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I hope. ;-)The Digital Radio FAQ list will be posted on a mon_}thly basis torec.radio.amateur.digital.misc, rec.radio.info, rec.answers, and news.answers.The current version of this docu`}ment is available via anonymous FTP atftp.cs.buffalo.edu.Many FAQ's, including this one, are available on the archive sita}ertfm.mit.edu in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers. The name underwhich a FAQ is archived appears in the Archive-Name:b} line at the topof the article. This FAQ is archived as radio/amateur/digital-faq.There is also a mail server on rtfm.mitc}.edu, which can be addressed asmail-server@rtfm.mit.edu. For details on how to operate this server,send a message to that d}address with the word "help" in the BODY of themessage.Table of contents:1 Basic Packet Radio Information 1.1 Whate} is packet radio? 1.2 What is amateur radio? 1.3 What can I do on packet radio? 1.4 Why packet over other digitalf} modes? 1.5 What elements make up a packet station? TNC (Terminal Node Controller) Computer or Terming}al A radio 1.6 What do you mean we can all use the same channel? 1.7 What is AX.25 ? 1.8 What is RTTY ?h} 1.9 What is AMTOR ? 1.10 Definitions: Commonly used terms in Amateur Packet Radio 1.11 Do's and Don'ts : Rules ani}d Regulations2 Computing Network Resources for Amateur Digital radio 2.1 What Newsgroups/mailing lists are available?j} 2.2 What anonymous FTP sites and mail servers are available? 2.3 How do I contact the ARRL through email? 2.4 Arek} there any gateways for mail or news 2.4.1 The W2XO Internet mail <-> packet mail gateway 2.4.2 The N0ARY Intl}ernet mail <-> full packet BBS gateway 2.4.3 The N6QMY Internet mail <-> full packet BBS gateway 2.4.4 LAN Gam}teways (Packet wormholes via Internet) 2.5 How do I contact TAPR?3 Networking and special packet protocols 3.1 Aren} there any other protocols in use other than AX.25? 3.2 What is TCP/IP? 3.3 How do I get an IP address? 3.4 Netwoo}rking Schemes What are some of those other networking schemes? Digipeaters KA-Nodes Np}ET/ROM ROSE 3.5 BBS message transfer1 Basic Packet Radio Information1.1 What is packet radio?Packet raq}dio is one method of digital communications via amateur radio.Packet radio takes any digital data stream and sends that via r}radio toanother amateur radio station. Packet radio is so named because it sendsthe data in small bursts, or packets.1.s}2 What is amateur radio?Amateur Radio (sometimes called Ham Radio) is individuals usingspecified radio frequencies for pet}rsonal enjoyment, experimentation,and the continuation of the radio art. Amateur radio operators must belicensed by their u}government. In the United States, the FederalCommunications Commission issues amateur radio licenses. Normally, atest on v}operating practices, radio theory, and in some cases Morse codeproficiency test is administered. Amateur radio is not to bew} used forcommercial purposes. Also, amateur radio operators are restricted fromusing profanity and using amateur radio forx} illegal purposes.For more information on Amateur Radio in general, see the monthlyfrequently asked questions (FAQ) postiny}g in rec.radio.amateur.misc. Acopy of that FAQ is also available for FTP from ftp.cs.buffalo.edu andby mail from rtfm.mit.z}edu.1.3 What can I do on packet radio?Keyboard-to-Keyboard contacts:Like other digital communications modes, packet r{}adio can be used totalk to other amateurs. For those who cannot use HF frequencies, twoamateurs can talk to each other fro|}m long distances using the packetradio network.Packet BBS operations:Many cities have one or more packet Bulletin Board }}System (BBS) availableon the local packet network. Amateurs can check into the BBSes and readmessages from other packet us~}ers on almost any topic. BBSes arenetworked together over the packet network to allow messages to reach abroader audience }than just your local BBS users. Private messages may alsobe sent to other packet operators, either locally or who use other}BBSes. BBSes have the latest ARRL, AMSAT, and propagation bulletins.Many BBSes have a file section containing various text} files full ofinformation on amateur radio in general.DX Packet Cluster:A recent development is use of packet radio for }DX spotting. HFoperators connect to the local DX Packet Cluster for the latest reportson DX. Often a user will 'spot' som}e hot DX and distribute the DXreport real time.File Transfer:With special software, amateurs can pass any binary files t}o otheramateurs. Currently, this is done with TCP/IP communications, YAPP,and other specialized protocols.Satellite Comm}unications:Many of the amateur radio satellites contain microcomputer systems thatcan provide special information to amate}urs. Some satellites containCCD cameras on board and you can download images of the earth and thestars. Others provide st}ore and forward packet mailboxes to allowrapid message transfers over long distances. Some satellites useAX.25, some use s}pecial packet protocols developed for satellitecommunications. A few transmit AX.25 packets over FM transmitters, butmost }use SSB transmissions.1.4 Why packet over other digital modes?Packet has three great advantages over most of the other }digital modes:transparency, error correction, and automatic control.The operation of a packet station is transparent to th}e end user;connect to the other station, type in your message, and it is sentautomatically. The Terminal Node Controller (}TNC) automaticallydivides the message into packets, keys the transmitter and sends thepackets. While receiving packets, th}e TNC automatically decodes,checks for errors, and displays the received messages. In addition,any packet TNC can be used }as a packet relay station, sometimes called adigipeater. This allows for greater range by stringing several packetstations} together.Packet radio provides error free communications because of built inerror detection schemes. If a packet is rece}ived, it is checked forerrors and will be displayed only if it is correct.With VHF/UHF packet, many countries allow packet} operators to operatein automatic control mode. This means that you can leave your packetstation on constantly. Other use}rs can connect to you at any time theywish to see if you are home. Some TNC's even have Personal BBSes(sometimes called ma}ilboxes) so other amateurs can leave you messagesif you are not at home.The most important advantage of packet over other }modes is the abilityfor many users to be able to use the same frequency channel simultaneously.No other digital mode yet gi}ves this ability.1.5 What elements make up a packet station?TNC (Terminal Node Controller): A TNC contains a modem, a }CPU, and theassociated circuitry required to convert between RS-232 and the packetradio protocol in use. It assembles a pa}cket from some of the data onthe serial line, computing an error check (CRC) for the packet, modulatesit into audio frequen}cies, and puts out appropriate signals to transmitthat packet over the connected radio. It also reverses the process,trans}lating the audio that the connected radio receives into a bytestream on the RS-232 port.Most TNC's currently use 1200 BPS }(bits per second) for local VHF and UHFpacket, and 300 BPS for longer distance, lower bandwidth HFcommunication. Higher sp}eeds are available for use in the VHF, UHF, andespecially microwave region, but they often require unusual hardware anddriv}ers.Computer or Terminal: This is the user interface. A computer running aterminal emulator program, a packet-specific p}rogram, or just a dumbterminal can be used. For computers, almost any phone modem communicationsprogram can be adapted for} packet use, but there are also customized packetradio programs available.A radio: For 1200 BPS UHF/VHF packet, commonly }available narrow band FMvoice radios are used. For HF packet, 300 BPS data is used oversingle side band modulation. For hi}gh speed packet (anything greaterthan 1200 BPS), special radios or modified FM radios must be used.1.6 What do you mean }we can all use the same channel?Packet radio uses a protocol called AX.25. AX.25 specifies channelaccess (ability to tran}smit on the channel) to be handled by CSMA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access). If you need to transmit, your TNCmonitors the c}hannel to see if someone else is transmitting. If no oneelse is transmitting, then the TNC keys up the radio, and sends its}packet. All the other stations hear the packet and do not transmituntil you are done. Unfortunately, 2 stations could acc}identallytransmit at the same time. This is called a collision. If a collisionoccurs, neither TNC will receive a reply ba}ck from the last packet itsent. Each TNC will wait a random amount of time and then retransmitthe packet.In actuality, a} more complex scheme is used to determine when the TNCtransmits. See the "AX.25 Protocol Specification" for moreinformatio}n.1.7 What is AX.25?AX.25 (Amateur X.25) is the communications protocol used for packetradio. A protocol is a standar}d for how two computer systems are tocommunicate with each other, somewhat analogous to using business formatwhen writing a} business letter. AX.25 was developed in the 1970's andbased of the wired network protocol X.25. Because of the difference} inthe transport medium (radios vs. wires) and because of differentaddressing schemes, X.25 was modified to suit amateur ra}dio's needs.AX.25 includes a digipeater field to allow other stations toautomatically repeat packets to extend the range of} transmitters. Oneadvantage of AX.25 is that every packet sent contains the sender's andrecipient's amateur radio callsign}, thus providing station identificationwith every transmission.1.8 What is RTTY?RTTY (Radio TeleTYpe) is one of the mo}re common communications protocolsused in the HF bands. It is a half-duplex, non error-correcting mode thatcan be used by }any number of stations on a frequency in a round-tablefashion. Note that transmit/receive switching is manual, so all parti}esin a roundtable need to agree on who transmits next. It is primarily usedfor single keyboard-to-keyboard contacts. RTTY} uses Baudot characterencoding (also known as ITA2), which is a 5 bit code. Those who can doadvanced math ;) will note tha}t 5 bits is only 32 possible combinations,which is not enough for a full alphanumeric set, much less mixed-casealphabetics.} Baudot (and RTTY) gets around this limitation by definingtwo "shifts" which switch between a "letters case," and a "figure}s case."On older RTTY setups (ones which actually use a teletype, for instance),you have to worry about the letters/figures} shift. However, most TNCs andmultimode digital controllers now do the "Right Thing(TM)" with respect tothose shift charac}ters, sending them as necessary for the data beingtransmitted. Lower case is not used on Baudot RTTY. ASCII can be usedin} RTTY as well, but it is very uncommon.1.9 What is AMTOR?AMTOR (AMateur Teleprinting Over Radio) is an error-correcting }protocolused in the HF bands. It uses the same character set as Baudot (ITA2),but is encoded differently, so that each cha}racter has a constant markto space ratio. This constant ratio is how errors are detected. Errorsare corrected via either }of two methods: ARQ (Automatic RetransmitreQuest), and FEC (Forward Error Correction).In ARQ mode, exactly two stations c}onnect to each other. The stationwith data to transmit (also known as the Information Sending Station, orISS) transmits 3 }characters, and then waits for the other station (calledthe Information Receiving Station, or IRS) to send back an acknowled}gmentthat those 3 characters were correctly received. This back-and-forthactivity makes for the characteristic "chirp-chir}p-chirp" of AMTOR ARQoperation. This also means that each transceiver needs to be able toswitch from sending to receiving }mode fairly quickly. The first timethat you operate AMTOR ARQ with a relay-switched rig, you will beconvinced that the rig} is going to self-destruct. ;)In FEC mode, one station can communicate with many others at once, sincethere is no back-and}-forth acknowledging of data. FEC gets its errorcorrection from time diversity, which is a fancy way of saying it sendseac}h character twice. Actually, it interleaves the characters, so thatthe character is not repeated until 4 character times la}ter. An example:The text string to send is "This is FEC."What comes out of the controller looks like "ThisThisis Fis FEC._}EC._"The receiving controller looks for which of the characters have a propermark to space ratio, and prints the one that d}oes. If neither do,it prints an error symbol.1.10 Definitions: Commonly used terms in Amateur Packet Radio44 net - T}he class A network designator for TCP/IP amateur packetradio. All numerical TCP/IP addresses on packet radio should be in t}heformat 44.xxx.xxx.xxx.AFSK - Audio Frequency Shift Keying. A method of representingdigital information by using differ}ent audio frequencies modulated ona carrier.AMPR - Amateur Packet Radio.ampr.org - The high level domain recognized on I}nternet for amateurpacket radio TCP/IP.AMTOR - AMateur Teleprinting Over Radio. This protocol allows error-freepoint-to-}point or multicast, single user per channel communications. Usuallyused on HF, but not VHF or above.ARQ - Automatic Resen}d reQuest. This is the point-to-point error correctingmode for AMTOR. It works by sending bursts of 3 characters, and then} the otherstation sends an OK/NotOK code for those 3 characters.AX.25 - Amateur X.25 protocol. The basis of most packet s}ystems.See section 1.7 for more information.CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check. The error detection scheme includedin each pac}ket. Verify that the packet was received error free.CSMA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access. A system allowing manystations} to use the same radio frequency simultaneously for packetcommunications.digi - Short name for a digipeaterdigipeater - }A packet radio station used for repeating packets. Seesection 3.3.1 for more information.FCC - Federal Communications Com}mission. Regulates and issueslicenses for amateur radio in the United States.FEC - Forward Error Correction. This is the} multicast method of (almost)error-corrected communications on AMTOR. It works by sending each charactertwice.FM - Frequ}ency Modulation. The radio modulation scheme used for VHFand UHF packet communications.FSK - Frequency Shift Keying. A m}ethod of representing digitalinformation by shifting the radio carrier frequency different amountsto represent ones and zer}os.HDLC - (High-Level Data Link Control Procedures) A standard for highlevel link control. (ISO 3309)KA9Q NOS - (KA9Q Ne}twork Operating System) A TCP/IP programoriginally developed by Phil Karn, KA9Q. Currently there are manydifferent versio}ns available. See section 3.2 for more information.KA-Node - A simple networking scheme developed by TNC makerKantronics.