Appendix




Appendix A


Macros in 
Source Code 


The following is a listing of the macros used in this source listing. You will 
be able to tell when a macro was used by a plus (+) sign to the left of the hex 
code produced in column two by the assembler.

ASLA:	MACRO
%L	ASL	A
	ENDM
RORA:	MACRO
%L	ROR	A
	ENDS
LSRA:	MACRO
%L	LBR	A
	ENDM
ROLA:	MACRO
%L	ROL
	ENDM
FDB:	MACRO
%L	DW	REV (%1)
	IF	'=%2' <> '='
	DW	REV (%2)
	IF	'=%3' <> '='
	DW	REV (%3)
	IF	'=%4' <> '='
	DW	REV (%4)
	IF	'=%5' <> '='
	DW	REV (%5)
	ENDIF
	EBDIF
	ENDIF
	ENDIF
	ENDM
LOCAL:	MACRO
	PROC
	ENDM
BYTE:	MACRO
	IF	'%I' = '='
%L	DB	$80+((%2-*)&$7F) XOR $40 )
	ELSE
	IF	'%1' = '@@'
%L	DW	( %2 )
	ELSE
%L	DB	%1
	ENDIF
	ENDIF
	ENDM

		Syntax Table Macro

;THIS MACRO IS 1110 TO SIMULATE THE ACTION OF THE ORIGINAL 
;ASSEMBLER IN HANDLING SPECIAL SYNTAX TABLE PSEUDO OPS AND 
;OPERANDS
;
;THE 'SYN' MACRO EXAMINES UP TO 4 ARGUMENTS FOR CERTAIN SPECIAL 
;CASE NAMES.
;
;IF THE NAME 'JS' IS FOUND, IT GENERATES A SPECIAL 'RELATIVE
;	SYNTAX JSR' TO THE LABEL FOUND IN THE NEXT PARAMETER


	273



Appendix A


;
; IF THE NAME 'AD' IS FOUND. IT GENERERATES A WORD ADDRESS 
; 	OF THE LABEL FOUND IS THE NEST PARAMETER
;
; ANY OTHER NAME IS ASSUMED TO BE A SIMPLE BYTE VALUE
SYN:	MACRO
:SYAR2	SET	'=%2' <> '='
:SYAR3	SET	'=%3' <> '='
:SYRAM	SET	'=%4' <> '='
	IF	'%1' = 'JS'
%L	DB		XOR $45 )
:SYARl	SET	$80+(((%2-*)&$7F) XOR $40)
	ELSE
	  IF	'%l' = 'AD'
%L	  DW	(%2)
:SYAR2	  SET	0
	  ELSE
%L	  DB	%1
	  ENDIF
	ENDIF

	IF	:SYAR2
	  IF	'%2'= 'JS'
	  DB	$80+(((%3-*)&$7F) XOR $40)
:SYAR3	  SET	0
	  ELSE
	    IF '%2' = 'AD'
	    DW	(%3)
:SYAR3	    SET	0
	    ELSE
	    DB	%2
	    ENDIF
	  ENDIF
	ENDIF

	IF	:SYAR3
	  IF	'%3'= 'JS'
	  DB	$80+(((%4-*)&$7F) XOR $40)
:SYAR4	  SET	0
	  ELSE
	    IF '%3' = 'AD'
	    DW	(%4)
:SYAR4	    SET	0
	    ELSE
	    DB	%3
	    ENDIF
	  ENDIF
	ENDIF

	IF	:SYAR4
	  IF	'%4'= 'JS'
	  DB	$80+(((%5-*)&$7F) XOR $40)
	  ELSE
	    IF '%4' = 'AD'
	    DW	(%5)
	    ELSE
	    DB	%4
	    ENDIF
	  ENDIF
	ENDIF

	ENDM


	274



Appendix B


The Bugs in 
Atari BASIC 


Yes, it's true. There are some bugs in Atari BASIC. Of course,
that's not surprising, since Atari released the product as ROM
without giving the authors a chance to do second-round bug-
fixing. But what hurts, a little, is that most of the fixes for the
bugs have been known since June of 1979.
    As this book is being written, rumor has it that at last Atari
is in the final stages of releasing a new version of the BASIC
ROMs. Unfortunately, these modified ROMs will appear too
late for us to comment upon them in this edition. On the other
hand, there are supposed to be fewer than twenty fixes
implemented (which isn't a bad record for a product as mature
as Atari BASIC), so those of you who are willing to PEEK
around a bit can use this listing as at least a road map to the
new ROMs.
    In any case, though, we thought it would be appropriate to
mention a few of the bugs we know about, show you why they
exist, and tell how we fixed them back there in the summer of
'79.

