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BHILV n=`hh =HH` =0{a Hɛ n= n=h` nQ}=L*, = = pHH =hh`K: p `(((( i ɀ((L?(`(B'(0!HH''^R}>I^>(`^>DH(` (HI`(o5 ~= =( B( >@A (J wB0x((HHIIDDES}E B ?(CɈK(٢A ~= =( BL>(B^>((ڤ ܝHݝI VL_>L?(" B !B J) T} B(L& R XY( ?&:0H&((& ( .( & ( .(ʩ(U}`ލD&ߍEBIʎH( V0`ԩ ؠ@ȱ@ȱ)@ BError -- 160&`$8f 3AԄձG/ V}$<68i/(Ԧ`H&եԦ&&eԅheԅԊe(iL*@&&&&ԅL*@B ? 3A?*(ɛ:W}./2SX(0ȱ/.ɛ(ލ9'ި0#:Ȱ :ފ :ȱ: : CAD CAޥX}`(eޅީe߅`(` @L\A @TUȪ: BFile name not allowed!: )  i( =0+L Y}TUD BNot a disk file!(0` =Insert SOURCE disk, press =,(pӮ(A(O  1B AB1BZ} ` % 1(L/ b(de BJKO L?O` B((*(([}(`ȱޙ((:>Ȍ(`D:`OS.SYS,DOS.SYShh =L*,  VLJ C C,pLiLF#Խ٩Յ׆ \} LB`((:>Ȍ(`D:`OS.SYS,DOS.SYShh =L*,  VLJ C C,pLiLF#Խ٩Յ׆ Pal/Ntsc Upgrade (for the 600XL/800XL/65XE/130XE and XE GAME SYSTEM) ^} by: Nir Dary This upgrade will give your Ntsc Atari computer the option to run Pal soft_}ware/games/demos. without messy VBI problems causing Jitters or even the software to get stuck etc..., you will be able to e`}njoy any Pal stuff in full color on a regular Ntsc monitor or tv, and still run your Ntnc software as usual. the Europeaa}n market have lots of software that never brought over here due to the incompatibility, games with amazing graphics are stilb}l being developed in west and eastern Europe. on the disks that included in this package you will find demos and games democ}s to show you what i mean. You might want to try running the disks that are in the package before upgrading the computed}r to see the difference. Before we start doing the upgrade i would like to make a note: the difference between Pal ane}d Ntsc is that Pal tv's generates 25 pictures in one second while Ntsc produces 30 pictures in one second. doing the upgradef} can cause some problem to people that grew in the northern part of America, let me explain: people that are use to watch ag}ll their life in Ntsc (60hz) will notice that the Pal screen is flickering! due to the 50hz timing. (don't forget that now wh}ith the upgrade you are watching a 50hz screen under 60hz room lightning) have you heard about the American tourist that i}comes back from a trip to Europe and says "they have great resolution on the tv screen, but don't they notice that it's flj}ickering!". I myself grew up on Pal and do not see any flickering, Pal or Ntsc. sure if you will show be a system that wk}ork on 40hz then i will see something, i don't think there is anything wrong with my vision or anybody that use to watch tv l} in Pal, that's the way it is. There isn't any way to fix the flickering problem in Pal system because for Pal people thm}ere isn't any problem. i have heard several opinions about the matter, some says the flickering is minor, some say's it's mon}re annoying compare to the regular Ntsc computer. (to ease the flickers you might want to try running the computer under DCo} lights or candle lights and see the difference, for some people this trick will work and for some it wont) Since i donp}'t see any flickering i would like to advice to anyone who use the computer mainly to type text and have to stair the same sq}creen for hours, don't install the upgrade in the same system you using to program or type text. install it in a secondary r}machine. Playing games and running demos or software that change graphics all the time that's different story, you won's}t even realize that the screen in flickering because you will be too busy keeping up what going on the screen, the only way t} to see the difference is to place a Ntsc computer with a monitor next to your Pal/Ntsc upgraded computer, or look at the scu}reen from 20 feet away. What i am trying to say is that it's all matter of personal opinion, i don't think that all v}the European people are too dum to realize that their screen is flickering, that the way they watch tv. w} INSTALLATION The Pal/Ntnc Upgrade is a plug in upgrade!, you simply replacix}ng your ANTIC and the OS chips, if your chips are already on sockets than you are very lucky, you don't have to desoldier ty}hose chip and put sockets instead. WARNING: if you don't have a reasonable amount of experience in soldering and desolderiz}ng, get some help! don't do it your self! it is very tricky to get out chips that were soldiered 10 years ago. I will not be{} held responsible for the installation of this upgrade or any incidental or consequential damage to any equipment or person|} using or trying to install this upgrade or any variation of it. if anybody is interested i will install the upgrade free of}} charge to anyone who bought the upgrade from me providing the shipping back cost will be covered. shipping policy is at th~}e end of the installation instruction. Installation of this upgrade is really simple. Required tools are: 1. Medium} sized Philips screw driver 2. Blade type screw driver or a knife or a metal letter opener 3. pair of needle nose plier}s 4. 