} See section 3.3.2 for more info.KISS - Keep It Simple Stupid. A simple interface developed forcommunications between TN}Cs and computers. This allows for most ofthe packet processing to be handled by the computer. Commonly usedwith packet TC}P/IP software.LAN - Local Area Network. A packet network developed forcommunications throughout a city or region. Often,} the LAN usesseparate frequencies from inter-city packet links.modem - MODulator/DEModulator. Converts the analog signals} intoa binary data stream (a series of ones and zeros) for the TNC or amicro-computer. First step in decoding packets. It} also convertsbinary data to analog, which is the last step in encoding packets.NET/ROM - A scheme for packet radio networ}king. See section 3.3for more information.NODE - A network node. Often a network node running NET/ROM.PPP - Point to P}oint Protocol. PPP is another protocol used for movingIP frames over a serial line. It supports host authentication, and n}on-transparent serial lines. It also has a standard way of negotiatingheader (and potentially data) compression over the l}ine. See also SLIP.protocol - A standard used for intercommunication between differentcomputer systems.RS-232 (RS-323C)} - A (more or less) standard for interconnection ofserial peripherals to small computer systems. In packet radio,RS-232 is} the most common interface between TNC's and theComputer/Terminal.RTTY - Radio TeleTYpe. This protocol allows point-to-po}int or multicast,single user per channel communications, without error correction.SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol. }A trivial protocol for puttingIP frames over a serial line to do (potentially) cheap TCP/IP networking.Approximately the sa}me as KISS, except over wireline networks. See alsoPPP.SSB - Single Side Band. The radio modulation scheme used for HF p}acketand satellite packet communications.TAPR - Tucson Amateur Packet Radio. Was the first group to create apacket radio} TNC using AX.25. Soon a TAPR TNC became cloned by manyothers. TAPR continues development of packet radio equipment.TCP/}IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. A set ofutility programs used over AX.25. See sections 3.2 for more}information.TNC - Terminal Node Controller. See section 1.5 for moreinformation.1.12 Do's and Don'ts : Rules and Regu}lationsNOTE: These regulations apply only to amateurs regulated by the FCC(United States), but often are similar to regula}tions in othercountries.[Since I have no experience with amateur radio in other countries, Icannot make any comments. Pl}ease bring any notable exceptions to myattention. -ed]Although there are no specific rules that apply to amateur packetr}adio, the general amateur radio rules force some restrictions onpacket usage. Can I set up a TNC at home and one at work} so I can check my Electronic mail via packet?This cannot be done without special restrictions. Amateur radiorules proh}ibit any business. Since you could have mail from yourboss (or maybe even someone selling you something over Internet),tha}t would constitute business activity and is specificallyprohibited.Profanity can also be a complication. Since you have n}o control overthe language used in E-mail, proper filtering is required. Since nofilter scheme can catch every offense, it} is best to say everymessage must be hand filtered. I would like to set up a packet radio gateway between a land line }computer network and the packet network. Is this possible?Yes, and there are several such gateways in use, but they must b}emanaged with caution. Electronic mail may be passed FROM the packetnetwork INTO the land line network without interventio}n. However,mail passed TO packet radio is considered third party traffic (thesender is not an amateur) and these messages }must be hand filtered toensure that rules of message content are followed. It's my license if I use packet radio illegal}ly anyway, so what does anyone else care!?Packet radio is one of the few NETWORKED systems in amateur radio.Many people }have helped develop the network and there are manyamateurs who own parts of the packet radio network. Sending packetBBS ma}il, digipeating, and sharing the channel involves the licensesof MANY people. Because of FCC rules stating that anything to} comeout of a transmitter (either in automatic mode or via your directcontrol) is the licensee's responsibility, one illega}l message sentover the packet radio network could literally jeopardize the licensesof thousands of other amateurs. When in} doubt, it is best to checkwith other amateurs about sending the message before it is sent. I have some ideas on how to }use packet radio in a new way, but I don't know if it is legal. Who could tell me if I can do it legally?The worst thi }ng you can do is talk to the FCC about such an issue. TheFCC rules are written to be general enough to encompass but notre }strict new radio activities. In the past, any non-thought-outrequests sent to the FCC have meant a reduction of privilege f }or allamateur radio operators.The best source for legal assistance is your national amateur radioassociation. In the Uni }ted States, that is the American Radio RelayLeague (ARRL). Another good place for such conversations is overUsenet/packet }mailing lists, or the amateur radio BBS network.2 Computing Network Resources for Amateur Packet radioThis section summ }arizes the resources available on Internet for amateurpacket radio operators.2.1 What Newsgroups/mailing lists are avail }able?This is a list of all groups that regularly discuss amateur packetradio. For newsgroups, join the group through use }of your newsreader. For mailing lists, add a '-request' to the end of the listname to request subscriptions. For listser }v groups, send mail to'listserv' at the node which contains the list. The first line of themail should be 'SUBSCRIBE group }name yourname'. Send the command 'help'for more information.rec.radio.amateur.packet (Newsgroup): General discussions in }volvingPacket Radio. This group was deleted on 21 September 93!rec.radio.amateur.digital.misc (Newsgroup): General discu }ssions aboutall aspects of digital transmissions over Amateur Radio. This groupis a replacement for rec.radio.amateur.pack }et.rec.radio.amateur.equipment (Newsgroup): May contain discussions aboutequipment related to digital amateur radio, spec }ifically HF rigs thatare good for HF digital modes, and the like.rec.radio.amateur.homebrew (Newsgroup): Contains discuss }ions on makingyour own gear, which includes packet, AMTOR, and RTTY equipment.rec.radio.amateur.misc (Newsgroup): General } amateur radio discussion.Usually does not contain any particular information about DigitalAmateur Radio.rec.radio.amateu }r.policy (Newsgroup): Discussion of regulationpolicies regarding every aspect of amateur radio. Occasionally dealswith po }licies of packet coordination and legal issues of packet radio.rec.radio.swap (Newsgroup): General For-Sale for any radio }equipment.Occasionally will have packet equipment for sale. Recommended locationfor any amateur packet radio for-sale item }s.info-hams@ucsd.edu (Listserv group): A digest redistribution of therec.radio.amateur.misc Usenet discussion.packet-ra }dio@ucsd.edu (Listserv group): General discussions involvingpacket radio and packet-related issues.ham-digital@ucsd.edu ( }Listserv group): A digest redistribution of therec.radio.amateur.digital.misc Usenet discussion.ham-policy@ucsd.edu (List }serv group): A digest redistribution of therec.radio.amateur.policy Usenet discussionhs-modem@wb3ffv.ampr.org (Mailing li }st): Discussion of high speedmodems and radios available and future plans. Also includes discussionof networking using hi }gh speed modems. This list is not very active.tcp-group@ucsd.edu (Mailing list): Group discussion of technicaldevelopmen }ts of TCP/IP over packet radio and use of the NOS TCP/IPprograms.gateways@uhm.ampr.org (Mailing list): Discussion of curr }ent gatewaysand future plans for gateways. May deal with sensitive internetworkingissues.listserv@knuth.mtsu.edu has sev }eral interesting mailing lists available:GRAPES-L Discussions with GRAPES (Georgia Radio Amateur Pac }ket Enthusiasts Society) on 56kb WAN's and the WA4DSY 56kb RF modem that they distribute.TENNET-L Te }nnessee's efforts at a coordinated high-speed RF packet networkGRACILIS-L Discussions on Gracilis tcp/ }ip packet equipment. Includes some of the people from Gracilis.KA9Q-UNIX Discussions on porting and u }sing various versions of KA9Q Unix/Xenix NET/NOS under any of a variety of Unix/Xenix variant }s.TNV-HAMS General discussions among email connected amateur radio operators in and surrounding !} TennesseeSend a message with a body of "HELP" to get help from the list server. Also,Internet users may now "}INTERACTIVELY work with the Listserv there by:telnet knuth.mtsu.edu 372ortelnet 161.45.1.1 372For all lists at u #}csd.edu, archives may be found via anonymous FTP atucsd.edu. Some listserv groups also have archives. Send the command'he $}lp' to the group's listserv for more information. Digest mailingsfor the ucsd.edu discussions are also available. Send mai %}l tolistserv@ucsd.edu with the first line being 'longindex' for moreinformation.Terry Stader (KA8SCP) m &}aintains a list of Macpacket-related software, and posts it periodically (somewhat less oftenthan monthly) to rec.radio.ama '}teur.digital.misc.Carl Trommel posts the weekly news bulletinof the ZL Data Group to rec.rad (}io.amateur.digital.misc. This bulletincovers the current happenings in New Zeland's packet network.There appears to be a )}mailing list about NOS on hydra.carleton.ca, butI don't have much more detail. Send a message tonos-bbs-request@hydra.carl *}eton.ca. The list name is nos-bbs@hydra.carelton.ca.2.2 What anonymous FTP sites and electronic mail servers are availab +}lefor getting packet radio information and programs?This is a sampling of FTP sites that carry amateur packet radio relat ,}edfiles. Consult the Archie archive server for info on locatingparticular files. For more information on using Archie, se -}nd mail toarchie@cs.mcgill.edu with the line 'help'.ucsd.eduPrimary distribution site of KA9Q's derived TCP/IP packages .}. Also,general packet radio information in the /hamradio/packet subdirectory.UCSD is also the home of the Amateur Radio "R /}equests For Comments"directory. If you write something that you believe could be includedin this directory (for example, a 0} specification of AX.25, or maybe someother protocol that nobody's thought of before) contact Brian Kantor(brian@ucsd.edu) 1}and let him know.wuarchive.wustl.eduVery large collection of amateur radio software. This stuff used tobe on wsmr-simte 2}l20.army.mil, but that system (and service) wasdiscontinued as of 1 Oct 93 for budgetary reasons. WUArchive usedto "just" 3}mirror Simtel20, and still has all the files that wereon Simtel20 when it shut down.ftp.cs.buffalo.eduSupplemental archi 4}ve site for amateur radio information. Containscurrent copies of all rec.radio.amateur.* FAQ's.tomcat.gsfc.nasa.govPack 5}et software including Baycomm, ROSE, G8BPQ, NOS, etc.(I have one report (from George Hitz, W1DA) that this FTP site will be 6}down until the end of this summer, 1993. Reportedly the site admin isgoing to be in Sweden.)akutaktak.andrew.cmu.eduSof 7}tKiss for the Mac, in /aw0g. Requires NET/Mac.SoftKiss is an init/cdev/driver that allows a MAC to do packet usinga Poor M 8}an's Packet modem.sumex-aim.stanford.eduNET/Mac is the port of KA9Q's NET program. It doesn't have nifty featureslike s 9}crolling or saving the windows, but the individual sessions can berecorded into a file.As for mail servers, there is only :} one that I know of at the moment:Ham-Server@GRAFex.Cupertino.CA.USThis mail server, which is run by Steve Harding (KA6ET ;}B), has a widevariety of information on most aspects of amateur radio, not just digitalmodes. Send a message with the body <} HELP to get a fairly useful listing. Also note that Steve posts the index from the server approximately weeklyto rec.radio =}.amateur.misc, rec.radio.amateur.digital.misc, and sbay.hams.2.3 How do I contact the ARRL via electronic mail?There ar >}e various addresses at ARRL HQ, but the most important one isprobably info@arrl.org. That is where general information abou ?