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A\}<.@.@@K:F-6-F:A`,%F:Aa,$AV%@A&@@fU%@]}@i%@@}%@@%@@K9AAD'AAD9AR@^}P'-@@'( documentationZ+-@!@+(di-@@ (P% A`7-_}@@ =(RG A`Y-@ @ _(Ei A`nG-@@ (S% A`7-@@ =(S`}G A`xi-@'@(s% A`7-@(@=(tG A`Y-@)@_(ai A`G-@0a}@(r% A`7-@1@=(tG A`1-@@1(ŠРРĠ̠ F:B2yb},@APF +AR@F(" PRINT TO ()SCREEN OR ()PRINTER)@"@:P,Ac}"@:S,Ap Apd@@9@@P:d@@ D1:d}MANUAL.DOC B A`@(@6-%@/"@f Ap%6-/ Ae}U A0:F:Ad,"@3*AdAU0(}: A05F:Ad,"@(*AdAU5%D:Mf}ENU AU$@@$%D:MENU B A Q@9@@ D1:MANg}UAL.DOCKAR@Q(}"@,-(66-%@@%"@!6-% A@J h} AT Ap^:F:Ad,"@3*AdAU0(}: Ah5F:Ad,"@(*AdAU5%i}D:MENUr APAR@(}P-@@.(ΠΠҠB-@AF P @Pj} ApK+F:Ad,"@3)F:Ad,"@(=AdAU@K%D:MENU A0d-@@"k};2%@E@@? a2d$C-@@"@(&Šl}àՠC$ D2:MANUAL? a2d$C-@@"@(&Š& ****************************** COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS **********************n}******** By David Hayes OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS / CAD ---------------------------- This program can aio}d you in the design of most operational amplifier (OP AMP) circuits. Hence its name, Computer Aided Design (CAD). Your cp}omputer can now remove the burden of making numerous calculations from your design task. Its spreadsheet-like operation q}allows you to instantly see the effects of any circuit changes you make. If you have an Atari 825 80-Column Printer (or r}just about any standard printer), you can get a record of your design effort. Although some knowledge of OP AMP circuit s}design is required, this program should find wide use among students and hobbyists as well as professionals. LOADING Ct}AD INTO COMPUTER MEMORY -------------------------------- REQUIRED: Atari 800/XL/XE/XEGS computer, Atari BASICu} language and a minimum 48K RAM memory. OPTIONAL: Printer. Insert the program disk in drive 1, powev}r up the printer if it will be used, and then boot the computer with Atari BASIC enabled. The program will run automaticalw}y or from a menu (if available on the disk). MAIN MENU SCREEN ---------------- After the title screenx}, the program will automatically proceed to the first menu screen, containing functions, commands, and menus. Your compy}uter can provide some HELP at any step along the way. If you would like some help just press the [H] key during normal prz}ogram operation. Press [SELECT] to highlight the different circuits listed on the menu. Press [START] when the circuit y{}ou want is highlighted. DESIGN NOTES ------------ Once you make your selection, a design screen wi|}ll be displayed. Design notes and general circuit information follow. If you are a beginner, you may wish to fist review}} the