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This article is posted monthly.References: Sender: ralph@cbnewsj.cb.att.com (Ralph Brandi)Supersedes: Lines: 465Xref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu rec.radio.shortwave:15185 rec.ra[}dio.info:4819 rec.answers:4709 news.answers:17117Posted-By: auto-faq scriptArchive-name: radio/monitoring/am-fm-dxing[La\}st revised: Oct 3 1993]AM/FM DXingBy Scott Fybush and Earl HigginsOne of the easiest parts of the radio spectrum to exp]}lore are thebroadcast bands. This posting will attempt to offer some hints to makeyour exploration of the mediumwave and V^}HF-FM bands more enjoyable.I. WHAT ARE THE AM/FM BROADCAST BANDS?The mediumwave (commonly referred to as AM) broadcast ba_}nd currentlyextends from 525 to 1605 kilohertz. Channels are spaced in even 10 kHzincrements; i.e.: 530, 540, 550, ... , 1`}600 kHz in the United States andCanada. Elsewhere, channels are spaced in 9 kHz increments, i.e.: 531,540, 549, etc.In ta}he United States, the band is being expanded to 1700 kHz. Stationswhich are currently experiencing high levels of interfereb}nce will beginappearing on the 1610-1700 kHz frequencies sometime in late 1993 or1994. They will simulcast the new frequencc}ies with the old for a periodof a few years, eventually dropping the `old' frequency. This opening upof new channels presend}ts some once-in a lifetime opportunities for thealert mediumwave DXer.The VHF-FM broadcast band in the United States extene}ds from 88 to 108megahertz. Channels are assigned at 200 kHz increments; i.e.: 88.1,88.3, 88.5, ... , 107.9. The channelsf} from 88.1 to 91.9 are reservedfor noncommercial educational stations. Outside the United States andCanada, the boundariesg} and channel spacing vary. In Japan, the bandstarts at 76 MHz. In Western Europe, the band generally runs from88-108 MHz,h} but channels can be irregularly spaced, i.e.: 101.25 MHz.II. SIGNAL PROPAGATIONThe distant stations you are able to recei}ive will depend largely uponsignal propagation. This varies depending upon the time of day, theseason, and other factors. j} For mediumwave, the single most importantfactor for good DX is the time of day. Mediumwave signals almost alwaysget absork}bed by the D Layer of the ionosphere during daylight hours. Asa result, all mediumwave signals received during midday hours l}willarrive by ground wave, making reception of signals over a few hundredkm/miles away unusual in daylight. At night, howem}ver, the ionospherereflects mediumwave signals, making it possible for signals to be heardat much greater distances, up to n}a few thousand km/miles, via `skywave'.To a lesser extent, the period up to two hours after local sunrise, andtwo hours befo}ore local sunset, called "Critical Hours", have varyinglevels of skywave, and also can provide some very unusual receptionop}pportunities for the mediumwave DXer. Reception also tends to be betterin winter than in summer, due to lower levels of atmoq}spheric noise andlonger hours of darkness. In the United States, due to the large numberof stations, many smaller mediumwavr}e stations are required to sign offor reduce power sharply at sunset so as to reduce interference todistant stations.Whers}eas the mediumwave band can be counted on to provide distantreception with much dependability, this is not the case at all ot}n theVHF-FM band. Under `normal' conditions, VHF-FM signals generally carryno more than 150-250 km (100-150 miles), or `linu}e of sight', since theionosphere generally does not reflect VHF-FM signals. VHF-FMtransmitting antennas are thus usually lov}cated as high as possible. Talltowers, high buildings, and mountaintops are common VHF-FM transmittersites.However, underw} certain rare conditions, the atmosphere will even reflectVHF-FM signals, thus making it possible to receive these stations x}atquite long distances. There are two major forms this distant receptioncan take; the most common is Tropospheric Ducting, y}or tropo for short.Typically, this occurs when a warm air mass forms on top of a coolermass closer to the ground. The area z}between these masses acts like apipe, `bending' the signals back to the earth well beyond the horizon.This reception is mos{}t common in local late spring and summer months, inthe post-sunrise hours. It will enable the alert VHF-FM DXer to logstati|}ons up to 800 km (500 miles) away in optimum conditions.The other relatively widespread form of VHF-FM DX is called Sporadi}}c E,or E-skip, because it is the E Layer of the ionosphere which reflectsthe signals. Like the name implies, this form of p~}ropogation is verysporadic, yet very intense. When it's in, it is VERY strong. Stationsfrom a relatively limited geographi}c area 1300-2000 km (800 to 1200miles) away will suddenly boom in, strong, often in stereo but quitefadey, even overpowerin}g semilocals in many cases. It will start at thebottom of the VHF-FM Band (actually TV channels 2-6 first) and work itsway }up in frequency. The highest frequency at which signals arereflected by the ionosphere is called the Maximum Usable Freqiuen}cy(MUF), just as it is in shortwave, and it can occassionally surpass thetop of the VHF-FM dial in an unusually good openin}g.III. RECEIVERSAlmost any radio is capable of some broadcast-band DXing, especiallylong-distance mediumwave reception.} However, most recent radios, eventhose designed for quality shortwave reception, do not have outstandingbroadcast band re}ception. One exception is the General ElectricSuperadio III (Model 7-2887.) The SR III is designed for optimum AM/FMbroad}cast performance, incorporating:* RF amplifiers on both bands* Ceramic filters and Automatic Frequency Control on FM* No }PLLs or digital displays for less electronic noise* A 2-way speaker system with 1 watt of audio powerThe SR III is a bulky} (4" x 10" x 12") portable radio which can be runoff 120V AC or 6 "D" batteries, providing over 400 hours of batterylife. }This radio has become popular among the DX community for itsexceptional performance.It costs between thirty and sixty doll}ars in the US, and may be found atmany discount outlets. It can be obtained from Bennett Brothers (Order#R3116) at 1-800-6}21-2626 or 1-800-631-3838, or from Best Products(Order # 140457) at 1-800-950-2398.If you don't have a Superadio, some imp}ortant things to seek out in areceiver are:* External antenna connections. These make it easier to use a betterantenna t}han the one supplied with the radio.* High selectivity. This refers to the receiver's ability to rejectstrong signals on }adjacent frequencies, and is more important to goodreception than is sensitivity, since a good antenna will providemore-tha}n-adequate signal strengths.* Digital frequency display. While the circuitry involved can add tothe level of internal ele}ctronic noise in the radio, digital displaymakes it possible to more easily determine what station is being heard.IV. ANTE}NNASFor mediumwave reception, most receivers have a short internal ferriterod. This will provide acceptable signals for h}igh-powered distantstations. Ferrite rods are quite directional, and the radio can thus beturned to null out strong interf}ering signals, or to improve receptionof the desired signal.For more advanced DXing, external antennas offer certain advan}tages. Themost common external antenna is a simple random wire, 15m (50 feet) ormore run out the window and then as high as} possible (up in a tree, forexample). The wire can be connected to the external antenna terminal. If none exists, you can o}pen up the radio and wrap the wire a few turnsaround the ferrite rod inside. It is also possible, although lessdesirable, }to simply wrap the wire around the entire radio. If theradio has a terminal marked "ground" or "GND," another wire can be r}unfrom this terminal to a copper rod driven a meter/a few feet into theearth.One problem with a random wire antenna for m}ediumwave work is it'sinability to reject strong local signals. Most receivers today lack thedynamic range to effectively d}eal with the extremely strong signals froma local mediumwave broadcaster as picked up by a random wire antenna.Thus, some s}ort of tuned antenna is best for all but the most isolated,rural locations.The most popular antenna for mediumwave DX toda}y is called a `loop'antenna, and can be either of two types: ferrite rod or air-core woundwire loop. These antennas are sma}ll, 25-100 cm (1-3 feet) in diameter,and sit on the DXers desk or shack table where they can be easily turnedby hand for op}timum peak or null of a signal. Each design works with atuned circuit before feeding the signal into your receiver, and usua}llythis circuit includes a small powered amplifier. Generally speaking, thelonger the ferrite rod, or the larger the diamet}er of the aircore loop,(to a point), the sharper the null of the antenna. 45 to 55 cm (18 to22 inches) would be optimum fo}r a ferrite rod antenna.Air-core loops need to be made by hand, as there are none on the market.Ferrite loops, however, ar}e available commercially from at least twomanufacturers; Palomar Engineers and Radio West. Unfortunately, thesetwo antennas} do not have very long ferrite elements; and reviews oftheir performance in the mediumwave press tends to be mixed. Ideally,}one would build their own antenna, or try to find either a used, olderRadio West loop or Space Magnet antenna, both pre-198}0. Plans forbuilding all sorts of mediumwave loop antennas are available throughNational Radio Club publications. The addre}ss is found later in thisFAQ.A more advanced antenna is the "beverage" antenna. This is a length ofwire 300 m (1000 feet}) or more, with extremely high gain and narrow-beamdirectional characteristics. It is usually, but not always, terminateda}t the far end with a 450 ohm resistor connected to a metal stake driveninto the ground. It should be pointed in the directi}on of the desiredstation. The beverage antenna can, under good conditions, be used fortransatlantic and transpacific DX.}For VHF-FM, the important factor is height. The higher one can place anantenna, the better reception will be. A multieleme}nt Yagi antenna,which can be found in Radio Shack or similar stores, will often produceexcellent reception. Since a yagi i}s quite directional, the use of arotor is essential for reception of stations in different directions.V. WHAT'S OUT THERE }TO LISTEN TO?There are over 10,000 radio stations in the United States alone. It'simportant to have some idea of what to }expect to hear. A good directoryis important (see STATION LISTINGS below), but it's essential to knowwhat the station info}rmation means.For mediumwave, North American frequencies fall into three basicclasses:* CLEAR CHANNEL: These frequencies} are 540, 640-780, 800-900, 940,990-1140, 1160-1220, and 1500-1580 kHz. Clear channels are home to oneor two 50,000 watt p}owerhouse signals which can be heard reliably inhalf the country or more. Other stations also occupy the clearchannels, fr}equently using less than 1000 watts and very restrictiveantenna patterns. In recent years, the US FCC has added many more l}owpower stations to the clear channels, making reception of the big,primary, stations more inteference prone than it once w}as, but providingexcellent hunting for the serious mediumwave DXer. Also, the clearchannels are the primary hunting area fo}r Latin American DX due to therelatively small number of North American stations on them.* LOCAL: These frequencies are 12}30, 1240, 1340, 1400, 1450, and 1490kHz, and are sometimes referred to as the 'graveyard' channels by DXers.Stations on loc}al channels can use a maximum of 1000 watts (somewhathigher outside the US). At night, these six frequencies tend to become}chaotic, as the hundred-plus stations on each channel cause each othertremendous interference. Although the primary servic}e area of thesestations may be twenty miles or less, these stations have been known toreach well over a thousand miles unde}r good conditions. Identifyingdistant stations on these channels requires a directional antenna, agood ear, and plenty of p}atience. The National Radio Club keeps distancerecords for all of the stations on these channels and publishes them intheir} bulletin, _DX_News_, regularly.