}t theARRL can be acquired. This address reaches a person, so you'll haveto specify what/who you're looking for.2.4 Are @} there any gateways for mail or news between Internet andAmateur Packet radio?Internet / Packet Radio BBS GatewaysThere A}are currently two comprehensive gateways between the Internet andthe packet radio BBS system. One is run by Jim Durham, W2X B}O, in Pennsylvaniaand the other, which allows access to PBBS bulletins, as well as mail,is run by Bob Arasmith, N0ARY, in C C}alifornia.2.4.1 The W2XO GatewayTo mail from Internet to Packet:1. Mail to: "bbs@w2xo.pgh.pa.us"2. Make the first D} line of the text a Packet BBS "send" command, i.e.:SP TOCALL @ BBSCALL.ROUTING-HINTS < FROMCALL3. The "subject" line of E} the Internet mail becomes the "title" lineof the Packet BBS mail.NOTE: Because of FCC regulations, Jim must hand filter F}each messagesent FROM Internet TO the Amateur Packet Radio BBS system. Messagesshould be of minimal length and appropriate G} content. Read Section 1.9(Do's and Don'ts: Rules and Regulations) regarding appropriate usage ofpacket radio for more inf H}ormation. Always include the routing hintswith the BBS callsign.To mail from Packet to Internet:1. The amateur radio I}operator must have his callsign registered inthe gateway alias list. If you want to mail from packet to a specificamateur J}on Internet, send mail to 'durham@w2xo.pgh.pa.us' (Internet) or'W2XO @ W2XO.#WPA.PA.USA.NOAM' (Packet BBS mail) with his/her K} amateurcallsign and their Internet address.2. Once the above is accomplished, packet BBS mail should be sent to'CALL @ L} W2XO.#WPA.PA.USA.NOAM'. The mail will automatically beforwarded to the Internet address of the amateur with the 'CALL'cal M}lsign.Jim Durham's Internet address is 'durham@w2xo.pgh.pa.us'.2.4.2 The N0ARY Internet mail <-> full packet BBS gatewa N}yBob Arasmith, N0ARY, runs a gateway between the Internet mail system andthe PBBS system. His gateway allows you to read, O} post, and respond to otherpostings on the PBBS system via email. For more information, send mailto gateway_info@arasmith. P}com.2.4.3 The N6QMY Internet mail <-> full packet BBS gatewayPatrick Mulrooney, N6QMY, also runs a gateway between the Q}Internet mailsystem and the PBBS system. His gateway allows you to read, post, andrespond to other postings on the PBBS sy R}stem via email. For moreinformation, send mail to gateway-info@lbc.com.Users are required to register with the gateway to S} allow automatic forwardingof mail from the Internet to Packet. No registration is needed to sendmail from Packet to the I T}nternet. To register, send the following information to gateway-request@lbc.com: CALL: FIRST NAME: LAST NAME: U} CITY & ST: COUNTRY ZIP: HOME BBS:2.4.4 LAN Gateways (Packet wormholes via Internet)Currently a group of V}amateurs are experimenting with connecting packetLANs together via Internet IP inside IP Encapsulation. Some of thegateway W}s only accept TCP/IP packets, others AX.25 packets. Thesegateways uses the Internet as a transport medium, thus it is impos X}sibleto access the packet radio network from Internet. For moreinformation, join the Gateways mailing list by sending mail Y} to"gateways-request@uhm.ampr.org".2.5 How do I contact TAPR?The only route I currently know if is via USnail and tele Z}phone.USnail:TAPR (Tuscon Amateur Packet Radio)8987-309 E. Tanque Verde Rd. #337Tuscon, AZ 85749-9399Telephone:Vo [}ice: +1 817 383 0000Fax: +1 817 566 25443 Networking and special packet protocolsThis is a sample of some of the mor \}e popular networking schemesavailable today. By far, there are more customized networking schemesused than listed. Consul ]}t your local packet network guru for specificnetwork information.3.1 Are there any other protocols in use other than AX. ^}25?AX.25 is considered the defacto standard protocol for amateur radio useand is even recognized by many countries as a le _}gal operation mode.However, there are other standards. TCP/IP is used in some areas foramateur radio. Also, some networki `}ng protocols use other packetformats than AX.25.Often, special packet radio protocols are encapsulated within AX.25packet a} frames. This is done to insure compliance with regulationsrequiring packet radio transmissions to be in the form of AX.25. b}However, details of AX.25 encapsulation rules vary from country tocountry.3.2 What is TCP/IP?TCP/IP stands for Transm c}ission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.This is commonly used over the Internet wired computer network. TheTCP/IP suite d}contains different transmission facilities such as FTP(File Transfer Protocol), SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol), Telne e}t(Remote terminal protocol), and NNTP (Net News Transfer Protocol)TCP/IP doesn't use all of the AX.25 protocol. Instead, f}it usesspecial AX.25 packets called Unnumbered Information (UI) packets andthen puts its own special protocol (called IP) o q}B%DOS SYSB*)DUP SYSBBSDIGITAL ATABHAM_P3 ATABCB_P2 ATABmCP30100 TXTn top of AX.25. Thisis used to increase efficiency of its transmissions, since IP does notrequire packets to be "reliable" r}, that is to say, guaranteed deliverederror-free. TCP handles the retransmission of lost and garbled packetsin its own way s}, at a higher level. Therefore the extra information inan AX.25 "VC" (virtual circuit) frame is not useful, and thus consum t}ingneeded bandwidth.The KA9Q NOS program (also called NET) is the most commonly usedversion of TCP/IP in packet radio. N u}OS originally was written for thePC compatible. However, NOS has been ported to many differentcomputers such as the Amiga, v} Macintosh, Unix, and others. Smallercomputers like the Commodore 64 and the Timex-Sinclair do not currentlyhave version o w}f NOS available.For more general information about IP (not necessarily over packet radio),try the newsgroup comp.protocols x}.tcp-ip, and any of the plethora of bookson the subject. I have found the various books by Douglas Comer (the"Internetwork y}ing with TCP/IP series) to be excellent.3.3 How do I get an IP address?Brian Kantor (brian@ucsd.edu) is the IP address z}coordinator for the AMPR.ORGdomain, also known as the "44 net." Brian (sensibly enough) delegatescoordination for each sta {}te to sub-coordinators. This list(*) of coordinatorsis available via FTP from ftp.cs.buffalo.edu:/pub/ham-radio/ampr_coordi |}nators.(*) The coordinator list doesn't have e-mail addresses. If you're willingto do the legwork required to gather the }}m, please contact Brian Kantor.3.4 Networking SchemesWhat are some of those other networking schemes?During the early ~} days of amateur packet radio, it became apparent thata packet network was needed. To this end, the following packet networ }kschemes where created.DigipeatersThe first networking scheme with packet radio was Digipeaters.Digipeaters would simp }ly look at a packet, and if its call was in thedigipeater field, would resend the packet. Digipeaters allow theextension o }f range of a transmitter by retransmitting any packetsaddressed to the digipeater.This scheme worked well with only a few }people on the radio channel.However, as packet became more popular, digipeaters soon were cloggingup the airwaves with traf }fic being repeated over long distances. Also,if a packet got lost by one of the digipeaters, the originator stationwould h }ave to retransmit the packet again, forcing every digipeater totransmit again and causing more congestion.KA-NodesKantr }onics improved on the digipeater slightly and created KA-Nodes. Aswith digipeaters, KA-Nodes simply repeat AX.25 frames. H }owever, aKA-Node acknowledges every transmission each link instead of over theentire route. Therefore, instead of an end-t }o-end acknowledgment,KA-Nodes allow for more reliable connections with fewer timeouts, becauseacknowledgments are only carr }ied on one link. KA-Nodes therefore aremore reliable than digipeaters, but are not a true network. It issimilar like havi }ng to wire your own telephone network to make a phonecall.NET/ROMNET/ROM was one of the first networking schemes to try } to address theproblems with digipeaters. A user connects to a NET/ROM station as ifconnecting to any other packet station }. From there, he can issuecommands to instruct the station to connect to another user locally orconnect to another NET/ROM } station. This connect, then connect again,means that to a user's TNC, you are connected to a local station onlyand its tr }ansmissions do not have to be digipeated over the entirenetwork and risk loosing packets. This local connection proved to b }emore reliable.NET/ROM is a commercial firmware (software put on a chip) program thatis used as a replacement ROM in TAPR } type TNC's. Other programs areavailable to emulate NET/ROM. Among them are TheNet, G8BPQ nodeswitch, MSYS, and some vers }ions of NET.NET/ROM nodes, at regular intervals, transmit to other nodes theircurrent list of known nodes. This is good b }ecause as new nodes comeon-line, they are automatically integrated in the network. However, ifband conditions such as duct }ing occur, ordinarily unreachable nodes canbe entered into node lists. This causes the NET/ROM routing software tochoose r }outes to distant nodes that are impossible. This problemrequires users to develop a route to a distant node manually defini }ngeach hop instead of using the automatic routing feature.ROSEROSE is another networking protocol derived from X.25. E }ach ROSE nodehas a static list of the nodes it can reach. For a user to use a ROSEswitch, he issues a connect with the des }tination station and in thedigipeater field places the call of the local rose switch and thedistant rose switch the destina }tion station can hear. Other then that,the network is completely transparent to the user.ROSE's use of static routing tab }les ensures that ROSE nodes don't attemptto route packets through links that aren't reliably reachable, as NET/ROMnodes oft }en do. However, ROSE suffers from the inability to automaticallyupdate its routing tables as new nodes come online. The op }erators mustmanually update the routing tables, which is why ROSE networks requiremore maintenance.3.5 BBS message trans }ferMany of the BBS programs used in packet radio allow for mail andbulletins to be transferred over the packet radio netwo }rk. The BBSesuse a special forwarding protocol developed originally by Hank Oredsen,W0RLI.Besides full service BBSes, ma }ny TNC makers have developed Personal BBSsoftware to allow full service BBSes to forward mail directly to theamateur's TNC. } This allows operators to receive packet mail at nightand avoid tying up the network during busy hours.kNewsgroups: rec.radio.amateur.misc,rec.radio.info,rec.answers,news.answersPath: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!news.kei.com!MathWorks. }Com!europa.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!sdd.hp.com!decwrl!decwrl!amd!amdahl!thunder!ikluftFrom: }ikluft@kluft.com (Ian Kluft)Subject: rec.radio.amateur.misc Frequently Asked Questions (Part 3 of 3)Keywords: FAQ RADIO AMA }TEUR HAMReferences: Followup-To: rec.radio.amateur.miscApproved: news-answers-reques }t@MIT.Edu,rec-radio-info@ve6mgs.ampr.ab.caSender: ikluft@sbay.org (Ian Kluft)X-Content-Currency: This FAQ changes regularly }. When a saved or printed copy is over 6 months old, please obtain a new one. Instructions in Part 2 indicate where t }o find them via NetNews, FTP, and e-mail.Organization: Kluft ConsultingDate: Tue, 29 Mar 1994 01:41:08 GMTSupersedes: Message-ID: Expires: Tue, 3 May 1994 01:40:55 GMTX-P }osting-Frequency: posted on the 7th of each month A how-to-find-the-FAQ article is posted on the 14th, 21st, and 28thRepl }y-To: hamradio-faq@kluft.com (Ham Radio FAQ Coordinators)Lines: 577Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu rec.radio.amateur.misc:32315 }rec.radio.info:4785 rec.answers:4657 news.answers:16958Posted-By: auto-faq 3.1.1.4Archive-name: radio/ham-radio/faq/part3 }Revision: 3.0 1993/11/07 18:39:26Rec.radio.amateur.misc Frequently Asked QuestionsPart 3 - Amateur Radio Advanced and Tech }nical Questions------------------------------------------------------------------------------Questions discussed in Part 3 }: (dates indicate last modification)** What are the different US amateur classes and what can each of them do? (pre-4/9 }2)** What is the best way to learn Morse Code? (10/92)** What is the standard for measuring Morse code speed? (pre-4/92) }** What is the standard phonetic alphabet? (new 9/93)** I'm confused. What do all those abbreviations mean??? (6/93)** W }hat do all those "tones" mean? (pre-4/92)** Where can I learn more about Amateur Radio if I live outside the US? (9/93) }** How can I get a "reciprocal license" if I am a licensed ham from another country or if I am a FCC licensed ham who w }ants to operate in another country (on vacation)? (9/93)** My apartment or housing complex does not allow outdoor anten }nas, now what do I do? (9/93)** I got TVI...HELP!!! (9/93)** On what frequencies do JPL and GSFC retransmit the shutt }le audio? (10/92)** Can I take my HT on an airplane and operate it if I get the permission of the captain? (4/92)* }* How do I modify my current Amateur license? (9/93)** I'm confused about XXX, should I ask the FCC? (9/93)** Is there a }ny information on antique radios? (pre-4/92)** Where can I buy vacuum tubes? (9/93)** What do I need to get started in pa }cket radio? (9/93)** What do I need to get started in satellite communications? (9/93)** What is available to get started } in ATV, SSTV and WEFAX? (9/93)** What are these contests I sometimes hear, and how do I participate? (9/93)--Rec.radio.a }mateur.misc Frequently-asked Questions------------------Part 3--** What are the different US amateur classes and what can }each of them do?Novice - has CW (Morse code) privileges on 4 HF bands (80, 40, 15, and 10 meter), Voice privileges on }10 meters, and privileges  on 2 VHF/UHF bands (220 MHz and 1290 MHz). Required are 5 wpm Morse code test and 30-que }stion Novice test.Technician - has full privileges on all VHF/UHF bands above 30 MHz. Required are Novice test and 25- }question Tech test. Technician may access Novice HF bands by passing the 5 wpm Morse code test.General - has all }Technician privileges, plus larger access to more HF bands, including CW and Voice on 160, 80, 40, 30, 20, 17, 15, }12, and 10 meter bands. A General class amateur can give Novice  tests. Required are 13 wpm Morse code test, Novic }e, Tech and 25-question General test.Advanced - has all General privileges, plus wider band access on 80, 40, 20, } and 15 meter bands. An Advanced class amateur can also become a VE and give tests to Novice and Tech tests. Requi }red are 13 wpm Morse code test, Novice, Tech, General and 50-question Advanced test. The Advanced test is the most diff }icult of the five written tests.Amateur Extra - has full privileges on all amateur bands. An Extra can become a }VE and give all amateur tests. Required are 20 wpm Morse code test, Novice, Tech, General, Advanced and 40-question } Extra test.