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Sysop FOX-1 THUNDERDOME ATARI 8-Bit BBS +31 (0)416-279990 W} P.O.Box 16 5160 AA Sprang-Capelle the Netherlands...C ------------------------ B W - D O S ------------------------ Version 1.10 Y} U S E R M A N U A L (C) BEWESOFT / ABBUC 1994 (Jahresgabe des ABBUC e.V.) INTRODUCT Z}ION ============ BW-DOS is a disk operating system for 8-bit ATARI computers with at least 48kB RAM, and at least [}one disk drive. It is designed to be compatible with SpartaDOS, and to use as little memory as possible. In addition, several \} small bugs known from SpartaDOS are not in BW-DOS, especially problems with XF 551. BW-DOS may be used separately, or as a " ]}junior version" for SpartaDOS users. This version of BW-DOS (ver. 1.10) is distributed by Atari Bit Byter User Club e.V. a ^}s the "Jahresgabe" 1994. BW-DOS uses disk format compatible with SpartaDOS. This means that it is possible to use BW-DOS d _}isks under SpartaDOS, and SpartaDOS disks under BW-DOS in full (including booting). Most of CIO commands and other features a `}re compatible too, so lots of programs written for SpartaDOS will work under BW-DOS without of problems. Any disk with capaci a}ty up to 16 megabytes is possible, single file may be up to 8 megabytes long. BW-DOS is a command driven system - it is mor b}e flexible than a common DUP menu. An advanced menu program is available too. Up to 5 files may be open at the same time, a c}nd five disk drives are supported (1, 2, 3, 4 and 8). This is enough for most of programs. BW-DOS does not use the RAM unde d}r OS-ROM (XL/XE machines only), so it is compatible with software which uses this memory space, such as popular Turbo Basic, e}and others. The MEMLO value is $1EF9 (BW-DOS version 1.10); this value may only be changed by resident commands. Don't think f}that it is too high - BW-DOS is much more complicated than - for example - Atari DOS 2, and besides of this, when you set oth g}er DOSes to 5 files open at the same time, and 5 disk drives, you'll get MEMLO far above $2000. Because of limited memory s h}pace, BW-DOS doesn't support some of the functions known from SpartaDOS as internal functions. They are supported by external i} and resident commands. Atari DOS 2 disks are only supported by the menu program. If you have found a bug in BW-DOS, you c j}an write to the author. Send only serious letters, please! (I'll not answer others.) The address is: Jiri Ber k}nasek (BEWESOFT) Na Hrebenkach 42 150 00 Praha 5 Czech Republic If you have found l} some spelling or other errors in this manual, please forgive them... (I'm not very good on English.) SYNTAX DEFINI m}TIONS ================== In this manual there are examples, and syntax definitions for several commands. When it i n}s between another text, it is written like: "example". Don't forget that you need to press the key after every comma o}nd line. Following syntax is used in the examples and definitions: - This tell you that you need to press specified ke p}y."..." (three dots) means "and so on".UPPER CASE LETTERS, and other characters such as numbers etc. must be written exac q}tly as shown in the manual.lower case letters - It must be substituted by corresponding parameter, for example name of the r}file you want to work with.[parameter] - This means that the parameter may be used, but if you needn't it, you can simply s s}kip this one, and type rest of the example. (Don't type the characters "[" and "]" !)(ON|OFF) - This tell you that you need t} to type "ON", or "OFF" (not both).name - Name of a file or directory. Names can be up to 8 characters long, and may contai u}n upper case letters, numbers, and the "_" character. Any character, which is not allowed in the name, will terminate the who v}le specification of a file. You can also use wild cards: "*" means that the rest of name may be any, and "?" means that a s w}ingle character may be any. This is not possible while creating a new file or directory! Most of commands will work with the x}first selected file while using wild cards, but a few commands will work with every selected files (see descriptions for sing y}le commands). For example "A*" will select files with any name which begins with "A", "?A*" is for every files with "A" at z}second place, and "TE?T" will select for example "TEST", "TEXT" etc.ext - extension part of filename. It may be up to three {} characters long, and it shows type of the file. The extension may be any, but it is recommended to use standard extensions w |}hich are easy to understand, and some programs supports them automatically. Standard extensions are for example "COM" for a m }}achine code program, "BAT" for a batch file, "BAS" for a program in Atari Basic, "TXT" for a text file, "DOC" for a documenta ~}tion file (in fact a text file), "PIC" for a picture, and so on. It is recommended to use no extensions for directories.Dn: } - The specification of a disk drive, where "n" is number of the drive. You can also type simply "D:" for drive 1.device: - } Specification of device, which is not a disk drive. For example "E:" for screen editor, "C:" for tape recorder, "P:" for pri }nter etc.filename - Full name of a file - it is "name[.ext]". While writing a file, you can add "/A" after filename to add }the new file at the end of old file with the same name. (Without of "/A" the new file will replace the old one.) A filename w }ith wild cards in it may be also called as "filter".path - Specification of directory, in which the wanted file is. There a }re two kinds of path - Absolute: ">[name][>name]...", and relative: "[<][<]...