The Editing and String Bug
In the course of editing a BASIC program, sometimes the
system loses all or part of the program, or it simply hangs.
Often, even SYSTEM RESET will not return control to the user. 
    Also, string assignments that involve the movement of 
exact multiples of 256 bytes do not move the bytes properly. 
For example, A$=B$(257,512) would actually move bytes 513 
through 768 of B$ into bytes 257 through 512 of A$, even if 
neither string were DIMensioned to those values.
    Both of these are really the same bug. And both are caused 
because we strove to be a little too efficient.
    There are many ways to move strings of bytes using the 
6502's instruction set. The simplest and most-used methods, 
though, are excruciatingly slow. So Paul and Kathleen 
invented a super-fast set of move-memory routines, one for


	275



Appendix B


moving up in memory (EXPAND, at $A881) and one for 
moving down in memory (CONTRACT, at $A8FD). 
Unfortunately, the routines are very complex (which is what 
makes them fast) and difficult to interface with properly. And 
so a bug crept into CONThACT
    Take a look at the code of FMOVER ($A947). When we get 
here, we expect MVLNG to contain the complement of the least 
significant byte of the move length while MVLNG+ 1 contains 
its most significant byte. But look what happens if the original 
move length was, for example, $200. The complement of the 
least significant byte ($00) is still zero ($00), so the BEQ to 
:CONT4 occurs immediately.
    But by then, the X register contains the number of pages to 
move plus one (X would contain 3 in this example), so we 
increment it (it becomes 2) and go to label :CONT3, where we 
bump the high-order byte of both the source and destination 
addresses. Ah, but therein lies the rub! We haven't yet done 
anything with the first values in those source and destination 
addresses, so we have effectively skipped 256 bytes of each!
    The solution is to replace the BEQ :CONT4 at $A94E with 
the following code:
    DEX
    BNE :CONT2
    RTS
    Do you see the difference? If we enter with MVLNG equal 
to zero, we immediately move 256 bytes (at : CONT2) before ever 
attempting to change the source and destination addresses.
    And this fix works, honest. We've been using it like this for 
over two years BASIC A +.

Minus Zero
Taking the unary minus of a number (A=0 : PRINT -A) can 
result in garbage. Usually, this garbage will not affect 
subsequent calculations, but it does print strangely. And how 
did this come about?
    We simply forgot to take into consideration the fact 
that zero doesn't really have a sign. Look at the code for the unary 
minus operator (XPUMINUS, at $ACA8). Do you see the 
problem? We simplyinvert the most significant bit (the sign bit) 
of the floating point number in FRO.


	276



Appendix B


    What we should have coded would be something like this:
      LDA   FRO
      BEQ   :NOINJERT
      EOR   #$80
      STA   FRO
    :NOINVERT
    Luckily, this is not too severe a problem to the BASIC user 
(one can always use "PRINT 0-A" instead of "PRINT A") 
but just think  it only cost two bytes to fix this bug.

LOCATE and GET
The GET statement does not reinitialize its buffer pointer, so it 
can do nasty things to memory if used directly after a statement 
which has changed the system buffer pointer. For example, 
GET can change the line number of a DATA statement if it is 
used after a READ. Also, the same problem exists for the 
LOCATE statement, since it calls GET.
    From BASIC, the easiest solution is to use a function or 
statement which is known to reset the pointer. Coding 
"XX"' STR$(0)" works just fine, as does PRINTing 
any number.
    Within the source listing, the problem exists at location 
$BC82, label GETi. If the code had simply read as follows, 
there would be no bug:

    GET1
      JSR INTLBF; reset buffer pointer 
      LDA #ICGTC; continue as before

INPUT and READ
Using either an INPUT or READ statement without a following
variable does not cause a syntax error (as it should). Then,
attempting to execute a statement such as 20 INPUT can cause
total system lock-up.
    The solution from BASIC? Be careful and don't do it.
    And this is one bug that we will not show the fix for,
simply because it's too long and involved. We will, however,
point to labels SINPUT and :SREAD (at locations $A6F4 and
$A6F5) in the Syntax Tables and show why the bug exists.
    Note that the SINPUT does a syntax call (SYN JS,) to the
:OPD syntax, which looks for  but does not insist upon - a
file number specifier (# < numeric expression>). Then the


	277



Appendix B


syntax joins with :SREAD, which looks for zero or more 
variables.
    Oops! Zero or more? Shouldn't that be one or more? That's 
where the problem lies.

