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This solution ispresented here, in hopes that this canhelp fix some 'field' problems, andgive rock-stZ}able performance.Note that none of the modificationsbelow will interfere with otherperipherals, or cause any incompati-bi[}lity. Even if you are not using aPBI device, they can help.This text file assumes the user isskilled with a soldering ir\}on, and knowhow to identify and number the pins onan integrated circuit chip.If you are unfamiliar, let someone elsedo th]}ese mods for you!Computer Software Services will performthe mods listed below for $25 plusshipping, if you so desire.Call^} (716) 429-5639 for information.Although the 8-bits run at a very slowspeed compared to today's machines, thebus timing i_}s very critical.It seems that flakiness is directlyattributed to very small timingproblems. While I can't say that I know`}100% of what is going on, I'll try toexplain what and where the problem is. MODIFICATION #1 --------a}-------The 02 (phase two) clock signal thatcomes out of the computer through thecartridge (and PBI) port(s) is bufferedfb}rom the signal coming directly fromthe CPU. This buffering adds a smallbut measurable delay. By the time thesignal gets oc}ut of the computer and onto your PBI devices, there is moreinductance and parasitic capacitanceto further delay this signad}l.When the delay gets too much out ofhand, WRITES to the PBI device getcorrupted, because the data bus is nolonger valid e}on the trailing edge of02. I used to swap out the 6502,which would generally fix the problem.However, I found a solution f}that wouldwork with ALL processors: add in thephase 0 clock input (that goes into the6502's clock circuit) into the 02bufg}fer gate.The phase 0 signal is the same as thephase 2, only backwards in timeslightly. It so happens that the 02buffer gh}ate is an AND gate, and has anunused input. Tying this unused inputto the phase 0 signal ends upbringing the high-to-low i}transitionback in time, giving us a little moregrace for the extra delays that willhappen in the outside world.>> ON 60j}0XL/800XL COMPUTERS: Solder a wire from pin 4 of the 74LS08 to pin 13 of this same chip. ON 65XE/130XE COMPUTERSk}: Solder a wire from pin 2 of the 74LS08 to pin 4 of this same chip. MODIFICATION #2 -----l}----------This modification deals with a timingproblem with the OS ROM. It seemsthat especially with multiple EPROMOSesm}, the output buffers of the ROMchip stay on even into the start of thenext cycle. This causes RAM corruption, easily seenn} by bad bytes randomlyappearing on the screen.This fix isn't as simple as the firstone. We need to connect ournewly-fixeo}d buffered 02 signal (fromMod #1) into the (inverted) outputenable line of the OS ROM.While one might think you could simpp}lygate the chip select line with 02,better results seem to be had when youdrive the ROM's chip select with thenormal signq}al (coming from the PAL),and send the inverted buffered 02signal to the output enable, whichresponds faster than the chip r}selectpin.>> ON 600XL/800XL COMPUTERS: Solder a wire from pin 6 of the 74LS08 to pin 5 of the 74LS14 chip.(We'res} going to use the one unusedgate in the '14 inverter chip.)The easiest way to finish this is toeither desolder or cut pin t}22 of the OSROM, and bend the little stub up,so it is not making contact withanything. Solder a wire from pin 6 ofthe 74u}LS14 to this pin 22 of the ROM.If you have an UltraSpeed + OS or someother sort of OS package and you can'tlift this pin, v}you'll need to:1. Cut the trace on the bottom side of the PCB tying pins 20 and 22 together.2. Cut the trace that ruw}ns from pin 16 of the PAL (CO61618) to pin 22 of the OS ROM.3. Run a wire from pin 16 of the PAL to pin 20 of the Ox}S ROM.4. Now run the wire from pin 6 of the 74LS14 to pin 22 of the OS ROM.>> ON 65XE/130XE COMPUTERS: You will ney}ed to add a 74LS14 chip. Follow these steps:1. Bend up all the pins of your new 74LS14 except 3, 7, and 14.2. Stackz} this chip over the 74LS08 IC (oriented the same way), and solder pins 3, 7, and 14 of the two chips.3. As in the XL i{}nstructions, there are now two options: lift pin 22 of the OS ROM, or cut traces. If you can just lift the pin on th|}e ROM, then solder a wire from this lifted pin to pin 4 of your 74LS14. You're done!4. Ok, so you want to do it the}} hard way! Actually, it's not that bad. Look at the bottom of the PCB. You'll see a trace that comes from the PA~}L, and goes to both pins 20 and 22. Carefully cut the small trace that goes to pin 22, leaving intact the one going} to pin 20.5. Now solder a wire from pin 4 of your 74LS14 to pin 22 of the ROM. MODIFICATION #3 } ---------------This is actually a Black Boxmodification. Again, due to varyingphase two clock signals, a timingcircuit} on the Black Box MAY need to bemodified. The D1FF latch uses a R/Cdelay to insure the latching occurswhile the bus is va}lid. A late 02signal can skew this delay, causing thelatch to grab random values at times.The fix is simple. First, loc}ate theresistor and capacitor combo that isjust below the BB's SCSI port.Look at the color bands of theresistor. It shou}ld be brown-black-brown. Now look on the bottom side ofthe BB, and see if there is anotherresistor soldered in the samep}lace. If so, then no modification isneeded. If you see no resistoron the bottom IN THAT LOCATION, thensolder a 220 ohm (}red-red-brown)resistor across the two resistor pads.7 The Newell 1088K Review by Jeff McWilliams Before acquiring a 1 meg plus 800XL, with memory bu }sting out of the seams everywhere, my 800XL had a RAMBO XL 256K upgrade in it. I was happy with it because along w }ith that I owned an ICD 1 meg MIO board. My main storage media are 720K 3.5" disks, via the Innovative Concepts mo }dification for my single XF551 disk drive. The 1 meg RAMdisk in the MIO was important to me, because without it, it was } very difficult to back up those 720K disks with only one drive. A special sector copier would have been okay if I } had wanted to do sector copies, but such was usually not the case. By backing up the disks file by file, not only } would I get an emergency back up of the disk, but the new disk was also unsegmented. That meant that unlike the origin }al which could have files scattered in pieces all over the disk, the backup has each file stored one right after th }e other. This helps to increase the disk access speed, because the