* REGIONAL: These are all the remaining channels, including the expandedband frequencies o}f 1610-1700 kHz. U.S. stations on these frequenciestend to be restricted to 5000 watts, although a recently signedinternat}ional treaty allows for the possibility of 10,000 or even 50,000watt stations on these frequencies if they do not interfere }with otherstations. In practice, only Canada has yet assigned high power stationson these frequencies. While not as noisy a}s the locals, reception onregional channels can be quite interference prone, with a listener ableto identify three or four }stations coming in simultaneously on onefrequency. Most regional, or class III stations, use directionalantennas to reduce} interference with distant stations.On VHF-FM, the American FCC has reduced its restrictions on power andantenna height co}nsiderably. Today, VHF-FM stations are allowed up to50,000 watts from a 150 meter antenna in the Northeast and California;}100,000 watts from a 610 meter antenna elsewhere. Many stations,however, serve much smaller areas. These "Class A" station}s use only6000 watts or less. They were formerly restricted to just the followingfrequencies: 92.1, 92.7, 93.5, 94.3, 95.3}, 95.9, 96.7, 97.7, 98.3, 99.3,100.1, 100.9, 101.7, 102.3, 103.1, 103.9, 104.9, 105.5, 106.3, and 107.1MHz. While the FCC }no longer restricts class A stations to thosefrequencies, most are still found there. Likewise, only a few of thehigh-powe}r stations are found on the old class A channels. For stationswith extemely high antenna, the FCC mandates that transmitter }power bereduced proportionately; thus a station with only 430 watts from a 220meter antenna will reach about as far as a 30}00 watt signal from theusual 91 meter antenna will.VI. TIPS FOR BEGINNINGThe most important element for beginning DXers }is to get to know thedial. Spend a few hours scanning up and down the dial both during theday and at night. At night, man}y of the clear-channel 50kw stations,particularly the non-directional ones, should be easy to hear. Learnall the local sta}tions. Find out which ones sign off at sunset, whichones go off late at night, and which stay on all night. This will affec}twhich distant stations can be received. If you have a local station onall night, you shouldn't expect to hear another sta}tion on thatfrequency without some tedious nulling. Experiment with radio placement. As you slowly turn the radio, observe }its directional characteristics.The Superadio III will receive signals coming from the front and back ofthe set the best, a}nd attenuate the signals coming in `off the side' ofthe set. You can use this to your advantage and log several stations on}a single frequency.By all means, keep a log of all new stations you hear; someday you'll beglad you did! Better yet, keep }it on the computer; that way you canshare it with others on the net. After a few months of listening; youshould have a list} of 200-300 stations you've heard. Most of these willbe your `regulars', audible almost daily. Beyond that, you can hunt for}the rarer stuff. Try for all 50 US states (very, very difficult), or 20countries (fairly easy in most locations). Within a }few years, you'lllikely have heard a thousand or so stations and have a very interestinglogbook. Here's a `beginner's targe}t list' of widely heard clear channelAM stations to start you out; from most locations in North America youshould be able t}o hear all but four or five of these fairly easily. 540 CBK Canada SA Watrous 840 WHAS USA KY Louisville 54}0 XEWA Mexico SL Rio Verde 850 KOA USA CO Denver 640 KFI USA CA Los Angeles 860 CJBC Canada ON Toron}to 650 WSM USA TN Nashville 870 WWL USA LA New Orleans 660 WFAN USA NY New York 880 WCBS USA } NY New York 670 WMAQ USA IL Chicago 890 WLS USA IL Chicago 680 KNBR USA CA San Francisco 900 XE}W Mexico DF Mexico City 700 WLW USA OH Cincinnati 990 CBW Canada MB Winnipeg 720 WGN USA IL Chicago } 1020 KDKA USA PA Pittsburgh 730 XEX Mexico DF Mexico City 1030 WBZ USA MA Boston 740 CBL Canada ON To}ronto 1040 WHO USA IA Des Moines 750 WSB USA GA Atlanta 1070 CBA Canada NB Moncton 760 WJR US}A MI Detroit 1070 KNX USA CA Los Angeles 770 WABC USA NY New York 1100 WWWE USA OH Cleveland} 780 WBBM USA IL Chicago 1120 KMOX USA MO Saint Louis 800 PJB Neth Ant. Bonaire 1160 KSL USA }UT Salt Lake City 800 XEROK Mexico CH Juarez 1180 WHAM USA NY Rochester 810 WGY USA NY Schenectady 12}00 WOAI USA TX San Antonio 820 WBAP USA TX Fort Worth 1210 WOGL USA PA Philadelphia 830 WCCO USA MN Mi}nneapolisVII. SOME ADVANCED IDEASOnce you've mastered the basics, here are some suggestions for areas ofspecialty DX:}* QSLing: Since broadcasters by and large don't use the "Q-codes" sopopular in Ham and shortwave DX, QSLs are called `verie}s' orverification letters by mediumwave and VHF-FM DXers. You'll probablyhave to send a letter to the station's chief engin}eer (names of actualverification signers can be found in the NRC AM Log). Expectverification in card form from the 50kw AM }stations, and verificationletters from just about everybody else. Small stations are often excitedto find out they've been }heard thousands of miles away, but you'll needto take special care to explain to them exactly what you want as theyare like}ly to not know what a `verie' is. Also, remember to alwaysinclude return postage with your request.* DX Tests. A few stat}ions still run special DX tests, usually arrangedfor either The NRC or The IRCA (International Radio Club of America) andpu}blished in advance in their respective bulletins (another reason tojoin!). In the past year alone, the following outstandin}g feats wereaccomplished via DX Tests: Hawaii (KUAI-720) was heard as far away asOntario and Pennsylvania; New Jersey (via }WJIC-1510) made it west of theMississippi; and New Mexico (KHAC-880) made it to the East Coast! Theseare all fairly difficu}lt states for most DXers (unless, of course, youhappen to live in or near them).* Equipment Tests: Some stations run exper}imental tests with theirdaytime power after local midnight, in accordance with US FCC andCanadian CRTC rules. Often these w}ill be late Sunday night/Mondaymorning, when some stations sign off for maintenance (although not asmany as used to do so).} For example, in Chicago Illinois, many DXershave logged KOMO-1000 from Seattle Washington, testing when Chicagolocal WLUP }goes off on Monday mornings; thankfully Monday mornings justhappen to be the time when KOMO seems to like to test with their}non-directional day pattern. This makes an otherwise almost impossiblestate relatively easy around the midwestern US.* Su}nrise/sunset DXing. Lots of interesting mediumwave DX can be hadwhen your receiving station and/or the transmitter are in o}nly partialdarkness. It's possible to hear distant daytime-only stations this way. This requires a lot of skill, since the}re may be only ten or fifteenminutes in which to try. In fact most mediumwave DXers log the greatestnumber of stations in t}he hour or two right around local sunset,especially in the Fall and Winter months. Don't be surprised if, say,tiny KOKB in }Blackwell, Oklahoma blasts right through CBJ and other EastCoast powerhouse stations on 1580, for a few minutes right around}Blackwell sunset! Anything can happen in the turbulent sunset andsunrise hours.* Transatlantic/Transpacific DX. Some DXe}rs in North America specializein trying to receive signals on the mediumwave band from across theocean. This requires outs}tanding propagation characteristics and plentyof patience (a nice, quiet coastal location can yield some amazingresults).}* FM Subcarriers and Stereo. VHF-FM stations are allowed to transmitseparate programming on a subcarrier. This requires a }special decoder(one source is Bruce Elving's FM Atlas; see address below.) FM stationsuse their SCA (Secondary Communicatio}ns Authority) subcarriers fortransmitting data, background music, ethnic programming, and more. SomeAM stations now transm}it in stereo. With an AM stereo receiver, you canhear stereo signals from thousands of miles away.* Meteor Scatter. The }most masochistic of all VHF-FM DXers attempt tohear VHF-FM signals reflected from --yes, it's true-- meteors in theatmosphe }re. These DXers learn to identify stations on the basis of afew seconds' listening.VIII. IDENTIFYING YOUR CATCHRadio st }ations in the United States are required to identify with theirfull call letters and city of license once an hour, between 1 }0 minutesbefore and 10 minutes after the top of the hour. Canadian stations arenever required to identify, and many never }use any identifier other than"Q107" or "Toronto's 590 AM." It's therefore important to use otherclues:* Time announcemen }ts. These can tell you at least what time zone astation is in. If there's only one or two stations on a frequency in agiv }en time zone, this makes identification easier.* Format. If you have a list of stations that includes formats, use it. Th }at includes knowing what network a station uses, whether the stationuses a satellite-delivered music format, what slogans th }e station mightuse, etc.* Local color. You might be able to hear names of cities or streets ornotable local personalitie }s mentioned during commercials, newscasts,talk shows, or weather forecasts. If the announcer says, "Here's theweather for }the beaches today...", the station you're hearing probablyisn't in North Dakota (although note, interestingly, there IS a TO }WNcalled Beach, North Dakota; go figure). Likewise, if the forecast issnow flurries and six degrees, you're probably not he }aring Miami. Theseclues are among the most valuable.IX. STATION LISTINGSAn essential tool for any DXer is a good station } listing. This willhelp identify what's being received, as well as provide a way to contactthe station being heard.For N }orth American AM stations, one essential tool is The NRC AM RadioLogbook, now in its 13th Edition. It includes day and night } antenna andpower information, format, hours of operation, address, verie signers,network affiliations, etc. Price is $19.9 }5 for US, $20.95 for Canadian,three dollars cheaper for NRC Members. To order write NRC Publications,Box 164, Mannsville NY } 13661-0164 USA. NRC also publishes FM and TVLogs. To become a member (highly recommended) and receive a year's worthof `DX } News', send $24.00 for US, $25.00 for Canadian to: NRCSubscription Center, Box 118, Poquonock, CT 06064-0118 USA. All other }countries, write for price information.Another concise and inexpensive directory is the M Street RadioDirectory, publishe }d annually. The M Street listing includes frequency,power, directionality, format, address, phone number, and other listing }sless important to DXing. M Street also is indexed by call letter orderand by frequency. The M Street directory costs $29 }.95 + p/h. It can bepurchased directly from M Street at 800-248-4242 or +1 212 473 4668voice, or +1 212 473 4626 fax. The } address is M Street Corp., 304 ParkAve S Floor 7, New York, NY 10010 USA.Another guide for VHF-FM DXers is Bruce Elving's } annual FM Atlas. Thisincludes maps showing every VHF-FM transmitter in North America, pluslistings by state and frequency } indicating power, stereo status, format,subcarriers, and slogans. FM Atlas does not include addresses or phonenumbers. I }t can be purchased directly from Bruce Elving, PO Box 336,Esko MN 55733-0336. It costs $10.95 + $1.05 p/h.Another listing } is the Broadcasting Yearbook, which is available at somelarger libraries. The Canadian Almanac and Directory includes call } letters,frequency, and addresses for Canadian stations.For listings outside North America, consult the World Radio TV han }dbook,published annually and available through your local bookstore or radiospecialty mail order outlets such as the Radio }Collection and CRBPublishing.X. CONCLUSIONBroadcast band DXing is an exciting way to hear the sounds of cities andtowns } around the nation and even around the world. It doesn't requirehundreds of dollars of expensive equipment or huge antennas } on the roof. All it asks of the would-be DXer is time, patience, and knowledge. Havefun!THANKS TO...Bob Foxworth, Gar !}ret W. Gengler (antenna ideas), Bob Parnass, PaulSchleck (Superadio information), and Bruce Werner, along with anyoneelse I "} may have forgotten.Scott Fybush -- fybush@world.std.comEarl Higgins -- higgins%tiss.decnet@mdcgwy.mdc.com-- tPath: bloom-beacon.mit.edu!hookup!swrinde!cs.utexas.edu!bcm!news.tamu.edu!news.tamu.edu!erichFrom: erich@hrl5.cs.tamu.edu (E $}rich Schneider)Newsgroups: alt.cyberpunk,alt.answers,news.answersSubject: alt.cyberpunk Frequently Asked Questions listSup %}ersedes: Followup-To: alt.cyberpunkDate: 15 Apr 1994 21:47:55 GMTOrganization: Texas &}A&M University, Hypermedia Research LabLines: 525Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.EduDistribution: worldMessage-ID: Reply-To: erich@bush.cs.tamu.eduNNTP-Posting-Host: hrl5.cs.tamu.eduSummary: answers to (}frequently asked questions about "cyberpunk" artistic and social movementsXref: bloom-beacon.mit.edu alt.cyberpunk:21370 alt )}.answers:2447 news.answers:18101Archive-name: cyberpunk-faqLast-modified: 4/15/1994Frequently Asked Questions on alt.cyb *}erpunkAssembled by Erich Schneider (erich@bush.cs.tamu.edu)Posted every two weeksThis is a FAQ list for alt.cyberpunk. It +} is inspired by, but is not adirect descendant of, the previous unofficial FAQ, originally compiledby Andy Hawks (who has l ,}eft FAQ-building behind), and later edited byTim Oerting (who has graduated from UW and can no longer be editor).I have be -}en an alt.cyberpunk reader since 1988, and haveseen many a FAQ get asked in my time. I am dedicated to answering yourquesti .