15 to 25 watt soldering pencil 5. squeeze bulb desoldering iron (one hand desoldering iron using squeeze bulb }can be found in any Radioshak store) 6. small amount of thin rosen core solder First unplug your computer from any ca}ble attached to it. remove the six screws holding the case together, turn the computer up and lift the top half of the case}. now remove the metal shield to reveal the board. Locate the 40 pin ANTIC chip (U7), it should be CO12296 or CO21697. on} the XL it 's the second 40 pin chip from the left on the lower row. on the XE it's the second 40 pin chip from the top in }the middle row. if the chip is on a socket then you are lucky simply unplug the Ntnc ANTIC chip replacing it with Pal ANTIC}. If your chip is soldiered to the board then you need to desoldier it. turn the board over to, be careful not to destr}oy the board when desoldering. the best way to do it is first to add some soldier to every pin of the chip, by doing that y}ou softening the existing soldier so it will come out easier. now use the 'squeeze bulb desoldering tool' simply press the b}ulb and heat the pin, when you see the solder soften release the bulb and it will suck all the soldier inside. be careful n}ot to heat the pin to much, by heating it to much the board might lift up. continue doing it to all the 40 pins. now test ev}ery pin see if it loose, grab each pin using the pliers and shake it. if you feel something grabbing it that means it wasn'}t disoldered completely, add more soldier to the pin and desoldier it again. when it's done turn the board over and by using} the blade type screw driver lift the chip out. the chip should be lifted easily, don't fight it!. if it doesn't come out e}asy that means you didn't desoldier it completely, check the pins again in both sides of the board all pins holes have to b}e perfectly clean. The next step insert the socket where the ANTIC chip used to be and soldier it to the board. don't f}orget to insert the new Pal ANTIC chip, take a look at all the chips that are on the board, all their notches are pointing a}t the same direction. make sure you are inserting the Pal ANTIC chip at the same direction as all the other chips that are }on the board. (if you have any kind of upgrade that involved wires that goes to the ANTIC chip, you have to desoldier tho}se wires and soldier them back to the new Pal ANTIC chip, the new Antic chip C021698 is equal to the Ntsc Antic C021697, if } your system had the Antic CO12296 check your memory upgrade docs for correct rewiring) Now locate the 28 pin Opera}ting System chip, should be CO61598 (U5). on the XL it should be the second chip from the top on the upper right side, on th}e XE it will be located in the middle close to the front. again if the chip do not have socket, desoldier it from the board} and install a new socket instead. now plug in the new modified O.S, make sure you inserting the new OS at the same directi}on as all the other chips that are on the board. That's all! you might want to test your computer before screwing back th}e screws. power your computer up, if you don't get anything Power it down! and check all your soldiering! are two socket ch}ips are soldiers together, take a close look!. if it's doesn't work make sure the chip are install in the right direction. }make sure the notch in pointing at the same direction as all the other chips that on the board. try to plug in your old ANTI}C and OS chip. if your computer is working now then probably the new chips damaged in the mail, i will replace any damaged }chips, providing you send me the damaged chip to be replaced. If the computer is booted OK. then reassemble the comput}er back. you should notice that the screen became a little wider then before, do the addition of scan lines in Pal mode. si}mple adjust the vertical width (the potentiometer usually on the back or the monitor) Now test the disks that included} in the package. SHIPPING POLICY I will install the upgrade free no charge to anyone} who bought it from me. in several conditions: 1. the computer you sending me is 100% working unless you state otherw}ise, before i will even open the screws i will do a complete checkup to the computer. if i find anything wrong (for example} the space key doesn't work perfect) and you didn't state it, i will return the computer without even 'touching it'. you se}e i don't wont to be blamed for anything that's is already wrong with your computer. 2. i am not responsible for any dam}age done my the mail. so make sure you rap your computer carefully, put it in a box slightly bigger then the computer and f}ill the box with rapping 'peanuts'. shake the box, if you feel anything shaking then add more 'peanuts' 3. the return pos}tage cost have to be covered by the sender, i will install the upgrade free, and i have no intention for spending money from} my pocket to ship the computer back. TECHNICAL INFO }Pal use 50hz frequency while Ntsc works on 60hz. so Pal tv's produces 25 pictures in a second and have 625 scan lines per f}rame while Ntsc tv's produces 30 pictures in a second and have 525 scan lines. The real clock frequency for a Pal Atari 8}-bit computer is 1.7734470 MHz, while the Ntsc Atari computer real clock frequency is 1.7897725 MHz. The reason why the P}al computer has TWO crystals instead of one is: In the Ntsc computers the color-clock can be divided out of the system clock}. division in the Pal computer is impossible, it will require a division by 2.8!, since it's not possible the Pal computer }have another crystal. A VBI executes every 1/50 of a second in Pal computers while in Ntsc computer it's generates every }1/60 of a second. that means that Pal have 35468 clock-cycles/Vbi while Ntsc computer have 29829 clock-cycles/Vbi. do some m}ath and you will find out that the duration of a VBI in a Ntsc computer is 84% then the duration of a VBI in Pal machine. } The old 400/800 models had different operating system for Pal and Ntsc. The new Atari computers (XL/XE series) use onl}y one O.S. for both