In 1989, after my first semester at university, I made the first line on the schematics for a small self-designed and self-built computer. This computer, based on the 6502 CPU, has until 1992 become a small computer system.
The Gecko system is conformant to this system and has some quite nice features:
Software that is completed is:
Later there will be:
Before you go on, you should know that all this stuff comes with no warranty at all . Of course this hardware is not to be used in any life-critical systems. The hardware schematics and software are provided 'as is', without warranty of any kind. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the hard- and software is with you. Should the hard- or software prove defective, you assume the cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction.
You can have a look at the real hardware of my prototype board at my Gallery.
In gdiagram3.gif (This is a scanned b/w image, of 220kByte. If you have trouble reading the diagram, maybe the greyscale image helps, it has 3.5MByte) you find the schematics of the main board, that has all the above listed interfaces. The files are 300dpi scans of my paperdrawn diagrams. Seeing them with netscape gives you all the details, although you have to scroll around. Printing it with netscape should give you paper output the same size as my diagrams (DIN A4)
On the left side is the 6502, the CPU. To the right follows an address decoder, that produces the following memory map (which is the standard map for CS/A computers, except for the I/O contents):
$0000 - $7FFF RAM
$8000 - $E7FF ROM
$E800 - $EFFF I/O:
$EC00-$EC0F 16550A UART
$EC10-$EC1F 6522 VIA
$F000 - $FFFF ROM
Further follows the RAM (either 8 or 32 kByte) and the ROM (8, 16 or 32 kByte). The next large chip is the 16550 UART serial interface. The 6522 is a standard chip of the 65xx family and has the rest of the interfaces. On the right side is the CS/A bus connector. The part below the dashed line actually is a simple I/O card, integrated on the CPU card. All signals that cross the dashed line are available on the bus connector, so that you have a simple example of how to implement your own I/O cards (There is an exception - the CPU part and the I/O part share IC14, IC15 and IC18, but that's just for convenience. They are used for the RESET logic. You have to take a Schmitt-Trigger there, and an open collector output. I usually use a 74LS14 with a following 74LS06). Here is the parts list.
One thing is that the 1.8432 MHz crystal Q1, together with R14,
R15, C9, and C10 should be replaced with an oscillator like IC7. The oscillator
output should be connected to XIN, while XOUT should be not connected.
I used to just connect the crystal to XIN and XOUT, but that doesn't work
with all types of crystal - it doesn't start oscillating... It's probably
only R15 missing then.
The UART not only has the RS232 interface, but I also use the OUT2
line to drive the system LED: the LED blinks if autodetection tests
fail when booting, for example.
The VIA port A is used for a simple keyboard interface. Four lines are
driven for output, while four lines can be read. These eight lines
are buffered and there is a 10 pin conector with these lines and a
5 Volt power supply. I normally give the 4 output pins to an external
BCD-to-decimal decoder with Open collector outputs (74LS145). The up to
10 outputs
are then given to a 10x4 keyboard matrix. The 4 output lines are then read
from the keyboard. This gives up to 40 keys. When using a 4-to-16 decoder,
you can have up to 64 keys.
The VIA PB7 output pin is used to drive the infrared circuitry. If it is high (or set to input) then the circuit is inactive. Otherwise a 40 kHz signal is produced with the help of R6 and C8. This signal is then driven to the infrared LED.
The rest of port B is used for a Commdore compatible serial IEC interface. This interface can be used as floppy or as a master (computer) on the bus. As long if you don't have the software to run it as floppy, disable the ATNA output by opening jumper J4. The ATNA circuitry immediately pulls DATA low if the ATN line goes active and the computer hasn't yet recognized that. But the bus master (sending the ATN) is therefore notified that a device is on the bus.
If you get the OS/A65 operating system, and have my cross-assembler XA, you have to go to the main directory of the OS/A65 distribution tree and do a "make gecko.rom". This produces the "gecko.rom" file, i.e. a 32 kByte ROM image (with additional CBM two byte load address at the beginning!) This ROM image must be burned into a 32kByte EPROM and put into the Gecko computer.
When the system comes up and detects an error, the LED is giving a blink code. The code can be seen from the definitions in the OS/A file oa1str.def:
/* Hardware-Errors */
#define HE_ZP <-1 /* Zeropage RAM defective */
#define HE_RAM <-2 /* not enough RAM (may be defective) */
#define HE_IMEM <-3 /* memory handler init failed */
#define HE_IDEV <-4 /* device handler init failed */
#define HE_ISTR <-5 /* stream handler init failed */
#define HE_IENV <-6 /* environment handler init failed */
#define HE_ROM <-7 /* not enough Streams/Envs to handle all
ROM autostart requests */
#define HE_DEV <-8 /* error registering ROM device */
#define HE_TASK <-9 /* no more active task! */
If the LED blinks 7 times, then it's HE_ROM for example.
After coming up, you have to connect a 9600 baud, 8N1 serial line terminal (or PC with terminal program) to the RS232 interface. You get the prompt of the running shell. In drive A: you have all the registered devices, drive B: shows the ROM contents. Devices are a small key devices, that handles the keyboard interface. If opened for reading, it sends the keycode (0-63) of a pressed key. The null device is a neverfilling trashcan. The spooler device can serialize file transfers. Drive C: is the serial IEC bus drive 8, accessed as a VC1541.
As a program you have irtx on drive B:. It shows a small menu to select a universum TV set, a Sony CD player or a Sony receiver (master). It can then send infrared signals to (my) audio equipment :-)
As the Gecko has no MMU, all programs share the same memory. The following memory locations are used:
Zeropage: 2-14 kernal zeropage 14-32 reserved 32-87 programs Memory: $100-$200 Stack $200-$300 PCBUF (interprocess communications buffer) $300-$800 kernel buffers, tables etc $800-$1000 used program space (fsiec buffers, ...)So in an 8 kByte system, you still have 4 kByte for your purposes. It is recommended to start zeropage use at 128.