}ons and keeping this document up to date and available. If youhave comments, criticisms, additions, questions, or just gener /}al invective,send to erich@bush.cs.tamu.edu. Send to that address as well if youwould like the latest version of this docum 0}ent, which is also available viaanonymous ftp as "bush.cs.tamu.edu:/pub/misc/erich/alt.cp.faq". The latestarchived version 1}is available as "rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/cyberpunk-faq". There is also a version that has been marked up with 2}theHTML markup language, and is suitable for view with World Wide Web browserslike NCSA Mosaic; the URL is "ftp://bush.cs.t 3}amu.edu/pub/misc/erich/alt.cp.faq.html".A vast number of the "answers" here should be prefixed with an "in myopinion". It 4} would be ridiculous for me to claim to be an ultimatecyberpunk authority. (A note on filenames: files or directories list 5}ed as being availableby anonymous FTP are in the format "hostname:filename". Thus, thefilename above (for this FAQ list its 6}elf) indicates the host is"bush.cs.tamu.edu" and the filename is "/pub/misc/erich/alt.cp.faq".Filenames of this type will a 7}lways be given in quotes, to avoidproblems with trailing periods.)---1. What is cyberpunk, the literary movement?2. What 8} is cyberpunk, the subculture?3. What is cyberspace? How does it relate to today's "net" and "virtual reality"?4. Cyber 9}punk books5. Magazines about cyberpunk and related topics6. Cyberpunk in visual media (movies and TV) What about movies :}based on Gibson's stories? Gibson's _Alien 3_ script?7. _Blade Runner_8. Cyberpunk music. What about Billy Idol's album? ;}9. What is [famous person]'s email address?10. What is this "PGP" everyone is talking about?11. Agrippa: what, and where, <}is it?12. More, more, I must have more!---1. What is cyberpunk, the literary movement?The first use of "cyberpunk" to de =}signate a body of literature iscredited to Gardner Dozois, who, at the time (the early '80s), waseditor of _Isaac Asimov's >}Science Fiction Magazine_. He cribbed itfrom the title of a short story by Bruce Bethke, "Cyberpunk". (Bethkehas since pro ?}claimed himself to be an "anti-cyberpunk".)Before its christening, the "cyberpunk movement", known to its membersas "The M @}ovement", had existed for quite some time, centered aroundBruce Sterling's samizdat, _Cheap Truth_. Authors like Sterling, A}Rucker, and Shirley submitted articles pseudonymously to thisnewsletter, hyping the works of people in the group and vigorou B}slyattacking the "SF mainstream". This helped form the core "movementconsciousness". (The run of _Cheap Truth_ is availabl C}e by anonymousFTP in the directory "etext.archive.umich.edu:/pub/Zines/CheapTruth".)Cyberpunk literature, in general, deal D}s with marginalized people intechnologically-enhanced cultural "systems". In cyberpunk stories'settings, there is usually a E} "system" which dominates the lives ofmost "ordinary" people, be it an oppresive government, a group oflarge, paternalistic F} corporations, or a fundamentalist religion. Thesesystems are enhanced by certain technologies (today advancing at arate th G}at is bewildering to most people), particularly "informationtechnology" (computers, the mass media), making the system bette H}r atkeeping those within it inside it. Often this technological systemextends into its human "components" as well, via brai I}n implants,prosthetic limbs, cloned or genetically engineered organs, etc. Humansthemselves become part of "the Machine". T J}his is the "cyber" aspect ofcyberpunk.However, in any cultural system, there are always those who live onits margins, on K}"the Edge": criminals, outcasts, visionaries, or thosewho simply want freedom for its own sake. Cyberpunk literature focuses L}on these people, and often on how they turn the system's technologicaltools to their own ends. This is the "punk" aspect of M} cyberpunk.The best cyberpunk works are distinguished from previous work withsimilar themes by a certain style. The settin N}g is urban, the mood isdark and pessimistic. Concepts are thrown at the reader withoutexplanation, much like new developmen O}ts are thrown at us in oureveryday lives. There is often a sense of moral ambiguity; simplyfighting "the system" (to topple P} it, or just to stay alive) does notmake the main characters "heroes" or "good" in the traditional sense.---2. What is cy Q}berpunk, the subculture?Spurred on by cyberpunk literature, in the mid-1980's certain groupsof people started referring to R} themselves as cyberpunk, because theycorrectly noticed the seeds of the fictional "techno-system" inWestern society today, S} and because they identified with themarginalized characters in cyberpunk stories. Within the last fewyears, the mass media T} has caught on to this, spontaneously dubbingcertain people and groups "cyberpunk". Specific subgroups which areidentified U}with cyberpunk are:Hackers, Crackers, and Phreaks: "Hackers" are the "wizards" of thecomputer community; people with a dee V}p understanding of how theircomputers work, and can do things with them that seem"magical". "Crackers" are the real-world a W}nalogues of the "consolecowboys" of cyberpunk fiction; they break in to other people'scomputer systems, without their permi X}ssion, for illicit gain or simplyfor the pleasure of exercising their skill. "Phreaks" are those who doa similar thing with Y} the telephone system, coming up with ways tocircumvent phone companies' calling charges and doing clever thingswith the ph Z}one network. All three groups are using emerging computerand telecommunications technology to satisfy their individualistgo [}als.Cypherpunks: These people think a good way to bollix "The System" isthrough cryptography and cryptosystems. They belie \}ve widespread use ofextremely hard-to-break coding schemes will create "regions of privacy"that "The System" cannot invade. ]}Ravers: These are the folks who use synthesized and sampled music,computer-generated psychedelic ("cyberdelic") art, and d ^}esigner drugsto create massive all-night dance parties and love-fests in emptywarehouses.However, one person's "cyberpunk _}" is another's everyday obnoxiousteenager with some technical skill thrown in, or just someone lookingfor the latest trend `}to identify with. This has led many peopleto look at self-designated "cyberpunks" in a negative light. Also,there are those a} who claim that "cyberpunk" is undefinable (whichin some sense it is, being concerned with outsiders and rebels), andresent b} the mass media's use of the label, seeing it as a cynicalmarketing ploy.---3. What is cyberspace? How does it relate c} to today's "net" and "virtual reality"?To my knowledge, the term "cyberspace" was first used by WilliamGibson in his stor d}y "Burning Chrome". That work first describes usersusing devices called "cyberdecks" to override their normal sensoryorgans e}, presenting them with a full-sensory interface to the worldcomputer network; when doing so, said users are "in cyberspace". f} (Theconcept had appeared prior to Gibson, most notably in Vernor Vinge'sstory "True Names".) "Cyberspace" is thus the meta q}B%DOS SYSB*)DUP SYSBSAMFMDX ATAB#CYBERPUNATABIDE_INTFTXTBCP30204 TXTBSCP2024 TXTphorical "place"where one "is" when accessing the world computer net. Even though Gibson's vision of how cyberspace operat r}es is in somesenses absurd, it has stimulated many in the computing community. Theword "cyberspace" is beginning to filter s} into common use, referring tothe emergent world-wide computer network (especially theInternet). Also, some researchers in t}the "virtual reality" area ofcomputer science are trying to implement something like Gibson'sinformation space. However, " u}cyberspace" is also used to refer to anycomputer-generated VR environment, even if its purpose is not"accessing the net".- v}--4. Cyberpunk booksThe following is intended to be a short list of the best in-printcyberpunk works. Note that quite a f w}ew works written before 1980 havebeen retroactively labelled "cyberpunk", because of stylisticsimilarities (like Pynchon's x}_Gravity's Rainbow_), or similar themes(Brunner's _The Shockwave Rider_, Delany's _Nova_).William Gibson's _Neuromancer_, y}about a cracker operating incyberspace, a cybernetically-enhanced bodyguard/mercenary, and a pairof mysterious AIs, got the z} ball rolling as far as cyberpunk isconcerned. It won the Hugo, Nebula, P. K. Dick, and Ditmar awards,something no other SF {} work has done. Gibson wrote two sequels in thesame setting, _Count Zero_ and _Mona Lisa Overdrive_.Gibson also has a coll |}ection of short stories, _Burning Chrome_, whichcontains three stories in _Neuromancer_'s setting, as well as severalothers }}, such as the excellent "The Winter Market" and "Dogfight".Gibson recently published _Virtual Light_, set nearer in the fut ~}ureand with somewhat more toned-down technology, but dealing with thesame thematic concerns as other cyberpunk works.Bruc }e Sterling's _Crystal Express_ contains his "Shaper/Mechanist"short stories about the future of humanity and "post-humanity" }, aswell as "Green Days in Brunei", a story sharing the global setting ofhis _Islands in the Net_. Both are near-future ext }rapolations inworlds very similar to our own. (_Schismatrix_, a novel-length storyin the "Shaper/Mechanist" future, is out }of print.)Sterling edited _Mirrorshades: A Cyberpunk Anthology_, which containsstories by many authors; some are questiona }bly cyberpunk, but it hassome real gems ("Mozart in Mirrorshades" being one).Gibson and Sterling collaboratively wrote _Th }e Difference Engine_, anovel called "steampunk" by some; it deals with many cyberpunk themesby using an alternate 19th-cent }ury Britain where Babbage's mechanicalcomputer technology has been fully developed._Snow Crash_, by Neal Stephenson, carri }es cyberpunk to a humorousextreme; what else can one say about a work where the Mafia deliverspizza and the main character' }s name is "Hiro Protagonist"?Larry McCaffrey editied an anthology, _Storming the Reality Studio_,which has snippets of man }y cyberpunk works, as well as criticalarticles about cyberpunk, and a fairly good bibliography.Some other good cyberpunk w }orks include: Walter Jon Williams, _Hardwired_: a smuggler who pilots a hovertankdecides to take on the Orbital Corporatio }ns that control his world.Walter Jon Williams, _Voice of the Whirlwind_: a corporate soldier'sclone tries to discover what } happened to his "original copy".Pat Cadigan, _Mindplayers_: events in the training and life of a"mindplayer", a kind of " }psychological consultant" who "jacks in" withanother person into a "space" created from that person's thoughts, tohelp them } modify their mental behavior.Greg Bear, _Blood Music_: a genetic engineer "uplifts" some of his ownblood cells to human-l }evel intelligence, with radical consequences.(Some good out-of-print works to look for are Sterling's _Schismatrix_and Mic }hael Swanwick's _Vacuum Flowers_.)---5. Magazines about cyberpunk and related topics Some magazines which are popular am }ong cyberpunk fans are:_Mondo 2000_P O Box 10171Berkeley, CA 94709-0171Voice (510)845-9018, Fax (510)649-9630mondo2k@we }ll.sf.ca.us_Mondo_'s reputation has been declining among cyberpunk fans lately, asthe articles have become less and less t }echnically-oriented._bOING-bOING_544 Second St.San Francisco, CA 94107Voice (415)974-1172, Fax (415)974-1216A less "sl }ick" magazine than _Mondo_ or _Wired_, but with plenty ofattitude and plenty of good writers._Wired_P.O. Box 191826San F }rancisco, CA 94119Voice (415)904-0660, Fax (415)904-0669Credcard subscriptions: 1-800-SO-WIRED (1-800-769-4733)for informa }tion, mail to info@wired.comfor subscription requests, mail to subscriptions@wired.comGopher site at "wired.com", port 70; }HTTP site at "wired.com"A magazine that is very popular right now. It's aimed more attechnically-oriented professionals wi }th disposable income, but manycyberpunk fans like the articles on network- and future-relatedtopics._Phrack_603 W. 13th }#1A-278Austin, TX 78701phrack@well.sf.ca.us_2600 Magazine_Subscription correspondence: 2600 Subscription Dept. } P.O. Box 752, Middle Island, NY, 11953-0752Letters/Article submissions: 2600 Editorial Dept. } P.O. Box 99, Middle Island, NY, 11953-00992600@well.sf.ca.usTwo mainstays of the computer underground. _ }Phrack_ deals more with peopleand goings-on in the community, while _2600_ focuses on technical information.---6. Cyberp }unk in visual media (movies and TV) What about movies based on Gibson's stories? Gibson's _Alien 3_ script?TV gave us } the late, lamented _Max Headroom_, which featured oodles ofcyberpunk concepts. The Bravo cable network is rerunning thefew } episodes that were made. TV also gave us the somewhat bloated_Wild Palms_, with a "cyberspace", evil corporations, and a ca }meo byWilliam Gibson. Recently, TV-movies based on William Shatner's "Tek" novels have beenreleased. While possessing som }e tranditionally cyberpunk elements andextended "cyberspace runs", they tend to boil down to good guysvs. bad guys cop stor }ies. So far, _TekWar_, _TekLords_, and _TekLab_have been made. (_TekLords_ features a central plot element that thosewho ha }ve read _Snow Crash_ will recognize.)