systems. the O.S. itself figures what system is used. how the O.S. detects if the computer is Pal or Nt}sc? quite simple, address $D014 in GTIA hold a flag to determine Ntsc or Pal. Bit 1-3 clear (xxxx000x) = Pal Bit 1-3} set (xxxx111x) = Ntsc Address $62 (dec: 98) is called PALNTS, and it's used as a flag to determine if the computer }is Pal or Ntsc. Since we adding a Pal ANTIC chip to a Ntsc Atari computer, the value that will show at address $D014 will d}etect Ntsc, so the wrong data will be stored at adders $62. to trick programs and show them that this is a Pal machine we} need to modify the O.S. the modification is very simple, i changed address $C386 to be '1' instead of '0', and here is a }small part of the Atari O.S. source code to explain what i did, C374 AD 14 D0 LDA $D014 C377 29 0E AN}D #$0E C379 D0 08 BNE $C383 ;Branch on not zero C37B A9 05 LDA #$05 ;Pal detected C37D A2 01 LDX #$0}1 C37F A0 28 LDY #$28 C381 D0 06 BNE $C389 ;skip Ntsc part C383 A9 06 LDA #$06 ;Ntsc detected C385 A2 }01 LDX #$01 ;(used to be LDX #$00) C387 A0 30 LDY #$30 C389 8D DA 02 STA $02DA ;KEYREP - Rate or key }repeat C38C 86 62 STX $62 ;PalNtsc C38E 8C D9 02 STY $02D9 ;KRPDEL - Auto delay rate If anyone is} using a modified O.S. (like: OMNIMON, OMNIVIEW, ARGS... or any type of O.S that's comes on 27128 eprom), and would like to }modify the O.S. simply send me your O.S., i will update it for you and will send it back. providing the cost for shipping b}ack will be covered by the sender. For those of you who are using the 'ULTRA SPEED OS+' from computer software service, }and would like to keep this O.S. installed in their machine. i am providing a routine to convert the ROM O.S. into RAM O.S.,} do the update and cause coldstart. this should work on most programs, but not all of them. this is the best i can do si}nce the 'ULTRA SPEED OS+' comes in a protected epoxy case, and there is no way for me to read it on an eprom burner, modify }it and burn it back. keep in mind that not every Pal software checks the PALNTS flag, i can across only two programs that} did some trouble running without the update. here is the routine in basic. an across only two programs that\ Pal/Ntsc Upgrade (for the 600XL/800XL/65XE/130XE and XE GAME SYSTEM) } by: Nir Dary This upgrade will give your Ntsc Atari computer the option to run Palsoftware/ga}mes/demos. without messy VBI problems causing Jitters or even thesoftware to get stuck etc..., you will be able to enjoy any} Pal stuff in fullcolor on a regular Ntsc monitor or tv, and still run your Ntnc software asusual.the European market hav}e lots of software that never brought over here due tothe incompatibility, games with amazing graphics are still being devel}oped inwest and eastern Europe. on the disks that included in this package you willfind demos and games demos to show you w}hat i mean. You might want to try running the disks that are in the package beforeupgrading the computer to see the diffe}rence. Before we start doing the upgrade i would like to make a note: the differencebetween Pal and Ntsc is that Pal tv'}s generates 25 pictures in one second whileNtsc produces 30 pictures in one second. doing the upgrade can cause someproblem} to people that grew in the northern part of America, let me explain:people that are use to watch all their life in Ntsc (60}hz) will notice that thePal screen is flickering! due to the 50hz timing. (don't forget that now withthe upgrade you are wa}tching a 50hz screen under 60hz room lightning)have you heard about the American tourist that comes back from a trip to Eur}opeand says "they have great resolution on the tv screen, but don't they noticethat it's flickering!". I myself grew up }on Pal and do not see any flickering, Pal or Ntsc. sure ifyou will show be a system that work on 40hz then i will see someth}ing, i don'tthink there is anything wrong with my vision or anybody that use to watch tvin Pal, that's the way it is. The}re isn't any way to fix the flickering problem in Pal system because forPal people there isn't any problem. i have heard sev}eral opinions about thematter, some says the flickering is minor, some say's it's more annoyingcompare to the regular Ntsc }computer. (to ease the flickers you might want totry running the computer under DC lights or candle lights and see the diff}erence, for some people this trick will work and for some it wont) Since i don't see any flickering i would like to advice }to anyone who use thecomputer mainly to type text and have to stair the same screen for hours, don'tinstall the upgrade in }the same system you using to program or type text.install it in a secondary machine. Playing games and running demos or s}oftware that change graphics all the timethat's different story, you won't even realize that the screen in flickeringbecaus}e you will be too busy keeping up what going on the screen, the only wayto see the difference is to place a Ntsc computer wi}th a monitor next to yourPal/Ntsc upgraded computer, or look at the screen from 20 feet away. What i am trying to say is} that it's all matter of personal opinion, i don'tthink that all the European people are too dum to realize that their scree}n isflickering, that the way they watch tv. INSTALLATION The Pal/Ntnc Up}grade is a plug in upgrade!, you simply replacing your ANTICand the OS chips, if your chips are already on sockets than you }are verylucky, you don't have to desoldier those chip and put sockets instead. WARNING: if you don't have a reasonable amou}nt of experience in soldering anddesoldering, get some help! don't do it your self! it is very tricky to get outchips that }were soldiered 10 years ago. I will not be held responsible for theinstallation of this upgrade or any incidental or consequ}ential damage to anyequipment or person using or trying to install this upgrade or any variation ofit. if anybody is intere}sted i will install the upgrade free of charge toanyone who bought the upgrade from me providing the shipping back cost will} becovered. shipping policy is at the end of the installation instruction.Installation of this upgrade is really simple.