** What is the best way to learn Morse Code?This is becoming an increasingly common question as many "no-cod }e"Technicians realize they can add more privileges to their license ifthey learn Morse Code. The following list of sugge }stions shouldbe helpful in finding ways to approach the effort.* Listen to code at a rate faster than you can copy.* P }articipate in Novice-Roundup and/or Field Day. Practice whenever you get the chance!* Avoid the "deciphering" plateau a }round 5 WPM and and character plateau at 10 WPM by listening to the fast Farnsworth-paced "beat" of each letter and the } "beat" of common words. (See the question on Morse code speed for more information on Farnsworth pacing.)* Practice } to develop a "copy buffer" so you copy about 5 characters behind. (This is not easy but it's how the higher speeds are d }one.)* Practice both with headphones and "open-air" copy as the code test may be in either format. (If you only practic }e one, you may fumble on the other.)* Most of all, don't give up! Recognize when you reach plateaus and keep trying }until you break through them.** What is the standard for measuring Morse code speed?The word PARIS was chosen as the sta }ndard length for CW code speed.Each dit counts for one count, each dash counts for three counts, intra-character spacing }is one count, inter-character spacing is threecounts and inter-word spacing is seven counts, so the word PARIS isexactly }50 counts: PPPPPPPPPPPPP AAAAA RRRRRRRRR IIIII SSSSSSSSS. - - . . - . - . }. . . . .1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 7 = 50 ^ ^ } ^ ^Intra-character ^Inter-character Inter-word^So 5 words- }per-minute = 250 counts-per-minute / 50 counts-per-word orone count every 240 milliseconds. 13 words-per-minute is one cou }ntevery ~92.3 milliseconds. This method of sending code is sometimescalled "Slow Code", because at 5 wpm it sounds VERY } SLOW. The "Farnsworth" method is accomplished by sending the dits and dashes and intra-character spacing at a higher s }peed, then increasing the inter-character and inter-word spacing to slow the sending speed down to the desired speed. Fo }r example, to send at 5 wpm with 13 wpm characters in Farnsworth method, the dits and intra-character spacingwould be 92. }3 milliseconds, the dash would be 276.9 milliseconds, theinter-character spacing would be 1.443 seconds and inter-word spac }ing would be 3.367 seconds.** What is the standard phonetic alphabet?Though no standard phonetics are required on amat }eur radio, goodoperating procedures include using the standard phonetic alphabetto help communicate more clearly. The re }commended phonetics arethose also in use by aviation (internationally by ICAO treaty) andsome militaries (in most English }-speaking countries.) alfa bravo charlie delta echo foxtrot golf hotel india juliet kilo lima mike november oscar pap }a quebec romeo sierra tango uniform victor whiskey x-ray yankee zuluThe numbers are spelled differently to suggest a p }articularpronunciation. Also, nine was changed to "niner" to avoid confusionwith the German word "nein" for "no", though } that change is notcommonly used by Hams. (Usually you'll only hear "niner" from Hamswho are also pilots.) zero one }two tree fower fife six seven eight ninerWhen first making contact with another Ham, it is a good idea tosay callsigns i }n phonetics to give the other side a better chanceof understanding them correctly.** I'm confused. What do all those abb }reviations mean???AMAmplitude ModulationAMSATAmateur Satellite Corporation [see rec.radio.amateur.space]AMTORAmateur } Teleprinter Over Radio. A more sophisticated version of RTTY. Also used commercially as SITOR (Simplex TeleprinterOv }er Radio). [see rec.radio.amateur.digital.misc]ARRLAmerican Radio Relay LeagueATVAmateur Television - a way to see who }you're talking to!CAPCivil Air Patrol is a volunteer organization that searches fordowned aircraft and missing kids and } uses frequencies just outside of the ham bands and often uses modified Amateur radiosCBCitizen's Band radio, this is N }OT part of Amateur Radio anddoes not require any license to operate [see rec.radio.cb]CQAn on-the-air request for a con }versation with anyone"dupes"A dupe sheet is a duplicate check sheet, in matrix format, usedto quickly check that you ha }ve not had a "duplicate" contactwith someone (on a specific band or mode) in a contestElmerAn amateur radio mentor, or }"Master Craftsman" to a new ham.Could refer to anyone, regardless of age or gender.FCCFederal Communications Commission }, the "law enforcers"FMFrequency ModulationFieldDay A June activity to practice emergency communications for24 hours. }...wives call it 'an exercise in male bonding' :-).HFHigh Frequency - 3 MHz to 30 MHzHTHandy-Talky, a shorthand for "ha }nd held radio"LFLow Frequency - 30 kHz to 3 MHzMARSMilitary Affiliate Radio System, military affiliated Amateurswho }provide free communications for overseas GIs and otherFederal services. MARS operators are licensed under DoD instead }of FCC.NTSNational Traffic System, a way to send radiogramsOFOld Friend, or Old F#$%, used to denote an older hamOMO }ld Man, refers to any ham, including female hamspacketcomputer bulletin boards/electronic mail via Amateur Radio[see re }c.radio.amateur.digital.misc]PRBPrivate Radio Bureau, administers Amateur and CB servicesQSOOne of the Q signals used i }n Morse code to mean "conversation"QCWAQuarter Century Wireless Association, membership means you'vebeen a ham for more } than 25 yearsRTTYRadio Teletype - older form of computer communications on HF[see rec.radio.amateur.digital.misc]SAR }EXIn Amateur Radio talk, Shuttle Amateur Radio EXperiment, achance to talk to astronauts in space. In CAP talk, Search }and Rescue EXercise, practicing for the real thing.[see rec.radio.amateur.space]SKSilent Key, a nice polite way to sa }y a ham has passed on "tothat great antenna farm in the sky"SSBSingle Side Band - need less band width than AM or FMS }STVSlow Scan TeleVision - REALLY slow, low data rate, typicallyused on the lower frequency bandsSWL shortwave liste }ning [see rec.radio.shortwave]UHFUltra High Frequency - 300 MHz and aboveULFUltra Low Frequency - 30 Hz to 300 HzVHF }Very High Frequency - 30 MHz to 300 MHzVLFVery Low Frequency - 300 Hz to 30 kHz, audio frequenciesWARCWorld Administrat }ive Radio Conference, a summit meeting thatoccurs every few years, required by international treaty todetermine how the } spectrum get sliced up to all vyingcommunications services (last one was in 1992)XYLeX-Young Lady, or wifeYLYoung L }ady, non-ham girlfriend or female ham2mShorthand for "2 meters" (144-147.995 MHz), which is areference to the wavelengt }h of a common Amateur frequencyband used for local communications** What do all those "tones" mean?Sub-Audible Tone: } A low tone that you're not supposed to be able tohear. It's used as a "PL Tone." PL is "Private Line", a trademarkof M }otorola for their implementation of CTCSS (Continuous Tone CodedSquelch System). Basically, the transmitter sends the sign}al withthe Sub-Audible tone and the receiver only opens when it hears signalswith that tone. Signals without the proper }tone are ignored. Thisis useful for "closed" repeaters, or for repeaters on the same frequency that have overlapping geo}graphic areas.Tone encode refers to the feature of providing the tone on transmit.Tone decode refers to the feature of re}sponding to the tone on receive.Tone squelch refers to all of the above. DTMF refers to Dual Tone Multi-Frequency, or "T}ouch Tone" which is a trademark of AT&T. DTSSprobably means Dual Tone Squelch System and refers to the feature ofprovidi}ng a predefined sequence of Touch Tone digits to open therepeater for transmit. DTSS is an alternate method from CTCSS, wh}ichprovides a way to use a "closed" repeater even if your radio doesn'tdo Sub-Audible Tones.** Where can I learn more }about Amateur Radio if I live outside the US?First, check if there is a Ham Radio-related newsgroup specific toyour count}ry. See the country-specific newsgroups in "the rec.radio.*newsgroups" in Part II of this FAQ.Also, write to the ARRL a }nd ask. They can usually tell you how to geta license in your country. See also the ARRL e-mail server. (Detailsare in } Part 2.)If you know of any location where this information is availableelectronically, whether by an e-mail server, ano }nymous FTP, or acontact person, please mail it to us so we can include it here. Sendit to hamradio-faq@amdahl.com.**  }How can I get a "reciprocal license" if I am a licensed ham from another country or if I am a FCC licensed ham who wants  }to operate in another country (on vacation)?Editor's note (11/92): the regulations affecting this question arebeing }changed. Contact your local Volunteer Examiner (VE) and askabout a VE 60-day pass. More details will be included in futur}erevisions of the FAQ.This paragraph is soon to be obsolete:You need to submit a FCC Form 610-A to the FCC, PO Box 10}20, Gettysburg, PA 17326. They will then send you a reciprocal permit for alien amateur licensee (FCC Form 610-AL). You} must be a citizen of a country with which the United States has arrangements to grant reciprocal operating permits to vi}siting alien Amateur operators.This information is still current:For FCC licensed hams operating abroad, the following }guidelinesapply:* A reciprocal license is required in all foreign countries (that have a reciprocal operating agreemen}t with the US), except Canada, where the FCC license is automatically valid.* Send a SASE to ARRL Regulatory Information} Branch, telling them which country you are going to visit and they will send you the info and an application form. Fo}reign hams can likewise request information from their national Amateur radio society.* Submit your application with a c}ertified copy of your Amateur  license (ie, notarized copy), and fee if applicable (use a bank draft of a bank that doe}s business in that country) to the appropriate  licensing administration of the foreign country. Processing may take 3}0 to 90 days.* If less than one month, you could try sending the application and pick up the permit upon arrival in that} country.* Most countries will not allow you to bring communications equipment into their country without a license or p}ermit. If you applied, but haven't received the permit yet, show the copy and your FCC license to the customs officer,} however, the equipment may still be held at customs until your departure.* Be sure to use only those frequencies covere}d by your FCC license which are also used in the foreign country, unless otherwise authorized.See also the file RECI}P-OP on the ARRL e-mail server. (See Part 2.)** My apartment or housing complex does not allow outdoor antennas, now what} do I do?[see also rec.radio.amateur.antenna]First of all, don't despair. Many hams have similar problems. Manyb }ooks offer advice for the growing group of hams that cannot put upantennas. Some options are:* Install an "invisible" an!}tenna made of magnet wire.* Disguise an antenna as a flag pole.* Install an antenna in the attic.* ASK the apartment ma"}nager. You may find they will let you put up something as long as it "is invisible" or "doesn't disturb your neighbors#}" or "doesn't attract lightning".* Operate primarily from your car.* If the restriction is due to local ordinance, you ma$}y have relief  via PRB-1. Meet with the local government and seek an informal compromise. It is possible to win in co%}urt...but it's expensive and time consuming.* If you are restricted by "covenants" attached to the deed of your  home&}, your options are severely limited. Covenants are considered to be private, voluntary contracts between individuals and '}are  outside of the intended application of PRB-1. In many cases, you can petition the Homeowner's Association for an (}exception. Sometimes you can win in court on the basis that other violations of the  covenants by others without actio)}n taken constitutes abandonment of the agreement.* For further information, contact the General Consel's office of the*} ARRL, 225 Main St, Newington, CT 06111.See also the file ANTS-INDOOR on the ARRL e-mail server.** I got TVI...HELP!!!+}Here's some hints on Television interference, but this is not acomplete list. There are also books on the subject availa,}ble fromARRL.* If cable TV is an underground feed, look for central distribution  box. Check for a grounding rod.