[name][>name]...". See explanation later in thi }s manual for more details.file - This means full specification of file to work with. The syntax is "[Dn:][path>]filename". } Every numbers are entered as hexadecimal numbers (without of the "$" identificator). File positions are up to 6 digits lon }g, while memory adresses and sector numbers are up to 4 digits long. SYSTEM STRUCTURE ================ I }n general, BW-DOS is divided into two parts:1) Resident part (the DOS itself) is loaded while booting, and it stay in the m }emory to provide basic functions of the system. (Like every other DOSes.) The resident part come from a file with extension } "DOS", and it contains two large routines: Command Processor (CP), and File Management System (FMS). CP is the program which } is waiting for your commands, executing some of them, and loading nonresident programs for the rest. FMS is used by every ot }her programs (including the CP) to get access to files on the disk; it is organizing every data written on the disk.2) Nonr }esident part is divied into several small programs made to provide more functions. Such a program must be loaded from disk ev }ery time you want to use it, so you need to keep these programs on every disks where you need to use them, or on a disk in an }other drive (or in a RamDisk). The structure described above results in two kinds of commands in the CP: Internal comman }ds are fully executed by the CP, so you can use these on any disk, and you can return to Basic (or other program if possible) } later, without of data loss. External commands are executed by additional programs loaded from disk, so you need to have t }hem on the disk you are working with, or on a disk in another drive (or RamDisk) - in this case you must type "Dn:" before th }e command. Every use of an external command results in data loss from user memory, so you can't restart any program without o }f loading it from disk again. Most of other programs (like programming languages, editors etc.) may be loaded in the same w }ay as external commands - simply by typing name of the program. (If there is no "COM" extension, you must type the real exten }sion too!) Third kind of BW-DOS commands are resident commands. They are in fact external commands, but there is one impor }tant difference: When you'll start a resident command, a part of the command's program will stay in memory - like resident pa }rt of the DOS do - and it will provide more "internal" functions. Note that this will increase the MEMLO value, so it's pos }sible that some programs will not work then (because of collision in memory). Every resident commands of BW-DOS may be also r }emoved from memory by starting them again with parameter "OFF" (for example "RAMDISK OFF"). But remember that you can only re }move the LAST installed resident command! (So, if you have for example installed CLOCK, and then RAMDISK, and you want to rem }ove CLOCK later - you must remove RAMDISK first, then you can remove CLOCK, and then install RAMDISK again.) Once you've in }stalled a resident command, which have no remove ability (a non BW-DOS one), you can remove every resident commands installed } at that moment only by booting the system up again. Commands may use parameters (for example filenames); you need to type } parameters after the command name (on the same line), separated by the space character. The line with a CP command may be up } to 64 characters long. Every BW-DOS commands may be aborted by pressing the key while the program is waiting for an }answer from the user, or while displaying something in an endless loop. !IMPORTANT! Never change a disk if there i }s a file open on it. That is while a batch file from the disk is working, while the HardCopy function is sending output into }a file on the disk, while you are editing a file with HEXEDIT etc. In addition, while a file is open in write or update mode, } don't press and don't turn the computer off. DISKS AND DIRECTORIES ===================== Every }disk under BW-DOS have its name (Volume), and main directory. There may be almost unlimited number of other directories, each } placed in another one like a file. Viewed from a directory, every directories which are in it are "subdirectories", and vi }ewed from a subdirectory, the directory in which it is may be called "parent directory". BW-DOS directories may contain up }to 1424 files or directories, but it is recommended to keep this number less than 100, because the access to long directories } is slow. Besides of this, while working with SpartaDOS, only SpartaDOS X (version 4.x) is able to use BW-DOS directories in }full - other versions will work only with the first 126 files (the rest will be invisible). Working directory is directory }, where all the files will be searched when no path is specified, or where the relative path have its begin. For each disk dr }ive there is working directory, which is independent of another drives. Every disk change, , jump through DOSINI vecto }r, or booting up will set the main diectory as working. The path is used to specify in which directory the wanted file (or } directory) is. Path is simply a list of directories you need to go through from working directory to the target directory. S }ingle names (including filename after the path) are separated by the ">" character. There are two kinds of path: Absolute and } relative. Absolute path begins with a single ">" character, and it begins in main directory, while relative path have no ">" } at its begin, and it begins in working directory. In addition, at the begin of relative path there can be any number of "<" }characters - each one tell BW-DOS to go into parent directory. For example ">DATA>TEXTS>filename" means that the file is in } directory "TEXTS", which is in directory "DATA" in main directory. "MUSIC>filename" means that the file is in directory "MUS }IC", which is in the working directory. "filename" means that the file is in directory "BASIC", which is in the same d }irectory, where the working directory is. Special directory is "DOS" in the main directory. Every files for reading (or pr }ograms for starting), which are not in working directory, are searched in the "DOS" directory too. This works only when no pa }th is specified! It is recommended to place external commands, the DOS itself, and other commonly used "read only" files in } this directory to provide a simple access never mind the working directory. Besides of this, it's a very good idea to crea }te separate directories for different file