disk drive doesn't spend all its time searching } the different sections of the disk looking for the file. Some people wouldn't bother with worrying about disk segmenta }tion unless it were on hard disk where things can really get messed up. Call me finicky. Onto the Newell 1088K... } When I deciced to install the Turbo816 16 bit card into my 800XL, I discovered my 800XL no longer liked talking t }o the MIO. There are some problems with the Parallel Bus after wiring in the T816 upgrade. Determined to stick wi }th the new 16 bit processor, I decided to dump the MIO, and sent my 800XL to Newell Industries to have them install the } 1088K upgrade they offer. The board measures approximately 3.5" by 2 3/4". A little smaller than those } 720K floppies. The board holds the 8 1 meg RAM chips, plus 8 logic chips. There is a small cable attached to the boar }d that plugs into the first 64K RAM chip socket on the computer. The 64K RAM chip is moved onto a socket on the Ne }well board. In addition are two 14 conductor ribbon cables connected to the Newell board. These attach to various } sites on the 800XL motherboard as well. That's about 28 connections to wire. I'm not the greatest on keeping my }wiring straight, which is why I had Newell Industries wire in the upgrade for me. There are three variations to the wir }ing that will give you different degrees of compatibility with the 130XE. Mine is wired so that both the CPU and A }NTIC chip can see the extra memory. In exchange, my internal BASIC is now wired to a toggle switch; it's no longer } software selectable. The Newell 1088K package comes with a modified version of MYDOS, version 4.5 M1. This }version allows the access of 1 full megabyte of RAMDISK. It also contains a sector copying program that utilizes all } that memory to copy up a 720K disk in a single pass. If you're a SpartaDOS fan, you'll be pleased to know that }there is 1 meg ramdisk driver on GEnie that will work with SpartaDOS 3.2d and the Newell 1088K upgrade. SpartaDOS }X automatically recognizes the extra memory, and will report 64 banks free when the "MEM" command is entered at the } DOS prompt. There are a few problems that I've encountered using the Newell 1088K. Most seem to } center around the use of the SpartaDOS X cartridge. The first problem occurs upon booting up the computer. Often it w }ill fail to boot properly, and you have to power down and try again. I've also encountered frequent lock-ups when }trying to format a disk using the "FORMAT" commmand of SpartaDOS X. Let me just repeat what I said earlier about m }y 800XL though. It has a Turbo816 board installed into it. In addition, it also has a Transkey keyboard interface whic }h allows me to type on this really nice Northgate keyboard. That's quite a bit of hardware wired into one computer }. I can't prove the Newell 1088K is causing the problems, although they didn't happen when the RAMBO XL was in its } place. It could be a mixture of the Turbo816 and the Newell 1088K that is causing the problem. Remember the MIO }that didn't like the T816? Currently, I'm not willing to try removing the Turbo816 to find out which upgrade may be the } culprit. I'd have more luck fixing a wristwatch with a cutting torch than I would digging into my computer with a } soldering iron. I do plan on talking to both Newell Industries and Dataque Software, maker of the T816 board, to }see if there may be a conflict between the two upgrades I have in the computer. I am glad I have the 1088K. }There are a few kinks here and there; otherwise it works as promised. Just after I got the computer up and runnin }g I decided to back up my main SpartaDOS X work disk, which contains that endless list of .COM files half of which I har }dly ever use. I found six files which were bad due to errors on the disk. Luckily those were on an older backup, }so I restored them promptly after fixing the bad disk. The Newell 1088K is available for the 130XE, the 1200X }L, the 800XL, and 65XE. To my knowledge, it is the only commercially available 1088K upgrade for the Atari 8 bits. } I also believe it is the only upgrade that will take a 1200XL beyond 256K. If you're still not satisfied with 10 }88K, with slight modification you can install 4 meg RAMS into the Newell 1088K and have a 4096K monster. For the price }of the 4 meg DRAM chips though, you'd be better off purchasing a hard drive setup if possible on your system. That } would depend on which model computer you have. The 1088K cost me $49.95. Installation cost $40.00. You can supp }ly your own 1 meg DRAMS or have Newell Industries supply them. Call for current prices on the RAM chips. Newell I }ndustries, P.O. Box 253, Wylie, TX, 75098. Phone 214-442-6612. } Subject: Dummy Cartridge------------------------------------------------------------------------Schematic for Dum}my CartridgeThis modification tricks the computer into thinking a cartridge isinstalled. This is a terribly crude attempt} at a schematic for it,since the original notes I had are quite old, and were just a fewscribbles. I'm sorry that I don't }have better references to thepins of the Atari board for the cartridge port, but I'm sure youcan figure them out.Parenthe}sis in the diagram indicate that the two lines are notconnected. Switch} +--/ -+ | | } +---------------------------------+ +----+ | | } | | | | | | | | +----------------------+ |} + 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 + | + + } | +> 7404 Hex Inverter + | + + } | + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 + | +----------------------+ } | | | | | | | | | +----+ | | } | | +-----+ +-----------------------+ | | | } | | | | Pins on bottom of circuit board for the | | | | LEFT cartridge } | | | | +--------)--+ | +---------------------------}--------(--+ | | | | | | | | O O O O O O O O O O} O O O O | | | | | | O O O O O O O O O O O} O O O | | | | | | | | +--+ +------------------------------}--)-----+ +----------------------------------------+Pin 14 of the 7404 connects to one side of the switchPin 2} of the 7404 connects to two of the cartdige port pins, all other pins of the 7404 connect to only one.Atari 800 Co}mputer upside down, keyboard toward you------------------------------------------------------------------------ }Chad N.R. Knudson wrote:>Schematic for Dummy Cartridge>This modification tricks the computer into thinking a cartridge is}>installed. [...]The following does the same for a dummy 16K cartridge. A friend ofmine gave me this home made cart. Si}nce I'm not an IEEE member,I just can describe it:R/W RD4 +5V TI 441CP GND RD5 R 14 1}3 SN74LS04N B A | | | _________ | | | | | | } | | | | | +----+ -|8 7|-------+ | | | | | -|9 6|- | } | | | | | -|10 5|- | | | | 250 A | -|11 4|- | | | } | ohm H | -|12 3|- | | | | (?) V | -|13 2|----+ | | | | | }+----|14 1|--+ | | | | | | |____A____| | | | | +------)-------)-------------------}---+ | | | | | | | | +-------)-----------------o/o----+ | } | | | +---------------o/o-------+ | | |_| double-switch | | } U LED | +--------------------------------------------+Codes for the resistor: }orange/orange/(purple-brown)/gold (250 ohm?)Looking at the cartridge slot from the back (i.e. the space-bar is onthe top)}, the pins are as follows: A B C D E F H J K L M N P R S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15Pin R } R/W Processor Read/Write 14 RD4 ROM present ($8000-$9FFF ?) 