design example described in the section labeled SAMPLE APPLICATIONs. If you have a printer but do not want a printo~}ut of your designs, just turn your printer off. KEY FUNCTIONS ------------- [RESET] - Return control} to the main menu. [SELECT] - Selects component to be changed. [OPTION] - Change circuit config- } uration, if supported. [START] - Enters a new value or [Return] for the selected component}. Then the program displays the effect of this change. [H] - Display HELP me}ssages. [0] to [9] - Used to input a new component value. Below are notes on the individual types of circu}it: INVERTER OP AMP --------------- Circuit Characteristics: 1) Gain can be less than, equal } to, or greater than one. 2) Input impedance is equal to R1. Calculated Values: 1) R3=R1*R2/(R1+R2) 2) GAIN=}-R2/R1 NON-INVERTING OP AMP -------------------- Circuit Characteristics: 1) Gain must be greater than} one. 2) Input impedance is very large. Calculated Values: 1) GAIN=(R1+R2)/R1 SCHMITT TRIGGER/COMPARATOR }-------------------------- Circuit Characteristics: 1) Provides rapid output transition. It is most often use}d as a buffer between analog and digital circuits. 2) This circuit will act as a comparator for values of T } less than one. When T is greater than one then the circuit will act as a true Schmitt trigger. 3) T is ty}pically made much greater than one to account for large variations in the open loop gain (AOL). Calculated V}alues: 1) T=R1*(AOL)/(R1+R2) INTEGRATOR ---------- Circuit Characteristics: 1) The output} is equal to the gain times the integral of the input voltage. Calculated Values: 1) GAIN=-1/(R1*C1) 2) R2=}R1 DIFFERENTIAL (DIFFERENCE) AMP -----------------------------Circuit Characteristics: 1) Input impedance to V1 }is R1, V2 R2, and V3 R3. 2) R1 must be equal to R3, and R2 must be equal to R4 for this circuit to be a tru}e differential amplifier. Ideally, a differential amplifier should not amplify signals which are not common to both }inputs. However, a 1% deviation in any one of the resistances will cause a large reduction in its ability to reject commo}n mode signals. Calculated Values: 1) OUTPUT=((R1+R2)/(R3+R4)) *(R4/R1)*V2-R2/R1*V1 ADDER (SUMMING) AMPLIFIER} ------------------------- Circuit Characteristics: 1) Output is the inverted sum of all input signals. Cal}culated Values: 1) OUT=-R4*(V1/R1+V2/R2) NOTE: Two input Option. 2) OUT=-R4*(V1/R1+V2/R2+V3/R3) NOTE: Three i}nput Option. 3) R5=1/(1/R1+1/R2+1/R4) NOTE: Two input Option. 