types, such as Basic programs, texts etc. (When you'll save everything to the main } directory, it'll become very long soon (the access will be slow), and the listing will be almost unreadable.)DIR [Dn:][pa }th>][filename] (Internal command) This command show contents of the specified directory. When no filename is specif }ied, every files will be listed. This listing starts with the volume name of the disk, and name of the listed directory. It s }hows for each file filename, length, and date/time when the file was created. Directories are indicated by "" listed ins }tead of length. At the end of listing you'll see number of free sectors on the disk. The listing looks like this:Volume: } TESTSDirectory: MAINDOS 11-06-94 16:01TEST1 BAS 1231 11-06-94 16:32 573 FREE SECTORSDIRS [Dn: }][path>][filename] (Internal command) This command provides the same function as "DIR", but the listing is in Atari } DOS 2 style now. Directories are indicated by "DIR" in inverse video instead of extension. Note that length of files is in s }ectors now (one sector contains 128 bytes in Single or Medium density, or 256 bytes in Double density). The file in fact occu }pies a few sectors more; they are used for internal informations for the FMS. The star before filename means that the file is } protected. Every numbers in this listing (file length and number of free sectors) are only 3 digits long; any number greater } than 999 will be shown as "999". This listing looks like this:* DOS DIR 000* TEST1 BAS 010573 FREE SECTORSCWD [ }Dn:]path (Internal command) This command will set the directory specified by path as working directory.Dn: } (Internal function) You can change current drive number by typing the new "Dn:" instead of command. This drive number wi }ll be used when no "Dn:" is specified. Note that this only works in the CP!CREDIR [Dn:][path>]name (Internal comma }nd) This command will make a new directory specified by "name". Note that you can't make a directory with the same name as }a file in the same directory.DELDIR [Dn:][path>]name (Internal command) This is the command for deleting directo }ries. You can only delete an empty directory - if there are any files or directories in it, you need to remove them first. Ne }ver try to delete the working directory!AUTOCWD [Dn:]path (Resident command) When you are working with a program }, which is protected against the key (for example ATMAS II), you can't load/save your files after easily, bec }ause the working directory was changed by the to main directory. To prevent this problem, install AUTOCWD before star }ting the program. This command will do the same job as the "CWD" command after every (or jump through DOSINI vector). }CHKDSK [Dn:] (External command) This command will display a little info about the disk. It contains volume name, } two internal numbers (sequential and random - used for disk identification), size of sectors, and total/free disk capacity i }n bytes. The listing looks like this: Volume: TESTDISK 21 138Bytes/sector: 128 Total bytes: 92160 Bytes free: } 73344CHVOL [Dn:]name (External command) This command will change the volume name of disk. l PROTECTION, ERASING, AND RENAMING ================================= Every file or directory may be protect}ed. (This state is indicated by the "*" character before filename in the listing from "DIRS" command.) Protected files may no}t be changed or erased (but they can be renamed!), protected directories only may not be erased.RENAME file filename } (Internal command) This command allows you to rename a file specified by "file" parameter to new name "filename". You ca}n use wild cards in both the names to rename a set of files, and to leave specified characters in the name unchanged. (For ex}ample when you have files "TEST" and "BEST", after the command "RENAME ?EST ????S" you'll get files "TESTS" and "BESTS".) U}se wildcards only if you know exactly, what are you doing! When you'll change two filenames in a directory to be the same, yo}u can't work with the second one anymore, and the only thing you can do is to erase such a "double file". You can't rename }directories with this command.ERASE file (Internal command) This is the command for erasing files. When you'll u}se wildcards, you can erase several files with one command, but better don't do it... Protected files and directories are inv}isible for this command.PROTECT fileUNPROTECT file (Internal commands) The "PROTECT" command is protecting file}s, "UNPROTECT" is unprotecting files - that's clear. With wildcards you can (un)protect set of files. Both the commands can (}un)protect directories too.UNERASE file (External command) This command will try to restore specified file(s) af}ter erasing them. This may be possible, because the files are not really erased by the "ERASE" command - they are only marked} as free disk space to be used for other files in future. The unerasing process may be impossible if you saved anything to th}e disk after erasing the file; in this case even contents of a sucessfully unerased file may be wrong. It's better to make }a serious decision before erasing a file, because the unerasing process will never be 100% safe! COPYING ==}===== If you want to copy files to another disk with only one disk drive, you need to use the menu program.TYPE file } (Internal command) This command shows contents of a textfile (for example batch files). Maximal length of a line is 6}4 characters; files with longer lines may not be displayed in this way (you need to use "COPY file E:")COPY [Dn:][path>][f}ilename] [Dn:][path>][filename[/A]]COPY device: device: (External command) This is the main command for copying fi}les; it'll copy file(s) specified by the first parameter to file(s) specified by the second one. The first syntax is for copy}ing disk files (in both the parameters at least "Dn:", or "path", or "filename" must be specified), while the second syntax i}s for other devices. You can combine it of course (use first parameter from one syntax, and second parameter from another). } When copying disk files, you can use wild