000000000080: 00010000 000101FF FF0000FE FEFFFFFE0090: FDFDFEFD FDFFFFFC FDFEFDFD FEFFFEFE00A0: FFFEFq}EFE FEFEFEFF FFFFFEFF 00FFFF01This small section of the audio sample shows the number ranging from -5 (0xFD)to +8 (0x08). r} Warning: Do not assume that the BODY starts 48 bytes into thefile. In addition to "VHDR", chunks labeled "NAME", "AUTH", "s}ANNO", or "(c) " may be present, and may be in any order. You will have to check thebyte count in each chunk to determine t}how many bytes to skip.------------------------------------------------------------------------Playing sound on a PC-----u}----------------From: Eric A RasmussenAny turbo PC (8088 at 8 Mhz or greater)/286/386/486/etc. can produce a qualityplayv}back of single channel 8 bit sounds on the internal (1 bit, 1 channel)speaker by utilizing Pulse-Width-Modulation, which togw}gles the speaker fasterthan it can physically move to simulate positions between fully on and fullyoff. There are several x}PD programs of this nature that I know of:REMAC - Plays MAC format sound files. Files on the Macintosh, at least the y} sound files that I've ripped apart, seem to contain 3 parts. The first two are info like what the file icon loz}oks like and other header type info. The third part contains the raw sample data, and it is this portion o{}f the file which is saved to a seperate file, often named with the .snd extension by PC users. Personally, I like |} to name the files .s1, .s2, .s3, or .s4 to indicate the sampling rate of the file. (-s# is how to specify th}}e playback rate in REMAC.) REMAC provides playback rates of 5550hz, 7333hz, 11 khz, & 22 khz.REMAC2 - Same as REMAC~}, but sounds better on higher speed machines.REPLAY - Basically same as REMAC, but for playback of Atari ST sounds. } Apparently, the Atari has two sound formats, one of which sounds like garbage if played by REMAC or REPLAY in the }incorrect mode. The other file format works fine with REMAC and so appears to be 'normal' unsigned 8-bit d}ata. REPLAY provides playback rates of 11.5 khz, 12.5 khz, 14 khz, 16 khz, 18.5 khz, 22khz, & 27 khz.These three }programs are all by the same author, Richard E. Zobell who doesnot have an internet mail address to my knowledge, but does h}ave a GEnie emailaddress of R.ZOBELL. Additionally, there are various stand-alone demos which use the internalspeaker, of} which there is one called mushroom which plays a 30 secondadvertising jingle for magic mushroom room deoderizers which is p}rettyhumerous. I've used this player to playback samples that I ripped out of thecommercial game program Mean Streets, whi}ch uses something they call RealSound(tm) to playback digital samples on the internal speaker. (Of course, I only dothis on} my own system, and since I own the game, I see no problems with it.)For owners of 8 Mhz 286's and above, the option to pla}y 4 channel 8 bit sounds(with decent quality) on the internal speaker is also a reality. Quite anumber of PD programs exis}t to do this, including, but not limited to:ModEdit, ModPlay, ScreamTracker, STM, Star Trekker, Tetra, and probably a fewm}ore. All these programs basically make use of various sound formats used by theAmiga line of computers. These include .s}tm files, .mod files[a.k.a. mod. files], and .nst files [really the same hing]. Also,these programs pretty much all have t}he option to playback the sound to add-on hardware such as the SoundBlaster card, the Covox series ofdevices, and also to d}irect the data to either one or two (for stereo)parallel ports, which you could attach your own D/A's to. (From what I have}seen, the Covox is basically an small amplified speaker with a D/A which plugsinto the parallel port. This sounds very sim}iliar to the Disney Sound System(DSS) which people have been talking about recently.) -----------------------------------}-------------------------------------The EA-IFF-85 documentation---------------------------From: dgc3@midway.uchicago.edu}As promised, here's an ftp location for the EA-IFF-85 documentation. It'sthe November 1988 release as revised by Commodor}e (the last public release),with specifications for IFF FORMs for graphics, sound, formatted text, andmore. IFF FORMS now }exist for other media, including structured drawing, andnew documentation is now available only from Commodore.The documen}tation is at grind.isca.uiowa.edu [128.255.19.233], in thedirectory /amiga/f1/ff185. The complete file list is as follows:}DOCUMENTS.zoo EXAMPLES.zoo EXECUTABLE.zoo INCLUDE.zoo LINKER_INFO.zoo OBJECT.zoo SOURCE.zoo } TP_IFF_Specs.zoo All files except DOCUMENTS.zoo are Amiga-specific, but may be used as a basisfor conversion to other pl}atforms. Well, I take that tentatively back. Idon't know what TP_IFF_Specs.zoo contains, so it might be non-Amiga-specific}.------------------------------------------------------------------------US Federal Standard 1016 availability-----------}--------------------------From: jpcampb@afterlife.ncsc.mil (Joe Campbell)The U.S. DoD's Federal-Standard-1016 based 4800 }bps code excited linearprediction voice coder version 3.2 (CELP 3.2) Fortran and C simulationsource codes are available for} worldwide distribution (on DOSdiskettes, but configured to compile on Sun SPARC stations) from NTISand DTIC. Example inpu}t and processed speech files are included. ATechnical Information Bulletin (TIB), "Details to Assist inImplementation of F}ederal Standard 1016 CELP," and the officialstandard, "Federal Standard 1016, Telecommunications: Analog toDigital Convers}ion of Radio Voice by 4,800 bit/second Code ExcitedLinear Prediction (CELP)," are also available.This is available through} the National Technical Information Service:NTISU.S. Department of Commerce5285 Port Royal RoadSpringfield, VA 22161US}A(703) 487-4650The "AD" ordering number for the CELP software is AD M000 118(US$ 90.00) and for the TIB it's AD A256 629 }(US$ 17.50). The LPC-10standard, described below, is FIPS Pub 137 (US$ 12.50). There is a$3.00 shipping charge on all U.S}. orders. The telephone number fortheir automated system is 703-487-4650, or 703-487-4600 if you'd preferto talk with a re}al person.