4) R5=1/(1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/R4) NOTE: Three input} Option. SAMPLE APPLICATION ------------------ Let's design an inverting op amp amplifier circuit... S}tep 1: [SELECT] the inverter circuit from the main menu. When the word INVERTER is highlighted, } press [START]. The CAD program will load from the disk and display the selected circuit.} Step 2: Again, press [SELECT] to see which circuit parameters you can modify. Pause at some comp}onent, then enter a value for it. Your new value is displayed, and all parameters affecte}d by your change will be updated on the screen display. You may wish to consult your Des}ign Notes at this point. Step 3: Repeat Step 2 as often as necessary to get the right values. E}xperiment freely. If you make a mistake the computer will recover and display an "error"} message. It's just that simple. **Remember, press [H] for Help. ** ADVANCED TECHNICAL INFORMATION -------}----------------------- The integrated circuit OP AMP is the workhorse of linear amplifiers used in most audio equipment.} Its low cost and high performance has made it the amplifier of choice among professionals, students, and hobbyists alik}e. The generic 741 and improved versions are typical of this group. Most OP AMPs of 741 quality or better can be readil}y used to construct the circuits designed with this CAD program. I suggest that you consult any of the many good texts a}nd application notes for details of circuit design and OP AMP selection. Your local electronics shop probably stocks man}y of these books. You may wish to pick up the "Engineer's Mini-Notebook, Op Amp IC Circuits" by Forrest M. Mims III. Th}is book is available from Radio Shack, USA catalog number 276-5011. It is filled with many excellent examples of the 741 }and several popular OP AMPS. (Radio Shack also sells the 741 OP AMP.) Resistors and capacitors come in industry standar}d sizes. The program will accept standard and non-standard values. However, you may have difficulty building your circu}it with non-standard component values. So, for your reference, the standard (common) values are noted below. STAND}ARD COMPONENT VALUES ------------------------- RESISTORS: OHMS OHMS OHMS OHMS OHMS OHMS OHMS 2.2 20 180 1.6K 15}K 130K 1.2M 2.4 22 200 1.8K 16K 150K 1.3M 2.7 24 220 2.0K 18K 160K 1.5M 3.0 27 240 2.2K 20K 180K 1.6M 3.3} 30 270 2.4K 22K 200K 1.8M 3.6 33 300 2.7K 24K 220K 2.0M 3.9 36 330 3.0K 27K 240K 2.2M 4.3 39 360 3.3K }30K 270K 2.4M 4.7 43 390 3.6K 33K 300K 2.7M 5.1 47 430 3.9K 36K 330K 3.0M 5.6 51 470 4.3K 39K 360K 3.3M }6.2 56 510 4.7K 43K 390K 3.6M 6.8 62 560 5.1K 47K 430K 3.9M 7.5 68 620 5.6K 51K 470K 4.3M 8.2 75 680 6.