Do Not Use NOT
In all too many cases, the use of the NOT operator is 
guaranteed to get you in trouble. If you don't believe it, try 
this: PRINT NOT NOT 1.
    The explanation of why the bug occurs is too lengthy to 
give in detail here; suffice it to say that the precedence of NOT 
is wrong. Remember the Operator Precedence Table we 
displayed in Chapter 8 of Part 2? Look at what you got for the 
go-onto-stack and come-off-stack precedence values for NOT.
    Or look at location $AC57, the NOT entry in OPRTAB. 
NOT uses a 7 for both its precedence values. But wait a minute. 
If two operators have the same apparent precedence (as in 
NOT NOT A or even A + B + C), the expression executor will 
pop the first one off the stack and execute it. But with a unary 
operator, there is nothing to execute yet.
    And the same bug exists for both unary minus and unary 
plus, so - -3 and + + 5 don't execute properly. Of course, since 
unary plus doesn't really do anything, it doesn't matter. In the 
case of unary minus, though, all but the last minus sign in a 
string of minus signs is ignored (that is, - -3 produces -3 as a 
result, instead of + 3, as it should). But, by an incredible 
coincidence, the damage that unary minus causes is invisible to 
Execute Expression as a whole and only produces the error 
noted.
    The fix? Well, if we want to leave NOT where it is in the 
order of things, the only way is to restructure the whole 
precedence table. But if we are willing to accord it a very high 
precedence, like unary plus and minus, we can fix it - and 
plus and minus - by changing the bytes at $AC57, $AC64, 
and $AC65 to $DC. And, thanks to the differing go-onto-stack and 
come-off-stack values, we can stack as many NOTs, pluses, or 
minuses as we want.
    Are these all the bugs we know about that can be fixed 
easily? No. But these are the easiest to understand or the 
easiest to fix, and we thought they were instructive.
    Of course, unless you have an EPROM board and burner 
handy, you may not be able to take advantage of these fixes.


	278



Appendix B


But at least now you may be able to work around them as you 
program with good old buggy-version Atari BASIC.
    And take heart. Remember Richard's Rule: Any nontrivial 
piece of software has bugs in it. And the corollary: Any piece of 
software which is bug-free is trivial.