} Required tools are:1. Medium sized Philips screw driver2. Blade type screw driver or a knife or a metal letter opener3}. pair of needle nose pliers4. 15 to 25 watt soldering pencil5. squeeze bulb desoldering iron (one hand desoldering iron }using squeeze bulb can be found in any Radioshak store)6. small amount of thin rosen core solder First unplug your co}mputer from any cable attached to it. remove the sixscrews holding the case together, turn the computer up and lift the top }half ofthe case. now remove the metal shield to reveal the board. Locate the 40 pin ANTIC chip (U7), it should be CO12296 }or CO21697. on the XLit 's the second 40 pin chip from the left on the lower row. on the XE it's thesecond 40 pin chip from} the top in the middle row. if the chip is on a socketthen you are lucky simply unplug the Ntnc ANTIC chip replacing it with} PalANTIC. If your chip is soldiered to the board then you need to desoldier it. turn theboard over to, be careful not t}o destroy the board when desoldering. the bestway to do it is first to add some soldier to every pin of the chip, by doingt}hat you softening the existing soldier so it will come out easier. now use the'squeeze bulb desoldering tool' simply press t}he bulb and heat the pin, whenyou see the solder soften release the bulb and it will suck all the soldierinside. be careful} not to heat the pin to much, by heating it to much the boardmight lift up. continue doing it to all the 40 pins. now test e}very pin see ifit loose, grab each pin using the pliers and shake it. if you feel somethinggrabbing it that means it wasn't} disoldered completely, add more soldier to thepin and desoldier it again. when it's done turn the board over and by using t}heblade type screw driver lift the chip out. the chip should be lifted easily,don't fight it!. if it doesn't come out easy }that means you didn't desoldier itcompletely, check the pins again in both sides of the board all pins holes haveto be perf}ectly clean. The next step insert the socket where the ANTIC chip used to be and soldierit to the board. don't forget to }insert the new Pal ANTIC chip, take a look atall the chips that are on the board, all their notches are pointing at the same}direction. make sure you are inserting the Pal ANTIC chip at the same directionas all the other chips that are on the board}.(if you have any kind of upgrade that involved wires that goes to the ANTICchip, you have to desoldier those wires and so}ldier them back to the new PalANTIC chip, the new Antic chip C021698 is equal to the Ntsc Antic C021697, ifyour system had }the Antic CO12296 check your memory upgrade docs for correctrewiring) Now locate the 28 pin Operating System chip, shou}ld be CO61598 (U5). on the XLit should be the second chip from the top on the upper right side, on the XE itwill be located} in the middle close to the front. again if the chip do not havesocket, desoldier it from the board and install a new socket} instead. now plugin the new modified O.S, make sure you inserting the new OS at the samedirection as all the other chips t}hat are on the board. That's all! you might want to test your computer before screwing back thescrews. power your computer} up, if you don't get anything Power it down! andcheck all your soldiering! are two socket chips are soldiers together, take} aclose look!. if it's doesn't work make sure the chip are install in the rightdirection. make sure the notch in pointing a}t the same direction as all theother chips that on the board. try to plug in your old ANTIC and OS chip.if your computer is} working now then probably the new chips damaged in themail, i will replace any damaged chips, providing you send me the dam}aged chipto be replaced. If the computer is booted OK. then reassemble the computer back. you shouldnotice that the scre}en became a little wider then before, do the addition ofscan lines in Pal mode. simple adjust the vertical width (the potent}iometerusually on the back or the monitor) Now test the disks that included in the package. } SHIPPING POLICYI will install the upgrade free no charge to anyone who bought it from me.in several conditions:1.} the computer you sending me is 100% working unless you state otherwise,before i will even open the screws i will do a compl }ete checkup to the computer.if i find anything wrong (for example the space key doesn't work perfect) andyou didn't state i }t, i will return the computer without even 'touching it'. yousee i don't wont to be blamed for anything that's is already wr }ong with yourcomputer. 