}2K 56K 510K 4.7M 9.1 82 750 6.8K 62K 560K 5.1M 10 91 820 7.5K 68K 620K 5.6M 11 100 910 8.2K 75K 680K 6.2M} 12 110 1.0K 9.1K 82K 750K 6.8M 13 120 1.1K 10K 91K 820K 7.5M 15 130 1.2K 11K 100K 910K 8.2M 16 150 1.3K }12K 110K 1.0M 9.1M 18 160 1.5K 13K 120K 1.1M 10M CAPACITORS: FARAD FARAD FARAD FARAD 10pf 100pf 4.}7nf 100nf 22pf 220pf 10nf 220nf 39pf 330pf 22nf 330nf 47pf 470pf 33nf 470nf 68pf }1.0nf 47nf Hope you enjoy the program and that you find it useful. Happy project building! 33nf 470nf 68pf cNgrHELINVINVINONNONISCHSCHIITITIFFIAAILPLPIHPHPIBPBPINONOIFIRFIRISECSECIHELPFNMENMENI}MESSDIFDIFISEKESSSSSIZNMCCDDIH} } !"#$%&'}()*+,-./01234Op Amp Cad by Da}vid Hayes (c) 1989, Antic Publishing * AF:A,&@* AT  @ @N@@d}'B7t@d9A@KAR@N$-@@1(@COMPUTER AIDEDC-@@}Z(@ DESIGN OFl-@@(@-@@*(@REV 1.0<-@}@Q(@4/24/89c-@(@(c) Antic Publishingz-@@/(@ DAVID HAYES}R( In memory of my mother:U(z( MARIE AGNUS (HARDEN) HAYES6-;@ ,;@ ,;@},;@,;@,;@,;@,;@,;@,;@,;@,;@,<<;@,;@},;@ ,;@ ,;AP,/ A AT+-@/ }-@@2(@FOR } TYPE D-@@Y(@ANYTIMEk@ }AdAU#6. MAIN MENU#6.  #6.} INVERTING#6. ")6. NONINVERTING)6. $/6.SCHMITT TRIGGER/6.&%6. }INTEGRATOR%6. (-6.DIFFERENTIATOR-6.*6.ADDER6.,,F:Ad,"@W"} AV, @H. F:@ , A@@D0 AT6-2 @4 F:B2y,@@R6 } @X8 @:AdAU<`A@d'A66-F:Ad,B"@WL AVV AT}` @P>IIAU)F:B2y,"@)+F:B2y,"@*",@p@**F:B2y,"@*!A@}B"F:B2y,"@" AD @`Faa(XPLEASE PUSH THE KEY TO SELECT A CIRCUIT. THEN PUSH THE } KEY TO CONTINUE.HAA(8 YOU MAY TYPE THE LETTER IF YOU NEED HELP... ANYTIME.JAdAULZA@d}'A<F:Ad,"@WF AVP ATZ @VN>"F:B2y,"@*!4AdAU}> A@P F:B2y,"@@VR @vT!@VB(@>:A%,+-@B(}@ X`-@@"(@4-@@A(@S-@@`(@Z`-@}@"(@4-@@A(@S-@@`(@\D$(} A CIRCUIT'(}D( THEN ^l!C@AAAAAU-@l(@} MAIN MENU`$b%-@@"(@%$d%-@@"(@%$f%-@@"(@}%$h%-@@"(@%$j%-@@"(@%$l%-@@"(@%$n,-@},(@ MAIN MENUp)6-%@!@)6-@rG 6-=AAA A"A$}A&G A(tD-@@"(@4-@@A(@D$vD-@@"(@4}-@@A(@D$xD-@@"(@4-@@A(@D$zD-@@"(}@4-@@A(@D$|D-@@"(@4-@@A(@D$~D-@}@"(@4-@@A(@D$A/2$@ %@P@@A@  }F:@ , @ A07%27@  F:@ , @@A4 F:B2}y,"@A$A AAABADAFAHAPAR %D:H %D:L %D:R} %D:P %D:W %D:Ct +@AA1A ACAAUAAgA}Aq @t$ 6.+ @0-@ @BAR@Y(HELP IS ON THE WAYe6-@}o A $@%A`@ At 6.EE$ 6.LL$ 6.FF$ 6.GG$ 6.}HH$ 6.II$ 6.Y$b 6.D:67@,.8@@E)@R)@b6-A}U$%E-@)@,67<,.>:,0 ;@E @X( (X(IAdditional information may be fou}nd in the users manual & design notes.+( (+( PRESS TO CONTINUE. F:B2y,@A F:B}2y,@A. B6-+AdAU.$7;@2,76. hhhhh֢ԑ`}:$6-+F:A,%@,$AV:6-?:C:,<BsD<,V-@@)"+6-%$@?