cards in both the filenames to copy a set of files, and save them with another nam}es (see "RENAME" command). When no filename is specified, every files in directory will be copied (first parameter), or the f}iles will get their original names (second parameter). NEVER try to copy a file to itself - this is the easiest way how to }destroy a file! Examples: "COPY >DOS> D8:" - Copy the whole directory DOS to drive 8 (RamDisk). "COPY E: file" - Create a }new textfile. Press +<3> when you've entered the whole contents for new file. "COPY file P:" - Send file(s) to the p}rinter.BACKUP Dn: file [/S[max.sector][/D(S|M|D|X)]][/Lmax.len.]BACKUP file Dn: [/F[X]]BACKUP Dn: Dn: [/S[max.sector][/D}(S|M|D|X)]][/F[X]] (External command) This command is there for making backup copies of whole disks. The first synt}ax is for copying the whole disk into file(s), second syntax is for restoring the disk back from file(s), and the third synta}x is for copying directly from one disk to another. Filenames may not contain any extensions; if there is any, it will be ove}rwritten. BACKUP will add its own extensions (serial number of the file). While copying from a disk (that is: not from file}), it'll copy the whole contents of a BW-DOS compatible disk (only sectors marked as "in use" in the bitmap) unless you'll us}e the "/S" parameter. With "/S" it'll copy the whole disk exactly, so you can copy almost anything in this way. (Boot-softw}are etc.) After the "/S" parameter you can add number of the last sector to copy (this may be useful for nonstandard disks, s}uch as non 40 tracks disks, or a RamDisk). BACKUP tests the density of copied disk automatically, but sometimes it may fail (}especially with Single sided Double density on the XF 551, or with a RamDisk) - in this case you need to add "/D" followed by} a single letter density code: S=Single M=Medium D=Double X=Double sided Double density. For nonstandard disks you may need t}o type both maximum sector and density (for sector length setting). While copying into file(s), BACKUP will divide the whol}e data into files with length depending on disk capacity. When you need to have the backup files shorter (for example if you }want to copy them later), you need to add the "/L" parameter followed by maximum file length. While copying to a whole disk}, you can add "/F" to format the disk before writing (in the same format as the source disk had) - this only works for standa}rd Single, Medium, Double, or Double sided Double density disks; other disks such as hard disks or RamDisks must be formatted} already. When you add "X" after the "/F" parameter, it'll use the high speed format on XF 551. Every unfinished copy is ma}rked in a special way, so when you try to boot such a disk, you'll get a warning message. FORMATTING AND RAMDISKS } =======================FORMAT [Dn:] (External command) This is the main command for formatting disks, and} installing BW-DOS. (Formatting must be the first thing done on a new disk.) The drive number specified as a parameter is use}d for searching DOS files, NOT for formatting! The program will ask you for necessary things, and then format the disk. This }program may not be controlled from a batch file. RamDisks may not be formatted in this way. !!!WARNING!!! Formatting will e}rase every data on the disk - never mind if they are protected or not - and it may not be unerased anymore. The only protecti}on against this is to place the write protect tab on your disk. The first question is which DOS version you wish to install } on the formatted disk. You'll get a little menu with every DOS files found on the disk (files "X*.DOS" in directory "DOS", a }nd in the main directory) - select the correct one, or press for none. It is possible to install any version of BW-DOS, o }r any disk based version of SpartaDOS 2.x and later. Next questions are for drive number, density, volume name, and if use  }the XF 551 high speed format or not. Note that you can only select a density, which is supported by your drive. (That is: Ata }ri 810 - Single; Atari 1050 - Single or Medium; expanded Atari 1050 - Single, Medium, or Double; XF 551 - Single, Medium, Dou}ble, or Double sided Double density; other drive - see manual for the drive.) Now insert the disk you want to format, make }sure that it is REALLY the disk you want to format, and press to format it. If the disk was formatted in the same de}nsity already (without of errors of course!), and you want to clear it only, press - in this case the FORMAT program will} skip physical formatting. If an error appear while formatting, you'll get a chance to try it again, but better use another} disk - the first one is probably bad. After formatting it'll create BW-DOS disk structures, and if you've selected a DOS, }it'll create the directory "DOS" and install the DOS file there. The last question is if you want to format another disk.}RAMDISK n[N][E] [file] (Resident command) This resident command sets up an emulated disk drive using a 130XE compa}tible RAM expansion (up to 512kB). This means that you can use your extra memory in the same way as a disk drive - excepting }formatting and booting. It's clear that every files from such a RamDisk will be lost if you turn the computer off, or if you }use a program, which is using extra memory for other purposes. The "n" parameter is the number of RamDisk drive. (BW-DOS on}ly supports drives 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8.) If you add "N", it'll not format the RamDisk (otherwise it will), but this can only be} used if the RamDisk was formatted already. (In this way, you can restore contents of the RamDisk after booting the system up} again.) The "E" parameter will cause that it will not use 130XE compatible banks (only for machines with more than 128kB mem}ory), so it'll not collide with 130XE software. When the RamDisk collide with your software with the "E" parameter too, and} you know that there are some memory banks left, you need to use the configuration file. This file may be between 1 and 32 b}ytes long, and it contains the values which must be stored at $D301 to get different banks in the area of $4000-$7FFF. (16kB }- 512kB RamDisk is possible) To re-format an existing RamDisk, change its configuration, or change the drive number, simply} start this command again. Note that the resident part of RamDisk driver uses a part of extra RAM for itself, so any collis }ion in the extra RAM may cause a lock up of SIO operations.XLRDISK n[N] (Resident command) This command works li!