(U.S. DoD personnel and contractors can receive the package from theDefense Technical Information Center: DTIC,} Building 5, CameronStation, Alexandria, VA 22304-6145. Their telephone number is703-274-7633.)The following articles de}scribe the Federal-Standard-1016 4.8-kbps CELPcoder (it's unnecessary to read more than one): Campbell, Joseph P. Jr., Tho}mas E. Tremain and Vanoy C. Welch,"The Federal Standard 1016 4800 bps CELP Voice Coder," Digital SignalProcessing, Academic} Press, 1991, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 145-155. Campbell, Joseph P. Jr., Thomas E. Tremain and Vanoy C. Welch,"The DoD 4.8 kbps S}tandard (Proposed Federal Standard 1016),"in Advances in Speech Coding, ed. Atal, Cuperman and Gersho,Kluwer Academic Publi}shers, 1991, Chapter 12, p. 121-133. Campbell, Joseph P. Jr., Thomas E. Tremain and Vanoy C. Welch, "TheProposed Federal S}tandard 1016 4800 bps Voice Coder: CELP," SpeechTechnology Magazine, April/May 1990, p. 58-64.The U.S. DoD's Federal-Sta}ndard-1015/NATO-STANAG-4198 based 2400 bpslinear prediction coder (LPC-10) was republished as a FederalInformation Processi}ng Standards Publication 137 (FIPS Pub 137).It is described in:Thomas E. Tremain, "The Government Standard Linear Predicti}ve CodingAlgorithm: LPC-10," Speech Technology Magazine, April 1982, p. 40-49.There is also a section about FS-1015 in th}e book:Panos E. Papamichalis, Practical Approaches to Speech Coding,Prentice-Hall, 1987.The voicing classifier used in th}e enhanced LPC-10 (LPC-10e) is described in:Campbell, Joseph P., Jr. and T. E. Tremain, "Voiced/Unvoiced Classificationof S}peech with Applications to the U.S. Government LPC-10E Algorithm,"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoust}ics, Speech, andSignal Processing, 1986, p. 473-6.Copies of the official standard"Federal Standard 1016, Telecommunicatio}ns: Analog to Digital Conversionof Radio Voice by 4,800 bit/second Code Excited Linear Prediction (CELP)"are available for }US$ 5.00 each from: GSA Federal Supply Service BureauSpecification Section, Suite 8100470 E. L'Enfant Place, S.W.Washing}ton, DC 20407(202)755-0325Realtime DSP code for FS-1015 and FS-1016 is sold by: John DellaMorteDSP Software Engineerin}g165 Middlesex Tpk, Suite 206Bedford, MA 01730USA1-617-275-37331-617-275-4323 (fax)dspse.bedford@channel1.com DSP So}ftware Engineering's FS-1016 code can run on a DSP Research's Tiger 30(a PC board with a TMS320C3x and analog interface suit}ed to development work). DSP Research 1095 E. Duane Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 USA(408)77}3-1042 (408)736-3451 (fax) From: cfreese@super.org (Craig F. Reese)Newsgroups: comp.speech,comp.dsp},comp.compression.researchSubject: CELP 3.2a release now availableOrganization: Supercomputing Research Center (Bowie, MD)}Date: Tue, 3 Aug 1993 14:55:25 GMT3 August 1993CELP 3.2a ReleaseDear CELPers,We have placed an updated version of the} FS-1016 CELP 3.2 code in theanonymous FTP area on super.org (192.31.192.1). It's in: /pub/celp_3.2a.tar.Z (please be su}re to do the ftp in binary mode).This is essentially the PC release that was on fumar, except that westarted directly from} the PC disks. The value added is that we havemade over 69 corrections and fixes. Most of these were necessarybecause of }the 8 character file name limit on DOS, but there are someothers, as well.The code (C, FORTRAN, diskio) all has been built} and tested on a Sun4under SunOS4.1.3. If you want to run it somewhere else, then you mayhave to do a bit of work. (A Sol}aris 2.x-compatible release isplanned soon.)[One note to PCers. The files:[[ cbsearch.F celp.F csub.F mexcite.F p}search.F[[are meant to be passed through the C preprocessor (cpp).[We gather that DOS (or whatever it's called) can't dist}inguish [the .F from a .f. Be careful!Very limited support is available from the authors (Joe, et al.).Please do not sen}d questions or suggestions without first reading thedocumentation (README files, the Technical Information Bulletin, etc.).}The authors would enjoy hearing from you, but they have limited timefor support and would like to use it as efficiently as p}ossible. Theywelcome bug reports, but, again, please read the documentation first.All users of FS-1016 CELP software are s}trongly encouraged to acquirethe latest release (version 3.2a as of this writing).We do not know how long we will be able }to leave the software on thissite, but it should be _at_least_ through 1 October 1993 (if you findit missing, please drop m}e (Craig) a note). Please try to get thesoftware during off hours (8 p.m. - 7 a.m. Eastern Standard time) orfolks here mig}ht complain and we'll have to get rid of the code (ifthat happens, we'll try to pass it on to someone else, who can put ito}n the net). We would be more than happy for someone to copy it andmake it available elsewhere.Good Luck,Craig F. Reese } (cfreese@super.org)IDA/Supercomputing Research CenterJoe Campbell (jpcampb@afterlife.ncsc.mil)Department of DefenseP.S}. Just so you all know, I (Craig) am not actually