2. i am not responsible for any damage done my the mail. so make sure you rapyour computer careful }ly, put it in a box slightly bigger then the computer andfill the box with rapping 'peanuts'. shake the box, if you feel any }thing shakingthen add more 'peanuts'3. the return postage cost have to be covered by the sender, i will install theupgrad}e free, and i have no intention for spending money from my pocket to shipthe computer back. } TECHNICAL INFOPal use 50hz frequency while Ntsc works on 60hz. so Pal tv's produces 25pictures in }a second and have 625 scan lines per frame while Ntsc tv'sproduces 30 pictures in a second and have 525 scan lines.The re}al clock frequency for a Pal Atari 8-bit computer is 1.7734470 MHz, whilethe Ntsc Atari computer real clock frequency is 1.7}897725 MHz.The reason why the Pal computer has TWO crystals instead of one is: In the Ntsccomputers the color-clock can be} divided out of the system clock. division inthe Pal computer is impossible, it will require a division by 2.8!, since it's}not possible the Pal computer have another crystal.A VBI executes every 1/50 of a second in Pal computers while in Ntsc com}puterit's generates every 1/60 of a second. that means that Pal have 35468clock-cycles/Vbi while Ntsc computer have 29829 c}lock-cycles/Vbi. do some mathand you will find out that the duration of a VBI in a Ntsc computer is 84% thenthe duration of} a VBI in Pal machine.The old 400/800 models had different operating system for Pal and Ntsc. The newAtari computers (XL}/XE series) use only one O.S. for both systems. the O.S.itself figures what system is used. how the O.S. detects if the comp}uter is Palor Ntsc?quite simple, address $D014 in GTIA hold a flag to determine Ntsc or Pal.Bit 1-3 clear (xxxx000x) = P}alBit 1-3 set (xxxx111x) = Ntsc Address $62 (dec: 98) is called PALNTS, and it's used as a flag to determineif the com}puter is Pal or Ntsc. Since we adding a Pal ANTIC chip to a NtscAtari computer, the value that will show at address $D014 w}ill detect Ntsc, sothe wrong data will be stored at adders $62.to trick programs and show them that this is a Pal machine }we need to modify the O.S. the modification is very simple, i changed address $C386 to be '1'instead of '0', and here is a }small part of the Atari O.S. source code toexplain what i did,C374 AD 14 D0 LDA $D014C377 29 0E AND #$0E} C379 D0 08 BNE $C383 ;Branch on not zeroC37B A9 05 LDA #$05 ;Pal detectedC37D A2 01  LDX #$01C37F  }A0 28 LDY #$28C381 D0 06 BNE $C389 ;skip Ntsc partC383 A9 06 LDA #$06 ;Ntsc detectedC385 A2 01 LDX #$01!} ;(used to be LDX #$00)C387 A0 30 LDY #$30C389 8D DA 02 STA $02DA ;KEYREP - Rate or key repeatC38C 8"}6 62 STX $62 ;PalNtscC38E 8C D9 02 STY $02D9 ;KRPDEL - Auto delay rateIf anyone is using a modified O.#}S. (like: OMNIMON, OMNIVIEW, ARGS... or anytype of O.S that's comes on 27128 eprom), and would like to modify the O.S.simpl$}y send me your O.S., i will update it for you and will send it back.providing the cost for shipping back will be covered by %}the sender. For those of you who are using the 'ULTRA SPEED OS+' from computer softwareservice, and would like to keep thi&}s O.S. installed in their machine. i amproviding a routine to convert the ROM O.S. into RAM O.S., do the update andcause co'}ldstart.this should work on most programs, but not all of them. this is the best i cando since the 'ULTRA SPEED OS+' comes(} in a protected epoxy case, and there is noway for me to read it on an eprom burner, modify it and burn it back.keep in mi)}nd that not every Pal software checks the PALNTS flag, i can acrossonly two programs that did some trouble running without t*}he update.here is the routine in basic. flag, i can acrossonly two programs that did some trouble running without t0 PAL/NTSC Upgrade For Atari 600XL/800XL/65XE/130XE and XE Game System ,} Version 1.0 (7/95) by Nir Dary (Documentation by Nir Dary and Ben Poehland)-}Λ This upgrade gives your NTSC 8-bit Atari computer the option to run PAL software, games, and demos without messy VBI.} problems that cause screen jitters or system crashes. You'll be able to enjoy any PAL software in full color on a regular N/}TSC monitor or TV and still run your NTSC software as usual. Some PAL software will run on NTSC machines, but usually it won0}'t: a real frustration for North American 8-bitters who crave the fabulous European graphics. The European market offer1}s lots of software that never appeared in North America due to the incompatibility between the American and European video sy2}stems. Games with amazing graphics are still actively being developed in Europe, particularly in the former Eastern-bloc co3}untries such as Poland. On the disks included with this package you'll find a variety of demos and games demonstrating just 4}how good the European software can be. You might want to try running the disks that are in the package before upgrading your5} computer, so you'll be able to see the before-and-after difference.Û The main difference between PAL (Pha6}se Alternated Line) and NTSC (National Television System Committee) is that PAL generates 25 full video frames per second whi7}le NTSC produces 30 frames a second. Due to screen interlacing, in which first all the odd lines and then all the even lines8} of the frame are presented, the vertical scan frequencies for PAL are 50Hz (50 scans per second) and 60Hz for NTSC. It is m9}ainly the United States and Canada that use NTSC video, while most of the rest of the world uses PAL. To the casual Nor:}th American television viewer, the difference in vertical scan frequency will manifest itself as a slight flicker of the PAL ;}video screen compared to an NTSC display. You might wonder why Europeans tolerate these flickering screens. There are two a<}nswers to that question: one technical, the other psychological. Technically, the advantage of PAL video over NTSC video is =}that the PAL system gives better resolution (finer detail) than NTSC does. Psychologically, Europeans don't have to "tolerat>}e" flickering video screens, because they don't see the flicker! It is only people from North America, who have grown accust?