* -}Try installing torroids on the cable TV cable close to the TV, and maybe torroids on the AC cord as well.* VCRs are noto.}rious for RF leakers, try disconnecting the VCR.* Check to see if interference is better or worse when cable is disconne/}cted and you use rabbit ears instead. It could be the cable company's problem!* Calling the cable company may get resul0}ts, since they are also responsible for RF leakage from their equipment. However, they are very often obstinate. Good1} luck! Try some or all of these suggestions before calling the cable company: 1. Log the interference, noting geograp2}hical location, frequency, and characteristics. 2. Bring it to the cable company's attention in writing, preferabl3}y addressed to "Chief Engineer", or "Technical Staff". 3. Don't be accusatory, instead ask for assistance in resol4}ving the problem. Try to work it out with someone technically knowledgeable. 4. Do mention your "licensed 5}radio system", but try not to be too specific about "ham" or "CB" unless requested.* Try moving the radio antenna fu6}rther away from the TV sets. Make sure the SWR is LOW.See also the series of files on the ARRL e-mail server on variou7}saspects of electromagnetic interference. The filenames start with"EMI-" like EMI-CATVI (cable TV), EMI-GEN (general not8}es on EMI),EMI-AUDIO (interference to audio devices), etc.** On what frequencies do JPL and GSFC retransmit the shuttle 9}audio?[see also rec.radio.amateur.space]Station VHF 10m 15m 20m 40m 80m VideoWA3NAN 147.45 :}28.650 21.395 14.295 7.185 3.860W6VIO 224.04 21.280 14.282 7.165K6MF 145.585 ;} 7.165 3.840W5RRR 146.64 28.495 21.350 14.280 7.227 3.850W6FXN (temporarily out of service - looking for <}new frequency)KA9SZX 146.88 426.25K4GCC 146.94WA4VME 145.17W6TRW 1=}45.32All frequencies are in MHz. Use FM on VHF, USB on 10-20m, LSB on40-80m.WA3NAN - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center>} (GSFC), Greenbelt, MDW6VIO - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, CAK6MF - NASA Ames Research Center (ARC)?}, Moffett Field, CAW5RRR - NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TXW6FXN - Los Angeles, CAKA9SZX - Champaign-Urbana, IL@}K4GCC - Titusville, FL (near or at Kennedy Space Center)WA4VME - Melbourne, FL (near or at Kennedy Space Center)W6TRW A} - TRW ARC, Redondo Beach, CA (shuttle audio may be overridden by repeater usage)** Can I take my HT on an airplane aB}nd operate it if I get the permission of the captain?Technically, maybe. But don't count on it. In general, you can'tC} usea radio or scanner on an airline (or charter) *unless* the airlineallows it and the pilot-in-command (PIC) determinesD} that it will notinterfere with the instruments and radios on that specific aircraft.Very few US airlines allow passengerE}s to use radios so be ready todisconnect the antenna when you ask. (Don't even ask to transmit.)For reference (in the USF}) the pertinent portion of the Federal AviationRegulations (FARs) is Part 91, paragraph 91.21.Due to airport security, yG}ou may have a little difficulty carrying theHT (or any electronic equipment) onto the airplane. Generally, you can appeaH}se the security guards, simply by showing that the unit is operational and doesn't have a bomb inside. For a radio, just tI}urningit on and opening the squelch satisfies them. Expect more difficultyduring periods of increased security.On a pJ}rivate airplane, it is legal to operate an amateur radio if youhave the permission of the PIC. It is still possible for thK}e radio tointerfere with the plane's navigation or communication equipment, sobe sure to ask first. Always obey the requL}ests of the PIC. He knowshis airplane and radios better than you do.** How do I modify my current Amateur license?To mM}odify your license (change of address, change of station location,change of name, renewal, or even change of callsign), subN}mit an FCCForm 610 to the FCC. Forms are available from the FCC or ARRL or alocal VE session or ham radio store. Do NOTO} use a photocopy. Checkoff the appropriate boxes, fill in the new/changed information, SIGNTHE FORM, and attach a copy oP}f your current license (or a brief letterof explanation for its absence, ie, "my dog ate it"). NOTE: If youcheck the boQ}x to change your callsign, YOU WILL GET A NEW CALLSIGN,even if all you wanted was to supply a new address; if you want to kR}eepyour callsign, DON'T CHECK THAT BOX. Send the form to FCC, POB 1020,Gettysburg, PA 17326. Turnaround time (for CURRES}NT licensees only)is about 2-4 weeks.ANY ham can apply for a new callsign (this is different from the pastwhere you caT}n only get a new callsign if you move or upgrade). You can't specify WHICH ONE you want, a new one comes from the same pooU}las new licensees for that class of license. The callsign is based onyour mailing address. For overseas military and ciV}vilians, be sure tospecify a station location that is within FCC jurisdiction.New licenses are for 10-year terms. If yoW}u apply for renewal beforeits expiration date, the expired license is valid for 60 days afterexpiration to allow for the X}new license to arrive. You have up to2 years after expiration (5 years for an old 5-year license) to renewbefore re-examY}ination is required (but you can't operate with an expired license). You will lose your current callsign after 1 year afZ}ter expiration if you don't renew.For more information on FCC Form 610, see the file FCC-610-INFO onthe ARRL e-mail serv[}er. (See Part 2 for details.)** I'm confused about XXX, should I ask the FCC?[see also rec.radio.amateur.policy]Whate\}ver "XXX" is in this case, the overwhelming ARRL and net opinionis a resounding "NO!", at least not as a first step. Amate]}urs aregenerally very law-abiding people and have historically written theFCC asking for clarification on some operating ^}practice or another.This is a very dangerous practice, for several reasons.Most amateur radio regulations (contained in _}Part 97) are generallyvery loosely-worded, so as not to restrict experimentation and newtechniques. But asking the FCC f`}or a clarification will set in motionthe process of "clarifying" it for everyone (i.e. new rulemaking.)Examples of such a}restrictive rulings include varying topics like whenHams can help non-profit agencies or effectively forcing packet BBSsyb}sops to screen messages before forwarding them. They were the resultof well-intentioned questions by Hams that forced the c}FCC to make aruling where they previously allowed the amateur radio community topolice itself.Under all circumstances,d} it is better to first read the rules yourself.Then, if there's a problem, ask your national amateur radio organiza-tion e}(such as the ARRL in the US) which can give qualified advice aboutinterpretation of FCC regulations. Organizations like thf}e ARRL alsohave the influence to ask the FCC informally, without forcing a ruling.Even if asking the FCC doesn't result g}in a restrictive ruling, it isgenerally a good idea to not overburden an under-staffed and under-funded government agencyh} with a lot of correspondence. The AmateurRadio Service has traditionally been a low-workload "hands-off"service, and hai}s enjoyed a wide latitude from the FCC. Please don'truin this image for your fellow amateurs.For more discussion on howj} and when to contact the FCC, see the fileFCC-CONTACTING on the ARRL e-mail server. (See Part 2 for details.)** Is therk}e any information on antique radios?Antique radio classifieds: ARC, PO Box 802-B6, Carlisle, MA 01741 - old radios, TVsl}, ham equipment, 40s and 50s radios, telegraph, books, etc.Hallicrafter Service manuals: Ardco Electronics, PO Box 95, m}Dept Q,Berwyn, IL 60402Antique Wireless Association, Bruce Kelley, W2ICE, Route 3, Holcomb,NY 14469 - sponsors the Wn}ireless Museum** Where can I buy vacuum tubes?Kirby, 298 West Carmel Drive, Carmel, IN 46032 (1-317-843-2212)Antique Eo}lectronic Supply, Box 1810, Tempe, AZ 85281 (1-602-894-9503)Fair Radio Sales, Box 1105, Lima OH 45802Fala Electronics, Bop}x 1376-1 Milwaukee, WI 53201Southern Radio Supply, 1909 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112 (10504-524-2343)See also thq}e file VACUUM-TUBES on the ARRL e-mail server. (See Part 2)** What do I need to get started in packet radio?[see also rr}ec.radio.amateur.digital.misc]Packet radio is a digital form of communication using radios. Thereare OTHER digital formss}, as well, like CW, RTTY and AMTOR. To usepacket radio, you'll need a radio (2 meters and 70 centimeters aremost populart}), a box that converts radio signals to digital signalsthat a computer can understand (called a TNC or terminal node controu}l-ler) and a computer or terminal. For some computers or TNCs you mayneed special software as well. However, most TNCs v}and computers getalong quite well with just a terminal emulator software package. Mostpersonal computers can be interfacw}ed to use with packet radio. Sincethere are many digipeaters, generally even an HT will work withpacket radio.Your fix}rst source of information on Packet Radio should be therec.radio.amateur.digital.misc newsgroup. It has its own regularly-y}posted FAQ that goes into much more depth on the subject than thisone can. See also the mailing list and archives info iz}n Part 2.For more information on packet radio, you might try TAPR (Tucson Amateur Packet Radio), PO Box 12925, Tucson, A{}Z 85732 (602-749-9479).See also the files PACKET-INTRO, PACKET-NEW, and PACKET-GLOSSARY onthe ARRL e-mail server or the |}directory /hamradio/packet on theKA6ETB e-mail HAM-server. (See Part 2.)** What do I need to get started in satellite c}}ommunications?[see also rec.radio.amateur.space]For more information about Amateur Satellite Communications, tryAMSAT (~}Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation), PO Box 27, Washington,DC 20044 (301-589-6062). They also have an international net o}n Sundays on 14.282 MHz at 1900Z.ARRL publishes a book on this subject: The Satellite Experimenter'sHandbook. Ham Rad}io stores in your area may either have it or beable to order it. Or you can order it direct from ARRL.See also the cont}ents of the directory /hamradio/satelite on theKA6ETB e-mail HAM-server. The ARRL e-mail server has a bibliographyon sat}ellite materials in the file SATELLITES-B.** What is available to get started in ATV, SSTV and WEFAX?This is a large sub}ject area in itself. Amateur Television (ATV),Slow-scan TV (SSTV), and Weather FAX (WEFAX) all deal with transmittedpict}ures. (ATV includes moving pictures and audio just like yourhousehold TV.)Equipment is available to interface to most c}ommon microcomputersincluding PC clones, Amigas (which are prominent in most videoapplications anyway), Atari ST, and oth}ers. (At last check, we didn'tsee Macintosh on the list.) There are also a handful of publicationson the subject.All} this information is available via FTP in the /pub/ham-radiodirectory at ftp.cs.buffalo.edu. (See Part 2 for more informat}ionon FTP.) The file called sstv_wefax_info is maintained by JohnLangner WB2OSZ (johnl@avs.com).The ARRL e-mail serve}r contains an introduction to SSTV in thefile SSTV-INFO. (See Part 2 for more information on the ARRL e-mailserver.) Th}ere is a bibliography of ATV articles from QST in thefile TV-B. (See Part 2 for details.)The KA6ETB e-mail HAM-server h}as files on SSTV and WEFAX in thedirectory /hamradio/sstvfax.Another resource is the regularly-posted UseNet Elmers Dire}ctory.The list contains a volunteer Elmer who can help with ATV, SSTV, andWEFAX questions.** What are these contests I} sometimes hear, and how do I participate?Dozens of contests are held each year, usually at weekends, and canprovide usef}ul operating experience. They typically last for 24 or 48hrs, and are usually on SSB or CW only (the Russian CQ-Mir contes}t ison both modes at the same time). You can participate by making oneQSO or several thousands. In most contests you se}nd a signal report(traditionally 59 or 599) followed by a number that is different fordifferent contests - the most commo}n one is a serial number (so yousend 599 001 for your first QSO, then 599 002 etc). The exchange may,however, be your ag}e (All Asian contests), your CQ or ITU zone (CQWWand IARU contests, respectively), your state (ARRL contests) orsomething} else. Read "Contest Corral" in QST for the rules for allmajor contests - the more serious contester may wish to subscribe} tothe National Contest Journal, or join the e-mail contest mailing group(write to Trey, WN4KKN, at garlough@tgv.com). }Knowing the rules canprevent embarrassment - you will get a cool reception if you are a Wor VE and call a W/VE in the ARR}L contests, since they can only worknon-W/VE stations. Otherwise, QSOs made in contests are just asvalid for DXCC (DX C}entury Club - more than 100 contacts), WAS (workedall states) and other awards as are 30-minute ragchews. Although notst}rictly a contest, the annual Field Day provides very useful operatingexperience under less than optimal conditions and is h}ighly recommendedfor new operators - check with your local club for their Field Dayplans some weeks before the (late June}) event.For more information on contests, the ARRL e-mail server has thefollowing files: CONTESTS-93 (as of this writing}, substitute currentyear), CONTEST-LOGS (for contest log formats), FORM-10M (10m contestentry form), FORM-VHF (VHF contes}t entry form), and others. Newsgroups: rec.radio.cb,rec.radio.info,rec.answers,news.answersPath: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!news.kei.com!MathWorks.Com!europa}.eng.gtefsd.com!howland.reston.ans.net!vixen.cso.uiuc.edu!sdd.hp.com!decwrl!decwrl!amd!amdahl!thunder!ikluftFrom: ikluft@klu}ft.com (Ian Kluft)Subject: rec.radio.cb Frequently Asked Questions (Part 2 of 4)Keywords: FAQ RADIO CBReferences: Followup-To: rec.radio.cbApproved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu,rec-radio-info@ve6mgs.ampr.ab.