involved inCELP work. I mainly got with Joe to help make the software av}ailableon the Internet. In the course of doing so, I cleaned up much of it,but I am not, by any stretch, a CELP expert and} will most likelybe unable to answer any technical questions concerning it. ;^)From: tobiasr@monolith.lrmsc.loral.com (Ric}hard Tobias)For U.S. FED-STD-1016 (4800 bps CELP) _realtime_ DSP code andinformation about products using this code using }the AT&T DSP32C andAT&T DSP3210, contact:White Eagle Systems Technology, Inc.1123 Queensbridge WaySan Jose, CA 95120(40}8) 997-2706(408) 997-3584 (fax)rjjt@netcom.comFrom: Cole Erskine [paraphrased]Analogical Systems} has a _real-time_ multirate implementation of U.S.Federal Standard 1016 CELP operating at bit rates of 4800, 7200, and9600} bps on a single 27MHz Motorola DSP56001. Source and object codeis available for a one-time license fee.FREE, _real-time_ }demonstration software for the Ariel PC-56D isavailable for those who already have such a board by contactingAnalogical Sys}tems. The demo software allows you to record andplayback CELP files to and from the PC's hard disk.Analogical Systems291}6 Ramona StreetPalo Alto, CA 94306Tel: +1 (415) 323-3232FAX: +1 (415) 323-4222------------------------------------------}------------------------------Creative Voice (VOC) file format--------------------------------From: galt@dsd.es.com(byt}e numbers are hex!) HEADER (bytes 00-19) Series of DATA BLOCKS (bytes 1A+) [Must end w/ Terminator Block]- -------}--------------------------------------------------------HEADER:======= byte # Description ------ -------}----------------------------------- 00-12 "Creative Voice File" 13 1A (eof to abort printing of file)} 14-15 Offset of first datablock in .voc file (std 1A 00 in Intel Notation) 16-17 Version }number (minor,major) (VOC-HDR puts 0A 01) 18-19 2's Comp of Ver. # + 1234h (VOC-HDR puts 29 11)- ----------------}-----------------------------------------------DATA BLOCK:=========== Data Block: TYPE(1-byte), SIZE(3-bytes), INFO(0}+ bytes) NOTE: Terminator Block is an exception -- it has only the TYPE byte. TYPE Description Size (3-byte i}nt) Info ---- ----------- ----------------- ----------------------- 00 Terminator (NONE) } (NONE) 01 Sound data 2+length of data * 02 Sound continue length of data Voice Data} 03 Silence 3 ** 04 Marker 2 Marker# (2 bytes) } 05 ASCII length of string null terminated string 06 Repeat 2 Count# (2} bytes) 07 End repeat 0 (NONE) 08 Extended 4 *** *}Sound Info Format: **Silence Info Format: --------------------- ---------------------------- 00 Sa}mple Rate 00-01 Length of silence - 1 01 Compression Type 02 Sample Rate 02+ Voice Data} ***Extended Info Format: --------------------- 00-01 Time Constant: Mono: 65536 - (256000000/sample_rate)} Stereo: 65536 - (25600000/(2*sample_rate)) 02 Pack 03 Mode: 0 = mono } 1 = stereo Marker# -- Driver keeps the most recent marker in a status byte Count# }-- Number of repetitions + 1 Count# may be 1 to FFFE for 0 - FFFD repetitions } or FFFF for endless repetitions Sample Rate -- SR byte = 256-(1000000/sample_rate) Length of silence -- in units} of sampling cycle Compression Type -- of voice data 8-bits = 0 4-bit}s = 1 2.6-bits = 2 2-bits = 3 Multi DAC = 3}+(# of channels) [interesting-- this isn't in the developer's manual]---------------}---------------------------------------------------------RIFF WAVE (.WAV) file format----------------------------RIFF is }a format by Microsoft and IBM which is similar in spirit andfunctionality as EA-IFF-85, but not compatible (and it's inlitt}le-endian byte order, of course :-). WAVE is RIFF's equivalent ofAIFF, and its inclusion in Microsoft Windows 3.1 has sudde}nly made itimportant to know about.Rob Ryan was kind enough to send me a description of the RIFF format.Unfortunately, it} is too big to include here (27 k), but I've made itavailable for anonymous ftp as ftp.cwi.nl:/pub/audio/RIFF-format.And h}ere's a pointer to the official description from Matt Saettler,Microsoft Multimedia:"The complete definition of the WAVE f}ile format as defined byIBM/Microsoft is available for anon. FTP from ftp.uu.net in thevendor/microsoft/multimedia director}y."(Rob Ryan's version may actually be an extract from one of the filesstored there.)-----------------------------------}-------------------------------------U-LAW and A-LAW definitions---------------------------[Adapted from information prov}ided by duggan@cc.gatech.edu (RickDuggan) and davep@zenobia.phys.unsw.EDU.AU (David Perry)]u-LAW (really mu-LAW) is } sgn(m) ( |m |) |m | y= ------- ln( 1+ u|--|) |--| =< 1 ln(1+u) ( |mp|) |mp|} A-LAW is | A (m ) |m | 1 | ------- (--) |--| =< - | 1}+ln A (mp) |mp| A y=| | sgn(m) ( |m |) 1 |m | | ------ ( 1+ ln A|--|) -} =< |--| =< 1 | 1+ln A ( |mp|) A |mp| Values of u=100 and 255, A=87.6, mp is the Peak message val}ue, m isthe current quantised message value. (The formulae get simpler if yousubstitute x for m/mp and sgn(x) for sgn(m); }then -1 <= x <= 1.)Converting from u-LAW to A-LAW is in a sense "lossy" since there arequantizing errors introduced in the} conversion."