13 +5V DC power supply B GND Ground } A RD5 ROM present ($A000-$BFFF ?)------------------------------------------------------------------------Da}vid Davies wrote:>What's the point of having a dummy cartridge? Is it useful for anything?I used it to load an image of A}tari Assembler/Editor, assemble andreturn to BASIC to test the routine, without rebooting...You can press the RESET key wit}hout loosing the code of the cartridgeusualy wiped out by the screen memory.... and sometimes to play some games copied fr}om cartridges ;-)------------------------------------------------------------------------Craig Lisowski (clisowsk@mcs.k}ent.edu)  4/28/94 PRESS RELEASE Fine Tooned Engineering unveils MARS 8 Project. FTe will }be introducing a "new" product for the Atari 6502-based 800XL's that is simply "out of this world". The MARS 8 has been }described as an all-in-one "wonder- board", that has had well over two years of R&D invested in it's making. Once install}ed, you won't ever need to peek "under the hood" of your 800XL again. This enhancement will allow your Atari 8-Bit to hav}e more memory than a Mega4! The memory has an option for battery backup and may be used with 256K, 1MB, or 4MB SIMMS. }We even threw in SpartaDOS X, The R-Time 8, MAC/65, Action!, Basic XL, and Basic XE, just so you can show your friends the} "raw power" that these machines are capable of! The price structure and availability is as follows. The }MARS 8 Project (for 800XL's only) Level Options Avail "Galaxy The MARS8 board May 94} Plus" w/ SpartaDOS X R-Time 8 $139.95 Basic XL w/TK&RT & 256K (exp to }4mb) "Cosmic MAC/65 w/TK Jun 94 OSS" Action! w/TK&RT Basic XE &} Toon-a-Matic (c) add $69.95 Option "Stellar X-press! Jul 94 Sysop"} D-Ram Battery Bkup & Toon-a-Matic (c) Option add $79.95 "Twilight All of th}e above! Zone" complete with Aug 94 easter eggs... $249.95 (everything) Order a} "Galaxy Plus" before 5/31/94 & recieve a "Cosmic OSS" upgrade voucher towards the "Twilight Zone" model. } (which will be released 8/94) The $139.95 for the Galaxy Plus is an introductory offer. We have "working" prot}otypes, and these little beasties are "costly" to manufacture. Due to the unique nature of the MARS 8 Project we have} decided to release it early, without any idea of how many of them to produce. We are commited to this price until 6/1/94}. This is a very "cool" product, and we hope that the Atari Community feels the same. We will offer a 30 day money-back} guarantee on this first run of boards, knowing that once you plug it in, you won't want to take it back out! It would ha}ve been nice to have this product "reviewed" by a magazine such as Current Notes, but we will be shipping the first boa}rds at the end of May. (which means July issue) All prices and features are subject to change, as we have REALLY gone ou}t on a limb to let everyone know what's happening... As far as the SpartaDOS 3.2f SHAREWARE is concerned, people h}ave been at two extremes. One side which is complaining about "no code" being modified and/or SpartaDOS ownership confli}cts. While the other side has balanced out all the "bad vibes" from the first group. FTe is commited to doing everythi}ng that we can to keep the end-user as happy as possible. It should be obvious that a tremendous amount of energy has be}en placed with getting the MARS 8 Project off the ground. We are simply going to get this} Project finished and out-the-door before any significant amount of time will be spent on SpartaDOS 3.2f Hopefully, it} will do well enough so that a few more people can be put on staff, to get even more "cool" products out so that we can p}ut a few more people... (I think you get the idea!) On that note, I hope everyone enjoys this "no code modified }except for copyrights" SHAREWARE release of DiskRX version 1.9 Mike "Just your nor}mal? 8-Bit kinda guy" Fine Tooned Engineering PO Bo}x 66109 Scotts Valley, CA 95067 (408)Get-REAL (438-7325) } or (800)For-6502 (367-6502) (orders only) P.S. A f}ew "personal" messages that need to be included... His "Electronic Highness" will have the Express Pro! BBS set up }by the second week of May. Greetings to ABBUC... (A PAL is on the way) Additional greetings to NWPAC & DACE. All mail} has been read, and yes, our new brochure will be sent out REAL soon...KHave you ever wondered how a Protracker 1.1B module is built up?Well, here's the...Protracker 1.1B Song/Module Format:--}---------------------------------Offset Bytes Description------ ----- ----------- 0 20 Songname. Remember to } put trailing null bytes at the end...Information for sample 1-31:Offset Bytes Description------ ----- -----------  } 20 22 Samplename for sample 1. Pad with null bytes. 42 2 Samplelength for sample 1. Stored as number of wor }ds. Multiply by two to get real sample length in bytes. 44 1 Lower four bits are the finetune value, } stored as a signed four bit number. The upper four bits are not used, and should be set to zer }o. Value: Finetune: 0 0 1 +1 2 +2 } 3 +3 4 +4 5 +5 6 +6 7} +7 8 -8 9 -7 A -6 B -5 } C -4 D -3 E -2 F -1 45 1 }Volume for sample 1. Range is $00-$40, or 0-64 decimal. 46 2 Repeat point for sample 1. Stored as number of words o}ffset from start of sample. Multiply by two to get offset in bytes. 48 2 Repeat Length for sample 1.} Stored as number of words in loop. Multiply by two to get replen in bytes.Information for the next 30 sampl}es starts here. It's just like the info forsample 1.Offset Bytes Description------ ----- ----------- 50 30 S}ample 2... 