}ke the "RAMDISK" command, but it uses the RAM under OS-ROM as the RamDisk. It works on every XL/XE machines, independent of R"}amDisk installed by the "RAMDISK" command. (This one does not support the "E" parameter, and the configuration file.) Size of#} this RamDisk is 14kB. Note that you can use this RamDisk only when you know that it'll not cause a collision in the RAM un$}der OS-ROM. It is O.K. with every programs working under SpartaDOS 2.x or 3.x. A little problem with the screen may be caus%}ed by this driver. It results in a little horizontal lines flasing on the screen during SIO operations, but it may not cause &}any damage. SPECIAL COMMANDS ================CAR (Internal command) This command will jump to a'} program in cartridge, or to internal Basic (if enabled - only XL/XE). If you've not used an external command since you leave(}d the cartridge, your data (Basic program) will not be lost.BASIC (ON|OFF) (Internal command) This command can t)}urn the internal Basic (XL/XE) on or off. With Basic off you have more free memory, and several programs works in this mode o*}nly. This command works only with no cartridge installed, and it'll allways erase data from user memory (Basic program).RU+}N [adress] (Internal command) This command will start a program at given adress. With no parameter it'll restart th,}e last loaded program, or the last program started with this command. This command is there for advanced users and programm-}ers; a "RUN" with a wrong adress results in a system lock up, and it may even cause a data loss. The "RUN" command may be u.}sed by everyone for a few purposes: "RUN" - Restart the last loaded program (but first look into the manual for your program /}to know if is it possible, or not); "RUN E477" - The same as turning the computer off and on, but this is much better for the0} hardware, and it will not erase data in RamDisk; "RUN E471" - This will jump to the Self test program, or to the menu of Q-M1}EG operating system (if installed).VERIFY (ON|OFF) (External command) With this command you can swith the "Write2} with verify" function on or off. The common state is "OFF" - this means that the sectors written to a disk are not verified.3} It allows the drive to write quickly. If you turn this function "ON", it'll read every sector after writing it, and compare 4}the data. This results in a very slow writing; it may only be useful while using bad quality disks. (Better buy good disks!)5}BOOT file (External command) With this command you can specify a file to be loaded, while the system is booted up6} (when you turn the computer "on" with the disk in drive 1). Commonly it is a DOS file, but other files may be booted too - s7}ee the conditions below. The booting process is done by a little loader, which is in sectors 1-3 on every BW-DOS (or Sparta8}DOS 2.x and later) disks. The file which is booted must be in the "DOS loadable" format, and it must contain a RUN adress. If9} there are not at least two bytes between end of file, and end of physical data sector (that is in Basic: "IF 128*INT((LENGTH:}+127)/128)-LENGTH<2"), then two zero bytes must be added as an EOF mark. The booted file may not be loaded into the area of $;}2E00-$317F, where is the loader itself. Note that the loader is different from the one found on SpartaDOS disks a little bit:<} If you are booting from a SpartaDOS disk, then no segments in the file - excepting the first one - may begin with the $FFFF =}header. Besides of this, the SpartaDOS loader is not fully compatible with the XF 551 disk drive. When you'll erase the fil>}e specified to be booted, an attempt to boot such a disk may give almost any result.W BATCH FILES AND HARDCOPY ========================-file (Internal function) This syntax will star@}t a batch file. Batch file is in fact a text file, which contains a list of commands to be executed. Standard extension for aA} batch file is "BAT". When you start a batch file, the computer will read commands not from the keyboard, but from the batch B}file! This works not only in the CP, it works in most of other programs too (for example Atari Basic). There are of course exC}ceptions - for example the menu program, several text editors etc. You can use batch files in two ways:- When you need to D}execute several "time eating" programs, put their list into a batch file, start it, and then you can for example go to the luE}nch - the computer will work on its own.- You can use batch files to write a simple "programs" for some tasks, for example tF}o install RamDisk and copy selected external commands there etc. A batch file named "STARTUP.BAT" (in main directory, or iG}n the directory "DOS") will be executed every time you boot the system. It is good to place commands for system configurationH} in such a file. Since BW-DOS supports no "AUTORUN.SYS" file, you need to put a name of such a program into "STARTUP.BAT". WhI}en the file "STARTUP.BAT" doesn't exist, BW-DOS will jump to cartridge (if any) after booting. For example, I need to do foJ}llowing things after booting the system: Install RamDisk, turn the internal Basic off, switch to directory "ATMAS" (and instaK}ll "AUTOCWD"), and run ATMAS II macroassembler, which is in main directory under the name "ATMAS.COM". The file "STARTUP.BAT"L} will be following: RAMDISK 8 BASIC OFF CWD >ATMAS> AUTOCWD >ATMAS> XBAT >ATMAS Every error message in the CP wM}ill stop any batch file to prevent problems. The batch file will be also aborted by starting another one.PRINT device:PRIN}NT filePRINT (Internal command) The first and the second syntax will start the HardCopy function, the third