..the u-LAW used in North America and Japan, and theA-LAW used in Europe and the rest of the world andintern}ational routes.."References:Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, B.P.Lathi., 2nd ed.ISBN 0-03-027933-XTran}smission Systems for CommunicationsFifth Editionby Members of the Technical Staff at Bell Telephone LaboratoriesBell Telep}hone Laboratories, IncorporatedCopyright 1959, 1964, 1970, 1982A note on the resolution of U-LAW by Frank Klemm :8 bit U-LAW has the same lowest magnitude like 12 bit linear and 12 bitU-LAW like 16 linear.Device/Coding }Resolution Resolution on maximal level on low level 8 bit linear 8 } 8 8 bit ulaw 6 12 (used for digital telephone)12 bit linear 12 12}12 bit ulaw 10 16 (used in DAT/Longplay)16 bit linear 16 16estimated} for some analoge technique:tape recorder (HiFi DIN) 8 9 (no Problem today)tape} recorder (semiprofessional) 10.5 13.5 ------------------------------------------------- }-----------------------AVR File Format---------------From: hyc@hanauma.Jpl.Nasa.Gov (Howard Chu)A lot of PD software ex }ists to play Mac .snd files on the ST. One otherformat that seems pretty popular (used by a number of commercial packages)i }s the AVR format (from Audio Visual Research). This format has a 128 byteheader that looks like this: char magic[4] }="2BIT"; char name[8]; /* null-padded sample name */ short mono; /* 0 = mono, 0xffff =  }stereo */ short rez; /* 8 = 8 bit, 16 = 16 bit */ short sign; /* 0 = unsigned, 0xfff}f = signed */ short loop; /* 0 = no loop, 0xffff = looping sample */ short midi; /* 0}xffff = no MIDI note assigned, 0xffXX = single key note assignment } 0xLLHH = key split, low/hi note */ long rate; /* sample frequency in hertz */ long s}ize; /* sample length in bytes or words (see rez) */ long lbeg; /* offset to start of loop }in bytes or words. set to zero if unused. */ long lend; /* offset to }end of loop in bytes or words. set to sample length if unused. */ short res1; } /* Reserved, MIDI keyboard split */ short res2; /* Reserved, sample compression */ short }res3; /* Reserved */ char ext[20]; /* Additional filename space, used } if (name[7] != 0) */ char user[64]; /* User defined. Typically ASCII message. */----------------}-------------------------------------------------------The Amiga MOD Format--------------------From: norlin@mailhost.ecn.}uoknor.edu (Norman Lin)MOD files are music files containing 2 parts:(1) a bank of digitized samples(2) sequencing inform}ation describing how and when to play the samplesMOD files originated on the Amiga, but because of their flexibilityand th}e extremely large number of MOD files available, MOD playersare now available for a variety of machines (IBM PC, Mac, Sparc}Station, etc.)The samples in a MOD file are raw, 8 bit, signed, headerless, lineardigital data. There may be up to 31 dis}tinct samples in a MOD file,each with a length of up to 128K (though most are much smaller; say,10K - 60K). An older MOD f}ormat only allowed for up to 15 samples ina MOD file; you don't see many of these anymore. There is no standardsampling ra}te for these samples. [But see below.]The sequencing information in a MOD file contains 4 tracks ofinformation describing} which, when, for how long, and at what frequencysamples should be played. This means that a MOD file can have upto 31 dis }tinct (digitized) instrument sounds, with up to 4 playingsimultaneously at any given point. This allows a wide varietyof o!}rchestrational possibilities, including use of voice samplesor creation of one's own instruments (with appropriate sampling"}hardware/software). The ability to use one's own samples as instrumentsis a flexibility that other music files/formats do n#}ot share, andis one of the reasons MOD files are so popular, numerous, and diverse. 15 instrument MODs, as noted above, ar$}e somewhat older than 31instrument MODs and are not (at least not by me) seen very oftenanymore. Their format is identical%} to that of 31 instrument MODsexcept:(1) Since there are only 15 samples, the information for the last (15th) sample s&}tarts at byte 440 and goes through byte 469.(2) The songlength is at byte 470 (contrast with byte 950 in 31 instrument M'}OD)(3) Byte 471 appears to be ignored, but has been observed to be 127. (Sorry, this is from observation only)(4) Byte (}472 begins the pattern sequence table (contrast with byte 952 in a 31 instrument MOD)(5) Patterns start at byte 600 (con)}trast with byte 1084 in 31 instrument MOD)"ProTracker," an Amiga MOD file creator/editor, is available for ftpeverywhere a*}s pt??.lzh.From: Apollo Wong From: M.J.H.Cox@bradford.ac.uk (Mark Cox)Newsgroups: alt.sb.programm+}erSubject: Re: Format for MOD files...Message-ID: <1992Mar18.103608.4061@bradford.ac.uk>Date: 18 Mar 92 10:36:08 GMTOrgan,}ization: University of Bradford, UKwdc50@DUTS.ccc.amdahl.com (Winthrop D Chan) writes:>I'd like to know if anyone has a re-}ference document on the format of the>Amiga Sound/NoiseTracker (MOD) files. The author of Modplay said he was going>to rele.}ase such a document sometime last year, but he never did. If anyoneI found this one, which covers it better than I can expl/}ain it - if youuse this in conjunction with the documentation that comes with NormanLin's Modedit program it should pretty 0}much cover it.Mark J Cox/***********************************************************************Protracker 1.1B Song/Mo1}dule Format:-----------------------------------Offset Bytes Description------ ----- ----------- 0 20 Songna2}me. Remember to put trailing null bytes at the end...Information for sample 1-31:Offset Bytes Description------ -----3} ----------- 20 22 Samplename for sample 1. Pad with null bytes. 42 2 Samplelength for sample 1. Stored a4}s number of words. Multiply by two to get real sample length in bytes. 44 1 Lower four bits are the 5}finetune value, stored as a signed four bit number. The upper four bits are not used, and shoul6}d be set to zero. Value: Finetune: 0 0 1 +1 27} +2 3 +3 4 +4 5 +5 6 +6 8} 7 +7 8 -8 9 -7 A -6 9} B -5 C -4 D -3 E -2 F -1:} 45 1 Volume for sample 1. Range is $00-$40, or 0-64 decimal. 