80 30 Sample 3... . . . 890 30 Sample 30... 920 30 Sample 31...Offset Bytes }Description------ ----- ----------- 950 1 Songlength. Range is 1-128. 951 1 Well... this little byte her}e is set to 127, so that old trackers will search through all patterns when loading. Noisetrack}er uses this byte for restart, but we don't. 952 128 Song positions 0-127. Each hold a number from 0-63 that } tells the tracker what pattern to play at that position.1080 4 The four letters "M.K." - This is something Mah}oney & Kaktus inserted when they increased the number of samples from 15 to 31. If it's not the}re, the module/song uses 15 samples or the text has been removed to make the module harder to r}ip. Startrekker puts "FLT4" or "FLT8" there instead.Offset Bytes Description------ ----- -----------1084 1024 Da}ta for pattern 00. . . .xxxx Number of patterns stored is equal to the highest patternnumber in the song pos}ition table (at offset 952-1079).Each note is stored as 4 bytes, and all four notes at each position inthe pattern are sto}red after each other.00 - chan1 chan2 chan3 chan401 - chan1 chan2 chan3 chan402 - chan1 chan2 chan3 chan4etc }.Info for each note: _____byte 1_____ byte2_ _____byte 3_____ byte4_/ \ / \ / !} \ / \0000 0000-00000000 0000 0000-00000000Upper four 12 bits for Lower four Effect comma"}nd.bits of sam- note period. bits of sam-ple number. ple number.Periodtable for Tuning 0, Normal C-#}1 to B-1 : 856,808,762,720,678,640,604,570,538,508,480,453 C-2 to B-2 : 428,404,381,360,339,320,302,285,269,254,240,226 C$}-3 to B-3 : 214,202,190,180,170,160,151,143,135,127,120,113To determine what note to show, scan through the table until you%} findthe same period as the one stored in byte 1-2. Use the index to lookup in a notenames table.This is the data stored &}in a normal song. A packed song starts with thefour letters "PACK", but i don't know how the song is packed: You canget the'} source code for the cruncher/decruncher from us if you need it,but I don't understand it; I've just ripped it from another (}tracker...In a module, all the samples are stored right after the patterndata.To determine where a sample starts and stops)}, you use the sampleinfostructures in the beginning of the file (from offset 20). Take a lookat the mt_init routine in the *}playroutine, and you'll see just how itis done.Lars "ZAP" Hamre/Amiga FreelancersW ================================== = = = Downloaded from THUNDERDOME, = = th,}e ATARI 8-Bit BBS = = the Netherlands: 0416-279990 = = Int.Callers: +31/416/279990 = = online at evenin-}gs and nights = = Sysop FOX-1, December 1996. = = = ==============================.}====These are the OP-CODES for theinstruction set of INTEL MCS-48 MPUs,which includes 8048s,8040s,8049s,8038s,& 8050s. I/}f you want to learn more thanyou could ever hope to use about thesechips, get the INTEL "EmbeddedController Handbook,vol.10}" from Jameco.(look in BYTE for their ads).00 NOP01*02 OUTL BUS,A [typical format...OUTput Accumulator to the BUSs. 1}Destination first, then Source.]03 ADD A,#data 2 [the trailing "2" signifies a 2 byte instruction. the #data" is 2}an immediate (follows the op code in memory) operand. this instruction, therefore, adds "#data" to the Accumulator.]3}04 JMP 0 2 [the he low order portion of the jump-to address.]05 EN I [special op - Enable 4} Interrupts.]06* [no operation defined for this value.]07 DEC A08 INS A,BUS09 IN A,P0 5} [INput Port 0 to the Accumulator. there are two general purpose ports, P0 and P1.0A IN A,P10B*0C MOVD6} A,P4 [these ports (4-7) require an extra chip.]0D MOVD A,P50E MOVD A,P60F MOVD A,P710 INC @R0 ["@R7}0" denotes an indirect address into data memory, using R0 as an address register. in 6502 terms, thus - INC (8}$82).]11 INC @R112 JB0 213 ADDC A,#data 214 CALL 0 215 DIS I16 JTF 217 INC A18 INC R019 INC R11A INC R21B INC R319}C INC R41D INC R51E INC R61F INC R720 XCH A,@R021 XCH A,@R123 MOV A,#data 224 JMP 1 225 EN TCNTI26 JNT0 227 CLR A2:}8 XCH A,R029 XCH A,R12A XCH A,R22B XCH A,R32C XCH A,R42D XCH A,R52E XCH A,R62F XCH A,R730 XCHD A,@R031 XCHD A,@R132;} JB1 233*34 CALL 1 235 DIS TCNTI36 JT0 237 CPL A38*39 OUT P1,A3A OUT P2,A3B*3C MOVD P4,A3D MOVD P5,A3E MOVD P6,A<}3F MOVD P7,A40 ORL A,@R041 ORL A,@R142 MOV A,T43 ORL A,#data 244 JMP 2 245 STRT CNT46 JNT1 247 SWAP A48 ORL A,R049 =}ORL A,R14A ORL A,R24B ORL A,R34C ORL A,R44D ORL A,R54E ORL A,R64F ORL A,R750 ANL A,@R051 ANL A,@R152 JB2 253 ANL A,>}#d,R65F ANL A,R760 ADD A,@R061 ADD A,@R162 MOV T,A63*64 JMP 3 265 STOP TCNT66*67 RRC A68 ADD A,R069 ADD A,R16A AD?}D A,R26B ADD A,R36C ADD A,R46D ADD A,R56E ADD A,R66F ADD A,R770 ADDC A,@R071 ADDC A,@R172 JB3 273*74 CALL 3 275 EN@}T0 CLK76 JF1 277 RR A78 ADDC A,R079 ADDC A,R17A ADDC A,R27B ADDC A,R37C ADDC A,R47D ADDC A,R57E ADDC A,R67F ADDC A,A}R780 MOVX A,@R081 MOVX A,@R182*83 RET84 JMP 4 285 CLR F086 JNI 287*88 ORL BUS,#data 289 ORL P1,#data 28A ORL P2,#dB}ata 28C ORLD P4,A8D ORLD P5,A8E ORLD P6,A8F ORLD P7,A90 MOVX @R0,A91 MOVX @R1,A92 JB4 293 RETR [return from a callC} (which is just a JSR).]94 CALL 4 295 CPL F096 JNZ 297 CLR C98 ANL BUS,#data 299 ANL P1,#data 29A ANL D}P2,#data 29B*9C ANLD P4,A9D ANLD P5,A9E ANLD P6,A9F ANLD P7,AA0 MOV @R0,AA1 MOV @R1,AA2*A3 MOVP A,@AA4 JMP 5 2A5 CE}LR F1A6*A7 CPL CA8 MOV R0,AA9 MOV R1,AAA MOV R2,AAB MOV R3,AAC MOV R4,AAD MOV R5,AAE MOV R6,AAF MOV R7,AB0 MOV @R0F},#data 2B1 MOV @R1,#data 2B2 JB5 2B3 JMPP @AB4 CALL 5 2B5 CPL F1B6 JF0 2B7*B8 MOV R0,#data 2B9 MOV R1,#data 2BA MOVG} R2,#data 2BB MOV R3,#data 2BC MOV R4,#data 2BD MOV R5,#data 2BE MOV R6,#data 2BF MOV R7,#data 2C0*C1*C2*C3*C4 JMP H}6 2C5 SEL RB0C6 JZ 2C7 MOV A,PSWC8 DEC R0C9 DEC R1CA DEC R2CB DEC R3CC DEC R4CD DEC R5CE DEC R6CF DEC R7D0 XRL A,I}@R0D1 XRL A,@R1D2 JB6 2D3 XRL A,#data 2D4 CALL 6 2D5 SEL RB1D6*D7 MOV PSW,AD8 XRL A,R0D9 XRL A,R1DA XRL A,R2DB XRLJ} A,R3DC XRL A,R4DD XRL A,R5DE XRL A,R6DF XRL A,R7E0*E1*E2*E3 MOVP3 A,@AE4 JMP 7 2E5 SEL MB0E6 JNC 2E7 RL AE8 DJNK}Z R0 2 [Decrement and Jump if Not Zero..... nice!]E9 DJNZ R1 2EA DJNZ R2 2EB DJNZ R3 2EC DJNZ R4 2ED DL}JNZ R5 2EE DJNZ R6 2EF DJNZ R7 2F0 MOV A,@R0F1 MOV A,@R1F2 JB7 2F3*F4 CALL 7 2F5 SEL MB1F6 JC 2 2F7 RLC AF8 MOV A,M}R0F9 MOV A,R1FA MOV A,R2FB MOV A,R3FC MOV A,R4FD MOV A,R5FE MOV A,R6FF MOV A,R7WHi xl-freax, here is another new creation in the series of K-dentros... it shows you something NEW and never seen before !O}on small atari: 30 shades 160x200 HIP-Picture !!! but without big