	280



Appendix C


Labels and 
Hexadecimal 
Addresses 


	AADD	AF52	 CGTO	0017	 CVFPI	AD56	 EREXPR	AAE0
	AAPSTR	AB98	 CILET	0036	 CVIFP	D9AA	 EXOPOP	AB0B
     n	ADC	AF53	 CIO	E456	 DATAD	00B6	 EXP	DDC0
	ADFLAG	00B1	 CIX	00F2	 DATALN	00B7	 EXP1	DE03
     n	AFP	D800	 CLALL1	BD4F  n DCBORG	0300	 EXP10	DDCC
	AMULl	AF5D	 CLE	001D	 DEGFLG	00FB	 EXP2	DE20
	AMUL2	AF46	 CLEN	0042	 DEGON	0006	 EXP3	DE26
	APHM	000E	 CLIST	0004	 DIGRT	00F1	 EXPAND	A881
	ARGOPS	0080	 CLPRR	002B	 DIRFLG	00A6	 EXPERR	DE4B
	ARGP2	AC06	 CLSALL	BD41	 DNERR	BCB0	 EXPINT	AB2E
	ARGPOP	ABF2	 CLSYS1	BCF1	 DOSLOC	000A	 EXPLOW	A87F
	ARGPUS	ABBA	 CLSYSD	BCF1	 DSPFLG	02FE	 EXPOUT	DE4A
	ARGSTK	0080	 CLT	0020	 ECSIZE	00A4	 EXPSGN	DE39
	ARSLVL	00AA	 CMINUS	0026	 EEXP	00ED	 EXSVOP	00AB
	ARSTKX	00AA	 CMUL	0024	 ELADVC	BADD	 EXSVPR	00AC
     n	ASCIN	D800	 CNE	001E	 ENDSTA	008E	 FADD	DA66
	ASLA	mac      CNFNP	0044	 ENDVVT	0088  n FASC	D8E6
	ATAN	BE77	 CNOT	0028	 ENTDTD	00B4	 FBODY	000C
	ATAN1	BE9A	 COLD1	A008	 EPCHAR	005D	 FCHRFL	00F0
	ATAN2	BED4	 COLDST	A000	 ERBRTN	B920	 FDB	mac
	ATCOEF	DFAE	 COLOR	00C8	 ERGFDE	B922	 FDIV	DB28
	ATEMP	00AF	 COMCNT	00B0	 ERLTL	B924	 FHALF	DF6C
	ATNOIT	BEE2	 CON	001E	 ERNOFO	B926	 FIXRST	B825
	BININT	00D4	 COSTLO	A8FB	 ERNOLN	B928	 FLD01	DD8F
	BOTH	BDB3	 CONTRA	A8FD  n ERON	B93E  n FLD0P	DD8D
	BRKBYT	0011	 COPEN	BBB6	 EROVFL	B92A	 FLD0R	DD89
	BYELOC	E471	 COR	0029	 ERRAOS	B92C	 FLDl1	DD9E
     n	BYTE	mac	 COS	BDB1	 ERRDIM	B92E	 FLD1P	DD9C
	C	0044	 C0X	0094	 ERRDNO	B918	 FLD1R	DD98
	BYELOC	E471	 CPC	009D	 ERRINP	B930	 FLIM	0000
     n	BYTE	mac	 CPLUS	0025	 ERRLN	B932	 FLIST	BAD5
	C	0044	 CPND	001C	 ERRNSF	B916  n FLOG10  DF01
	CAASN	002D	 CR	009B	 ERRNUM	00B9	 FLPTR	00FC
	CACOM	003C	 CREAD	0022	 ERROOD	B934	 FMOVE	DDB6
	CADR	0043	 CREGS	02C4	 ERROR	B940	 PMOVE1	DDB8
	CALPRN	0038	 CRPRN	002C	 ERRPTL	B91A	 FMOVER	A947
	CAND	002A	 CRTGI	BFF9	 ERRRAV	003C	 FMPREC	0005
	CASC	0040	 CSASN	002E	 ERRSSL	B936	 FMUL	DADB
	CCHX	0031	 CSC	0015	 ERRVSF	B938  n FNTAB	A829
	CCOM	0012	 CSEQ	0034	 ERSVAL	B91C	 FONE	DE8F
	CCR	0016	 CSGE	0031	 ERVAL	B93A	 FP9S	DFEA
	CDATA	0001	 CSGT	0033	 ESIGN	00EF	 FPI	D9D2
	CDIV	0027	 CSLE	002F	 EVAADR	0002	 FPONE	BE71
	CDLPRn	0039	 CSLPRN	0037	 EVAD1	0004	 FPORG	D800
     n	CDOL	0013	 CSLT	0032	 EVAD2	0006	 FPREC	0006
     n	CDQ	0010	 CSNE	0030  n EVARRA	0040	 FPSCR	05E6
	CDSLPR	003B	 CSOE	0011	 EVDIM	0001	 FPSCR1	05EC
	CEOS0	0014	 CSROP	001D  n EVNUM	0001	 FPTR2	00FE
	CEQ	0022	 CSTEP	001A	 EVSADR	0002	 FR0	00D4
	CERR	0037	 CSTR	003D	 EVSCAL	0000	 FR0M	00D5
	CEXP	0023	 CTHEN	001B	 EVSDIM	0006	 FR1	00E0
	CFFUN	003D	 CTO	0019	 EVSDTA	0002	 FR1M	00E1
	CFLPRN	003A	 CUMINU	0036	 EVSLEN	0004	 FR2	00E6
	CFOR	0008	 CUPLUS	0035	 EVSTR	0080	 FRA10	DD01
	CGE	001F	 CUSR	003F  n EVTYPE	0000	 FRA1E	DD09
	CGOSOB	000C	 CVAFP	D800  n EVVALU	0002	 FRA20	DD05
	CGS	0018	 CVAL	0041	 EXECNL	A95F	 FRA2E	DD0F
	CGT	0021	 CVFASC	D8E6	 EXECNS	A962	 FRADD	AD3B


	281



Appendix C


	x


	282



Appendix C


	x


	283