46 2 Repeat point for sample 1. Stored as nu;}mber of words offset from start of sample. Multiply by two to get offset in bytes. 48 2 Repeat Lengt<}h for sample 1. Stored as number of words in loop. Multiply by two to get replen in bytes.Information for th=}e next 30 samples starts here. It's just like the info forsample 1.Offset Bytes Description------ ----- ----------- >} 50 30 Sample 2... 80 30 Sample 3... . . . 890 30 Sample 30... 920 30 Sample 31...?}Offset Bytes Description------ ----- ----------- 950 1 Songlength. Range is 1-128. 951 1 Well... this @}little byte here is set to 127, so that old trackers will search through all patterns when loading. A} Noisetracker uses this byte for restart, but we don't. 952 128 Song positions 0-127. Each hold a number from 0-63B} that tells the tracker what pattern to play at that position.1080 4 The four letters "M.K." - This iC}s something Mahoney & Kaktus inserted when they increased the number of samples from 15 to 31. D}If it's not there, the module/song uses 15 samples or the text has been removed to make the module harder to E} rip. Startrekker puts "FLT4" or "FLT8" there instead.Offset Bytes Description------ ----- -----------10F}84 1024 Data for pattern 00. . . .xxxx Number of patterns stored is equal to the highest patternnumber G}in the song position table (at offset 952-1079).Each note is stored as 4 bytes, and all four notes at each position inthe H}pattern are stored after each other.00 - chan1 chan2 chan3 chan401 - chan1 chan2 chan3 chan402 - chan1 chan2 cI}han3 chan4etc.Info for each note: _____byte 1_____ byte2_ _____byte 3_____ byte4_/ \ / \ /J} \ / \0000 0000-00000000 0000 0000-00000000Upper four 12 bits for Lower four K} Effect command.bits of sam- note period. bits of sam-ple number. ple number.Periodtable for TuningL} 0, Normal C-1 to B-1 : 856,808,762,720,678,640,604,570,538,508,480,453 C-2 to B-2 : 428,404,381,360,339,320,302,285,269,M}254,240,226 C-3 to B-3 : 214,202,190,180,170,160,151,143,135,127,120,113To determine what note to show, scan through the N}table until you findthe same period as the one stored in byte 1-2. Use the index to lookup in a notenames table.This is tO}he data stored in a normal song. A packed song starts with thefour letters "PACK", but i don't know how the song is packed: P}You canget the source code for the cruncher/decruncher from us if you need it,but I don't understand it; I've just ripped iQ}t from another tracker...In a module, all the samples are stored right after the patterndata.To determine where a sample sR}tarts and stops, you use the sampleinfostructures in the beginning of the file (from offset 20). Take a lookat the mt_init S}routine in the playroutine, and you'll see just how itis done.Lars "ZAP" Hamre/Amiga Freelancers************************T}***********************************************/ -- Mark J Cox -----Bradford, UK ---PS: A file with even *much* more iU}nfo on MOD files, compiled by LarsHamre, is available from ftp.cwi.nl:/pub/audio/MOD-info. Enjoy!FTP sites for MODs and V}MOD players----------------------------------Subject: MODS AND PLAYERS!! **READ** info/where to get themFrom: cjohnson@taW}rtarus.uwa.edu.au (Christopher Johnson)Newsgroups: alt.binaries.sounds.dMessage-ID: <1h32ivINNglu@uniwa.uwa.edu.au>Date: 2X}1 Dec 92 00:19:43 GMTOrganization: The University of Western AustraliaHello world,For all those asking, here is where toY} get those mod players and mods.SNAKE.MCS.KENT.EDU is the best site for general stuff. look in /pub/SB-AdlibSimtel-20 orZ} archie.au(simtel mirror) in for windows players ftp.cica.indiana.edu in pub/pc/win3/soundhere is a short li[}st of playersmp or modplay BEST OVERALL mp219b.zip simtel and snakewowii bes\}t for vga/fast machines wowii12b.zip simtel and snaketrakblaster best for compatability trak-]}something simtel and snake two versions, old one for slow machinesss cute display(hif^}i) have_sex.arj found on local BBS (western Australia White Ghost)superpro player generally good _} ssp.zip or similar found on night owl 7 CDplayer? cute display(hifi) player.zip or`} similar found on night owl 7 CDWINDOWSWinmod pro does protracker wmp????.zip cicaa}winmod more stable winmod12.zip or similar cicaHope this helps, e-mail me if you find b}any more players and I will add them in for the next time mod player requests get alittle out of hand.for mods ftp to wuarc}chive.wustl.edu and go to the amiga music directory (pub/amiga/music/ntsb ?????) that should do you fora whilesee you sood}nChris.----------------------------------------------------------------------- S Conner Peripherals, Inc.CP30174E Intelligent Dif}sk DriveProduct ManualRevision I.3April, 19923081 Zanker RoadSan Jose, CA 95134-2128g}(408) 456-4500NoticeConner Peripherals makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not h}limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Conner Peripherals shall not bei} liable for errors contained herein or for incidental consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performancej}, or use of this material.Conner Peripherals, Inc. reserves the right to change, without notification, the specificationsk} contained in this manual.Copyright Conner Peripherals, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or translated l}into any language in any form without the written permission of Conner Peripherals, Inc.IBM, PC/AT and PC/XT are registerm}ed trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.1.0 IntroductionThis manual describes the key features, sn}pecification