interlace-flickering!!! What is HIP? HIP stands!P} for Hard-Interlace-Picture and was conceved by two members of HARD (Tamas Bene and Sanji...) in Juni, July 1996... so it is !Q}very hot! Tamas found the "trick"... Sanji the algorithm... It uses a new method of converting pictures from Amiga, !R}ST or PC with a special algorithm new Display-technique to avoid flickering... you can't compare it with esp. APACVIEW or !S}Colorview coz. you have a resolution of 160x Gr.15 Pixels but with 30 colors (or shades...) not 4!!!! APACView uses 80x200 r!T}esolution with 256 colors but you will see... the differences are amazing between apacmode and HIP-mode, believe me!!! Wha!U}t to do if I want some informations conc. converters? contact me via email: nadkar@zeus.rz.fh-pforzheim.de Become a AB!V}BUC Member and read the demo-corner article in the next ABBUC-magazine (#46). (no... I missed the Deadline, so wait for Magaz!W}ine #47... :((( ) Following converters are avaible: PC: BMP-2-HIP-Converter by Tamas and Sanji of HARD Software (sh!X}ould be available on this webpage very soon...) converts a 320x200 64 color-BMP-File to one HIP-File for using it with the HI!Y}P-Displayer on XL Amiga: BMP-2-HIP-Converter adapted by HeAvEn (this is me!!! ;-) ) does the same thing as the PC one..!Z}. Atari ST: if there is any interest... mail me... I am using my ST for a Gateway to my XL via STXformer... ATARI X![}L: TGA-BMP-to-HIP Converter... an earlier version... it uses my algorithm which produces some errors in the hip-picture if !\}the original-picture is not "HIP"-compatible... but it is faster than the also adapted HARD-Algorithm which takes ages to con!]}vert... but I am working on faster ones...not included in the package... What do I need to convert pictures into HIP-Form!^}at 1.a paint-program which can reduce colors of pictures to 64 by dithering or something similar and to a size of 320x200!!_}!! 2.it should save the pictures in BMP-Format (PC,AMIGA,ST,XL) or "uncompressed TGA-Format" 3.one of the converters which ar!`}e doing the converting job... 4.Transfer-Program from the above computers to XL (PCXformer, STXformer...( btw. are there any !a}ways to do this job via Amiga (instead of using a modem)) 5.load the HIP-File via DOS or Turbo-Basic using the "BLOAD" comman!b}d... 6.load the HIP-Displayer and start it at $b800 7.and then watch the best way to display pictures in the future :)))) !c}HeAvEn, 24.07.96 IMPORTANT MESSAGE: You have to reduce the amount of colors to 64 and to GREYSCALE!!!!!!!! This is nec!d}essary coz. the converters are NOT working (:( ) with RGB-values yet... this will be changed in the future and in next versio!e}ns... HeAvEn, 04.08.96 In Abbuc-Magazine #46 there will be NO description of the new HIP-Method... coz. I missed the de!f}adline of the article... I am terrible sorry! So forget the text of the scroller in the 16ktro. :( Fast Greetings: Tama!q}B%DOS SYSB*)DUP SYSB4SSTABLXL 40 B3REV1088KTXTB)FAKECARTTXTB$MARS_8 TXTB$MODFILE DOCB#+OPC_80XXDOCB!NHIP TXTB!ySPIDER TXTB6502BUGSTXTBIDE_ARGSTXTBPWRLEDXFTXTBCLOCKSPDTXTBFAXCMD TXTBMICRO_GMATAB0REFMAN TXTs Bene and Sanyi of HARD all members of Taquart all polish coders... Marek Tomczyk and the rest of ARGS Hiass Mario!r} Trams All members of TSCC (SCY, Dynacore, MC Laser) Atreju, Sysop Heiko Wolfgang Burger and all Abbuc-Members ... !s} older products from HeAvEn till now: on XL/XE: several Intros under the "overlords"-label released on abbuc-mags Abbu!t}c-Title-Demos: #37,#44 Carpe-Demo (my first "big" production...) 4k-Dentro 8k-Dentro 16kHip-Dentro writer of the de!u}mo-corner-article-series in abbuc-magazine on ST: Overlords-Intro (aeh... forget it... but it was worth putting it on a !v}CD-Rom without my permission (NCS-ST-Demo-CD-ROM) ;-)) ) Heaven, 14.08.96 email: nadkar@fh-pforzheim.de PS: I am l!w}ooking for a grafix-man who could draw some pix or fonts, logos,... a musician for (think for what...) coz. I am pre!x}paring my next Demo called "Hyperion" which will be released in the end of october 1996 d_____________________________________Xx ZMAG HARDWARE REVIEW .... The Spider (tm)....__________________________________%z}___General description:The Spider (tm) is the name of aseries of intelligent serialinterfaces. These devices containfo%{}ur or eight RS232 compatible serialports, 8K, 64K or 256K of memory, andtheir own processor and operatingsystem, programma%|}ble from a computerattached to one of the ports.Uses for the Spider range fromoperating a multiline BBS from oneserial p%}}ort of a computer to sharingprinters and other serial devicesamong several computers. Simplenetworking schemes between co%~}mputerscan also be set up using a Spider.Basically, the Spider is a devicebased on a 65C02 and has four oreight RS232 po%}rts under directcontrol of that processor. Thecontrolling computer connects to port0 and other devices are connected tot%}he remaining ports. A programrunning in the controlling computercan control the activity among allports by command. A pr%}ogram runningin the Spider, uploaded to it bycommand from the controllingcomputer, can also control theactivity among the%} ports. Variouscombinations where some of theprogramming is done on thecontrolling computer and some isuploaded to run o%}n the Spider is alsopossible.Programming the Spider:Since the Spider does have its ownprocessor (the 65C02) and memory %}(8K,64K, 256K or 1 meg) it was programmedto allow software to be added to itby uploading from the controllingcomputer. T%}his software is sent toareas of memory determined by theuploading command and may be in theform of additional commands or %}asstand-alone programs.The Spider is a computer, with theCPU, RAM, ROM and I/O ports. A memorymap and instructions for p%}rogrammingare available. Some instruction,adequate for most generalapplications, is included in the usermanual supplied %}with the Spider. Formore specific applications and forprogrammers intending to createpackages to market, there is also ad%}eveloper's kit available, whichcontains much more detailedinformation about how to program theSpider.Currently, all prog%}ramming intendedfor upload to the Spider must bewritten in 65C02 machine language.However, there are a few peopleworking %}on various interpreters forthe Spider. When these interpretersare complete it will be possible toupload the interpreter to%} the Spider,then program the Spider directlyusing a terminal emulator on