syntaxO} will stop this function. HardCopy function allows you to copy all the screen output from almost every programs to a specifP}ied device or file. It doesn't work with programs, which are not using CIO for screen output - for example the menu program.Q} This function is there especially for printing output from programs on a printer, but you can copy the output to any file/dR}evice.PAUSE (External command) This command may be used in a batch file only. It will wait for the key;S} the key will stop the batch file. The "PAUSE" command is there to allow disk changes. Don't forget, that you may notT} change a disk, on which is the working batch file.IFELSEENDIF (External commands) These commands may be used U}in a batch file only. It will ask the user, which block of commands should be executed. The syntax of such a part of batch V}file is: IF the question commands... ELSE commands... ENDIF It will display the line with question, and wait W}for an answer or . If the answer is , then all the commands between "IF" and "ELSE" will be executed; if the answerX} is , then every commands between "ELSE" and "ENDIF" will be executed. (The key will stop the batch file.) When therY}e are no commands for the answer , the "ELSE" command may be excluded. It is possible to make much more complicated struZ}ctures by starting another batch files in an "IF", "ELSE", "ENDIF" block.XBAT file [parameters] (External command)[} This command will start a program (like the CP), but stop a batch file first. This may be necessary for starting some prog\}rams from a batch file - There are few programs which may not run with a batch file at the same time, because of collision in]} IOCB 5. (See technical notes for more info.);any comments (Internal function) You can add lines with comments i^}nto a batch file; such a line must begin with a ";" character. If you are a SpartaDOS user, you probably noticed that the_}re is no "XDIV" command. That's because the HATABS table is in its original state while no batch file or HardCopy function is`} active. This means that you can start programs - which needs the "XDIV" in SpartaDOS - directly, and with the "XBAT" commaa}nd you even can start such a program from a batch file. DATE AND TIME ============= Every files and direb}ctories have its date and time in BW-DOS - it is the date/time when they were created. To provide this information while creac}ting a file, there is a clock in BW-DOS. Because of little memory available for the DOS, the BW-DOS's clock is not a real od}ne - it only keeps the date/time information, without of changing it. This means, that every files will get the same date/time}e till you enter a new value. If you want to have a real clock in BW-DOS, you need to use the "CLOCK" command. But still thf}e date/time will be lost when you reboot the system!DATETIME (External commands) These commands will display thg}e current date/time from BW-DOS's clock, and allows you to enter a new value. Press to leave it unchanged.CLOCK Oq}B%DOS SYSB*)DUP SYSBSINSTALL DOCB|XMANUAL1 DOCBkMANUAL2 DOCBg?MANUAL3 DOCBXMANUAL4 DOCBiMANUAL5 DOCBwpMANUAL6 DOCN (Resident command) This is a real clock for BW-DOS. If you've entered the correct date/time (with "DATE" and "TIMr}E" commands), then every files and directories will get the real time when they are created. While installed, this clock wis}ll get the date/time from old clock; while removed, the new date/time will be lost. This clock is based on the VBI interrupt,t} so it is possible that a few programs will stop it. It works on both PAL and NTSC machines. THE MENU =====u}===MENU (External command) The menu program is a comfortable tool for operations with many selected files, for cov}pying between two disks with only one disk drive, and for converting files from Atari DOS 2 format to BW-DOS and back. Everw}y commands in the menu - excepting these ones for subdirectories - works on Atari DOS 2 compatible disks too. This function ix}s only supported by the menu program, so it is NOT available in any other part of BW-DOS. Following Atari DOS 2 compatible foy}rmats are supported: Single density (DOS 2.0, DOS 2.5, BiboDOS, and others), Enhanced (Medium) density (DOS 2.5), and Double z}density (BiboDOS, and others). Note that in Atari DOS 2 alike systems there are different conditions for filenames, so when y{}ou are converting files to Atari DOS 2, make sure that there is no "_" character, and that the first character of the name is|} not a number. While working with the menu, you'll see disk directory on your screen. It shows the same information as the}} listing provided by "DIR" command in the CP. If you are working with an Atari DOS 2 disk, there is no date/time information,~} and the length of files is not exact. Above the directory there is the current drive number and path. A little arrows on the} top and bottom edge of the directory shows that the directory continues outside your screen. The menu program can work with }max. 255 files in a directory. The cursor is on the left edge; you can move it with and keys, and with }you can select or deselect single files. Selected files are shown in inverse video, and when you select a command later, it'l}l be executed for every selected files. (When no files are selected, it'll be executed for a file pointed by the cursor.) A}t the bottom of your screen there is a command menu with another cursor in it. Use keys and to move this curso}r, and press to start the selected function. (Description of single functions later.) To select a command quickly, y}ou can move the cursor where you want with a single keystroke - see the descriptions for correct keys. The last thing on yo}ur screen to explain is the line between directory listing, and the command menu. There the menu will ask you for everything }what's necessary. While selecting from a menu there, you can use the , , and keys, or simply hit the fi}rst letter of the wanted selection. While entering a filename or path, you can use the keys , +, +, +, +, and in the same way as in standard system editor; in addition }you can use