-@C"K}%O S V$SS72,0,1,3,255,254,0,0,0,73,128,195,99,99,54,52,28,8,74,128,192,96,127,63,0,0,0VV75,6,6,6,254,254,6,}6,6,76,96,96,96,127,127,96,96,96,64,0,0,0,128,224,248,254,255__80,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,128,5,255,243,243,192,192,243,243,255,32,}224,248,254,255,255,255,255,255nn59,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,60,224,248,254,255,255,254,248,224,61,255,255,255,192},192,255,255,255ZZ96,255,255,255,255,255,254,248,224,123,255,254,248,224,128,0,0,0,7,128,0,0,0,0,0,0,0``66,255,255,19}2,192,192,192,255,255,77,192,240,60,15,15,60,240,192,70,0,0,0,0,0,255,255,255RR71,24,24,24,24,24,255,255,255,78,0,0,0,15,}15,15,0,0,97,0,0,0,255,255,255,0,0SS4,0,0,0,240,240,240,0,0,62,0,255,255,255,0,0,0,0,79,24,255,255,0,0,255,255,24==85},24,24,24,24,24,24,28,14,86,3,14,28,112,192,112,28,14UU89,3,14,28,24,24,24,24,24,98,0,60,195,129,66,36,231,0,117,0,0,66,3}4,34,34,62,66I + @)A@;-@@I( ERROR ...M( (M(ERROR # F:A, ON} LINE # F:A,%AV$F:A,MF:A,!A'(2(Your disk drive orM(file is not available."@}'6-,( (,( Press to continue. F:B2y,@A@0 F:B2y,@A`}: @H D:T(,( Press to continue. F:B2y,@A@0 F:B2y,@A`}The operational amplifier adderperforms the electronic equivalentof mathimatical addition. The outputwaveform is }the sumation of two ormore input waveforms. This programwill support the design of two andthree signal adders.rm is w~%0MESSHELHELPFNSSSIZERMR1IR2IR1R2DUMENTRYH1H2H3CCRRRGAISEKEDUR1R2R3GAINERR }GSIPHRINPRO } } !"#$%&'()* B$6 }-F:A,%@.+8 @JAA(\Ah6-t6-@@ }K: @ Z@@d'B7t@d9A@KAR@WAVZ$GG;AP, };@,;@,;@,;@,;@,-0-@@"(INVERTER0( AMPLIFIERdW6-A6-A }'6-A36-@?6-E6-K6-Q6-W6-n B Ax F:B2y,@A 9 }AdAU'A@d9A26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 AI5AU)F:B2y },"@)F:B2y,"@? AI A0,F:B2y,"@" A0, A A@26-F:Ad, }"@W( B2 A,F:B2y,"@" A0, A6""@)F:B2y,"@, A6 A }AUAP F:B2y,@A A A-"@9)"@`# AP- A })@ 6-B:, A&Av @6. A&6.7@<&@,& AM9 }+ @H)!@W,*@i*@F*@EC APM A=!@ 6-@!6-'6--6-36-= }B67%@,.>:,"<-@(@( ( 2AdAU< A,u-@@ u([PLEASE PU }SH THE KEY TO SELECT A COMPONENT. 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B8'_AVA$((_(ERR!}OR # F:A, ON LINE # F:A,%AV$F:A,:'ZF:A,!A'(2(Your disk drive orM(file is no!}t available.P'Z B@='5(((Please try a different value.+'5 B@B' 6.A6-@$L' 6.B6-@!}$V' 6.G6-@$`' 6.I6-@$j' 6.J6-@$' 6.U6-@$*J 6-6-!}6.D:-67@,.J@@+-)@)@-6-AU$% +E-@)!}@,67<,.>:,0 ;@E @+lAVA$((l(KAdditional information may be found in the !}users manual and design notes. ++( (+( Press to continue.!+aW%@BDBBBCBCB!}CBDBCBCBCa BP"+-@@($#+-@@($$+$*+ F:B2y,!}@BP/+AdAU4+26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 B>+ F:B2y,"@BH+ B!}`Q+"@'6-R+= 6-6-6-6-'6-3AV= A N+ 6.@ B!}+6-@*N@ + @)-@ @@(HELP IS ON THE WAY4N $@%B@>N BHN 6.Z!}$RN 6.N$\N 6.K$R8 6.D:67@,.8@@R-)@)@-6-AU!}$%RE-@)@,67<,.>:,0 ;@E @&RjAVA$((j(IAdditional infor!}mation may be found in the users manual & design notes.0R+( (+( PRESS TO CONTINUE.:R F:B2y,@! }BPDR F:B2y,@B`NR0AdAU!AV-6-0$ D:H.:R F:B2y,@ c!