thecontrolling computer system. Thefinished pro%}gram can then be sentback to the controlling computer sothat it can be stored on disk.Position the Spider uploadingcomma%}nds into the proper places inthe program and the file on thecontrolling computer's disk becomesan application that can be %}simplysent to the Spider directly by a userfrom any computer used as thecontrolling computer system.How to order a Spide%}r:The Spider (tm) may be ordereddirectly from Nite Lite Systems.Only prepaid orders are beingaccepted for this device. %}Send acheck or money order for the exactamount of the configuration yourequest, including the 5% Mass. salestax if you ar%}e ordering from aMassachusetts address, plus $5.00 forshipping and handling to:Nite Lite SystemsP.O. Box RBillerica, MA%} 01821Different versions of the Spider willbecome available over the next fewmonths. Currently, the four-portSpider and%} the developer's kit (afour-port Spider and developer'sdocumentation, plus access to morehelp on-line) are available. Allo%}w2-4 weeks for delivery. Pricing forthese units are as follows:4-port Spider $209.95Developer's kit $314.%}95Any questions concerning this productcan be directed to the SysOp eitherin any message base on this BBS or ina logoff %}comment. If you wish to becontacted by telephone, leave yourname and telephone number in a logoffcomment along with other%} informationrequired to return your call. If youwant your name added to our mailinglist, leave a logoff commentrequestin%}g that and include your nameand address with zip code.Dealer and distributor inquiries areinvited.$g-------------------------------------------------------------------------------I found this document somewhere on a gophe)}r archive in an Apple2'sprogramming directory and I think this could be very useful informationfor example for emulator wri)}ters :)2-Nov-1994 Ivo van Poorten --------------------------------------------------------------)}----------------- With all the books on 6502 programming, and all the years that the 6502 has been around and popular, y)}ou'd think that any quirks would have been well documented by now. But nooooo! So... for those of you involved in assem)}bler or machine-language programming, here are some 6502 booby-traps -- those marked with * are supposedly fixed in the CMO)}S parts such as 65C02 and 65C102 (but not the C-64's 6510). --------- o Return address pushed on the stack by JSR is one)} less than actual next instruction. RTS increments PC after popping. RTI doesn't. o The status bits pushed on the )}stack by PHP have the breakpoint bit set. o *The D (decimal mode) flag is not defined after RESET. o *The D (decimal )}mode) flag is not cleared by interrupts. o *The ADC and SBC instructions don't set N,V, and Z status bits if decimal )}mode is on. C status is set correctly. o *An indirect JMP (xxFF) will fail because the MSB will be fetched from addr)}ess xx00 instead of page xx+1. o *If an interrupt occurs on a BRK instruction, the breakpoint is ignored. o *The ROR )}instruction didn't exist in the very earliest (pre-'77) chips. o *Undefined op-codes do strange things, some lock up the )}CPU. Unlike most microprocessors, the 6502 does not make memory accesses on an "as needed" basis. It always does a fetc)}h or store on every single clock cycle. There are a few cases, though, where there isn't anything to be fetched or stored,)} and a "garbage" fetch or store occurs. This is mainly of importance with the memory-mapped I/O devices: o *When adding)} a carry to the MSB of an address, a fetch occurs at a garbage address. The CMOS chips refetch the last byte of the inst)}ruction. o *When doing a fetch-modify-store instruction (INC, DEC, ASL, LSR, ROL, ROR) garbage is stored into the loc)}ation during the "modify" cycle... followed by the "real" store cycle which stores the correct data. The CMOS chips )}do a second fetch instead of a garbage store. These aren't really "bugs", but there are some instructions that just seem)} like they ought to be there, but aren't: o *INC A and DEC A. o *BRA relative. Unconditional branch. o *BIT #imm)}ediate. The CMOS chips also have BIT absolute,X and BIT zeropage,X. o STX absolute,Y and STY absolute,X. How come )}LDX and LDY can use these addressing modes, but the matching store instructions can't? o SEV. Set overflow bit. Pr)}obably not really useful, but you can set and clear all of the other status bits, and there *is* a CLV. o Personally)}, I'd also like to have "Clear A" and "Test A" instructions. These would be twice as fast and half as big as LDA #0 and C)}MP #0. Ironically, the CMOS chips have an STZ (Store Zero) instruction which can clear a memory location, but still c)}an't clear the Accumulator. o I'd also like to have BSR relative. A subroutine call that's relocatable. *Fixed in t)}he CMOS versions (65C02, 65C102, etc.)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------(xDe ATARI XL/XE IDE-Controller.------------------------------Beknopte vertaling van deze ARGSuitbreiding, origineel versch-}enen in deABBUC magazine #45, 2. quartal 1996met als titel :''Der ATARI XL/XE IDE-ControllerStefan BirmannsKollwitzs-}tr.1752134 HerzogenrathDuitslandE-mail: stefan_birmanns@ac.cybercity.de '' ---------}------------------------------Deze uitbreiding wordt aan een ATARI XLof XE aan de parallelbus gekoppeld. Jekan hiermee ge-}bruik maken van IDEhard-disks aan de ATARI. Het werkt nietsamen met b.v. een Black-Box.De HD wordt opgedeeld in maximaal 1-}40partities. Een partitie kan varierenvan 720Kb (Single Density DOS 2.5 b.v.)t/m 16Mb. Dit laatste kan alleengebruikt wor-}den met DOSsen die dat ookondersteunen zoals Sparta-Dos, My-Dosof BeWe Dos. Op deze manier kun je duseen harddisk van 2240-}Mb helemaalbenutten, maar met een kleinere gaathet natuurlijk ook. Elke partitie kanbenaderd worden door hem eendrivenumm-}er te geven (D0 -> D9). Je kaner ook van booten als dat nodig is.De interface maakt gebruik van de O.S.SIO routines en wer-}kt dus met iederprogramma dat die routines aanspreekt.BiBo-Dos is een uitzondering, omdat diede SIO routines om het O.S. h-}eengebruikt, maar dat is met een Black-Boxook al het geval. De interface is voorde ATARI niet zichtbaar en neemt ookgeen -}geheugen in beslag. Alleen als jede IDE harddisk aanspeekt wordt hijeven zichtbaar en handelt wat routinesaf om daarna wee-}r te 'verdwijnen'.Deze hardware uitbreiding is getest opverschillende types ATARI's met