summary, physical characteristics, environmental characteristics, functional description, electrical interfaco}e, and error reporting for Conner Peripherals CP30174E drive.2.0 Key FeaturesThe CP30174E Jaguar is a high performance p}3.5 inch low-profile (1.0 inch high) 170 megabyte (formatted) disk drive with 17 ms average seek time that is designed to q}operate on an IBM PC/AT. or equivalent in translate mode.The drive features low power requirements and high shock resistancr}e, enabling battery operation in portable environments.Because the drive contains the Task File within its control logic, s}it requires a simplified adapter board to operate.o170 Mbyte capacity.oLow power requirements enabling battery operat}tion in portable environments.oHigh performance rotary voice coil actuator withembedded servo system.oOne of seu}ven run length limited code.oHigh shock resistance.oSealed HDA.oAutomatic actuator latch against inner stop upon v}power down.oMicroprocessor-controlled diagnostic routines that are automatically executed at start-up.oAutomatiw}c error correction and retries, ECC on the fly.o512 byte block size, 64K buffer.oEmulates IBM Task File and supports x}additional commands.oUp to two drives may be daisy-chained on the AT interface.oAuto Translate mode for AT is supporty}ed.o4 Byte ECC diagnostic check in write/read.oMaster/Slave option, either CAM or Conner compatable.oAutomatic rez}ad look ahead.3.0 Specification Summary3.1 CapacityFormatted 170 Mbytes 3.2 Physical ConfigurationDisk Type{}Thin filmHead TypeMIGActuator TypeRotary Voice-CoilNumber of Disks2Data Surfaces4Data Heads4ServoEmbedd|}edTracks per Surface1806Track Density (TPI)2150 TPIFormatted Track Cap.23,552 bytesBytes per Block 512Blocks per Dri}}ve332,304Sectors per Track 463.3 PerformanceSeek TimesTrack to Track: 3.0 ms Average: 17.0 ms Maximum~}: 30.0 msAverage Latency7.8 msRotation Speed 3833 RPMData Transfer Rate 2.0 Mbyte/secStart Time(Power Up)typic}al: 10 secondsmaximum: 20 secondsStop Time (Power Down)typical: 7 secondsmaximum: 15 secondsInterleave1:1T}he timing is measured through the interface with the drive operating at nominal DC input voltage and nominal operating temp}erature. The timing also assumes that:- Bios and PC system hardware dependency have  been subtracted from timing measu}rements.- The drive is operated using it's native drive  paramenters.- The controller overhead, measured through the}  interface, is the time it takes to start a seek  after the drive has been selected.The average seek time is determi}ned by averaging the seek time for a minimum of 1000 seeks of random length over the surface of the disk. These numbers ass}ume spin recovery is not invoked.If spin recovery is invoked, the maximum could be 40 seconds. Briefly removing power can l}ead to spin recovery being invoked.3.4 Read/WriteInterfaceTask FileRecording Method1 of 7 RLL codeRecording Densi}ty (ID)42,173 bits per inchFlux Density (ID)31,630 flux reversals per inch3.5 Power Requirements (Typical)+5V }DC +12V DCPowerRead/Write Mode390 ma140 ma3.75 WSeek Mode200 ma230 ma3.75 WIdle Mode200 ma120 ma2.50 WStandb}y Mode130 ma10 ma0.75 WSleep Mode130 ma10 ma0.75 WSpin-up Mode 420 ma1100 man/aRead/Write Mode occurs when data i}s being read from or written to the disk.Seek Mode occurs while the actuator is in motion.Idle Mode occurs when the dr}ive is not reading, writing or seeking. The motor is up to speed and DRIVE READY condition exists. Actuator is residing on }last accessed track. Standby Mode occurs when the motor is stopped and actuator is parked. STANDBY MODE may occur after a }programmable time-out since last host occurs. The drive will leave STANDBY MODE upon receipt of a command which requires di}sk access or upon receipt of a spin up command.Sleep Mode occurs when all electronics are disabled. The Host is required} to issue a RESET to exit the SLEEP MODE.Spin-Up Mode current draw is for 7 seconds maximum.Maximum noise allowed (DC to }1 MHZ, with equivalent resistive load):Voltage+5 Volt+12 VoltNoise2%1%3.6 Physical CharacteristicsDimensions:1.}00" x 4.00" x 5.75"Weight:1.3 pounds4.0 Environmental CharacteristicsTemperature: Operating 5 deg. C to 55 deg.}CNon-operating-40 deg. C to 60 deg.CThermal Gradient 20 deg.C per hour max.Humidity:Operating8% to 80% non-condensing}Non-operating8% to 80% non-condensingMaximum Wet Bulb30 deg.C per hour maximumAltitude (relative to sea level)Operating}-200 to 10,000 feetNon-operating (maximum)40,000 feet4.1 Reliability And MaintenanceMTBF150,000 hours (POH)1MTTR}10 minutes typicalPreventive MaintenanceNoneComponent Design Life5 yearsData Reliablity<1 non-recoverable error in 10}13 bits read4.2 Shock and VibrationShock 1/2 sine pulse, 11 millisecond durationVibration Swept sine, 1 octave per minu}teNon-operating shock 100G'sNon-operating vibration 5-62 HZ (1/2 oct/min) 0.100 inch displacement (double amplitude) 63-4}00 Hz (1/2 oct/min) 5 G's peakOperating Shock 10 G's (without non-recoverable errors)Operating Vibration 5-27 Hz 0.1}00 inch displacement (double amplitude) 28-400 Hz .5 G's (without non-recoverable error)4.3 Magnetic FieldThe disk dr}ive will meet its specified performance while operating in the presence of an externally produced magnetic field under the }following conditions:FrequencyField Intensity0 to 700Khz6 gauss maximum700Khz to 1.5Mhz1 gauss maximum4.4 Acoustic N}oiseThe sound pressure level will not exceed 42 dBA in any mode at a distance of 1 meter from the drive.4.5 Safety Stan}dardsConner Peripherals disk drives are designed to comply with relevant product safety