}The value you entered for AOLisThe open loop gain (AOL) isalways positive and usually quitelarge. Typically, %"}AOL is 1E6 to10E6 for most operational amplifiers.This program will accept valuesgreater than zero and less than 100E%#}6for AOL. Please try another value. amplifiers.This program will accept valuesgreater than zero and less than 100E$(uv+6ERHELMR1IR2IR1R2DUMENTRYHELPFNERRMESSCCRRRGAISER1R2R3GAINKEDUPSSSIZGSIHR)%}INPRO )&})'} !"#$%&' B$6-F:A,%@.+8 )(}@JAA(\Ah6-t6-@@K: @ Z@@))}d'B7t@d9A@KAR@WAVZ$GG;AP,;@,;@,;@,)*};@,;@,-4-@@&( NONINVERTING4( AMPLIFIERdE6-A6-A'6-@36-9)+}6-?6-E6-n B Ax F:B2y,@A 9AdAU'A@d9A),}26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 AI5AU)F:B2y,"@)F:B2y,"@? AI A0)-},F:B2y,"@" A0, A A@26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 A,F:B2y,").}@" A0, A6""@)F:B2y,"@, A6 AAUAP F:B2y,@)/}A A A-"@9)"@`# AP- A)@ 6-B:, A&Av)0} @6. A&6.7@<&@,& AM9+ @H)!@W,*@i*@F*@E)1}C APM A7!@ 6-@!6-'6--6-7 B67%@,.>:,"<-@(@)2}( ( 2AdAU< A,u-@@ u([PLEASE PUSH THE KEY TO SELECT A COMPONENT. THEN ENTER)3} ITS NEW VALUE. -HELP.6<AdAU'A@d9A<$^r-@@ r(WLEGAL VALU)4}E CHARACTERS ARE NUMBERS OR THE LETTER E . PLEASE CHECK THE MANUAL FOR h^(MORE INFORMATION.+AdAU=)5}A@dOA[6-@^$. 6-6-6-$B:,". AP AAA)6}  6-A:, A% 6-A:,2 ) %6-@('2 B2 @) @%6-@)7}('2 B2!C")!C"%6-@('2 B B6-+%,'(!B6-@'( )8}BK AAdAU&6.8-@(@H( K$X6-@' Bo(>:A%,)9}"AA(4A> @P-@@a( NONINVERTINGo( AMPLIFIER<-@@(GAIN):}=1-@"@<(=-@@('-@@'( IN %@(-@@(([);}[\ OUT$-@@$( ]`{' |$-@@$( | {' R2 |$$-@@$(  ))<}-@@(|.-@@ (8-@@(B-@@(R1L-@@)=}(V-@@(`-@@(|j-@@(t-@@(a$~-)>}@@(^L 6- A/AAAA-@@L( #-@@(# )?}A67B:,%@,.b$67B:,%@,.Kb$67B:,%@,.Mb$L 6- A/A)@}AAA-@@L( &"-@"&B:,'@@&(' 6- A' A&&)A}"@&67B:,%@,.E3 A52"6@(67B:,%@,.E-32 A56.0.008-@)B}@"( 4-@@8( A@@eE3 NONINVERTING3R1=(3R2=43GAIN=)C}E3 ************, @@e@) B,$6-@ @AP AA%)D})6-'A6-%@) A<!A26-P:+%?P,$@,'@< A0<!@26-P:+%?)E},$@,'@< A0&&6-P:+%>P,$A,'A2 6.=:,B:, @267B:,%@,..0)F}$6-@A%)6-$A6-&@) AU +-@"@+(VALUE= )G} )6-%@!@)6-@ 6-@ !A0@A0P! A0` 8-@"@(R2.-@)H}@5(ұ8$ 8-@@(R1.-@"@5(Ҳ8$ A/2$A%@P@@A)I}@  F:@ , @ A0b 7%27@  F:@ , @@)J}A0f F:B2y,"@A0 6. $'+ 6.6-!@+ B$'[ + @)A)K}@;-@@[(ERROR ... ONE MOMENT PLEASE.'! $@%B@! B8'_AVA$((_)L}(ERROR # F:A, ON LINE # F:A,%AV$F:A,:'ZF:A,!A'(2(Your disk drive orM(file)M} is not available.P'Z B@='5(((Please try a different value.+'5 B@B' 6.A6-@$L' 6.B6)N}-@$V' 6.G6-@$`' 6.I6-@$j' 6.J6-@$' 6.U6-@$*J 6-)O}6-6.D:-67@,.J@@+-)@)@-6-AU$% +E-@)P})@,67<,.>:,0 ;@E @+lAVA$((l(KAdditional information may be found i)Q}n the users manual and design notes. ++( (+( Press to continue.!+aW%@BDBBBCBC)R}BCBDBCBCBCa BP"+-@@($#+-@@($$+$*+ F:B2)S}y,@BP/+AdAU4+26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 B>+ F:B2y,"@BH)T}+ B`Q+"@'6-R+7 6-6-6-!6--AV7 A N+ 6.