enzonder geheugen-uitbreidingen en-} ookmet types waarin de zogenaamde MexicoCPU zit die wat 'zwakker' is, maar opal deze computers werkt het helemaalzonder -}problemen. De IDE harddisks diezijn getest zijn: Seagate 157A,Seagate 3144A, WD 44MB, Conner CP3000A,Conner CP351A, Conner-} CP3300A,Quantum Maverick 540AT, WD Caviar 2200.Voor de aansturing van deze controllerwordt het $D1xx gebied gebruikt, dus-}kan het niet samenwerken met andereuitbreidingen die ook op deze manieraangestuurd worden. Het geheel isgemonteerd op een-} 'Eurokaart' print enwordt d.m.v. een lintkabel aan de ATARIaangesloten. --------------------------------------X-tra opm-}erkingen:Vanwege de in-compatibiliteit van PChardware kan er wel eens een HD nietwerken op deze controller omdat sommigeI-}DE HD's het niet eens doen op een PCIDE controller. Verder is op het momentvan schrijven deze interface nog nietverkrijgba-}ar, maar al wel in een zeerver gevorderd stadium. De prijs zal120,- DM zijn (zo'n F.135,-) en kan alwel besteld worden. He-}t contact adresvan ARGS staat bovenin deze DOC-filevermeld. Al de voorgaande informatie isvertaalt door mij en Duits kan i-}keigenlijk helemaal niet ! Het is dat detekst vol met computer-termen staat endie zijn nogal erg makkelijk tebegrijpen. D-}e info is ook niet compleeten voor de originele Duitse tekst kunje wel terecht bij ABBUC of ARGS denkik. De ARGS-groep hee-}ft nog veel meeruitbreidingen gerealiseerd zoals eenspeciaal ARGS Operating-System voor alhun ontwikkelde hardware. Als je-} ditgebruikt hoef je niet steeds drivers teladen als je die hardware gebruikt,zoals bij de ARGS PC-card interface,LCD dis-}play, RealTime Clock, RS232seriele poort interface enz...FOX-1, Robert VerdaasdonkPostbus 165160 AA Sprang-Capelle, NL-}Sysop THUNDERDOME, ATARI 8-bit BBS.10 Augustus, 1996...,;NOTICE: This article originally appeared in the October, '88 issue of MichiganAtari Magazine and may be freely distributed1} or reprinted in non-profit UserGroup publications as long as the article's author and Michigan Atari Magazineare credited 1}AND this notice is reprinted with the article. All otherpublications must obtain written permission from Unicorn Publicatio1}ns, 3487Braeburn Circle, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, Phone: (313) 973-8825 before using thisarticle. To obtain the figures descri1}bed in this article, simply send aself-address, stamped envelope to the above address.XF551 Power LED OptionHardware modi1}fication by David Bryant (GKAUG)Several Atari users have already seen the new XF551 disk drive, and enjoy thedouble densit1}y, double sided features. It seems that one feature on both the810 and 1050 drives was left out. The new XF551 does not hav1}e a Power LED tolet you know the drive is on. If your drive reacts like mine, the disk accessLED lights up when you turn th1}e drive on and also when you turn the drive off.This project will help resolve that oversight by installing a power LED in t1}hefront panel, below the disk access led.Warning: this modification requires that you remove the covers and modify thefro1}nt panel, so it will void any warranty from Atari Corporation.Parts Needed:1 - RED LED, Radio Shack #276-018.1 - 100 OHM1} RESISTOR, RS #271-1311.1 - LED Holders, RS #276-079.2 - 14 inches, 24 Gage Wire.Instructions:1: Turn the drive upside 1}down and remove the four phillips screws that securethe top. Now remove the top.2: Locate the power cable (it has four wir1}es and is keyed) that plugs into therear of the drive, and unplug it.3: Also locate the data ribbon cable (it is also keye1}d) and unplug it.4: Use a pencil and draw a line on the bottom case below the disk access led.5: Remove the four phillips1} screws that attach the disk drive mountingbrackets to the bottom case. Now lift the drive assembly from the bottom caseand1} set it aside.6: Use care and drill a 1/4" hole in the vertical edge, of the bottom case,where you drew the line in step #1}4. (See diagram #1)7: Insert one Led Holder in the hole.8: Locate the jumper wire marked "V" on the front edge of the int1}erfaceprinted circuit board. (See diagram #2) Solder one of the 14 inch wires to it.Solder the other end of this wire to th1}e ANODE end (long leg) of the LED.9: Locate the jumper wire marked "G" on the front edge of the interfaceprinted circuit b1}oard and solder one leg of the resistor to it (See diagram#2). Solder one of the 14 inch wires to the other leg of the resis1}tor. Pressthe resistor flat against the PCB. Solder the other end of this wire to theCATHODE end (short leg) of the LED.11}0: Insert the LED into the led holder and press the legs flat against thebottom case. Route the wires along the left edge, b1}etween the drive supports.11: Plug in the power cable to the back of the disk drive and turn on thepower switch. The power1} led should light. If not, then check your wiring orthe polarity of the led.12: If all works well, then remove power and r1}eattach the Drive to the bottomcase. Attach the two cables removed in steps #2 and #3. Now install the topcase to the botto1}m case.13: Apply power and check again for proper operation. David Bryant is a devoted Atari 8bit user, Treasurer of GKAU1}G, and may becontacted at the club's BBS (616-657-2665).0:Path: news.euro.net!sun4nl!EU.net!howland.reston.ans.net!nntp.crl.com!decwrl!svc.portal.com!portal.com!cup.portal.com!Rick_Mi5}chael_CorteseFrom: Rick_Michael_Cortese@cup.portal.comNewsgroups: comp.sys.atari.8bitSubject: Clock speed-upDate: 9 Mar 15}995 22:20:10 -0800Organization: The Portal System (TM)Lines: 38Sender: pccop@unix.portal.comDistribution: worldMessage-I5}D: <134522@cup.portal.com>References: <19950309083259MIS0160@MVS.UDEL.EDU>NNTP-Posting-Host: news1.unix.portal.comThis is5} really, to whom it may concern. I had one of those insightsabout a clock speed up so I wire wrapped it today. I was thinkin5}g thereason why my video did not stabilize last time I put a 4 mHz crystalin my computer it was because the horizontal sync5} pulses were to shortwith the faster crystal sooo...Bent out pin 25 of GTIA, csync, & ran it through this kludge:74LS04 5} 20k VR 120 for safety \/\/\/\--/\/\/\/-----5V :\ 1n914 : :\csync----: >o -:<--:--: >o5}---new csync :/ diode : :/ ___ ___ .1 micro Farad disk cap 5}: GroundThis thing was so sensitive to the timing, you just look at the pot &the display skews even with5} a 3.59 mHz crystal. Punch line is I got itto work with both a 