standards such as:oUL 478, 5th }edition, Standard for Safety of Information Processing and Business Equipment, andUL 1950, Standard for Safety of Infor}mation Technology Equipment oCSA 22.2 #154, Data Processing Equipment andCSA 22.2 #220, Information Processing and Bus}iness Equipment.CSA 22.2 #950, Safety of Information Technology Equipment.oIEC 435 Safety Requirements for Data Processi}ng Equipment,IEC 380, Safety of Electrically Energized Office Machines, andIEC 950, Safety of Information Technology Equi}pment Including Electrical Business Equipment.oVDE 0805 Equivalent to IEC 435,VDE 0805 TIEL 100, Equivalent to IEC 950}, and VDE 0806, Equivalent to IEC 380.oTUV EssenTUV Rheinland5.0 Functional DescriptionThe drive contains all nec}essary mechanical and electronic parts to interpret control signals, position the recording heads over the desired track, r}ead and write data, and provide a contaminant free environment for the heads and disks.5.1Read/Write and Control Electron}icsOne integrated circuit is mounted within the sealed enclosure in close proximity to the read/write heads. Its function }is to provide head selection, read pre-amplification, and write drive circuitry.The single microprocessor-controlled circ}uit card provides the remaining electronic functions which include:oRead/Write CircuitryoRotary Actuator ControloI}nterface ControloSpin Speed ControloDynamic BrakingoPower ManagementAt power down the heads are automatically retr}acted to the inner diameter of the disk and are latched and parked on a landing zone that is inside the data tracks.5.2 }Drive MechanismA brushless DC direct drive motor rotates the spindle at 3833 RPM. The motor/spindle assembly is dynamical}ly balanced to provide minimal mechanical runout to the disks. A dynamic brake is used to provide a fast stop to the s}pindle motor and return the heads to the landing zone when power is removed.5.3Air Filtration SystemThe head-disk} assembly is a sealed enclosure with an integral 0.3 micron filter which maintains a clean environment for the heads and di}sks.5.4Head Positioning MechanismThe read/write heads are supported by a mechanism coupled to a rotary voice coil actua}tor.5.5Read/Write Heads and DisksData is recorded on 95mm diameter disks through 3370 type heads.5.6 Error Correction} The drive uses a Reed-Solomon code to perform error detection and correction. The software error correction polynomial i}s capable of correcting one error burst with a maximum of 22 bits or 2 error bursts of up to 11 bits each, per 512 byte blo}ck. Single bursts of 11 bits or less are corrected on the fly (EOF) with no performance degradation.5.7 Master/Slave Co}nfigurationThe drive is designed to operate either as a Master Drive (C Drive) or a Slave Drive (D Drive). This feature i}s dependent on two drive settings; the status of hardware Jumper M/S and the firmware setting of a feature bit. When (M/S}) is closed the drive will assume the role of a Master Drive. When (M/S) is open the drive will act as the Slave. In sing}le drive configurations M/S must remain in the closed position. The feature word bit 8 determines if the drive will act acc}ording to ATA/CAM or ISA/Conner protocol during master/slave detection.When two drives are daisy chained on the interface,} commands are written in parallel to both drives, only the selected drive will execute the command, except for the diagnos}tic command. In that case, both drives execute the command and the slave reports its status to the master via the -HOST-PD}IAG signal.Drives are selected by the DRV bit in the drive/head Register and by a jumper, on the drive designating it as }either a master or slave. When the DRV bit is reset, the master drive is selected, and when the DRV bit is set, the slave }drive is selected. When drives are daisy chained, one must be jumpered as the master and one as the slave. When a single d}rive is attached to the interface, it must be jumpered as the master. Throughout this document, drive selection always refe}rs to the state of the DRV bit, and position of the master/slave jumper.6.0 Electrical Description6.1 Power Connectors}The drive has two power connectors; a standard 4 pin DC power connector and a smaller 3 pin connector. Power must only b}e supplied at one source.The mating connector for the 4 pin connector is AMP 1-480424-0 (Housing) and AMP 60619-4 (loose p}iece) or 61117-4 (strip) contacts.The following table describes the 4 pin power connector pins:PinSignal1+12V2GND}3GND4+5VThe mating connector for the three pin connector is Molex series 54-84 Header, housing Molex part number 39-0}1-0033 and terminal part number 39-00-0031 (loose) or 39-00-0023 (strip).The following table describes the 3 pin power con}nector pins.PinSignal1+5V2+12V3GND7.0 Host Interface7.1 DescriptionThe interface between the drive adapter a}nd the drive is called the Host Interface. The set of registers in the I/O space of the Host controlled through the Host I}nterface is known as the Task File. The physical interface from the drive to the host is implemented using a 40 pin connec}tor. The pin descriptions follow.7.2 Interface ConnectorThe recommended mating connector is Molex P/N 15-47-3401 or eq}uivalent. Two drives may be daisy chained on this connector, and the maximum cable length is 18 inches.7.3 Signal Levels}All signal levels are TTL compatible. A logic "1" is > 2.0 Volts. A logic "0" is from 0.00 Volts to .70 Volts. The drive }capability of each of the inbound signals is described below.7.4 Signal ConventionsAll signals on the Host Interface sh}all have the prefix HOST. All negatively active signals shall be further prefixed with a "-" designation. All positive ac}tive signals shall be prefixed with a '+' designation. Signals whose source are the Host, are said to be "outbound" and t}hose whose source is the drive, are said to be "inbound".These are the standard pin designators for the ISA/Conner archit}ecture. Signal NameDirPinDescription-HOST RESETO01Reset signal from the Host system which is active lo}w during power up and inactive thereafter.GNDO 2Ground between drive and Host.