the + combination to clear the line and start typing again. New disk This function a}llows you to select another drive number to work with; then it'll switch to main directory, and read it. Use this function wh}en you want to work with another drive, or when you've changed the disk in drive. Disk info With this function y}ou can look at a little info about the disk. It gives the same listing as "CHKDSK" command in the CP. Sub dir Th}is function allows you to go into a subdirectory. You need to place the cursor to a subdirectory first. Up dir T}his is the function to go into the parent directory. Make dir With this command you can create new subdirectorie}s. Del. dir The "Del. dir" command allows you to delete a subdirectory. It is only possible when the subdirector}y is empty. Copy This is the main function for copying files using the menu. You'll be asked for destination dri}ve and path, and then every selected files will be copied there. If you select the same drive number, you'll be asked if is i}t the same disk - when your answer will be "No", then the menu program will ask you for changing source and destination disks}, so you can copy from one disk to another with only one drive. When you are copying to the same disk, you must copy into o}ther directory! Note: If the destination path is too long to be entered, you can use a little trick: Select the destination} drive, switch to the target directory with "Sub dir" function, then select source drive, start the "Copy" function, and ente}r no path (or a relative path) as a destination. (This is only possible while copying from one disk drive to another.) } Erase This is the function for erasing files. Protected files may not be erased. Rename This function giv}es new names to files. You can select more files, and then enter a filter as a new name to rename more files by single comman}d (see description of "RENAME" command). Protect

Unprotect Functions for protecting and unprotecting f}iles or directories. A protected file may not be changed or erased. View text This function will copy the file p}ointed by cursor to the screen. It is the best way how to read small documentation files while working with the menu. }Make text With this function you can make small documentation files. Press +<3> when you've finished the whole} text. (This command will provide the same function as "COPY E: file" in the CP.) Ainit This is the command for }formatting Atari DOS 2 compatible disks. !!!WARNING!!! Formatting will erase every files on the disk, never mind if they ar}e protected or not. Exit This is the selection to quit the menu, and return back to CP. Sorting Wit}h this function you can select the order, in which the files will appear on your screen. Files may be sorted by its extension} and name, by its name and extension, by its length, by the date and time they were created, or you can leave the directory i}n the same order as on the disk (this may be useful when the directory is already sorted - by the Directory master - or it ca}n save a few seconds when the directory is very long). Select Deselect These functions will }select or deselect every files specified by entered filter. OTHER COMMANDS ==============XFSIO n[n][n][n]} (Resident command) This resident command provides fast communication with the XF 551 disk drive. You must enter dr}ive number(s) of the XF 551 drive(s) in your system while installing this command. The fast communication is 2.5 times fast}er than the standard, but it may only save some time when the disk is formatted in the fast mode - see "FORMAT" and "BACKUP" }commands. The keyboard is disabled during fast SIO operations to prevent problems.KEYBUFF ON (Resident command)} This resident command is a buffer for 32 keystrokes. This means that you can type up to 32 characters (or other keys) on th}e keyboard while the computer is busy, and these characters will become to the screen later, when the computer will be ready }to get it. When the buffer is full, and you try to type the 33rd character, you'll hear a noise sound, and the last charact}er will be ignored. You can clear the buffer any time by pressing ++ (This may be useful for example w}hen you just typed a command, but then an error message appear on the screen).Q FOR PROGRAMMERS =============== Commands described in this chapter are there for advanced users and progr}ammers, so don't worry if you don't understand. Some of external commands described in this chapter are marked as "low memo}ry". This means that the commands are loading into the area of $480-$6FF, and they are not using the memory areas of $80-$FF,} and MEMLO-MEMHI. Such a commands allows you to work with data or machine code programs in the main memory without of problem}s.LOAD file (Internal command) This command will simply load a DOS loadable file (program), but don't start it. }Any INIT or RUN adress will be ignored.SAVE file start end [/A] (External command, low memory) This will save th}e memory area specified by "start" and "end" adresses as a DOS loadable file. With the "/A" parameter it will add another seg}ment to an existing file. The difference between "/A" as a part of filename or as a separate parameter is that the separate} "/A" will not place another $FFFF header into the file.BLOAD file adress [length] (External command, low memory)} This is the command for loading data files (non DOS loadable) into memory. When no length is specified, the whole file will} be loaded.OFFLOAD file [offset] [/(Q|L)] (External command, see description) This command is displaying structu}re of a DOS loadable file. The starting and ending adress, and the file position of the data block (after the header) will be} displayed for each segment. With the "/L" parameter it'll really load the file into memory, and with "/Q" it'll ask you fo}r each segment if load it or not. When an offset is specified, it will be added to loading adress of each segment. This com}mand works like the commands marked as "low memory" only while loading a file; while starting its work, this command uses a m}emory area starting