_Blade Runner_ is considered the archetypical cyberpunk movie. (Gibsonhas said that t }he visuals in _Blade Runner_ match his vision of theurban future in _Neuromancer_.) Few other movies have matched it; somet }hat are considered cyberpunk or marginally so are _Alien_ and itssequels, _Freejack_, _The Lawnmower Man_, _Until the End of } theWorld_, the "Terminator" movies, _Total Recall_, the somewhat goofy_Circuitry Man_, and _Brainstorm_.There is an hour }long documentary called "Cyberpunk" available on videofrom Mystic Fire Video. It features some interview-style conversation }with Gibson, is generally low-budget, and the consensus opinion on thenet is that it isn't really worth anyone's time. Gibso }n is apparentlyembarrassed by it.Regarding films based on Gibson stories: At one point a fly-by-nightoperation called "Ca }bana Boys Productions" had the rights to_Neuromancer_; this is why the front of the _Neuromancer_ computergame's box claims } it is "soon to be a motion picture from CabanaBoys". The rights have since reverted to Gibson, who is sitting onthem at th }e moment. A film version of Gibson's short story "Johnny Mnemonic" is beingproduced at this time, scheduled for release in } early 1995; Gibsonwrote the screenplay, and is a close consultant to the director,Robert Longo. Keanu Reeves has the titl }e role, Dolph Lundgren andTakeshi Kitano are his enemies, and Dina Meyer is playing the"Molly-equivalent" character (since }the character of Molly cannotappear due to her possible use in a _Neuromancer_ production). Ice-Tand Henry Rollins also hav }e roles. There are rumors that "New RoseHotel" will soon be made into a film, and Gibson recently claimed thata short (15 m }inute) film was made in Britain based on his short story"The Gernsback Continuum".William Gibson wrote one of the many scr }ipts for _Alien 3_. Accordingto him, only one detail from his script made its way to the actualfilm: the bar codes visible }on the backs of the prisoners' shavedheads. A synopsis of Gibson's script, including instructions on howto get the whole t }hing, can be found in part 3 of the _Alien_ MoviesFAQ list, available as "rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/movies/alie }n-faq/part3".---7. _Blade Runner_There is a _Blade Runner_ FAQ which is available via anonymous FTP as "rtfm.mit.edu:/p }ub/usenet/news.answers/movies/bladerunner-faq". Itanswers many of the more common questions. Here are short answers tothe m }ost common.a. There are several alternate versions. The original theatricalrelease in the US omitted the Batty-Tyrell eye- }gouging sequence and afew other bits; these were added back in Europe and the videorelease. In 1992, a "director's cut" was } released, now available onvideo, which omits the Deckard voiceover and the "happy" ending, andreinserts the "unicorn scene }". Before that, however, a differentcut was shown at two theaters, one in LA, the other in San Francisco,for a brief period }; this has a different title sequence andsoundtrack, some different dialogue, no voiceover and no happy ending,but no unico }rn sequence. (In my opinion, it was the best version.)b. The 5/6 replicants problem: This is widely accepted as an editing }glitch which slipped through to the release. The film originallyfeatured a fifth "live" replicant, "Mary", who was later de }leted. Inthe limited-release cut, the line "one got fried ..." is changed to"two got fried ...". Bryant does not include Ra }chel in the originalsix escaped replicants. However ...c. Internal clues, such as lack of emotion, the photographs, and th }ereflective eyes, do suggest that Deckard is a replicant. However, thisis not _explicitly_ stated in any cut. The "unicorn }scene" gives thistheory more weight.---8. Cyberpunk music. What about Billy Idol's album?There is a bit of confusion as }to what "cyberpunk music" really is. Isit "music that deals with cyberpunk themes", or "music that people ina cyberpunk fut }ure would listen to"? Those who claim there _is_ cyberpunk music usually say the fast,synthesized, and sample-oriented for }ms such as techno, rave, andindustrial music are "cyberpunk".In late 1993 Billy Idol released an album called "Cyberpunk", } whichgarnered some media attention. The album seems to have been acommercial and critical flop, but based on his statement }s (two ofthem) on the net, Billy seems sincere about learning about the"cyberpunk scene". However, scorn and charges of com }mercializationhave been heaped upon him in this and other forums.---9. What is [famous person]'s email address?William G }ibson has no public e-mail address. In fact, he doesn'treally care about computers all that much; he didn't use one until he }wrote _Mona Lisa Overdrive_, and was thinking of kids playingvideogames when he developed his "cyberspace". Other authors } _are_ on the net, however. Tom Maddox (author of _Halo_,"Snake Eyes", and many critical articles) is good buddies with Gibs }on,and occasionally posts to alt.cyberpunk from his address at"tmaddox@halcyon.com". Bruce Sterling maintains an e-mail add }ress at"bruces@well.sf.ca.us". Rudy Rucker, author of _Software_, _Wetware_,the story collection _Transreal!_, and many oth }ers, is"rucker@sjsumcs.sjsu.edu". Vernor Vinge, author of "True Names", is"vinge@aztec.sdsu.edu".Billy Idol can be reach }ed at "idol@well.sf.ca.us". For courtesy's sake, please don't abuse these addresses; most peoplehave better things to do w }ith their time than answer floods of fan mail.---10. What is this "PGP" everyone is talking about?"PGP" is short for "Pre }tty Good Privacy", a public-key cryptosystemthat is the mainstay of the cypherpunk movement. "OK, so what's apublic-key cry }ptosystem?", you now ask. A public-key cryptosystem allows one to send secret messages with theassurance that the receiver } will know who the sender was. (This isimportant if, say, you are sending your credit-card number to buy anexpensive item; }ordinary e-mail is somewhat easy to fake.) The messageis said to be "signed" by a "digital signature". Consider two people, }Alice and Bob. Each has two mathematical functions, constructed via two"keys", A and B. A message encrypted with key A can b }e decrypted onlyby key B, and a message encrypted with key B can be decrypted only bykey A. Key A is kept secret, known onl }y to its owner, and is calledthe "private" key; key B is given to anyone who wants it, and iscalled the "public" key.Supp }ose Alice is sending a message to Bob. She first encrypts it withher private key, and then encrypts the result with Bob's pu }blickey. This is then sent to Bob. Bob decrypts the message using hisprivate key, and decrypts the result with Alice's publ }ic key. The factthat he was able to decrypt using his private key means Alice intededthe message for him, and that only he }can read it; the fact thatAlice's public key decrypted the result means that Alice was the trueauthor of the message (since } only Alice has the required private keyto encrypt).Thus, when you see a "PGP public key block" at the end of someone'sUs }enet posts, that's the "public key" that you can use to encryptsecret messages to them.---11. What is "Agrippa" and where }can I get it?"Agrippa: A Book of the Dead", the textual component of an artproject, was written by William Gibson in 1992. } Gibson wrote asemi-autobiographical poem, which was placed onto a computer disk.This disk was part of a limited release of } special "reader" screens;the reader units themselves had etchings by Dennis Ashbaugh which werelight-sensitive, and slowly } changed from one form to another, final,form, when exposed to light. Also, the "text" of the poem, when read,was erased fr }om the disk - it could only be read once.On the net, opinion on the Agrippa project ranged from "what aninteresting concep }t; it challenges what we think 'art' should be" to"Gibson has sold out to the artsy-fartsy crowd" to "Gibson is right tomak }e a quick buck off these art people".Naturally (some would say according to Gibson's plan), someone gothold of the text of } "Agrippa" and uploaded it to the Usenet. Thecompiler of this FAQ has a copy which is available to all who ask forit; a pub }lic copy can be found in the file "english-server.hss.cmu.edu:/English Server/Fiction/Gibson-Agrippa".The author of this FA }Q has a copy at "bush.cs.tamu.edu:/pub/misc/erich/agrippa", as well as a copy of a parody, "agr1ppa", in the same directory }.---12. More, more, I must have more!A larger list, with more resource listings (of books, music, etc.) is the Cyberpoe }t's Guide to Virtual Culture, located at"etext.archive.umich.edu:/pub/Zines/CyberPoet". Its immediate ancestor,the Future C }ulture FAQ, is available in various versions which are storedon many sites. (An old version can be found in "etext.archive.u }mich.edu:/pub/Zines/Future.Culture/".) The Rutgers SF archive, at "gandalf.rutgers.edu:/pub/sfl/", containsmany general S }F-related items, including a directory of John Wenn's"author lists", which are very good bibligraphies for many popularauth }ors.The UWP Music Archives, at "ftp.uwp.edu:/pub/music/", has subdirectoriesof musical interest, such as discographies and } lyrics of many bands,some of them "cyberpunk". "rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/music/industrial-faq/" containsthe } two-part industrial music FAQ list from "rec.music.industrial"."techno.stanford.edu:/pub/raves/" has items of interest to }ravers andabout the rave scene in general."soda.berkeley.edu:/pub/cypherpunks/" has many cryptography items,including a d }irectory containing the latest version of PGP for severalplatforms. RSA Laboratories' ftp site at "rsa.com" also containscr }yptography materials in the "rsa.com:/pub/" and "rsa.com:/rsaref/"subdirectories. FAQ lists covering cryptographic topics ca }n be found inthe directory "rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/sci.crypt/".The WELL's gopher site (at "gopher.well.sf.ca.us", port 7 }0) has asubdirectory on "Cyberpunk and Postmodern Culture", which contains,among other things, some stuff by Bruce Sterling }, including Bruce'srecommended cyberpunk reading list and the complete text of his book_The Hacker Crackdown_, a nonfiction } account of the attempts in 1990to bloody the nose of the "computer underground". _The Hacker Crackdown_is also available b }y anonymous FTP in the directory"ftp.tic.com:/bruces/hackcrack/"._Wired_ magazine's gopher site (at "wired.com", port 70) }has, amongother things, complete contents of many back issues available online.The also have an HTTP site at the same addre }ss.Many files of relevance to the real-life "computer undergrond" and thehacking/phreaking communities can be found in one } of the "Computer Underground Digest" sites. One of these is at "aql.gatech.edu:/pub/eff/cud",and includes a complete set o }f issues of _Phrack_ magazine.Happy exploring!---End of alt.cyberpunk FAQ.--Erich Schneider erich@bush.cs.tamu.edu"T }he Hierophant is Disguised and Confused." *From: CONRADUS@plearn.edu.pl (KMK)Newsgroups: comp.sys.atari.8bitSubject: A message to OS/DOSdevelopersDate: 28 Dec 199}5 15:20:18 -0500A message to Operating Systems/Disk Operating Systems developers.Dear developer!We are pleased to} present you a preliminary document about ourIDE hard drive interface for Atari 130XE (and compatible)computers. } As existing Disk Operating Systems aren't able to useall the capabilities we provided, we are kindly asking you toupgr}ade the latest versions of your work and implement thespecific IDE features, those have been described below. The fo}urgeneral problems we found trying to use any of the existingDOSes, are as follows:1) All DOSes we tested, i.e. S}partaDOS 3.2g, SpartaDOS X 4.20,MyDOS 4.53 and BWDOS 1.10, when they have been executed, seem toforce the DUNIT (0301}) value to 01. Such action is notnecessary, because the DUNIT is already set by the XL OS's RESETroutines, and is }obnoxious, because, as a result, the DOS isunable to read its config files, when the system has been startedfrom a part}ition other, than D1:.2) All the DOSes we tested are unable to read/write 512-bytesectors, so they are unable to work} in the IDE native mode (seebelow). The interface provides the emulation mode to handle 256-byte sector operations, but,} as a result, the drive is unable toreach its full speed. Especially any writes to the hard drive arevery slow. The imple}mentation of the 512 byte allocation unitsmay also be profitable in the future, if we decide to add supportfor DMA transfe}rs.3) All the DOSes we tested are unable to handle big partitions(i.e. over 16 MB limit). The implementation of the  } 512 byteallocation units may solve this problem in a part (the limitwould be 32 MB per partition then), but, if } you decide toimplement big partitions handling, we advise you to considerabout using the 23-bit sector addressing } in conjuntion with thelarger allocation units (see below for details).4) All the DOSes we tested are unable to handle dis }ks D10-D15.Operating Systems developers please note, that there is nonecessity to set the DUNIT value in the OS BOO }T routine, as theDUNIT is already set by previous RESET routines.We hope, that you will take these problems into cons}ideration,decide to support the features described below and don't hesitateto send us your comments, if any. } Regards Konrad Kokoszkiewicz } E-mail: conradus@plearn.edu.pl S-mail: ul. Tomaszowska 95/3}7 PL-26-420 Nowe Miasto nad Pilica } POLAND *** IDE Hard Drive Interface v.1.0 - a preliminary document Copyright (c) 1}995-1996 by Jacek Zuk and Konrad Kokoszkiewicz Made in Poland ***}The IDE package contains:1) the IDE interface2) a power supply3) a cable to connect the interface with a drive4) utiliti}es disk with MyDOS 4.535) this documentIndex rerumI. IntroductionII. Capabilities overviewIII. How t}o make it work (step by step)IV. KeystrokesV. Write-protection featureVI. Executing non-DOS softwareVI}I. Dual drive configurationVIII. Software development informationIX. Memory usageX. Error messages}I. IntroductionSeven years ago, when I first heard about hard drives for theAtari 8-bit, a 20 MB SCSI device's price w}as over 600 USD and, ofcourse, was out of reach for people in a country on the wrongside of the Iron Courtain, where} wages were about 20 USD permonth. The 1050 floppy drive was a dream - what would I say aboutthe hard one...?Over the } next six years many things have been changed. Amongothers, the Iron Courtain got rusty, we have started earning moremon}ey, got some new Atari computers and, simultaneously, theprices of hard drives have gone down dramatically... and one }dayI realised, that it is possible to obtain an IDE hard drive forthe beloved 8-bit Atari with very reasonable price! }But therestill was no documentation and the only one, that I knew, was atheory about writing 'new device' handlers for }the XL operatingsystem...The most important thing on my "way to the hard drive" hashappened, when a friend of mi }ne has found a "Technical ReferenceManual" for a Caviar WDAC2200. I read this paper very carefully,then went to Jack - a p!