}omed all their lives to the faster scan rate of NTSC video, who notice the flicker when they're presented with the slower-sca@}nning PAL display. American visitors to Europe often praise the greater clarity of PAL video screens while complaining that A}they flicker; European visitors to America don't notice any flicker on American TV's (they're already used to the slower scanB} rate, so the faster scan rate of NTSC makes no impression on them), but often complain the picture on an American TV is fuzzC}y. For consumers, then, the bottom line is that the NTSC system sacrifices video clarity to avoid flicker, while the PAL sysD}tem accepts more flicker to gain an improvement in clarity.қ You should be aware that by installiE}ng the PAL/NTSC Upgrade in your computer, you'll be introducing this so-called "PAL flicker" into your video display. Due toF} the psychological nature of the flicker phenomenon, there isn't any electronic "fix" for it. I've received a variety of opiG}nions about this issue. Some users find it very annoying while others seem not to notice. Results of an informal poll of usH}ers who observed a recent public demonstration of the PAL/NTSC Upgrade suggests responses to PAL screen flicker depend on theI} viewer's age. Children under 12 seem not to notice it. Teenagers and young adults might notice it to some degree, but don'J}t seem bothered by it. Adults over 30 are most likely to notice the flicker or to find it objectionable. The ambient lK}ight in the room does make some difference. A brightly lighted room seems to minimize the flicker, while a dimly lighted rooL}m accentuates it. Less clear is whether the nature of the room lighting makes a difference. Some people seem to feel the flM}icker is more noticeable under fluorescent lights than with incandescent lighting, while others find the flicker equally objeN}ctionble under both types of light. Perhaps the best solution here is use some form of "DC light", such as sunlight, to illuO}minate your computer room. If you use your Atari computer primarily for text-based applications (wordprocessing, telecoP}mmunications, databases, programming, etc.) where you're staring at your video screen for long periods of time, I recommend yQ}ou NOT install the PAL/NTSC Upgrade in such a system. Even if you don't initially find the flicker objectionable, a prolongeR}d period of staring at a static 50Hz video display might induce fatigue. Instead, I recommend that you install the UpgrS}ade in a secondary machine that's used primarily for graphics and/or videogame playing. (Of course, if graphics and games arT}e already your main applications, then go for it!) Since screen displays in videogames are constantly changing, any flicker U}present will likely go unnoticed because you're too busy keeping up with events on the screen. Users of videogame software wV}ill benefit most from this Upgrade. INSTALLATION The PAL/NTSC Upgrade Kit consists W}of a PAL ANTIC chip (CO21698), a replacement OS ROM chip, 40-pin and 28-pin sockets (if required), software disk(s), and docuX}mentation. Make sure you have these items before proceeding. For XL owners with socketed chips, this is a plug-in upgrY}ade consisting merely of replacing the original ANTIC and OS chips with the ones supplied in the kit. Count yourself lucky iZ}f your chips are already socketed! For XE owners and XL owners with soldered chips, you'll have to desolder your ANTIC [}and OS chips and install sockets in their place. WARNING: if you are unskilled in soldering/desoldering procedures, get some\} help! Don't do it yourself! Desoldering a large computer chip without damaging either the chip or the circuit board is ver]}y tricky. I will not be held responsible for the failure of this upgrade or incidental or consequential damage to any equipm^}ent or person attempting to install this upgrade or any variation of it. I will gladly install the upgrade free of charge to_} anyone who purchased the upgrade from me, provided the purchaser pays all shipping costs for the computer. See the section `}on shipping policy following the installation instructions.Installation of the upgrade is straightforward. For soldered ca}hips, required tools are:1. Medium-size (#1-point) Philips screwdriver;2. Flat-bladed screwdriver, knife blade or metal lb}etter opener;3. Needle nose pliers;4. 