}caSender: ikluft@sbay.org (Ian Kluft)X-Content-Currency: This FAQ changes regularly. When your saved or printed copy is} over 9 months old, please obtain a new one from rec.radio.cb or news.answers on NetNews, from rtfm.mit.edu or ftp.amdahl.}com via FTP, or from listserv@rtfm.mit.edu via e-mail.Organization: Kluft ConsultingDate: Tue, 29 Mar 1994 01:41:14 GMT}Supersedes: Message-ID: Expires: Sat, 16 Apr 1994 0}1:41:10 GMTX-Posting-Frequency: posted on the 7th and 22nd of each monthReply-To: cb-faq@kluft.com (CB FAQ Coordinators)Li}nes: 593Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu rec.radio.cb:2733 rec.radio.info:4787 rec.answers:4659 news.answers:16960Posted-By: aut}o-faq 3.1.1.4Archive-name: radio/cb-faq/part2Revision: 2.0 1993/11/07 21:32:24Rec.radio.cb Frequently Asked Questions (Pa}rt 2: Getting Started)-----------------------------------------------------------------THIS ARTICLE IS INTENDED TO BE A FR}EE RESOURCE FOR THE BENEFIT OF USENETREADERS. YOU MAY COPY AND REDISTRIBUTE IT UNDER THE CONDITION THAT THISMESSAGE AND CR}EDIT TO THE EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS ARE INCLUDED WITHOUTMODIFICATION. Material from the FAQ may be used to answer any ques}tions.Corrections and updates are welcome.Questions discussed in Part 2: (dates indicate last modification)* What is CB? }(6/92)* Do I need a license to operate a CB radio? (1/93) - in the USA (6/92) - in Canada (2/93) - in Japan (6/92) -} in Australia (1/93) - in New Zealand (7/93) - in the UK (6/92) - in France (9/93) - in Germany (6/92) - in Italy (}7/93) - in Russia (7/93) - notes for all countries (7/93)* What are the CB Frequencies? (11/92) - in the USA (6/92) }- in Canada (6/92) - in Australia (9/93) - in New Zealand (7/93) - in Japan (9/93) - in countries subscribing to the }European CEPT conference (11/92) - in the UK (6/92) - in France (11/92) - in Germany (11/92) - in Italy (7/93) - in} Russia (7/93) - in other countries (1/93)* What are the common brands of CB radios? (7/93)* What should I consider when }choosing a location for my antenna? (7/92)* Once I hook up my CB and antenna, is the radio ready to use? (2/92)* What are g}ood antenna characteristics and what are some good antennas? (6/92)--Rec.radio.cb Frequently-asked Questions---------------}--------------Part 2--* What is CB?-------------CB stands for "Citizen's Band" radio. It got that name because its main} ideais to be a kind of radio anyone can use. Depending on the country you livein, it is either a minimally-regulated or a}n unregulated set of radio channelsused for short-range (local) communications. Many people use CB radios intheir vehicles}, homes or both.This UseNet newsgroup "rec.radio.cb" is all about CB radio. The FAQ alsocovers non-licensed or minimally-}regulated radio bands internationally.Readers can expect to find discussions, questions, and answers about legaluses of CB }and related bands here. There are also other newsgroups for otherradio applications, such as rec.radio.shortwave, rec.radio}.broadcasting, andseveral subgroups of rec.radio.amateur, for amateur or "ham" radio. Radioseither wanted or for sale are }the subject of rec.radio.swap. (Though, anarticle about a CB radio for sale should be cross-posted to rec.radio.cb andrec.}radio.swap with a distribution limited to your city, state or region.)We have to bring up one point because it has been a p}roblem before: anyencouragement of illegal activity is inappropriate because it is outside thechartered scope of this newsg}roup. Such illegal activity includes the use ofillegal equipment or improper operating procedures. (An ongoing effort has}been made to define what is legal in various countries. That depends on readerinput.) However, acceptable (possibly borderl}ine) topics include issues aboutlegality, how to deal with unruly CB users, and others.* Do I need a license to operate a} CB radio?--------------------------------------------The answer to this question depends on the country you reside in. W}e currentlyhave information on the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the UK, France,Germany, Italy and Russia. Note that} all of these are from e-mail reportscontributed by readers. As regulations change, we can only keep up whenpeople notify }us. Please check your local regulations because you areresponsible to know and obey them.--- in the USAYou are no longer} required to have a license to operate a CB radio in theUnited States. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) did at o}ne timerequire a Class "D" license for for Citizen's Band which required nothing morethan filling out a form and sending it} in to the FCC with the license fee. TheFCC then sent you a call sign which might look like "KPS 2720" or somethingsimilar}. During the CB craze in the mid-70's, the FCC decided that the paper-work burden outweighed the benefits and put CB under }blanket authorization.The FCC permits the use of the following to identify yourself:1. Your old Class D callsign, if you }have one.2. K, your first and last initials, and your zip code (i.e. KPS 68123)3. your name (i.e. "Paul")4. some unique} nickname or Handle (i.e. "Cobra", "Rubber Duck", etc.)A rule change in May 1992 now allows one-way transmissions about hig}hwayconditions on CB. This was intended to allow local authorities to useunattended audio warnings about road construction} or other hazards.In the USA, there are two additional radio bands besides CB which are intendedfor use with minimal regul}ation by individuals.1. GMRS, the General Mobile Radio Service, is located in the 460-470 MHz band. A license is requi}red. More information is included in Part 4.2. The FCC has recently opened up the 31.0-31.3 GHz microwave band to lice}nsed users of several fixed and mobile radio services including GMRS.--- in CanadaNo license is required. You may identif}y yourself by your name or a handleof your choice.--- in JapanNo license is required. You may identify yourself by your }name or a handleof your choice.--- in AustraliaAustralia's CB regulations are similar to what the USA had before it dereg}u-lated CB. A license is required but there is no examination. At lastreport, the annual fee was A$18. The government wi}ll issue a callsignsuch as "VHSA 999" which includes the Australian prefix "VH", a code for thestate (South Australia in th}is example) and a 3- or 4-numeral suffix.--- in New ZealandA license is required in New Zealand. A callsign will be issue}d withyour license. You must identify yourself by at least your callsign.Callsigns look like AK1122 ("Auckland 1122") or }WN63 ("Wellignton 63".)There are 16 callsign districts using a 2- to 4-letter code for the region name and the radio statio}n number. Some callsigns may be issuedfor experimental use and will have an "X" after the district name (i.e.AKX1 "Aucklan}d Experimental 1".)--- in the UKA license is required in the UK. For licensing information and/or a set of"CB informatio}n sheets" you may contact the DTI (Department of Trade andIndustry) at the following address: CB Licensing Section, Radiocom}municationsAgency, Room 613, Waterloo Bridge House, Waterloo Road, London SE1 8UA, UK.The telephone number is (+44) 71 215 }2171.The UK will honor licenses from other countries using CEPT-approved radios.(See the CB Frequencies section below on C}EPT for more information.) Yourlicense may be used under the terms from the country which issued it.--- in FranceAs of 1}993, France no longer requires a license for you to operate a CB. Butthere is a 296.50FF tax on CB radios which is close to} the cost of the oldlicense. The main difference is that the old license was good for 5 years.Now you will pay the tax eve}ry time you buy a radio.Like most (or possibly all) of Europe, France does not give you a callsign.So you may identify you}rself by your name or a handle of your choice.France will honor licenses from other countries using CEPT-approved radios.Y}our license may be used under the terms from the country which issued it.--- in GermanyA license is required whether you p}lan to use FM or both AM and FM. The"agreement card" costs more if your radio also has AM. You may identifyyourself by yo}ur name or a handle of your choice.Germany will honor licenses from other countries using CEPT-approved radios.Your licens}e may be used under the terms from the country which issued it.--- in ItalyA license is required to operate a CB in Italy.} Licenses may be obtainedfrom Ministero PP.TT. You will need to provide them with your CB's model,serial number, and cert}ification number. They will also want to knowyour "handle" (if you go by a fictitious name on the radio) and whetheryou wa}nt your license to apply to other members of your family. The totalcost is (equivalent to) US$50 plus $10 per year. You mu}st notify the PP.TTif you sell your radio or buy a new one because the license applies to aperson and a radio. Our reporte}r in Italy says it takes about 2-3 monthsfor the license to arrive. It is valid for 10 years.--- in RussiaA license is r}equired. You must identify yourself by the callsign thatis issued with your license. Callsigns look like "3A4157".--- no}tes for all countriesThere are rules and regulations that must be complied with while using CB, nomatter which country you }live in. If you don't have a list of those rules(which most likely were included with your CB), you will probably find them} atany store that sells CB radios. If your government issues a callsign to you,you must identify yourself at least with th}at callsign.* What are the CB Frequencies?------------------------------The answer to this question depends on the coun}try you reside in. We currentlyhave information on Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark,Finland, France, G}ermany, Luxembourg, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand,Portugal, Norway, Russia, Sweden, the UK, the USA, and Vatica}n City.--- in the USALegal CB transmitters use the operator's choice of AM (amplitude modulation)(with 4 watts maximum po}wer) or single sideband (with 12 watts maximum power)on the following frequencies. frequencies (MHz) modulation descr}iption 26.965 - 27.405 AM/SSB Citizen's Band (CB) 40 channels, max power 4W AM, 12W SSB } 1=26.965 11=27.085 21=27.215 31=27.315 2=26.975 12=27.105 22=27.225 } 32=27.325 3=26.985 13=27.115 23=27.255* 33=27.335 4=}27.005 14=27.125 24=27.235* 34=27.345 5=27.015 15=27.135 25=27.245* 35=27.355 } 6=27.025 16=27.155 26=27.265 36=27.365 7=27.035 17=27.165 }27=27.275 37=27.375 8=27.055 18=27.175 28=27.285 38=27.385 } 9=27.065 19=27.185 29=27.295 39=27.395 10=27.075 20=27.205 30=27.305 40=27.40}5 460 - 470 FM General Mobile Radio Service (GMRS) license required,} see Part 4 31.0-31.3 GHz any mode microwave band now open for individuals }to use, requires GMRS license, see Part 4 * Channels 23-25 are not in ascending order due to historical reasons. CB s}tarted with only 23 channels. Later, 24 and 25 filled a gap between 22 and 23 and 26-40 were added in ascending order.}Special-use channels: 9 - emergency, monitored in some areas by "REACT", a volunteer groupcoordinated by the local Sher}iff's office (not in all areas) 17 - unofficial "trucker's" channel (California & western states.) 19 - official "truck}er's" channel for traffic and speed trap advisories30-40 - Often are used for single sideband (SSB) activityNote that US r}egulations disallow "DX" long-distance communications (over 150miles in this case) with CB. However, directional antennas m}ay be used toenhance communications within the legal range.--- in CanadaThe CB frequencies, modulation, and power limits }are the same as the 26-27 MHzCB band in the USA. Radios must be type accepted for use in Canada.--- in AustraliaAustrali}a has 2 bands for CB. The use of AM or FM depends on the band. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27}.405 AM/SSB 40 channels, same frequencies as USA max power: 4W AM, 12W SSB (same as USA) 476.500 - 477.475} FM 40 channels, .025 MHz (25 kHz) spacing max power: 5WWe've been told there are "no antenna restriction }s" though you'll probablyneed to double-check with local regulations if you're thinking of puttingup a tower.Radios for t }he Australian 26MHz band are essentially the same as radios madefor the USA. However, all CB radios used in Australia (eith }er band) must be type accepted by the Department of Transport and Communications (DOTAC).The following AM/SSB band frequen }cies have special uses in Australia:Channel 8Road channel (truckers)Channel 9Emergency (same as USA)Channel 11AM callin }gChannel 16/LSBSSB calling, also used for DX (distance)Channel 35/LSBunofficial additional SSB calling, also for DXA un}ique feature of Australia's 476-477 MHz band is that repeaters are allowed.Inputs are on Channels 31-38 and outputs are on C}hannels 1-8. A repeater mustuse the proper channel pair, i.e. 1/31 to 8/38. The maximum power output fora repeater is 21W} input. Note: as with repeaters on other bands, do not beginto operate one without obtaining and fully understanding the ap}plicableregulations. Additional information about the technical aspects repeateroperation is available from amateur (Ham) }radio sources such as the ARRLHandbook.