}erson, who looks to know everything aboutwires and other strange gadgets, those have been fixed inside andseem to make it "}work. About a week later Jack said, that therewas no objections (contraindications, as we used to say) to buildan interf#}ace - so the project started.The last year we spent thinking, talking, building the hardware(Jack), writing the software$} (me), testing, fixing bugs, catchingincompatibilities, and learning, learning, learning. We havediscovered a lot of%} strange things about Ataris and IDE harddrives (some of them have been mentioned below). Finally, we arepleased to p&}resent you our results - we tried to make them asprofessional, as it have been allowed by the limited (2k) ROMspace, '} not very "elastic" operating system and not very greatprocessing power of the Atari 8-bit computer. I hope you will(}agree, that we did a good job.II. Capabilities overviewThe Interface's internal software provides two modes: native and)}emulation. The native mode uses a 512 byte physical block as alogical data sector, the emulation mode uses the physical *} blockto store two 256 byte logical data sectors. ALL existing DOSesrequire the emulation mode to work properly.Maximu+}m drive capacity: 8388607 physical blocks on each device.Maximum number of partitions: 15Maximum capacity of a partition: 8,}388607 logical sectorsLogical sector length: 256 or 512 bytes (larger blocks will beimplemented in the future)Average s-}peed: 58 kilobytes per second (native mode, R/W) 32 kilobytes per second (emulation mode, reading) .} 7 kilobytes per second (emulation mode, writing)Booting from any partitionWrite protection capability8 jumpers to set /}the device number for the operating systemNote, that ALL existing DOSes limit the partition size to 16 MB.III. How to mak0}e it work (step by step)1) Make sure, that the power on your computer is turned off.2) Insert the interface to the connect1}or at the back side of thecomputer.3) Connect the interface and a 3,5" IDE drive with the cable.Caution: You may dam2}age the drive if the interface cable is notconnected properly. Make sure, that pin 1 on the cable (red line)is connected 3} to pin 1 on the drive and on the interface (reddot).4) Connect the power supply and the drive.5) Insert the utilities 4}disk into drive 1.6) Turn on the power on the hard drive and on the computerholding down the SHIFT key. Make sure, 5} if the drive is spinningup properly. If not, turn the power off, check the connectionsand try again. Note, that some6} very old drives need A LOT ofpower, so our power supply may not be sufficient.7) Be patient - the Interface waits some 7}seconds when the driveis spinning up.8) When the MyDOS is ready to use, execute the FDISK.COM file.9) A menu should appe8}ar. If you see a message like "Device notfound" instead, please turn the power off, check the connectionbetween the int9}erface and the computer, then try again. Check thejumper position.10) Select the "Surface test" from the main menu. Your dr:}ive willbe tested for bad sectors. If the test finishes without anymessage, the drive is in good condition - no bad;} sectors havebeen found.11) Select the "Partitioning" from the main menu. "Total" willindicate you total amount of 5<}12 byte sectors, that have beenfound on the drive, "Remain" - total amount of sectors, thathaven't been allocated=} yet, "Specs" will show a number ofcylinders, heads and sectors per track.12) Use arrows to select a drive you want t>}o be a partition.13) Press the RETURN key and type in a number of sectors, thatyou want to be allocated to the partitio?}n. Note, that it is anumber of real, 512 byte sectors, so if you specify 32767, theDOS partition will have 65534 logi@}cal, 256-byte sectors.14) Press RETURN to confirm the number of sectors or press ESCkey to cancel.15) If you want to hA}ave more partitions, repeat the last threesteps as many as you want.16) Press the TAB key and select a partition, that yoB}u want to bethe BOOT partition. If you are the SpartaDOS X user and you wantto have the CONFIG.SYS on the hard drive, the C}BOOT partition mustbe D1:, so you should change the physical number of your floppydrive to D2: or another.17) Press RETUD}RN key to set the BOOT partition.18) Press the TAB key to move the cursor to the menu at thebottom right corner of thE}e screen.19) Select the "Opts" option.20) Select the boot type according to your system configuration:- "control", if youF} want to boot up MyDOS (or another DOS) fromother partition than D1: The interface will take full controlover the booG}t process.- "pass", if you want to boot up MyDOS (or another DOS) from D1:The interface will pass the control over the booH}t process to theoperating system. Select this option, if you have any troubleswith the "controlled" boot up - the interI}face, taking the controlover the boot process, uses some hints that may not work withsome DOSes, cartridges or upgJ}raded (customized) operatingsystems. You MUST select this option, if you are the SpartaDOS Xuser.21) Press ESC to exitK} the "Options" menu22) Select the "Write" option to write the new partition table tothe drive.23) Press ESC to return to tL}he main menu24) Select the "Soft format" option from the menu. The FDISK willattempt to build new directories on the atM}tached partitions.Note, that the SpartaDOS 3.2 does not provide such action - to doit, you must use a separated formatter,N} as the P_FORMAT.COM.25) Exit the FDISK.26) Write the DOS file(s) to the BOOT partition. If you are theMyDOS user, seleO}ct the "H" option from the DUP menu. If you arethe SpartaDOS 3.2 user, copy the DOS to the BOOT partition anduse the BOP}OT command to make the disk bootable.27) Press SELECT/RESET to cause the cold boot. The DOS will loaditself from the driveQ} - the installation process is completed.Some IDE drives used to clear the BUSY and assert the READY bitsin their internR}al status registers *before* the spin-up processis finished - the drive looks to be ready, but isn't ready infact andS} cannot execute any commands (very strange, by theway...). To prevent such troubles during power up, the internalsoT}ftware waits about 5 seconds before taking any action with theIDE controller. This delay is not necessary during the cold bU}oot,that has been caused by pressing SELECT/RESET or via OS entryRESETCD (E477). In such case the internal software uV}ses a fastinitialization method. However, if you turn the power switch offand on very quickly, the initial routines may W}not recognize thisboot process as a real power up. As a result, the boot processwill crash. To prevent such problems, X} after turning the poweroff, you should always wait 10-15 seconds before turning it onagain. This time should be sufY}ficient to invalidate internalflags, that have been located in RAM.IV. KeystrokesSHIFT/RESET disables the drive. The Z}drive will remain spinning,but the partitions will not respond to operating system requests(error 138). To enable it agai[}n just press the RESET key.SELECT/RESET forces the cold boot.V. Write-protection featureThe IDE hard drive interface\} provides the write-protectionfeature to minimize a risk of accidental data damage caused byviruses, damaged softwa]}re or children. When a partition islocked, there's NO POSSIBILITY to write data to this partition orunlock it by asser^}ting commands, causing a cold boot or turningthe power off and on. Damaging a write-protected partition bywriting ac_}cidental data to random memory locations is also*practically* impossible - the risk is very small.VI. Executing non-`}DOS software with the hard driveSome software, especially games and demos, have their own diskformats and cannot be coa}pied to a partition. However, the IDEsoftware provides limited capabilities to execute such programs.If you selecteb}d the "controlled" hard drive boot whenpartitioning the drive and your BOOT partition is not the D1:,you may ruc}n the non-DOS disk from the floppy drive. To do it,insert the disk into the floppy disk drive then press SELECT andRESEd}T keys holding down the SHIFT key. The internal software ofthe IDE Interface will pass its initialization routines and yoe}urcomputer will boot up from the floppy. The hard drive will be"invisible" for the system.If you want to execute sucf}h software from the hard drive, youmust provide a small partition to use it in such manner. Thoughthe D10-D15 partitg}ions are invisible for existing operatingsystems and cannot be accessed by DOS, they may be booted aswell. When yoh}u are partitioning your drive, create a small (up to520 physical blocks) disk, for example D10:. When you completethe ini}stallation and make the drive work, execute the FHCOPY.COMfile from the utilities disk, then copy your floppy to the D10:.j}Now execute the FDISK, select the "Partitioning" option from themain menu, then press the TAB key twice to move the cursork} to themenu at the bottom right corner of the screen. Select the "Opts"option, then set the "Drive redirection" to l}D10:. If the"controlled" boot-up has been selected, you must change it now tothe "pass" mode. Write new partition table,m} exit the FDISK andreboot the system - the non-DOS program will load itself from thehard drive. To return to the previoun}s configuration, insert theutilities disk to your floppy disk drive, reboot the systemholding down the SHIFT key, o}then execute the FDISK, reset the"Drive redirection" to D1: and "Boot type" to its previous state,write the new partitip}on table, exit the FDISK and reboot thesystem.VII. Dual drive configurationThe IDE drive interface is able to haq}ndle two IDE devicesconfigured as master and slave drives (please refer the drivemanual to connect it and set up pror}perly). However, some drives,when they are configured to work as the slave device, used towait some seconds before ths}ey start spinning. For this reason,the Interface DOES NOT INITIALIZE the slave drive during power upor reset. It would mt}ake little sense, because the drive is notspinning (i.e. is not ready) at that time. As a result, the slavedrive remains u}not initialized, even if the boot process has beenfinished and the system looks to be ready to use.If the slave drive havv}e finished the spin-up process, there aretwo ways to make it work properly:1) assert the ALL RESET command (see next secw}tion), or2) force the system to read a sector from any partition, thathave been allocated to the slave drive - if the x}drive is ready,it will be recalibrated automatically.Please DO NOT start the operating system from the slave drivepay}rtitions.VIII. Software development informationThe IDE drive partitions operate as normal floppy drives orramdisksz} and can be accessed via OS DISKINT (E453) and SIOINT(E459) routines. All the partitions recognize the followingc{}ommands:1) Standard subsetR - read a sector - this command reads a specified logical sectorfrom a specified partition. |} It reads ALWAYS THE WHOLE LOGICALSECTOR, i.e. 256 or 512 bytes, according to the current mode andregardless of the DB}}YT value. The sector number is a 24-bitvalue, the most significant byte (now called DAUX3) is located at0307 (this by~}te was unused by the XL OS). Sector numbers lessthan 000001 or greater than maximum sector number for thespecifie}d partition are invalid and will cause the error 144.P - put a sector - writes data to a specified logical sector on aspec}ified partition. There are the same restrictions, asmentioned above. This command will return status 144 wh}enattempting to execute on a write-protected partition.W - write a sector - the same, as "P" command.S - read status bl}ock - transfers the 4-byte disk status to thememory. The bit of the first byte are as follows: 7 - not used by the har}d drive 6 - write protection enabled 5 - double density drive (always 1) 4 - master present (usually 1) 3} - slave present 2 - not used by the hard drive 1 - not used by the hard drive 0 - not used be the hard drive}The second byte provides reversed (eor'ed with FF) value of theIDE controller error register. The bits are as follows: } 7 - BBD - Bad block detected 6 - ECC - Error correction code (uncorrectable error) 5 - NUL - unused, always 1 } 4 - IDNF - ID not found (target sector could not be found) 3 - NUL - unused, always 1 2 - AC - Aborted command } 1 - TK0 - Track 0 error (unable to find a valid track 0) 0 - DAMNF - Data address mark not foundThe normal (default)} value of this byte is FF. The next byte hasa dummy value E0. The last byte of the status block holds thenumber of ret}ries for the software IDE handler in ROM.N - read configuration - reads the 12-byte PERCOM block to thememory. The valu}es returned by a partition are as follows: 0 - number of tracks (always 1) 1 - revision number (10 = 1.0) 2 -} total number of logical sectors, the middle byte 3 - total number of logical sectors, the low byte 4 - total numbe}r of logical sectors, the high byte 5 - additional information: bit 3 - IDE hard drive partition (always 1) } bit 2 - double density drive (always 1) bit 1 - 8 inch floppy disk drive (always 0) 6 - number of bytes p}er logical sector, high byte 7 - number of bytes per logical sector, low byte 8 - unused, always FF 9 - value} 49 10 - value 44 11 - value 45The last three bytes contain an identifier of the hard drive type("IDE").2) S}pecific onesE6 - sleep drive - stops the drives and deactivates theirinternal controllers. See ALL RESET command f}or the DCB variablesdetails.E7 - all reset - resets, recalibrates and reinitializes bothhard drives. It is the onl}y way to exit the Sleep mode. Thiscommand needs the number of any partition stored to the DUNIT(0301). The master} drive must be present while asserting thiscommand, otherwise the timeout error will occur.EC - identify drive - trans}fers the 512 bytes of data, thatspecify the drive's parameters. The fields are as follows (F =fixed value, V = variab}le, R = reserved, should be zero): 0 - vendor specific information, bits are as follows: 15 - 0, reserved for }non-magnetic devices (F) 14 - vendor specific (F) 13 - vendor specific (F) 12 - vendor specific} (F) 11 - vendor specific (F) 10 - vendor specific (F) 9 - vendor specific (F) 8 - }vendor specific (F) 7 - removable media device, if 1 (F) 6 - removable controller and/or device, if 1 (}F) 5 - vendor specific (F) 4 - vendor specific (F) 3 - vendor specific (F) 2 - ve}ndor specific (F) 1 - vendor specific (F) 0 - reserved (R) 2 - number of cylinders (F) 4 - re}served (R) 6 - number of heads (F) 8 - vendor specific 10 - vendor specific 12 - number of sectors per tr}ack (F) 14 - vendor specific 16 - vendor specific 18 - vendor specific 20-39 - serial number, ASCII chara}cters (F) 40 - vendor specific 42 - vendor specific 44 - number of ECC bytes transferred on LONG operations (F}) 46-53 - firmware revision, ASCII characters (F) 54-93 - controller model number, ASCII characters (F) 94 - n}umbers of sectors/interrupt R/W multiples, bits: 15-8 - vendor specific 7-0 - 00 = READ/WRITE MULTIPLE }not implemented (F) 01-FF = maximum number of sectors that can betransferred per interrupt on READ/WRITE} MULTIPLE commands (F). 96 - reserved (R) 98 - capabilities, bits: 15 - reserved (R) 14 - reser}ved (R) 13 - 1 = standard standby timer values are supported 0 = standby timer values are vendor spe}cific (F) 12 - reserved (R) 11 - 1 = IORDY supported (F) 0 = IORDY may be supported (F) } 10 - 1 = IORDY can be disabled (F) 9 - 1 = LBA supported (F) 8 - 1 = DMA supported (F) } 7-0 - vendor specific (F) 100 - reserved (R) 102 - PIO data transfer cycle timing (F) 104 - DMA data transfe}r cycle timing (F) 106-511 - reservedAll values are in standard low/high convention. Some parametersare defined as} a string of ASCII characters. For the string"Copyright", the character "C" is the first byte, "o" is thesecond by}te etc. When such fields are transferred, the order oftransmission is:- the 1st character ("C") is on bits 15 through 8 o}f the 1st word- the 2nd character ("o") is on bits 7 through 0 of the 1st word- the 3rd character ("p") is on bits 15 throu}gh 8 of the 2nd word- the 4th character ("y") is on bits 7 through 0 of the 2nd word etc.Note, that the DMA transfers, }although may be supported by thedrive itself, may not be supported by the current version of theinterface's hardware. Pl}ease also refer the SLEEP DRIVE commandto get an information about the DCB variables.EE - force media change - forces t}he interface to re-read thepartition table from the drive.All other commands will cause error 139 (negative acknowledg}e).Note, that the software does not provide a FORMAT DISK command -it hasn't been implemented to prevent an accidental dat}a damage.The drive must be formatted using a separated program.Operating system developers should note, that the i}nternalsoftware of the IDE Interface changes the DUNIT (0301) to theBOOT partition number during boot up.IX. Memory u}sageThe Interface's internal software uses the following RAMlocations: 01 and 34-3C. The PDVMSK (0247), PDVRS} (0248) andDCB variables (especially DAUX3 0307) should be used only intheir proper functions (please DO NOT use them} as temporary dataregisters!). The 0400-06FF area should also remain intactduring the cold boot.X. Error message}sYou can get the following error reports from the IDE drive:138 - Timeout error - attempting to read or write data t}o apartition, that is physically allocated to the slave drive, whilethe slave drive is busy, not ready or does not exist }at all; orattempting to assert the ALL RESET command, while the masterdrive is not present. It may occur, if } you accidentallydisconnect the master drive or disconnect the slave drive withoutreconfiguring your system. It may a}lso indicate a damagedpartition table - please reboot your system. If this actiondoesn't cause any effect, you m}ust use the FDISK to repair thepartition table. See also section VII. - "Dual driveconfiguration".139 - Inv}alid command144 - Device done error:1) the software attempted to write data to a write-protectedpartition.2) the s}oftware attempted to read or write data outside of thelimits, those are valid for the partition.3) there is a bad sector }on the partition. Please assert the "S"command to get the value of the internal IDE error register.4) the interface's s}oftware is unable to handle your drive.Please run the FDISK and select the "Surface test" from the mainmenu. If the te}st fails and you know, that your drive is in goodcondition (no bad blocks) for sure, please assert the IDENTIFYDRIVE com}mand (from a BASIC, for example), copy the buffer to afile and send the file to us.Konrad M.Kokoszkiewicz (KMK)E-mail: }conradus@plearn.edu.pl------------------------------------------------------------------------Craig Lisowski (clisowsk@}mcs.kent.edu) DataCOMM/Dos Desktop Fileqpxt ($11q7?:>!?pzp~pzpp~ +/x.p0?>/ r110/>18qq +/x.0?>p/z 110/>187}?:>0?> +/x.0p~/ 21qp/~q87?:0>ppxpppppppppppppxxpppppxppxpp}pppppxppppxxpppppxpppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp}pppppppppppppppppppppp CP2040.LZH TO-BBS\*.*..\*.* C:\COM\UL\*}.*dDM40 *.ASCdC:\COM\DATACOM\DML\*.DML c:\com\ul\*.*SM2.CMCSM.CMCMP.LZHX.LZH C:\COM\DL e:\st\*.rar}ABBUCMIME.ARJ WAV2CAS.ZIP APE115D.ZIP XF551.ASC C:\COM\DL\*.* ATARIO.COMC:xf551.doc\COM\DL\*.* XLIT016.A}RJa:\ c:\atari\ SIO_V413.ZIP C:\COM\dL\*.* APE106D.ZIP BOBTERM.XXXDL\*.* TERM95\*.* BOBTERM.COMBBS-ANS}I DATACOM\*.*..\*.*$BS-ANSIDL\*.*DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD}DDDDDDDDDDDEfitness for a particularpurpose. Conner Peripherals shall not be liablefor errors contained herein }or for incidentalconsequential damages in connection with thefurnishing, performance, or use of this material.Conner Per}ipherals, Inc. reserves the right tochange, without notification, the specificationscontained in this manual.c Copyright }Conner Peripherals, Inc. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or translatedinto any language in any form without th}e writtenpermission of Conner Peripherals, Inc.IBM, PC/AT are registered trademarks ofInternational Business Machines Cor}poration. 1.0 IntroductionThis manual describes the key features,specification summary, physical charac}teristics,environmental characteristics, functionaldescription, electrical interface, recommendedmounting configuration an}d error reporting for ConnerPeripherals CP30204 drive. 2.0 Key Features The CP3}0204 is is a high performance 3.5 inch low prof[MODEM] Type=ROCKWELL RC144Ati, RPI: MNP5 Init.str=ATZ&FS11=52M0L1^M Hangu}p.str=+++~~~ATH0~~~^M Busy.str=BUSY Ring.str=RING NoCarrier.str=NO CARRIER NoDialTone.str=NO DIALTONE NoConnect2.str=VOI}CE NoConnect3.str= DialCommand.str=ATM0DT AutoAnswer.str=ATS0=1V1E1Q0^M DialSuffix.str=^M HangupDropDTR=YES DependOnCDS}ignal=NO AutoBaud=YES NoInitIfCarrier=YES ScheduledDialing=YES [DIALING] AreaCode= Prefix.str= CallTimeOut=40 Nex}tCallTime=5 MaxReCalls=10 [RPI] Protocol=NONE V.42bis=ENABLE MNP5=ENABLE MNPClass=ASYNC PassThroughFlowCtrl=0 Mdm}2mdmFlowCtrl=1 MNPType=0 BreakType=0 RetryLimit=12 InactivityTimer=0 AutoReliableTimer=14 SelectiveRetransmit=1 MNPDat}aOpt=1 StreamSize=1 BreakLength=0 V42MaxDataSize=64 FallBackFlag=0 FallBackChar=13 LoopBackTest=0 V42BisDictiSize=2048} V42BisStrLen=32 RPIDriver=V42.DRV [CURRENT] Port=COM1,19200,N,8,1 HardFlowControl=NO SoftFlowControl=YES Com1=02F}8,03,0B Com2=02E8,03,0B Com3=0000,00,08 Com4=0000,00,08 16550FIFO=AUTO Emulation=BBS-ANSI MouseDoubleDelayTics=9 Mouse}RepeatDelayTics=8 MouseSelectButton=LEFT ScreenSize=80x25 AllSounds=YES InfoAndErrorSounds=YES LocalEcho=NO AddLFtoCR=N}O TranslateTable=DM.ASC AutoStartZmodem=YES AutoStartCISQB=YES FileKeepAbortDownLoad=NO FileRenameDups=YES ConfirmHangU}p=NO ConfirmAbortTrans=YES ConfirmExit=YES DownloadPath=C:\COM\DL\ UploadPath=C:\COM\UL\ DMLPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\DML\ Lo}gPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\LOG\ HistoryPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\LOG\ [DOSSHELL] Disable16550FIFO=YES BBS-ANSI MouseDoubleDelayT}ics=9 MouseRepeatDelayTics=8 MouseSelectButton=LEFT ScreenSize=80x25 AllSounds=YES InfoAndErrorSounds=YES LocalEcho=NO } AddLFtoCR=NO TranslateTable=DM.ASC AutoStartZmodem=YES AutoStartCISQB=YES FileKeepAbortDownLoad=NO FileRenameDups=YES }ConfirmHangUp=NO ConfirmAbortTrans=YES ConfirmExit=YES DownloadPath=C:\COM\DL\ UploadPath=C:\COM\UL\ DMLPath=C:\COM\DATA}COM\DML\ LogPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\LOG\ HistoryPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\LOG\ [DOSSHELL] Disable1e. The set ofregisters in th}e I/O space of the Host controlledthrough the Host Interface is known as the TaskFile. The physical interface from the dri}ve tothe host is implemented using a 40 pin connector.The pin descriptions follow.10.2 Interface ConnectorThe recommen}ded mating connector is Molex P/N 15-47-3401 or equivalent. Two drives may be daisychained on this connector, and the maxi}mum cablelength is 18 inches.10.3 Signal LevelsAll signal levels are TTL compatible. A logic "1"is > 2.0 Volts. A logi}c "0" is from 0.00 Volts to.70 Volts. The drive capability of each of theinbound signals is described below.10.4 Signal} ConventionsAll signals on the Host Interface shall have theprefix HOST. All negatively active signals shallbe further p}refixed with a "-" designation. Allpositive active signals shall be prefixed with a'+' designation. Signals whose source} are theHost, are said to be "outbound" and those whosesource is the drive, are said to be "inbound".10.5 Pin Descripti}onsSignal Name Dir Pin Description-HOST RESETO 1 Reset signal from the Ho}st system which is active low during power up and inactive } thereafter.GND O 2 Ground between drive and Host.+HOST DATA I/O 3-18 16 bit b}i-directional data bus 0-15 between the host and the drive. The lower 8 bits, } HD0-HD7, are used for register & ECC access. All 16 bits are used for data transfers. These are }tri-state lines with 24 mA drive capability.GND O 19 Ground between drive and Host.KEY }N/C 20 An unused pin clipped on the drive and plugged on the cable. Used to guarantee correct orientation of }the cable.RESERVED O 21,27,29GND O 22 Ground between drive and host.-HOST IOW O } 23 Write strobe, the rising edge of which clocks data from the host data bus, HD0 through HD15, intoa re}gister or the data register of the drive.GND O 24 Ground between drive and host.-HOST READ IOR O } 25 Read strobe, which when low enables data from a register or the data register of the drive onto the ho}st data bus, HD0 through HD15. The rising edge of -HOST IOR latches data from the drive }at the host.GND O 26 Ground between the drive and Host.+HOST ALE O 28 Host Address Latch En}able. A signal used to qualify the address lines. This signal is presently not used by the drive.GND }O 30 Ground between the drive and host.