15 to 25 watt soldering iron;5. Squeeze-bulb desoldering iron with a fresh nipplec}-tip (about $9 at any Radio Shack store);6. Thin gauge rosin-core solder, about .015" diameter. Unplug your computer d}from any cables attached to it, remove the screws holding the case together, and lift off the top half of the case. Remove ae}ny screws fastening the motherboard to the bottom case half, and remove the motherboard from the case. Then remove the metalf} RF shield from the motherboard. Locate the 40-pin ANTIC chip (screened U7 on the 800XL or 130XE) bearing Atari part nuq}DF#DOS SYSF6'DUP SYSFh]PALNTMANTXTFfPALNTMANDOCB+PALNTSC DOCmber CO12296 or CO21697. On the 800XL it's the second 40-pin chip from the left on the lower row; on the XE it's the second r}40-pin chip from the top in the middle row. If the chip is in a socket then you're lucky: simply unplug the old NTSC ANTIC cs}hip and replace it with the PAL ANTIC chip from the Upgrade kit. Don't discard the old ANTIC chip; place it in a static-freet} package for safekeeping. If your ANTIC is soldered to the board, you have to desolder it and replace it with a socket.u} Turn the motherboard over, foil side up, and locate the ANTIC chip. With a hot iron apply a small amount of solder to all v}40 pins, taking care not to dwell on each pin for more than a few seconds. Now warm up the desoldering tool. Squeeze the buw}lb and hold it, and place the hot nipple firmly over the first pin. In a few seconds you'll see the solder liquefy. Maintainx}ing firm contact with the pin and foil pad, release the bulb so it sucks up all the molten solder. The procedure should takey} less than 10 seconds. Repeat this procedure for the remaining 39 pins. Now check each pin for freedom by seizing it with pz}liers and shaking it gently. If any pin is stuck, it isn't completely desoldered. Add more solder to the pin and desolder i{}t again. When all pins are free, turn the board over and gently pry the chip up with the flat-blade screwdriver. It should |}lift out easily with no resistance. If it doesn't come out easy, DON'T FORCE IT! (Forcing it will wreck the delicate foil r}}uns on the board and ruin your computer!) Repeat the desoldering procedure on the stuck pins until the chip comes out easily~}. Once the chip is removed, use the desoldering tool to clear any holes plugged with solder debris. All the vacated holes m}ust be clean. Solder the 40-pin socket to the board where the ANTIC chip was, and insert the new PAL ANTIC into the soc}ket. Make sure the PAL ANTIC is facing in the same direction as the rest of the chips on the board.Special Note For Users }With RAM Upgrades: if you have a RAM upgrade with wires attached to the ANTIC chip, carefully desolder those wires when you }remove the old ANTIC. The new PAL ANTIC CO21698 is functionally equivalent to the newer NTSC ANTIC, CO21697. If your old AN}TIC was CO12296, consult the documentation for your memory upgrade for the correct re-wiring. In general, the wiring is simp}ler for the newer ANTIC chips CO21697 or CO21698. Now locate the 28-pin Operating System chip, part number CO61598, des}ignated U5 on the 800XL and 130XE motherboards. On the XL motherboard it's the second chip from the top on the upper right; }on the XE it's located in the middle close to the front. If the chip isn't socketed, desolder it from the board and install }a 28-pin socket in its place using the procedure described above for the ANTIC chip. Now plug in the new OS chip, taking car}e that it faces in the same direction as the rest of the chips on the board. Store this chip along with the ANTIC chip remov}ed earlier, in a static-free package. This completes the installation.TROUBLESHOOTING: Test your computer before reinstal}ling it back in the case. Attach the power cable and video connector, and turn on your video monitor. Then power up the bar}e motherboard (it will boot up without disk drives or keyboard plugged in). If you don't see the familiar READY message from} BASIC, turn off the power immediately! Check both of the chips you installed, making sure they're correctly oriented (notch}es facing in same direction as the other chips on the board) and that they are seated firmly in their sockets with no pins be}nt-under. If it still doesn't work, remove the chips and carefully inspect your work with a magnifying glass. Keep a sharp }lookout for solder bridges between adjacent pins, or for broken foil traces. If problems persist, try plugging back the orig}inal chips one at a time. If the computer boots up OK with one or both original chips replaced, then probably the new chips }were damaged in shipping. I will gladly replace any chips for free upon receipt of the chip you believe is damaged or non-fu}nctional. Once you are satisfied the computer is working OK, reinstall it back into the case. You'll notice that your }video display is a slightly different size than before, with video information disappearing off the top/bottom or edges of th}e screen. Readjust the vertical and horizonatal controls on your monitor until you once again have a satisfactory display th}at doesn't run off the screen and is stable. Now... boot up the software disk included with the Upgrade kit and enjoy!} SHIPPING POLICYI will install the PAL/NTSC Upgrade free of charge to the original purchas}er, subject to the following conditions:1. Your computer must be in 100% working order unless you state otherwise (by su}pplying, for example, a defect list). Before opening your machine I will perform a thorough inspection of it. If I find }anything wrong (for example, a stuck key on the keyboard) and you didn't state it, I will return the computer immediate}ly wihout doing anything to it. I don't want to be blamed or held responsible for a machine which arrives in my hands alr}eady damaged.2. I will not be responsible for damages occurring to your computer in shipping. It will be the purchas}er's responsibility to ensure that the computer is stoutly packaged with sufficient packaging filler inside. Most ship}ping damage occurs because insufficient stuffing is used, allowing the item to bounce