at $6000.MEM [/M] (External command) This command shows current MEMLO and MEMHI values. With} the "/M" parameter it'll show the whole memory map (it'll only read SMEMLO (see COMTAB), MEMLO ($2E7), MEMHI ($2E5), and MEM}TOP ($6A), other adresses are allways the same).DUMP file [position[ length]] [/A] (External command) This comma}nd will display contents of specified file as hexadecimal and ATASCII listing. With the "/A" parameter it'll change non print}able characters (0-$1F and above $80) to printable ones - use this while printing the listing (see the "PRINT" command). Wh}en a position is specified, the listing will start from this position; with the length parameter it'll only display specified} number of bytes. Press +<1> to stop the listing for a while, or to abort this command.MDUMP adress [leng}th] [/A] (External command, low memory) This command works in the same way as "DUMP"; it displays contents of memor}y.DISASS file [position] (External command) This command will list contents of specified file as an assembler li}sting. With a position specified, it'll start from this position. Press +<1> to stop the listing for a while, or to abort this command. If you want to display a program code from memory, you need to save it to a disk file first. A Ra}mDisk is very good for this purpose. For example to display a program code from memory area $8000-$9000 using a RamDisk insta}lled as drive 8, you need to type: SAVE D8:TEMP.DAT 8000 9000 DISASS D8:TEMP.DAT 6HEXEDIT file [position]} (External command) This command allows you to edit contents of a file. With a position specified, the editing will }start from this position. It'll display position in the file and the old value, and you can enter new value (hexadecimal of} course), or just press to leave it unchanged. Press to quit this command. Note that the only legal way to q}uit "HEXEDIT" is the key! Because the edited file is open all the time you are working with "HEXEDIT", it may be corrup}ted by pressing or turning the computer off before "HEXEDIT" finish its work. It is possible to set the position gr}eater than the length of file - in this case no old value will be displayed; once you'll enter any value, the file will get a} new length. When you set the position far after the end of file, the part of file between old and new data will not be physi}cally stored (non-allocated sectors) - it'll get a physical sector at the time of first access to such a place. Files with no}n-allocated sectors may not be read or copied in a normal way.MEMEDIT adress (External command, low memory) This} command works in the same way as "HEXEDIT"; it allows you to edit contents of memory. Use this only if you know exactly, wha}t are you doing - it is possible to cause the system to be corrupt, or even to lock up with this command.CUT file1 file2 p}osition [length] (External command) This command will save specified part of "file1" as "file2". When no length is }specified, it'll save the maximum length - that is between "position" and the end of file. It is possible - for example - t}o divide DOS loadable files into single segments using "OFFLOAD" and "CUT", to cut off binary file headers from data files ("}CUT file1 file2 6") etc. UTILITY PROGRAMS ================ There are two utility programs on the BW-DOS }master disk: "Directory master", and "Micro SpartaDOS".DIRMAST [Dn:][path]DIRMAST /Q (External program) This pr}ogram allows you to change order of files in directory, and to add comments. It'll work with the directory specified as a par}ameter; with the "/Q" parameter it'll ask you for the drive and path ("[Dn:][path]"), so you may change the disk before enter}ing an answer. It'll display the whole directory (including erased files). You can move the cursor over the directory; to c}hange order of files, simply pull a file out from the directory to left side of the screen, move it where you want, and inser}t it back into directory. Special commands may be executed by pressing letter keys: - change time for a single file; - change date; - create a line with comment; - delete a comment line, or an erased file; - abort the program;} - save the new directory. Characters displayed before the filename are following: " " - a normal file; "*" - a protect}ed file; ">" - a subdirectory; """ - comment line, "=" - erased file, "?" - other (unknown) file status. Note: Don't use th}e comment lines too much, because such a lines may cause troubles with programs like "COPY", "MENU" etc. Never use control co}des (for example +, +, etc.) in a comment line, because it'll cause terrible effects w}hile listing such a directory. In addition, better don't use inverse video and graphics characters, because they may not be p}rinted on a printer.MSDOS (External program, bootable) The file "MSDOS.COM" contains the program called "Micro S}partaDOS version 2.3". This program is there for loading games and other programs, which needs a very low MEMLO value. It can} only run a DOS loadable file; no other support for the loaded program will be provided. Micro SpartaDOS may be used in two} ways:- As an utility program. Simply start it by typing "MSDOS" in the CP, when you need to start - for example - a game. T}o get back into BW-DOS, you need to boot it again.- As a separate DOS. Copy the file "MSDOS.COM" to the disk with games, and} install it with the "BOOT" command. Then you can simply boot the disk. When you've started Micro-SpartaDOS, you'll see the} main directory of disk in drive 1. If you've not used the "MSINI" program, you'll see only protected files. To see every fil}es, press . If there is a file "MSDOS.DAT" in the directory (see "MSINI"), then you'll see user defined names instead of} the disk directory. You need to select the program to be started now - by pressing a letter key. When you select a subdire}ctory, a new menu will appear. Press "<" key to go into the parent directory, or ">" to go into the main directory. Use the "}>" key when you've changed the disk. When the file is selected, it'll turn the internal Basic off (you needn't to hold the }