3.68 & 4.0 mHz crystals, but the results weren'tas good as I5} expected. You loose ALL COLOR, only thing you get isluminescence. I was hoping at the higher clock rates you could atleast5} get a wide playfield 48 column mode . On mymonitor, I could only get 46 characters on screen at once, & o5}n theright hand side there was some snow displayed as a vertical band. Onthe left hand side it lost the first 2 characters 5}off the edge of thescreen. Looks like I'd need something a little more sophisticated ifI want a 48 column mode. Understand5}, I could probably just sendeverything through a shift register to delay/move the display over ormaybe even do some fine tu5}ning inside my monitor. I think they make a4.19 mHz crystal, but now that I got the 4 mHz thing a done deal Ithink I'm gon5}e. Wasn't really a fun project, but at least it's easy. Ididn't check the SIO timing either. It's not that hard to shift clo6}cksources so if you wanted to do something like an interleaved 80 columndisplay with a faster refresh rate & switch back to6} 3.59 mHz for diskaccess, you could even do it with a toggle switch. There are reasonswhy you may want something like a 3.6}6864 mHz crystal, for instance,you could exactly duplicate sio 115,200 baud since this is the samebasic time source for mos6}t RS232 type UARTs, but that doesn't interestme. Other fish to fry right now. Rick4VPath: mailgate.eur.nl!eur.nl!sun4nl!tuegate.tue.nl!svin02!svbs01!rcleonFrom: rcleon@svbs01.bs.win.tue.nl (Leon Oninckx)News:}groups: comp.dcom.modemsSubject: AT Commands - Fax, summary from Rockwell datasheet. (Supra and others)Message-ID: <3397@sv:}in02.info.win.tue.nl>Date: 2 May 92 13:24:38 GMTSender: news@svin02.info.win.tue.nlReply-To: rcleon@bs.win.tue.nlOrganiza:}tion: Eindhoven University of Technology, The NetherlandsLines: 53The following was typed directly from the Rockwell RC144:}ACW datasheet. AT Commands - Fax=========================(Command) (Function) [Service Class ID]+FCLA: }SS= Service Class+FCLASS=0 Data modem operation+FCLASS=1 Fax Class 1 modem operatio: }n+FCLASS=2 Fax Class 2 modem operation [Class 1 Commands]+FTS=n Stop transmission and wait+: }FRS=n Receive silence+FTM=n Transmit data+FRM=n Receive data+FTH=n : } Transmit data with HDLC framing+FRH=n Receive data with HDLC framing [Class 2 Action Commands]D : } Originate a callA Answer a call+FDT Data transmission+FET=N :} Transmit page punctuation+FDR Begin or continue Phase C receive data+FK :}Session termination [Class 2 DCE Responses]+FCON Facsimile connection response+FDCS: Rep:}ort current session+FDIS: Report remote identification+FCFR Indicate confirmation to recei:}ve+FTSI: Report the transmit station ID+FCSI: Report the called station ID+FPTS: :} Page transfer status+FET: Post page message response+FHNG: Call termination with st:}atus [Class 2 Session Parameters]+FMFR? Identify manufacturer+FMDL? Identify model+FREV?:} Identify revision+FDCC DCE capabilities parameters+FDIS Current sessions:} parameters+FDCS Current session results+FLID Local ID string+FPTS Page:} transfer status+FCR Capability to receive+FAA Adaptive answer+FBUF? B:}uffer size (read only)+FPHCTO Phase C time out+FAXERR? Fax error value+FBOR :}Phase C data bit order --| Leon Oninckx, Pennendijk 7, NL-4851 VB Ulvenhout, The Netherlands| Email : rcleon@win.tue.nl:}8 Microsoft accomplishments...the truth. Bill G wanted to look good and impress everyone with his success so he >}decided to measure Microsoft accomplishments against General Motors. His comparison went like this: If automot>}ive technology had kept pace with computer technology over the past few decades,* you would now be driving a V-32 in>}stead of a V8* it would have a top speed of 10,000 miles/hour.(160,000km/h) Or* you could have an economy c>}ar that weighs 30 pounds (14 kilos)* and gets a thousand miles to the gallon of gas. In either case, the sticker of >}the new car would be less than $50.00. In response to all this goading, GM responded: "Yes, but would you rea> }lly want to drive a car that crashes 4 times a day?" And, if Microsoft built cars:* Every time they repainted t>!}he lines on the road, you'd have to buy a new car.* Occasionally your car would die on the freeway for no reason, >"} and you'd have to restart it. For some strange reason, you'd just accept this and drive on.* Occasionally, your >#}car would stop and fail to restart, and you'd have to reinstall the engine. For some strange reason, you'd just ac>$}cept this too.* You could only have one person in the car at a time, unless you bought a Car95 or a CarNT. But then>%} you'd have to buy more seats.* Macintosh would make a car that was powered by the sun, was twice as fast, twice as >&}easy to drive-but would only run on 5 percent of the roads.* The Macintosh car owners would get expensive Microsoft >'}upgrades to their cars, which would make their cars run much slower.* The oil, engine, gas and alternator warning li>(}ghts would be replaced by a single "general car fault" warning light.* New seats would force everyone to have the sa>)}me size butt.* The airbag system would say, "Are you sure?" before going off.* If you were involved in a crash, you w>*}ould have no idea what happened.* If you were dissatisfied with the car, your only alternatives would be an OS/>+}2 car that hardly ever crashed and could go several places at once, but would never be upgraded and only runs on ru>,}ral roads, or a UNIX car that was super powerful and hardly ever crashed, but required four years of training to dr>-}ive and also only ran on rural roads.* And any time a new car company started up, Microsoft would duplicate that car>.} and give it away for free until the new company went under. Then it would take the features of the new car, combi>/}ne it with the old frame, and call it Monopoly 98.<3This is the _Atari_System_Reference_Manual_ (c) 1987 by Bob Duhamel.It's a very huge text file with 20 chapters: Central IB1}nput Output Utility (CIO) Disk Operating System (D:) Using the DOS 2 Utilities (DUP.SYS) Cassette Handler (C:) KeyboaB2}rd Handler (K:) Printer Handler (P:) Screen Editor (E:) Display Handler (S:) Resident DIsk Handler System InterruptB3}s Floating Point Arithmetic Package Boot Software Formats Serial Input/Ouput Interface (SIO) Hardware Chips DisplayB4} Lists Player And Missile (PM) Graphics Sound Joystick Ports Misc XL and XE ModelsI hope you enjoy it! - bill B5} Kendrick@VAX.Sonoma.Edu@