--- in New ZealandThe CB frequencies, modulation, and power limits are the same as} the 26-27 MHzCB band in the USA and Australia.The following frequencies have special uses in New Zealand:Channel 5Europ}ean call (USB)Channel 11truckers' channel (AM)Channel 15AM callingChannel 35SSB calling --- in JapanJapan has 3 rad}io bands that do not require licenses. Two of them are limitedto extremely short-range use because of low power limits. Th}e other, withmaximum power output of 5 watts, is more like CB as it is known in NorthAmerica, Europe and Australia. fre}quencies (MHz) modulation description 26.968 - 27.144 AM (no SSB) "Citizen's Radio" maximum power 0.5W chan}nels 1-8 on 26.968, 26.967, 27.040, 27.080, 27.088, 27.112, 27.120, and 27.144. Other channels in between these} are assigned to fishing vessels (with 1W max power). 421.8125 - 422.300 FM "Specific Low Power Radio"}, also known as "UHF CB" maximum power 0.01W (10mW) newly-authorized in 1989, mostly used for handy-}talkies and ski patrols 9 duplex channels with 12.5kHz spacing 421.8125/440.2625 ... 421.9125/440.3625 } 9 simplex channels with 12.5 kHz spacing 422.2000 ... 422.3000 Note: other fre}quencies in this band are allocated for business use 903.0125-904.9875 FM "Personal Radio" maximum powe}r 5W 158 channels with 12.5 kHz spacing External antennas are permitted. Radios must be equipped with a }control ROM for automatic ID.As in Europe, made-for-the-USA CB radios are illegal in Japan. There havebeen case }s where such radios have caused interference with maritime emergencytraffic.--- in countries subscribing to the European C!}EPT conferenceThe following countries have implemented the CEPT (Conference of EuropeanPostal and Telecommunications admini"}strations) recommendations T/R 20-02 andT/R 20-07 for CB radios: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus (see Note 1), Denmark (see Note#} 2), Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal (see Note 2), Norway (see Note 2), Sweden, United King$}dom, and Vatican City.Notes: 1) as of last report, confirmation was pending in Cyprus 2) special markings are require%}d on the radios so, for example, UK radios marked "CEPT PR 27 GB" are legal but ones marked "PR 27 GB" are not. R&}adios from other countries may also be similarly affected.CEPT approval is significant because, with the exceptions listed '}above, CEPT-approved CBs from any one of the countries listed above can be used in anyother on the list. frequencies (M(}Hz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 FM 40 channels, same frequencies as USA 4W max powerIf)} you travel to another CEPT-conforming country, you may use your CB underthe terms of your license from your own country. B*}e aware that only FM isCEPT-approved so AM and SSB may not be legal to use once you cross the border. Important note: CEPT+}-approved CB radios are not legal in the USA and made-for-the-USA CB radios are not legal anywhere in Europe. The differenc,}e is becauseCEPT radios use FM and American radios use AM or SSB. There are no agreementsallowing a radio which is type-ac-}cepted in North America to be used in Europeor vice versa.Channel 19 appears to be the calling channel in most CEPT-confor.}ming countries.When exceptions are known, they are listed specifically for the country.--- in the UKThe UK has 3 bands fo/}r CB as follows: frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 FM 40 channels, same frequenc0}ies as CEPT & USA 4W max power radios using this band are marked "PR 27 GB" or "CEPT PR 27 GB" and ar1}e CEPT-approved 27.6 - 27.99 FM 40 channels, 0.01 MHz (10 kHz) spacing 4W max power radios u2}sing this band are marked "27/81-UK" and are only legal in the UK 934.0125-934.9625 FM 20 channels, 03}.05 MHz (50 kHz) spacing 4W max power radios using this band are marked "CB 934/81" and are only lega4}l in the UK, no new radios of this type are being made but existing equipment may continue to be u5}sed legallyAntennas must be omnidirectional - beams and yagis are prohibited. Antennasmust stand vertically, no higher th6}an 1.65m (not including ground plane.)AM and FM are not compatible so a US-legal CB cannot communicate with anyUK-legal CB7} even though they may use the same frequencies. And each is illegalon the others' soil so this only prevents use of atmosph8}eric skip between them.(See Part 4.)--- in FranceFrance uses the same frequencies (in 40 channels) as CEPT and the USA. 9}AM, FMand SSB are permitted. The only legal CB radios in France are those which areapproved by France Telecom or visiting :}CEPT-approved radios. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 AM/SSB/FM 40 channels, same fr;}equencies as USA max power: 1W AM, 4W SSB, 4W FMChannel 9 AM used to be for emergencies <}but was deregulated because no onemonitored it for that purpose. Channel 19 AM is the calling channel (used toestablish co=}ntact then move to another channel.) Channel 11 FM is used forDX/skip long-distance contacts. Channel 27 AM is sometimes u>}sed as a callingchannel for base stations (at home.) AM is the most commonly-used modulationmethod in France.When travel?}ing outside France, remember that most countries in the CEPTconference do not permit the use of AM or SSB. France has adopt@}ed the CEPTrules for CB in Europe - see below for more information.--- in GermanyGermany also uses the same frequencies aA}s CEPT and the USA. AM and FM are theonly legal modes of modulation. (SSB is not allowed.) AM is only allowed onsome chaB}nnels. frequencies (MHz) modulation description 26.965 - 27.405 AM/FM 40 channels, same frequencies as USC}A max power: 1W AM and 4W FM AM is allowed on Channels D}4-15 FM is allowed on all 40 channels SSB is not permitted E} All signals must have vertical polarity.Channel 4 FM is the calling channel. FM is the more commonly-used modulF}ationmethod in Germany.Notes: to meet the vertical polarity requirement, antennas must stand vert-ically. Also, tone-calG}l transceivers are allowed so you can use touch tonesto call someone if they are within receiving range and have a radio thaH}t willrecognize the tones.When traveling outside Germany, remember that most countries in the CEPTconference do not permiI}t the use of AM. Germany has adopted the CEPT rulesfor CB in Europe - see below for more information.--- in ItalyItaly aJ}lso uses the same frequencies as CEPT and the USA. AM, FM, and SSBare permitted. frequencies (MHz) modulation descriK}ption 26.965 - 27.405 AM/FM/SSB 40 channels, same frequencies as USA max power: 4L}W AM/FM/SSB Directional antennas are not permitted Selective call devices (i.e. tonM}e encoders or tone squelch) are not permittedChannel 9 is recommended as an emergency channel. Truckers N}often useChannel 5 on AM. It has been reported that Q-codes are popular in Italy.Our reporters in both Italy and Germany O}have said that many Italian CB'erscan be heard using linear amplifiers even though they are illegal.--- in RussiaCB radioP}s in Russia use the same frequencies as the USA and CEPT (European)countries. AM and FM are both permitted. The maximum trQ}ansmit power is5 watts. Our reporter from Russia says there is no restriction on thedistance of communications so, technicR}ally, use of skip (see Part 4) can beassumed to be legal.Because both AM and FM are legal, Russian CB radios can communicaS}te withEuropean radios (in FM) and with North American or Australian radios (in AM.)--- in other countriesThis is the "grT}ab bag" section. We have incomplete information on thesecountries but we'll tell you what we've heard. We'll add more infoU}rmation aspeople send it to us. (If you know more, please tell us!)* Switzerland uses FM on the same frequencies as CEPT V}but CBs do not appear to be very common there.* Channel 19 is the calling channel in Poland. Some probably-outdated infoW} said that this was also the case in Czechoslovakia but that may not necessarily be true under the new governments of the X}Czech Republic and Slovakia.* The calling channels in Austria are 4 AM and 9 AM.* From California, we can hear a lot of CY}B activity in Mexico via skip but no one has provided us with any details yet. However, we know that Mexico uses AM on tZ}he same frequencies as the USA's 27 Mhz CB band.In every country we know of where CB is legal, radios must be type-accepted[},meaning they must have been manufactured specifically for use with one or morecountry's regulations. They must be unmodif\}ied and properly marked for use inthat country. The exception is CEPT-approved radios, which may be used in anycountry whi]}ch has implemented the conference's recommendations.* What are the common brands of CB radios?---------------------------^}---------------Some of the more common brands that you will find out in the USA market are asfollows: Uniden, Cobra, Midla_}nd, Realistic (Radio Shack), Archer (Radio Shack)and others. Made-for-the-USA CB radios are also legal in Canada and Austra`}liathough they must be properly labeled ("type accepted") for sale and use inthose countries.In France some common brandsa} of radios are President and Midland. These aresomewhat similar to Germany but the President brand is known as "Stabo" therb}e.In Italy, Midland, Lafayette, and President are among the popular brand names.We currently don't have any correspondingc} information for other countries. Notethat radios must be marked properly for sale in your country, even in countriesusingd} American or CEPT (European) radios.* What should I consider when choosing a location for my antenna?--------------------e}---------------------------------------------The answer to this question differs greatly between base and mobile installa-f}tions. Each will be answered separately.In mobile installations, things to consider are whether you're willing todrill hog}les or use a magnet mount, gutter mount, trunk mount, or a bumpermount. If you say "no" to all of those (which would probabh}ly mean you have avery nice car) your list of options is pretty short - use a handheld with arubber duck antenna.Otherwisi}e, you can start making choices with the following things in mind:1) the closer your antenna is to the top & center of the vj}ehicle, the better.So the roof is better than the rain gutter or trunk and all of those are farbetter than the bumper. Butk} they'll all work.2) a drilled/permanent mount is better than a magnet mount in the same loca-tion. (This is so that the al}ntenna gets a better "ground plane".) If you usea magnet mount, run your coax feed line through the door or hatch that getsm}the least use and then leave it alone. Don't use any path where the coaxwould get pinched.For base installations (i.e. an}t home) the best places are "as high as you can"within legal limits. The roof is normally fine. If you're in an apartmento}complex, you may be limited to a balcony but ask the manager - they may justwant you to keep it "invisible." (Check your nap}tional and local regulations.In the USA, the FCC regulations limit CB antennas to 60 feet above groundlevel or maybe shorteq}r if you live close to an airport - one foot high forevery hundred feet from the nearest runway.)Base station antennas shor}uld have a good ground in case of lightning. (In therare event of a lightning strike, this can mean the difference between s}burningdown the building or just the radio.) Most cold water pipes that go into theground will work. But the best choice t}for a ground would be an 8-foot (2.4m)copper rod stuck in the ground near the antenna. (If you want to use anythingother tu}han the rod for a ground, contact someone knowledgeable about housingconstruction and safety - you don't want to accidentallv}y use a hot water orgas pipe. You also need to know your local building codes.)* Once I hook up my CB and antenna, is thw}e radio ready to use?--------------------------------------------------------------No. When you get a new CB and/or new ax}ntenna, the CB and the antenna must betuned or "matched." To do this, you need an SWR meter which is a device thatmeasuresy} the impedance between the radio and the antenna. SWR stands for"Standing Wave Ratio." The lower your SWR, the better yourz} match. Firsttimers are recommended to get help from a knowledgeable person but some notesabout the process are included h{}ere.You do NOT want your SWR reading to be over 3:1 ratio on any channel. It candamage your radio. A "perfect" match is |}1.0:1 which gives you the bestefficiency for your radio's output. However, "perfect" isn't possible so 1.1:1is the best yo}}u can hope for. Even 1.5:1 is acceptable, but it isn't as good.You will only be able to achieve your best match on one or ~}a small group ofchannels. The SWR will increase on each channel as you get further from thatpoint. So 2:1 may even be una}voidable on the extremes, like Channels 1 and/or40. If you know you're going to use one channel most of the time, try topu}t your best match there. Otherwise, just center it at Channel 20 so youcan use all 40 channels optimally.You may find SWR} meters at places like Radio Shack or amateur radio dealers.Further information about Standing Wave Ratio can be obtained fr}om the ARRLHandbook. (ARRL is the American Radio Relay League. Their annual handbookis full of information on many diffe}rent aspects of amateur radio but thebasic concepts apply in all radio bands.)Most stores that sell CB radios will have an} SWR meter and someone who knowshow to use it. But they will charge for their services.* What are good antenna character}istics and what are some good antennas?