@ B)U}+6-@*N@ + @)-@ @@(HELP IS ON THE WAY4N $@%B@>N BHN 6.Z)V}$RN 6.N$\N 6.K$R8 6.D:67@,.8@@R-)@)@-6-AU)W}$%RE-@)@,67<,.>:,0 ;@E @&RjAVA$((j(IAdditional infor)X}mation may be found in the users manual & design notes.0R+( (+( PRESS TO CONTINUE.:R F:B2y,@)Y}BPDR F:B2y,@B`NR0AdAU!AV-6-0$ D:L.:R F:B2y,@(c}An error message will bedisplayed whenever an entered valueis less than zero or R<2 or R>22E6 orC<10E-12 or C>1E-6-[} .An error message will not begenerated for calculated componentvalues.An error message will bedisplayed whenev-\}er GAIN<0 or GAIN>10K. will not begenerated for calculated componentvalues.An error message will bedisplayed whenev,~ERHELMR1IR2IR1R2DUMENTRYHELPFNERRMESSCCRRRGAISER1R2R3GAINKEDUPSSSIZGSIT1^}AAOHRINPRO 1_}1`} !"#$%&'()*+,1a} B$6-F:A,%@.+8 @JAA(\Ah6-t6-@1b}@K: @ Z@@d'B7t@d9A@KAR@WAVZ$1c}GG;AP,;@,;@,;@,;@,;@,-F-@@!(SCHMITT-(TRIGGER7( OR1d}F( COMPARATORdW6-A6-A'6-BP36-C?6-E6-K6-Q6-W6-n B A1e}x F:B2y,@A 9AdAU'A@d9A26-F:Ad,"@W( B1f}2 AI5AU)F:B2y,"@)F:B2y,"@? AI A0,F:B2y,"@" A0, A1g} A@26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 A,F:B2y,"@" A0, A6""@1q}Bb%DOS SYSb*)DUP SYSbSAUTORUN SYSbUMENU bZMANUAL bEmMANUAL DOCb5CAD bY b8H b!D b6$L bZN b9]R bZ b:P bK bA bB bG bI bJ bO bS bU b>W b5LL b8EE b;FF b>GG bAHH bDII bHFC )F:B2y,"@, A6 AAUAP F:B2y,@A A A-1r}"@9)"@`# AP- A)@ 6-B:, A&Av @6. A&61s}.7@<&@,& AM9+ @H)!@W,*@i*@F*@EC APM A=!@ 1t}6-@!6-'6--6-36-= B67%@,.>:,"<-@(@( ( 2AdAU< A1u},u-@@ u([PLEASE PUSH THE KEY TO SELECT A COMPONENT. THEN ENTER ITS NEW VALUE. -HELP.6<1v}AdAU'A@d9A<$^r-@@ r(WLEGAL VALUE CHARACTERS ARE NUMBERS OR THE1w} LETTER E . PLEASE CHECK THE MANUAL FOR h^(MORE INFORMATION.+AdAU=A@dOA[1x}6-@^$4 6-6-6-6-*B:,"4 AP AAA A" 6-A:, 1y}A% 6-A:, A% 6-A:,2 ) %6-@('2 B2 @) @%6-@1z}('2 B2!C")!C"%6-@('2 B2)!D%6-@ ('2 B B1{}6-$'+%,K AAdAU&6.8-@(@H( K$X6-@' B1|}r(>:A%,"AA(4A> @P-@@\(SCHMITTh(TRIGGERr( OR( COMPA1}}RATORT-@@(T=.-@"@9(=K-@@T(AOL=-@@('-@1~}@'( IN ]@(-@@(([[\ OUT$-@@$( %`{' |$-@@1}$( | {' R2 |$$-@@$(  )-@@(|.-@@ (8-@@1}(B-@@(R1L-@@(V-@@(`-@@(|j1}-@@(t-@@(a$~-@@(^L 6- A/AAA1}A-@@L( #-@@(# A67B:,%@,.b$67B:,%@,.Kb$1}67B:,%@,.Mb$L 6- A/AAAA-@@L( &"-@"&B:,'@1}@&(:-@@$( 6-@@:(5 6- A  6@+6.0.005 A51}2"6@(67B:,%@,.E-32 A5)A#A$A%) A5$67B:,%@,.E31}$67B:,%@,.E6$7-@@!( 3-@@7( Ap@eH31}SCHMITT3R1=#3R2=,3T=73AOL=H3 ************, @@e@) B,$6-@1} @AP AA%)6-'A6-%@) A<!A26-P:+%?P,$@1},'@< A0<!@26-P:+%?,$@,'@< A0&&6-P:+%>P,$A,'A2 61}.=:,B:, @267B:,%@,..0$6-@A%)6-$A6-&@) A1}U +-@"@+(VALUE=  )6-%@!@)6-@ 6-@ )A0@A0P1}A0U) A0` 9-@@(AOL/-@@6(ұ9$ 8-@@(R1.