+HOST IRQ14 I 31 Interrupt to the Host system, enabled onl}y when the drive is selected, and the host activates the -IEN bit in the Digital Output register. When the -IEN } bit is inactive, or the drive is not selected, this output in a high impedance state, rega}rdless of the state of the IRQ bit. The interrupt is set when the IRQ bit is set by the drive CPU. IRQ is reset to }zero by a Host read of the Status register or a write to the command register. This signal is a tri-state line} with 8 ma drive capacity.-HOST IO16 I 32 Indication to the Host system that the 16 } bit data register has been addressed and that the drive is prepared to send or receive a 16 bit data word. This} line is tri-state line with 24 mA drive capacity.-HOST PDIAG I 34 Passed diagnostic. At POR -PDIAG will b}e activated by the slave within 1 ms. If the master doesn't see -PDIAG ac}tive after 4 ms it will assume no slave is present. -PDIAG will remain active until the slave is ready to go} not busy or 14.0 seconds on a power on reset. The master will wait 14.5 seconds or until the slave deactivates -}PDIA on power on reset before it goes not busy. The slave will de-activate -PDIAG and go not busy, if } it is not ready after the 14.0 seconds. Neither drive will set ready or seek complete until they hav}e reached full spin speed and are ready to read/write. During a so }ftware reset, -PDIAG will be activated by the slave within 1 ms. If the m }aster doesn't see -PDIAG active after 4 ms it will assume no slave is present. The slave will not de-activate -PDIA }G until it is ready to go not busy or 400 ms. The master will only wait 450 milliseconds or  }until the slave deactivates -PDIAG before it activates -PDIAG and goes not busy. The slave  }will not set ready or seek complete until those states are achieved. After reset, -PDIA}G will be used for the diagnostic command in the following manner. It is output by the drive }if it is the slave drive, input to the drive if it is the master drive. This low true signal indicates to a ma}ster that the slave has passed its internal diagnostic command. This line is only inactive hi}gh during execution of the diagnostic command.+HOST A0,A1,A2 O 35 33,36 Bit binary coded add}ress used to select the individual registers in the task file.-HOST CS0 O 37 Chip select decoded from the} host address bus. Used to select some of the Host accessible registers. NOTE: This signal should be disabled }by the Host when data transfers are in progress.-HOST CS1 O 38 Chip select decoded fr}om the Host address bus. Used to select three of the registers in the Task File.-HOST SLV/ACT I 39 Signal} from the drive used either to drive an active LED whenever the disk is being accessed, as a signal for synchronizi}ng spindles of a drive array or as an indication of a second drive present. (See the Cust}omer Options section for further information).GND O 40 Ground between the drive} and host.10.6 Auxiliary ConnectorThe Auxiliary connector is used to provideoptional signals at the front of the drive.} Noconnection should be made to the pins markedRESERVED. These pins are reserved for factorytest purposes and improper co}nnection mayadversely affect the drive. Pin Signal Pin Signal 01 GND 02 Spindle } Synchronization 03 +LED 04 -LED 05 KEY 06 KEY 07 RESERVED 08 } RESERVED 09 RESERVED 10 RESERVED 11 RESERVED 12 RESERVED 13 RESERVED 14 RESERVED }15 RESERVED 16 RESERVEDmade to the pins markedRESERVED. These pins are reserved for factorytest purposes and} improper connection mayadversely affect the drive. Pin Signal Pin Signal 01 GND 02 Spi }ndle Synchronization 03 +LED 04 -LED 05 KEY 06 KEY 07 RESERV!}ED 08 RESERVED 09 RESERVED 10 RESERVED 11 RESERVED 12 RESERVED 13 RESERVED 14 "}RESERVED 15 RESERVED =*:|(^)1mG,> j-x+ | H3%X c0zd2Ie/6٭F'YFąt/#}ך?e%-&K_CW1#L͒nj_ ;_$U/E/#t W%LW.|ǩ?_'h~~wM3x?M FZӧۍrS8$}vʖnr9 9f񙩰QϠo^V/Cpܯc8ێtHWXpdEnHN wu0Z3e3cz8w^4zj3{ z|It8%}:% XqP* gfHԧ9wCLۖln?7|@ml`yMju;7^z.,Bُ 3kMDwNQ#Xѓ+[WttV q*@^&}o#i{[ "eB1ſ?:ZYR8GDataCOMM/Dos Desktop Fileqpxt ($11q7?:>!?pzp~pzpp~ +/x.p0?>/ r110/'}>18qq +/x.0?>p/z 110/>187?:>0?> +/x.0p~/ 21qp/~q87?:0>ppxpppppppppppppxx(}pppppxppxpppppppxppppxxpppppxppppppppppppppppppppp)}pppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppdDM40*} *.ASCdC:\COM\DATACOM\DML\*.DML C:\COM\UL\*.* c:\com\ul\*.*..\*.*SM2.CMCSM.CMCMP.LZHX.LZH C:\COM\DL+} e:\st\*.rarABBUCMIME.ARJ WAV2CAS.ZIP APE115D.ZIP XF551.ASC C:\COM\DL\*.* ATARIO.COMC:xf551.doc\COM\DL\*.*,} XLIT016.ARJa:\ c:\atari\ SIO_V413.ZIP C:\COM\dL\*.* APE106D.ZIP BOBTERM.XXXDL\*.* TERM95\*.* BOBTERM.C-}OMBBS-ANSI DATACOM\*.*..\*.*$BS-ANSIDL\*.*VFVWWWFW wW~.}WP F]U0FF 01ҚFRSP1ۺHY^_{F懖gij\alI^VUݢVO1Ptq$L'ita fhf/}gK{;CT#B:(N-NEԪa\7]Z?ox 3߾}̙r$`fWXͦsPZ;4 Ղ xQqr"w.ℽ(jNL:!<~a0}= _EEQ2ݎUotQh>W cYrGήUd̺ke ℾ `^t*?N%tZXةgBT۾{l]KO qi1}Ny!eNhOMGS>}Swb;8J*xj*"ZU][3RvW2v# nU].5~j0QǢŷ=rkll&xʥ:;DֹS^l2}_Ȓ*cpb5A5 7I&E͞NT*r tF12 W" u3(5?n@يXZ/&?;],>M1G_G3}>68?`R)mU(Y\7ŤrLJ>S g }cVwך%^n+HjNAQ3%lHYtMŝttuZYjgL9sl1ɴ 4}<$igV5} ǧ6=ij<"GsoZE^o˜st8 IrEgNk߲vgK,C3^ʘ5}O@^qqq| rm{ RR+rt#e<w3df Zj#|8N}k`*&IO=_|z&Xq տ~`B_e.tnG b6}sA ZÑНj(J6789ǏWGcp+2zWIX%_@|m "ɸ(w:O3p)[MODEM] Type=ROCKWELL RC144Ati, RPI: M7}NP5 Init.str=ATZ&FS11=52M0L1^M Hangup.str=+++~~~ATH0~~~^M Busy.str=BUSY Ring.str=RING NoCarrier.str=NO CARRIER NoDialTo8}ne.str=NO DIALTONE NoConnect2.str=VOICE NoConnect3.str= DialCommand.str=ATM0DT AutoAnswer.str=ATS0=1V1E1Q0^M DialSuffix.9}str=^M HangupDropDTR=YES DependOnCDSignal=NO AutoBaud=YES NoInitIfCarrier=YES ScheduledDialing=YES [DIALING] AreaC:}ode= Prefix.str= CallTimeOut=40 NextCallTime=5 MaxReCalls=10 [RPI] Protocol=NONE V.42bis=ENABLE MNP5=ENABLE MNPC;}lass=ASYNC PassThroughFlowCtrl=0 Mdm2mdmFlowCtrl=1 MNPType=0 BreakType=0 RetryLimit=12 InactivityTimer=0 AutoReliableT<}imer=14 SelectiveRetransmit=1 MNPDataOpt=1 StreamSize=1 BreakLength=0 V42MaxDataSize=64 FallBackFlag=0 FallBackChar=13=} LoopBackTest=0 V42BisDictiSize=2048 V42BisStrLen=32 RPIDriver=V42.DRV [CURRENT] Port=COM1,57600,N,8,1 HardFlowCon>}trol=NO SoftFlowControl=YES Com1=02F8,03,0B Com2=02E8,03,0B Com3=0000,00,08 Com4=0000,00,08 16550FIFO=AUTO Emulation=B?}BS-ANSI MouseDoubleDelayTics=9 MouseRepeatDelayTics=8 MouseSelectButton=LEFT ScreenSize=80x25 AllSounds=YES InfoAndErro@}rSounds=YES LocalEcho=NO AddLFtoCR=NO TranslateTable=DM.ASC AutoStartZmodem=YES AutoStartCISQB=YES FileKeepAbortDownLoaA}d=NO FileRenameDups=YES ConfirmHangUp=NO ConfirmAbortTrans=YES ConfirmExit=YES DownloadPath=C:\COM\DL\ UploadPath=C:\COB}M\UL\ DMLPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\DML\ LogPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\LOG\ HistoryPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\LOG\ [DOSSHELL] Disable1655C}0FIFO=YES BBS-ANSI MouseDoubleDelayTics=9 MouseRepeatDelayTics=8 MouseSelectButton=LEFT ScreenSize=80x25 AllSounds=YES D} InfoAndErrorSounds=YES LocalEcho=NO AddLFtoCR=NO TranslateTable=DM.ASC AutoStartZmodem=YES AutoStartCISQB=YES FileKeepE}AbortDownLoad=NO FileRenameDups=YES ConfirmHangUp=NO ConfirmAbortTrans=YES ConfirmExit=YES DownloadPath=C:\COM\DL\ UploF}adPath=C:\COM\UL\ DMLPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\DML\ LogPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\LOG\ HistoryPath=C:\COM\DATACOM\LOG\ [DOSSHELL] G} Disable1 Conner Peripherals, Inc.H} SUMMIT AT Intelligent Disk Drives I} CP3544 Product Manual J} K} Revision B January, 1992 L} M} 3081 Zanker Road San Jose, CA 95134-2128 (408) 456-4500NoticeN}Conner Peripherals makes no warranty of any kindwith regard to this material, including, but notlimited to, the implied waO}rranties ofmerchantability and fitness for a particularpurpose. Conner Peripherals shall not be liablefor errors containedP} herein or for incidentalconsequential damages in connection with thefurnishing, performance, or use of this material.CoQ}nner Peripherals, Inc. reserves the right tochange, without notification, the specificationscontained in this manual.c CoR}pyright Conner Peripherals, Inc. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced or translatedinto any language in any form wiS}thout the writtenpermission of Conner Peripherals, Inc.IBM, PC/AT are registered trademarks ofInternational Business MachT}ines Corporation. 1.0 IntroductionThis manual describes the key features,specification summary, physicaU}l characteristics,environmental characteristics, functionaldescription, electrical interface, recommendedmounting configurV}ation and error reporting for ConnerPeripherals CP3544 drive. 2.0 Key Features W}The CP3544 Summit is is a high performance 3.5inch half-height drive with up to 540 Mbytes(formatted) capacity, 12 ms averaX}ge seek time and6.7 ms average latency that is designed to operateon an IBM PC/ATr or equivalent in translate mode.The CP3Y}544 offers high performance while maintaining low power consumption to reduce power supply current and system cooling requiZ}rements in disk arrays.Typical applications are workstations, file servers, multiuser systems and disk arrays. Because t[}he drive contains the Task File withinits control logic, it requires a simplifiedadapter board to operate. \} o 540 Mbyte capacities. o Automatic Spindle Synchronization o 256K Byte Segmentable Look-Ahead R]}ead Buffer o LRU Caching Algorithm o 88 Bit Reed-Solomon EDAC with single burst on-the-fly error co^}rrection o LRC on data from interface to disk o Sealed HDA with internal air filtration system. o Exe_}cutes microprocessor-controlled diagnostic routines automatically at start- up. o Track skewing3.0 Spe`}cification Summary3.1 CapacityFormatted 544.3 Mbytes 3.2 Physical Configuration Disk Type a} Thin film Head Type Thin film Actuator Type Rotary Voice-Coil Number of Disks b} 6 Data Surfaces 12 Data Heads 12 Servo Embeddec}d Tracks per 1808 SurfaceTrack Density 2150 TPI (TPI)Formatted Track 25,088d} Capacity(bytes)Bytes per Block 512 Blocks per Drive 1,063,104 Sectors per Track e} 49 The physical parameters are listed in thistable. The default translate parameters are1024 cylinders, 16 hf}eads and 63 sectors.3.3 Performance Seek Times Track to Track: 3.0 g}ms Average: 12.0ms Maximum: 30.0ms h} Average Latency 6.7 msRotation Speed (+0.1%) 4498 RPMController Overhead i} <500 fs Data Transfer Rate 2.5 Mbtye per/sec j} Start Time(Power Up)3 (0 RPM - 4498 RPM) typical: 10 sec k}(0 RPM - Ready) maximum: 20 sec typical: 15 sec Stop Til}me (Power Down) typical: 10 sec maximum: 20 secInterleave 1m}:1The timing is measured through theinterface with the drive operating atnominal DC input voltages. The timing isbased n}upon the physical parameters of thedisk and may be affected by translation.The average seek time is determined byaveragio}ng the seek time for a minimum of1000 seeks of random length over the surfaceof the disk.These numbers assume spin recovep}ry is notinvoked. If spin recovery is invoked, themaximum could be 40 seconds. Brieflyremoving power can lead to spin recq}overybeing invoked.3.4 Read/WriteInterface Task FileRecording Method 2 of 7 RLL codeRecording Density r} 44,325 bits per inch(ID)Flux Density (ID) 29,550 flux reversals per inch3.5 Power Requirements (Ts}ypical) +5V DC q +12V DC q Power 5% 5% (Typical) (Typical)Read/Wrt}ite 305 ma 530 ma 7.9 WModeSeek Mode 205 ma 720 ma 9.7 WIdle Mode 200 ma 470 ma 6.6 u}WSpin-up 250 ma 3.0 amps n/aModeMaximum noise allowed (DC to 1 MHZ, withequivalent resistive load): v} Voltage Noise +5 Volt 2% +12 Volt 1%Read/Write Mode occurs when data is beingw} readfrom or written to the disk.Seek Mode occurs while the actuator is in motion.Idle Mode occurs when the drive is notx} reading,writing or seeking. The motor is up to speed andDRIVE READY condition exists. Actuator is residingon last accessy}ed track.Spin-Up Mode occurs while the spindle motor isaccelerating from its rest state to its operatingspeed. The speciz}fied current is the averagedvalue over the spin-up cycle. 4.0 Physical Characteristics Out{}line 1.625q 0.020Dimensions 4.000 max(inches) 5.750 q 0.030 |}Weight 2.2 pounds 5.0 Environmental Characteristics5.1 Temperature Operating }} 5xC to 55xC Non-operating -40xC to 60xC Thermal Gradient 20xC per hour max5.2 Humidity Oper~}ating 8% to 80% non-condensing Non-operating 8% to 80% non-condensing Max Wet Bulb 26xC5.3 Altitu}de (relative to sea level) Operating -200 to 10,000 feet Non-operating 40,000 feet max5.4 Reliability} And Maintenance MTBF 150,000 hours (POH) MTTR KCONNER PERIPHERALS CP2024 Intelligent Disk Drive } Product ManualRevision IOctober 19903081 Zanker Rd.San Jose, Ca.