around inside the carton during tran}sit. The computer itself should be wrapped in protective plastic (bubble wrap or a plastic bag) to prevent moisture da}mage or particles getting inside. It is suggested that you use a box slightly larger than the item, and fill the carton t}o just overflowing with foam "peanuts". After closing the carton, give it a good shaking. If you hear/feel anything a}t all rattling around inside, open it back up and add more packing peanuts. The carton should be secured with at least} one band of nylon-reinforced strapping tape all the way around the box. Flaps should be sealed with heavy 2" wide plasti}c tape. Do NOT use masking tape! Send the package by UPS or insured Parcel Post.3. Return postage cost will be the sen}der's responsibility. A personal check, M.O. or cash should be included in an envelope inside the carton with sufficie}nt funds to cover return shipping, or should be mailed separately via First Class Mail with a note inside the carton indic}ating that funds for return shipping are being sent under separate cover. (Any overage will be refunded.) I don't mi}nd installing these upgrades for free, but I don't want to go bankrupt paying out of my own pocket to ship peoples' comput}ers to the four corners of the Earth.4. I will not accept ANY computers sent C.O.D. All C.O.D. deliveries to my addr}ess will be instantly refused. TECHNICAL INFO PAL uses a 50Hz vertical scanning fr}equency while NTSC works on 60Hz. PAL video produces 25 full picture frames per second with 625 scan lines per frame, while }NTSC video produces 30 pictures per second with 525 scan lines per frame.The increased number of scan lines in the PAL scree}n frame yields a 19%improvement in video resolution compared to NTSC, at the cost of a slower scan rate which for some peopl}e can cause the screen to appear to flicker. The true clock frequency for an Atari 8-bit PAL computer is 1.7734470 MHz,} while for the NTSC 8-bits the clock frequency is 1.7897725 MHz. Atari PAL computers have two clock crystals, while Atari NT}SC computers have only a single crystal. The NTSC computers are simpler because the color clock can be divided out of the sy}stem clock. This isn't possible in the PAL machines, as it would require division by 2.8 (a number that doesn't set well wit}h digital systems!). The second crystal is therefore provided in PAL machines to serve as the source of the color clock sign}al. A VBI (Vertical blank Interrupt) executes every 1/50 of a second in PAL computers while in NTSC computers it's gene}rated every 1/60 of a second. Thus a PAL computer has 35468 clock-cycles/VBI while an NTSC computer has 29829 clock-cycles/V}BI. I you do the math you'll see that duration of a VBI in the NTSC computer is only 84% of the duration of a VBI in a PAL m}achine. The old 400/800 models had different operating systems for PAL and NTSC. The newer Atari 8-bits (XL/XE series) }use the same OS for both systems. In these machines the OS itself figures out which video system hardware the computer is us}ing and adjusts itself accordingly. So, how does the OS detect if the computer is PAL or NTSC? Quite simple, address $}D014 in the GTIA chip holds a flag to determine NTSC or PAL:Bit 1-3 clear (xxxx000x) = PALBit 1-3 set (xxxx111x) = NTSC} OS address $62 (dec: 98) is called PALNTS, and it's used as a flag to determine whether the computer's video is PAL or N}TSC. After installing a PAL ANTIC chip into an NTSC computer, the value at GTIA address $D014 will still be the value for an} NTSC computer, so the wrong data will be stored at address $62. (The computer will still "think" it's an NTSC machine even }though it now is processing video data using the PAL system.) In order to "trick" software programs written for PAL mac}hines to make the software think it's running on a real PAL machine, a minor modification of the OS is required. The require}d modification was very simple: I just changed address $C386 to be "1" instead of "0". Following is the relevant section of }Atari OS source code to illustrate what I did:C374 AD 14 D0 LDA $D014C377 29 0E AND #$0E C379 D0 08} BNE $C383 ;Branch on not zeroC37B A9 05 LDA #$05 ;PAL detectedC37D A2 01  LDX #$01C37F A0 28 LDY #$28C}381 D0 06 BNE $C389 ;skip NTSC partC383 A9 06 LDA #$06 ;NTSC detectedC385 A2 01 LDX #$01 ;(used to be L}DX #$00)C387 A0 30 LDY #$30C389 8D DA 02 STA $02DA ;KEYREP - Rate or key repeatC38C 86 62 STX $62 } ;PALNTSCC38E 8C D9 02 STY $02D9 ;KRPDEL - Auto delay rate If you're using a modified OS (OMNIMON, OMNIV}IEW, ARGS, etc.) or any type of OS that comes on 27128 EPROM, and would like to have your OS modified, simply send me your OS} chip. I will update it for you and return it, provided that you include sufficient funds to cover the return shipping cost.} For those of you using the UltraSpeed+ OS from Computer Software Services, and would like to keep this OS installed in} their machine with the PAL/NTSC Upgrade, I'm providing a routine that copies the ROM OS into RAM, performs the update and th}en initiates a coldstart. This should work on most programs, but not all of them. This is the best I can do for now; the US}+OS comes in a protected epoxy case, so there's no way for me to read it on an EPROM burner, modify it and burn it back. Kee}p in mind that not all PAL software checks the PALNTS flag; I ran across only two European programs that had trouble running }without the updated OS. Here is the routine in BASIC: }