+HOST DATA I/O3-1816 bit bi-}directional data bus 0-15 between the host and the drive. The lower 8 bits, HD0- HD7, are used for register} & ECC access. All 16 bits are used for data transfers. These are tri-state lines with 24 mA drive capabili}ty.GNDO19Ground between drive and Host.KEYN/C20An unused pin clipped on the drive and plugged on the cabl}e. Used to guarantee correct orientation of the cable.RESERVEDO21,27,28,29GNDO22Ground between drive a}nd host.-HOST IOWO23Write strobe, the rising edge of which clocks data from the host data bus, HD0 through }HD15, into a register or the data register of the drive.GNDO24Ground between drive and host.-HOST READ IORO2}5Read strobe, which when low enables data from a register or the data register of the drive onto the host }data bus, HD0 through HD15. The rising edge of -HOST IOR latches data from the drive at the host.GNDO26Gr}ound between drive and Host.GND O30Ground between drive and host.+HOST IRQ14I31Interrupt to the Host system, ena}bled only when the drive is selected, and the host activates the -IEN bit in the Digital Output register. } When the -IEN bit is inactive, or the drive is not selected, this output in a high impedance state, regard}less of the state of the IRQ bit. The interrupt is set when the IRQ bit is set by the drive CPU. IRQ is re}set to zero by a Host read of the Status register or a write to the command register. This signal is a tri}-state line with 8 ma drive capacity.-HOST IO16I32Indication to the Host system that the 16 bit data regist}er has been addressed and that the drive is prepared to send or receive a 16 bit data word. This line is tr}i-state line with 24 mA drive capacity.-HOST PDIAGI34ISA - At POR-PDIAG will be activated by the slave with}in 1 ms. If the master doesn't see -PDIAG active after 4 ms it will assume no slave is present. -PDIAG will} remain active until the slave is ready to go not busy or 14.0 seconds on a power on reset. The master will} wait 14.5 seconds or until the slave de-activates -PDIAG on power on reset before it goes not busy. }The slave will de-activate -PDIAG and go not busy, if it is not ready after the 14.0 seconds. Neither dri}ve will set ready or seek complete until they have reached full spin speed and are ready to read/write.}During a software reset, -PDIAG will be activated by the slave within 1 ms. If the master doesn't see -}PDIAG active after 4 ms it will assume no slave is present. The slave will not de-activate -PDIAG until it} is ready to go not busy or 400 ms. The master will only wait 450 milliseconds or until the slave de-activ}ates -PDIAG before it goes not busy. The slave will only wait 450 milliseconds before it activates -PDIAG a}nd goes not busy. The slave will not set ready or seek complete until those states are achieved.Aft}er reset, -PDIAG will be used for the diagnostic command in the following manner. It is output by the driv}e if it is the slave drive, input to the drive if it is the master drive. This low true signal indicates to} a master that the slave has passed its internal diagnostic command. This line is only inactive high during} execution of the diagnostic command. -HOST PDIAGI34CAM - DASP- (Drive Active/Drive 1 Present) This is a ti}me-multiplexed signal which indicates that a drive is active, or that Drive 1 is present.This signal shall }be an open collectoroutput and each drive shall have a 10K ohm pull-up resistor.During power on initializa}tion or after RESET- is negated, DASP- shall be asserted by Drive 1 within 400 ms to indicate that Drive 1 }is present.Drive 0 shall allow up to 450 ms for Drive 1 to assert DASP-. If Drive 1 is not present, Drive }0 may assert DASP- to drive an activity LED.DASP- shall be negated following acceptance of the first valid} command by Drive 1 or after 31 seconds, whichever comes first.Any time after negation of DASP-, eit}her drive may assert DASP- to indicate that a drive is active.+HOST A0,A1,A2O35-33-Bit binary coded address used }to 36select the individual registers in the task file. -HOST CS0O37Chip select decoded from the host }address bus. Used to select some of the Host accessible registers.-HOST CS1O38Chip select decoded from the H}ost address bus. Used to select three of the registers in the Task File.-SPIN SYNC/ACTI39Signal from the dr}ive used either to drive an active LED whenever the disk is being accessed or as an indication of a second }drive present. (See the Customer Options section for further information).GNDO40Ground between drive and h}ost.7.5 Auxiliary ConnectorThe Auxiliary connector is used to provide optional signals at the front of the drive. No c}onnection should be made to the pins marked RESERVED. These pins are reserved for factory test purposes and improper conn}ection may adversely affect the drive.PinSignalPin Signal01GND02Reserved03+LED04-LED05KEY06KEY07Reser}ved08Reserved09Reserved10Reserved11Reserved12Reserved13Reserved14 Reserved15Reserved16ReservedThe signa}l names for the ATA/CAM architecture are:21DMARQ27-IOCHRDY28Spindle Sync 8 Cable Select29DMA ACK39-DASPy/