(408) 456-4500Japan (81) 3-597}-8321Europe (49) 89-811-2097NOTICEConner Peripherals make no warranty of any kind with regardto this material, includin}g, but not limited to, the impliedwarranties of merchantability and fitness for a particularpurpose. Conner Peripherals sha}ll not be liable for errorscontained herein or for incidental consequential damagesin connection with the furnishing, perfo}rmance, or useof this material.Conner Peripherals, Inc. reserves the right to change, withoutnotification, the specificat}ions contaioned in this manual.Copyright Conner Peripherals, Inc. No part of thispublication may be reproduced or translate}d into any language in any form without written permissiom ofConner Peripherals, Inc.IBM, PC/AT and PC/XT are registered} trademarks ofInternational BUsiness Machines Corporation.Table of Contents1.0Scope of Manual2.0Key Features }3.0Specification Summary3.1Capacity3.2Physical Configuration3.3Performance3.4Read/Write3.5Power Require}ments (Typical)3.6Physical Characteristics4.0Environmental Characteristics4.1Temperature4.2Humidity4.3Alt}itude (relative to sea level)4.4Reliability and Maintenance4.5Shock and Vibration4.6Magnetic Field4.7Acoustic} Noise4.8Safety Standards5.0Functional Description5.1Read/Write and Control Electronics5.2Drive Mechanism5}.3Air Filtration System5.4Head Positioning Mechanism5.5Read/Write Heads and Disks5.6Error Correction5.7Custo}mer Options6.0Interface Connector6.1Diagnostic Routines7.0Recommended Mounting Configuration8.0Electrical }Description8.1Signal Levels8.2Pin Descriptions1.0IntroductionThe CP2024 is a high performance 2.5 inch low-p}rofile (.69") 21.4 megabyte (formatted) disk drives with average seek time not to exceed 23ms which is designed to operate }on an IBM PC/XT & PC/AT or equivalent computer. The drives feature a low 5V power requirement and high shock resistance, }enabling battery operation in portable environments.In order for the CP2024 to communicate with the host system, it is nec}essary for the system to contain a IDE interface. (The IDE interface contains the address decode logic.) This interface m}ay be either built into the system, or may be placed on a 8 bit or 16 bit I/O card, which can be placed into any open I/O s}lot within a IBM XT or AT type system.1.1ScopeThis specification describes the key features, specification summary, ph}ysical characteristics, environmental characteristics, functional description, electrical interface, recommended mounting c}onfiguration, and error reporting for the Conner Peripherals model CP2024.2.0Key Featureso2.5" Form factoroSingle }5 Volt supplyoLow power requirementso6.0 ozoHigh performance rotary voice coil actuator with embedded servo system}.oSingle connector for power & interfaceoRun length limited code (1/7 or 2/7)oHigh shock resistanceoInternal air }filtration systemoSealed HDAoAutomatic actuator latch against inner stop upon power downoMicroprocessor-controlled d}iagnostic routines that are automatically executed at start-upoAutomatic error correction and retriesoBlock size 512 }bytesoPC XT/AT interface (interface selectable)o1:1 InterleaveoLook Ahead Read Capabilityo8K BufferoMaster/Sla}ve option3.0 Specification Summary3.1Capacity21.4 Mbytes Formatted3.2Physical ConfigurationActuator Typ}eRotory Voice-coilNumber of Disks1Number of Surfaces2Number of Heads2ServoEmbeddedTracks per Surface}653Track Density1700 TPIFormatted Track (Bytes)16,384Bytes per Block512Blocks per Drive41,856Sectors pe}r Track323.3PerformanceSeek TimesTrack to Track8.0 msAverage23.0 msMaximum40.0Rotation Speed343}3 RPMData Transfer Rate1.25 Mbytes per/secStart TimeTypical7 secMaximum15 secStop TimeTypical1}.5 secMaximum3.0 secInterleave1:1Buffer Size8KThe timing is measured through the interface with thedrive} operating at nominal DC input voltages. Thetiming also assumes that:o BIOS and PC system hardware dependency  have be}en subtracted from timing measurements.o The drive is operated using its native drive  parameters.The average seek t}ime is determined by averaging the seek time for a minimum of 1000 seeks of random length over the surface of the disk. T}hese numbers assume spin recovery is not invoked. If spin recovery is invoked, the maximum time could be up to 40 seconds}. Briefly removing power can lead to spin recovery being invoked.3.4 Read/WriteInterfaceXT/ATRecording Metho}d2/7 RLLRecording Density33,233Flux Density22,1553.5 Power Requirements: +5V DC R/W585 ma3.0 WSeek5}85 ma3.0 WIdle267 ma1.5 WStandby74 ma.45 WSleep58 ma.25 WSpin-up832 maN/ARead/Write/Seek Mode: occ}urs when data is being read from or written to the disk, or when the actuator mechanism is in motion.Idle Mode: occurs }when the drive is not reading, writing or seeking. The motor is up to speed and DRIVE READY condition exists. Actuator is }residing on last accessed track.Standby Mode: occurs when the motor is stopped and actuator is parked. STANDBY MODE will o}ccur after a programmable time-out since last host access occurs. The drive will leave STANDBY MODE upon receipt of a comma}nd which requires disk access or upon receipt of a spin up command.Sleep Mode: occurs when the drive is issued a command o}f E6h. The drive motor is stopped and all electronics are put into a reduced current mode. The 12 VCC power produced by U2} is cut off, thus eliminating power to the pre-amp IC. A host reset is required to exit sleep mode.Maximum noise allowed }(DC to 1 MHZ, with equivalent resistive load): +5V DC: 2%.4.0Physical Characteristics.69" x 2.75" x 4.00"5.0 Env}ironmental CharacteristicsTemperatureOperating5 deg. C to 55 deg. CNon-operating-40 deg.C to 60 deg. CTherma}l Gradient20 deg. C per Hr. MaxHumidityOperating8% to 80% Non-condensingNon-operating8% to 80% Non-condensing}Max Wet Bulb26 deg. C/hourAltitude (relative to sea level)Operating-200 to 10,000 Ft.Non-operating40,000 Ft}.5.1 Reliability and MaintenanceMTBF100,000 Hours (POH)MTTR10 min typicalMaint.None5.2 Shock Non-}operating100 GsOperating10 Gs5.3 Magnetic FieldThe disk drive will meet its specified performance while operati}ng in the presence of an externally produced magnetic field under the following conditions:FrequencyField Intensity0} to 1.5 Mhz6 gauss Max1.5 Mhz1 gauss Max5.4 Acoustic Sound EmissionPower - TBDPressure - 34 dBa at 1 meter5.}5 Safety StandardsThe CP2024 disk drive is designed to comply with relevant product safety standards such as:oUL 478, 5}th edition, Standard for Safety of Information Processing and Business Equipment, andUL 1950, Standard for Safety of In}formation Technology Equipment oCSA 22.2 #154, Data Processing Equipment andCSA 22.2 #220, Information Processing and }Business Equipment.oIEC 435 Safety Requirements for Data Processing Equipment,IEC 380, Safety of Electrically Energized }Office Machines, andIEC 950, Safety of Information Technology Equipment Including Electrical Business Equipment.oVDE 0}805 Equivalent to IEC 435,VDE 0805 TIEL 100, Equivalent to IEC 950, and VDE 0806, Equivalent to IEC 380.6.0 Functiona}l DescriptionThe CP2024 contains all necessary mechanical and electronic parts to interpret control signals, position the }recording heads over the desired track, read and write data, and provide a contaminant free environment for the heads and d}isks.6.1 Read/Write and Control ElectronicsOne integrated circuit is mounted within the sealed enclosure in close proxi}mity to the read/write heads. Its function is to provide one of two head selection, read preamplification, and write data c}ircuitry.The single microprocessor controlled circuit card provides the remaining electronic functions which include:oR}ead/Write CircuitryoRotary Actuator ControloInterface ControloSpin Speed ControloDynamic BrakingoPower Management}At power down or the start of STANDBY MODE the heads are automatically retracted to the inner diameter of the disk and are l}atched and parked on a landing zone that is inside the data tracks.6.2 Drive MechanismA brushless DC direct drive motor} rotates the spindle at 3433 RPM. The motor/spindle assembly is balanced to provide minimal mechanical runout to the disks} and to reduce vibration of the HDA. A dynamic brake is used to provide a fast stop to the spindle motor when power is remov}ed, or upon initiation of STANDBY MODE.6.3 Air Filtration SystemWithin the sealed enclosure, a .3 micron filter provide}s a clean environment to the heads and disks.6.4 Head Positioning MechanismThe read/write heads are supported by a mech}anism coupled to the voice coil actuator.6.5 Read/Write Heads and DisksData is recorded on one 65mm diameter disk throu}gh two miniature thin film heads.6.6 Error CorrectionThe CP2024 performs internal error correction. The error correctio}n polynomial is capable of correcting one error burst with a maximum of 8 bits per 512 byte block. The following polynomia}l is used:Forward: P(X) = (X32+X28+X26+X19+X17+X10+X6+X2+1)6.7 Customer OptionsThe CP2024 can operate either as a mas}ter (C Drive) or a slave (D Drive) depending on the state of jumpers and the setting of Bit 4 in the feature byte. When th}e feature Byte, bit 4, is active (1), and E2 is jumpered, the drive will assume the role of master (for example: feature by}te = 1X). The slave (D drive) must have the E1/E2 jumper in the storage position.7.0 Interface ConnectorThe CP2024 has} a 44 pin right angle interface/power connector mounted on the PCB. The recommended mating connector part number from Elco} Corporation for the Flat Ribbon type is 20-8394-2050-02101S; and for the Solder Tail type it is Vertical PCB 20-8}390-2050-00101. The maximum cable length is two feet. 7.1 Diagnostic RoutinesThe microprocessor performs diagnostics up}on application of power. If an error is detected, the CP2024 will not come ready.8.0 Recommended Mounting Configuration}The CP2024 drive is designed to be used in applications where the unit may experience shock and vibrations at greater level}s than larger and heavier disk drives.The design features which allow greater shock tolerance are the use of rugged heads} and media, a dedicated landing zone, closed loop servo positioning and specially designed motor and actuator assemblies.}Four (8) mounting points are provided to the customer. The drive is mounted from the bottom using 4-40 screws 0.19 inch max }insertion. Side mounting is also available using 2.5mm x .5 x .19 screws. The system integrator should allow ventilation }to the drive to ensure reliable drive operation over the operating temperature range. The drive may be mounted in any attit}ude.For additional vibration isolation, an external suspension system may be used. 9.0 Electrical Description9.1 Sig}nal LevelsAll signal levels are TTL compatible. A logic "1" is >2.0 Volts. A logic "0" is from 0.00 Volts to .70 Volts. T}he drive capability of each of the inbound signals is described below.9.2 Pin DescriptionsSignal NameDirPin Descript}ion-RESET 01Reset signal from the Host system which is active low during power up and inactive thereaft}er.GND02, 19Ground between the drive and 22, 24Host.26, 3040, 43+DATA 0-15I/O3-1816 bit bi-directiona}l data bus between the host and the drive. In AT mode, the lower 8 bits, HD0-HD7, are used for register & ECC} access. All 16 bits are used for data transfers. In XT mode, only the lower 8 bits are used. These are tri-state} lines with 10mA drive capability.KEYN/C20An unused pin clipped on the drive and plugged on the cable. Used t}o guarantee correct orientation of the cable.RESERVED021, 28Reserved-IOW023Write strobe, the rising edge of w}hich clocks data from the host data bus into a register or the data register of the drive.-IOR025Read strobe,} which when low enables data from a register or the data register of the drive onto the host data bus. The ris}ing edge of IOR latches data from the drive at the host.-DACK027DMA hand shake signal used to select dr}ive data register (XT only).+DRQI29DMA hand shake signal used to request data byte transfer (XT only).+IRQ}I31Interrupt to the Host system. In AT mode this signal is enabled only when the drive is selected, and the hos}t activates the -IEN bit in the Digital Output Register. When the -IEN bit is inactive, or the drive is not s}elected, this output in a high impedance state, regardless of the state of the IRQ bit. The interrupt is set w}hen the IRQ bit is set by the dive CPU.IRQ is reset to zero by a Host read of the Status register or a write to th}e command register. In XT mode, this signal is enabled when the IRQ enable bit is set and t}he drive has completion status available for the host. This signal is a tristate line with 10mA drive capacit}y.-I016I32Indication to the Host system that the 16 bit data register has been addressed and that the drive i}s prepared to send or receive a 16 bit data word. This line is tri-state line with 20 mA drive capacity. (AT }mode only).-PDIAGI/O34At POR -PDIAG will be activated by the slave within 1 ms. If the master doesn't }see -PDIAG active after 4 ms it will assume no slave is present. -PDIAG will remain active until} the slave is ready to go not busy or 14.0 seconds on a power on reset. The master will wait 14.5 seco}nds or until the slave deactivates -PDIAG on power on reset before it goes not busy. The sa}lve will de-activate -PDIAG and go not busy, if it is not ready after the 14.0 seconds. Neither drive }will set ready or seek complete until they have reached full spin speed and are ready to read/write.+}A0,A1,A2035,33,Bit binary coded address used to select 36the individual registers in the drive.-CS0037Chip} select decoded from the host address bus. Used to select some of the Host accessible registers. } Note: This signal should be disabled by the Host when data transfers are in progress.-CS1038Chi}p select decoded from the Host address bus. Used to select three of the registers in the Task File. A}T mode only.-ACTIVEI39Signal from the drive used to drive an active LED whenever the disk is being }accessed.+5V (Logic) 0415 volt +/- 5% supply to drive circuitry.+5V (Motor) 0425 volt +/- 5% supply to drive moto}rs.-XT/AT 044Interface mode select. This signal is sampled on power up and will select XT or AT }operating mode as requested by the Host.4/