------------------------------------------------------------------------Antennas ha}ve to be designed to transmit and receive on the band that youare using. CB is located in the 11-meter band. (They call it} that becausethe wavelength is about 11 meters.) CB antennas range in height from a littleunder 2 feet (24 inches) up to 1}08 inches.The 1/4 wave whip (108") will offer better reception and transmissioncapability over a shorter, coiled or "loade}d" antenna.VERY short antennas, or multiple antennas that aren't "phased" properlywill result in a very poor signal. Reme}mber, for cophasing antennas,they must be 1/4 wavelength apart which, for the 11 meter band, is around9 feet. Most cars ar}en't wide enough to allow antennas to be placed 9 feetapart. The other characteristic of cophasing is that it is much more }direc-tional than a single antenna. It will transmit and receive MUCH better alongthe axis of the car than sideways off th}e car so if you want a omnidirectionalantenna, you don't want cophasing (so you only want one antenna.)Another subject of }common questions is about antennas which receive AM/FMbroadcast stations and act as a CB transceiver antenna. User experien}ceson this newsgroup vary widely with each brand. (The motorized ones seem tohave the least favor among the postings we've} seen.) In general, theseantennas work but are not nearly as good as a dedicated CB antenna. You haveto weigh the advanta}ges and disadvantages for your circumstances.Good brands of dedicated CB antennas in the USA include (but are notnecessari}ly limited to) Hustler, Wilson, FireStick and K-40. In France, somecommon brands are President and Magnum.mConner Peripherals, Inc. CP30100 SCSIIntelligent Disk Drive Product Manual Revision I.2} July, 19913081 Zanker RoadSan Jose, CA 95134-2128(408) 456-4500 Japan (81) 3-597-8321 Europ}e (49) 89-811-2097NoticeConner Peripherals makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but }not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Conner Peripherals shall no}t be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, perform}ance, or use of this material.Conner Peripherals, Inc. reserves the right to change, without notification, the specificati}ons contained in this manual.Copyright Conner Peripherals, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or translat}ed into any language in any form without the written permission of Conner Peripherals, Inc.IBM, PC/AT and PC/XT are regis}tered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.Table of Contents1.0Scope of Manual2.0Key Features} 3.0Specification Summary3.1Capacity3.2Physical Configuration3.3Performance3.4Read/Write3.5Power Req}uirements (Typical)3.6Physical Characteristics4.0Environmental Characteristics4.1Ambient Temperature4.2Humidi}ty4.3Altitude (relative to sea level)4.4Reliability and Maintenance4.5Shock and Vibration4.6Magnetic Field4}.7Acoustic Noise4.8Safety Standards5.0Functional Description5.1Read/Write and Control Electronics5.2Drive Me}chanism5.3Air Filtration System5.4Head Positioning Mechanism5.5Read/Write Heads and Disks5.6Error Correction}5.7Customer Options6.0Electrical Interface6.1Power Connector6.2Diagnostic Routines6.3SCSI Termination6.}4Spindle Synchronization7.0Recommended Mounting Configuration8.0SCSI Interface8.1SCSI Commands8.2Cable Requi}rements8.3Connector Requirements8.4Electrical Description8.4.1Output Characteristics8.4.2Input Character}istics8.4.3Terminator Power1.0 Scope of ManualThis specification describes the key features, specification summar}y, physical characteristics, environmental characteristics, functional description, electrical interface, recommended mount}ing configuration, timing requirements, host address decoding, command description, operations description, and error repor}ting for the Conner Peripheral's model CP30100. 2.0 Key FeaturesThe Conner Peripherals CP30100 is a 3.5 inch low profil}e(1") disk drive which offers high performance and capacity (120 megabytes) with low power consumption. It comes equipped }with an embedded industry standard controller.Key features include:o1:1 InterleaveoAutomatic Spindle Synchronizatio}no64K Byte Read Look Ahead BufferoEmbedded ServooRotary Voice Coil ActuatoroTrack SkewingoLow Power Consu}mptionoAutomatic Retrieso48 Bit ECC3.0 Specification Summary3.1Capacity121.7 Mbytes Formatted 3.2Physica}l ConfigurationActuator TypeRotary Voice-coilNumber of Disks2Data Surfaces4Data Heads4ServoEmbeddedTracks }per Surface1524Track Density1850 TPITrack Capacity19,968 bytesBytes per Block512Blocks per Drive237,705Blocks pe}r Track393.3Performance: Seek times Track to Track: 8 ms Average: 19 msMaximum: 45.0 msRota}tion Speed (+0.1%)3400 RPMData Transfer Rate 1.5 Mbyte/secStart Time typical: 15 secmaximum: 20 secStop }Time typical: 15 secmaximum: 20 secInterleave1:1Buffer Size64KThe timing is measured through the interfac}e with the drive operating at nominal DC input voltages. The timing also assumes that any I/O driver overhead and syste}m hardware dependency have been subtracted from timing measurements.The average seek time is determined by averaging the s}eektime for a minimum of 1000 seeks of random length over the surface of the disk.3.4Read/Write InterfaceSCSI}Recording MethodRLL CodeRecording Density (ID)33,184 BPIFlux Density (ID)24,888 RPI3.5Power Requirements (Typical)}+12V DC +5V DCPowerRead/Write Mode200 ma280 ma3.8 WSeek Mode260 ma150 ma3.9 WIdle Mode175 ma150 ma2.8 WSpin-up Mod}e1100 ma380 ma N/A+12V DC: The maximum ripple allowed is 1% with equivalent resistive load. +5V DC: The maximum ripple a}llowed is 2% with equivalent resistive load, without SCSI bus terminators installed.Read/Write Mode: Occurs when data is b}eing read from or written to the disk.Seek Mode: Occurs when the actuator is in motion.Ready Mode: Occurs when the drive} is not reading, writing, or seeking. The spin motor is up to speed and a Drive Ready condition exists. The actuator is re}siding on the last accessed track.Spin-up Mode: Current draw is for 7 seconds maximum.3.6Physical Characteristics 1.}00" x 4.00" x 5.75" (with shock frame)Weight1.3 pounds4.0Environmental Characteristics4.1TemperatureOperating5} deg C to 55 deg CNon-operating-40 deg C to 60 deg CThermal Gradient 20 deg C P/h4.2HumidityOperating8% to 80% n}on-condensingNon-operating8% to 80% non-condensingMaximum Wet Bulb26 deg C P/h4.3Altitude (relative to sea level)}Operating0 to 10,000 feetNon-operating (max)40,000 feet4.4Reliability and MaintenanceMTBF50,000 hours (POH)1MTTR}10 minutes typicalMaintenanceNoneData Reliablity<1 non-recoverable error in 1012 bits read4.5Shock and VibrationSho}ck:1/2 sine pulse, 11 msecond durationVibration: Swept sine, 1 octave per minuteNon-operating shock50 Gs, 10 msNon-o}perating vibration5-62 Hz (1.2 oct/min)0.020" double amplitude63-400 Hz (1/2 oct/min)4 Gs peakOperating Shock }5 Gs (without non-recoverable errors)Operating Vibration5-22 Hz .010 inch displacement (double amplitude)23-500 Hz }.25 Gs (without non-recoverable error)4.6 Magnetic FieldThe disk drive will meet its specified performance while ope}rating in the presence of an externally produced magnetic field under the following conditions:FrequencyField Intensity}0 to 700 Khz6 gauss maximum700 Khz to 1.5 Mhz1 gauss maximum4.7 Acoustic NoiseThe sound pressure level will not exce}ed 40 dBA at a distance of 1 meter from the drive.4.8Safety StandardsThe drive is designed to comply with relevant prod}uct safety standards such as:oUL 478, 5th edition, Standard for Safety of Information Processing and Business Equipment}, andUL 1950, Standard for Safety of Information Technology Equipment oCSA 22.2 #154, Data Processing Equipment and}CSA 22.2 #220, Information Processing and Business EquipmentCSA 22.2 #950, Safety of Information Technology Equipmento}IEC 435 Safety Requirements for Data Processing Equipment,IEC 380, Safety of Electrically Energized Office Machines, and}IEC 950, Safety of Information Technology Equipment Including Electrical Business EquipmentoVDE 0805 Equivalent to IEC 4}35,VDE 0805 TIEL 100, Equivalent to IEC 950, and VDE 0806, Equivalent to IEC 380oTUV EssenTUV Rheinland5.0Functi}onal DescriptionThe drive contains all necessary mechanical and electronic parts to interpret control signals, position th}e recording heads over the desired track, read and write data, and provide a contaminant free environment for the heads and} disks.5.1Read/Write and Control ElectronicsOne integrated circuit is mounted within the sealed enclosure in close prox}imity to the read/write heads. Its function is to provide head selection, read pre-amplification, and write drive circuitry}.The single microprocessor-controlled circuit card provides the remaining electronic functions which include:oRead/Wri}te CircuitryoRotary Actuator ControloInterface ControloSpin Speed ControloDynamic BrakingAt power down the head}s are automatically retracted to the inner diameter of the disk and are latched and parked on a landing zone that is inside} the data tracks.5.2Drive MechanismA brushless DC direct drive motor rotates the spindle at 3400 RPM. The motor/spindl}e assembly is dynamically balanced to provide minimal mechanical runout to the disks. A dynamic brake is used to provide a} fast stop to the spindle motor and return the heads to the landing zone when power is removed.5.3Air Filtration System}Within the sealed enclosure, a 0.3 micron filter provides a clean environment to the heads and disks.5.4Head Positioning }MechanismThe read/write heads are supported by a mechanism coupled to a voice coil actuator.5.5Read/Write Heads and Dis}ksData is recorded on 95mm diameter disks through 3370 type heads.5.6Error CorrectionThe drive performs internal error} correction. The six-byte error correction polynomial is capable of correcting two error burst with a maximum of 8 bits per} 512 byte block.5.7Customer OptionsThere are three jumpers available for configuration; E1, E2, and E3 are used to sele}cts the drive's SCSI ID. The following table defines the settings. Jumper OptionsSCSI IDE1 = 1E2 = 2E3 = 46.0 Ele}ctrical Interface6.1 Power ConnectorThe drive has a four-pin DC power connector (J4) mounted on the PCB. The recommende}d mating connector is Amp part number 1-480424-0 utilizing AMP pins (part number 350078-4 or equivalent).6.2 Diagnostic }RoutinesThe microprocessor performs diagnostics upon application of power.If an error is detected, the drive will not come} ready.6.3 SCSI TerminationThere are three removable terminators: RP1, RP2, and RP3. They can be removed from the drive} if bus termination is provided elsewhere in the system. If multiple devices areinstalled on the cable, only the last devic}e is terminated.7.0Recommended Mounting ConfigurationThe CP30100 drive is designed to be used in applications where the }unit may experience shock and vibrations at greater levels than larger and heavier disk drives.The design features which }allow greater shock tolerance are the use of rugged heads and media, a dedicated landing zone, closed loop servo positionin}g and specially designed motor and actuator assemblies. Ten base mounting points are provided to the customer. The driv}e is mounted using 6-32 screws; 5/32" max. insertion for the sides, and 3/8" max. insertion for the bottom. The system inte}grator should allow ventilation to the drive to ensure reliable drive operation over the operating temperature range. The d}rive may be mounted in any attitude.For additional vibration isolation, an external suspension system may be used. 8.0}SCSI InterfaceThis section contains a brief summary of the SCSI Interface implemented in the CP30100. For additional detai}ls regarding the exact command description block format, please refer to the Third Generation SCSI Interface Manual.8.1S}CSI CommandsFormat Unit04HInquiry12HMode Select15HMode Sense1AHRead08HRead Buffer3CHRead Capacit}y25HRead Defect Data37HRead Long3EHReassign Blocks07HRelease17HRequest Sense03HReserve16HRe-zero} Unit01HSeek(6)0BHSeek Extended(10)2BHSend Diagnostic1DHStart/Stop Unit1BHTest Unit Ready00HVerify}2FHWrite(6)0AHWrite Extended(10)2AHWrite and Verify2EHWrite Buffer3BHWrite Long3FH8.2 Cable Requirements}A 50-conductor flat cable or 25-conductor twisted pair cable is required. The maximum cable length is 6.0 meters (19.68 f}t.)The cable impedance should be 132 ohm -+10% with a minimum conductor size of 28 AWG.8.3Connector RequirementsThe d}rive connector is a 50-conductor shrouded connector which consists of two rows of 25 male pins on 100 mil centers.The reco}mmended mating connector is MOLEX part number 15-29-7950 or equivalent.The pin assignments for this connector are shown in} the following table:SignalPin -DB(0)2-DB(1)4-DB(2)6-DB(3)8-DB(4)10-DB(5)12-DB(6)14-DB(7)16-DB(}P)18GND20GND22GND24TERMPWR26GND28GND30-ATN32GND34-BSY36-ACK38-RST40-MSG42-SEL44-C/D}46-REQ48-I/O50The minus sign (-) indicates active low. All odd pins except pin 25 must be connected to ground. }Pin 25 is left open.8.4 Electrical DescriptionThe CP30100 drive uses open collector drivers. All assigned signals are }terminated with 220 ohms to +5 volts and 330 ohms to ground. The termination resistors are removable for multi-device conf}igurations.8.4.1 Output CharacteristicsEach signal driven by the drive has the following output characteristics when me}asured at the drive connector:Signal Assertion0.0VDC to 0.4 VDCMin. Driver Output Cap.48 ma (sinking) at 0.5 VDCSignal }Negation2.5 VDC to 5.25 VDC8.4.2 Input CharacteristicsEach signal received by the drive must have the following input }characteristics when measured at the drive connector:Signal Assertion0.0VDC to 0.8 VDCMaximum Total Input Load-0.4 ma at} 0.4 VDCSignal False2.0 VDC to 5.25 VDC8.4.3 Terminator PowerTerminator power (TERMPWR) is supplied through a diode to }prevent the back-flow of power to the drive. TERMPWR has the following characteristics:Supply Voltage4.0VDC to 5.25 V}DCMin Source Drive Capability800 maMaximum Sink Capability1.0 ma sink capability with a 1.0 amp fuse**Except for the }purpose of providing power to an internal terminator.6/