-@"@5(1}Ҳ8$ 9-@"@(R2.-@@6(9$ A/2$A%@P@@A@ 1} F:@ , @ A0b 7%27@  F:@ , @@A0f1} F:B2y,"@A0 6. $'+ 6.6-!@+ B$'[ + @)A@1};-@@[(ERROR ... ONE MOMENT PLEASE.'! $@%B@! B8'_AVA$((_(ERROR # 1}F:A, ON LINE # F:A,%AV$F:A,:'ZF:A,!A'(2(Your disk drive orM(file is not ava1}ilable.P'Z B@='5(((Please try a different value.+'5 B@L' 6.B6-@$V' 6.G6-@$1}`' 6.I6-@$j' 6.J6-@$' 6.U6-@$' 6.D6-@$*J 6-6-1}6.D:-67@,.J@@+-)@)@-6-AU$% +E-@)@1},67<,.>:,0 ;@E @+lAVA$((l(KAdditional information may be found in the users1} manual and design notes. ++( (+( Press to continue.!+i_%@BDBBBCBCBC1}BDBCBCBCBBi BP"+-@@($#+-@@($$+$*+ F:B2y1},@BP/+AdAU4+26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 B>+ F:B2y,"@BH+ 1} B`Q+"@'6-R+= 6-6-6-6-'6-3AV= A N+ 6.@ B1}+6-@*N@ + @)-@ @@(HELP IS ON THE WAY4N $@%B@>N BHN 6.1}Z$RN 6.N$\N 6.K$R8 6.D:67@,.8@@R-)@)@-6-1}AU$%RE-@)@,67<,.>:,0 ;@E @&RjAVA$((j(IAdditional in1}formation may be found in the users manual & design notes.0R+( (+( PRESS TO CONTINUE.:R F:B2y,@1}BPDR F:B2y,@B`NR0AdAU!AV-6-0$ D:R.:R F:B2y,@0f}The circuit shown can bemodified by changing selectedcomponent values. You may select acomponent by pushing the 5} key.After you have made a selection, youcan enter its new value. Finally,you must push the or key 5}to continue.HAPPY COMPUTING!election, youcan enter its new value. Finally,you must push the or key 4# MESSHELHELPFNSSSIZERMR1IR2IR1R2DUMENTRYH1H2H3CCRRRGAISEKEDUR1R2R3GAINERR9}GSIPCHRINPRO 9}9} !"#$%&'()*+ 9}B$6-F:A,%@.+8 @JAA(\Ah6-t6-@@9}K: @ Z@@d'B7t@d9A@KAR@WAVZ$GG;9}AP,;@,;@,;@,;@,;@,-3-@@%( INTEGRATING3( AMPLIFIERdW6-B9}6-B'6-<36-A?6-E6-K6-Q6-W6-n B Ax F:B2y,@9}A 9AdAU'A@d9A26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 AI5AU9})F:B2y,"@)F:B2y,"@? AI A0,F:B2y,"@" A0, A A@269}-F:Ad,"@W( B2 A,F:B2y,"@" A0, A6""@)F:B2y,"@, 9}A6 AAUAP F:B2y,@A A A-"@9)"@`# A9}P- A)@ 6-B:, A&Av @6. A&6.7@<&@,& 9}AM9+ @H)!@W,*@i*@F*@EC APM A=!@ 6-@!6-'6--9}6-36-= B67%@,.>:,"<-@(@( ( 2AdAU< A,u-@@ 9}u([PLEASE PUSH THE KEY TO SELECT A COMPONENT. THEN ENTER ITS NEW VALUE. -HELP.6<AdAU'A9}@d9A<$^r-@@ r(WLEGAL VALUE CHARACTERS ARE NUMBERS OR THE LETTER E . PLEASE CHEC9}K THE MANUAL FOR h^(MORE INFORMATION.+AdAU=A@dOA[6-@^$4 6-69}-6-6-*B:,"4 AP AAA  6-A:, A% 6-A:,( 9}6-@'( B( @6-@'( B(!C"6-@'( B% :6-9}@% B%!=6-@% B B 6-6-@'+$,(!B6-@'9}( BK AAdAU&6.8-@(@H( K$X6-@' Bn(>:A%9},"AA(4A> @P-@@`( INTEGRATINGn( AMPLIFIER<-@@(GA9}IN=1-@"@<(=5-@@(R1.-@!@5(C13-@@3(IN  9} &-@@&( | |&-@@&( |  |&-@@&( ]@ |9}$*-@ @*([[\ OUT."-@@"(%`{'8 -@@  (| {'B-@@9}(L-@@(V-@@(R2`-@@(j-@@(~9}-@@(-@@(a$-@@(^L 6- A/AAA9}A-@@L( 0"-@&B:,'@@&(0 A67B:,%@,.b$67B:,%@9},.Kb$67B:,%@,.Mb$L 6- A/AAAA-@@L( -@9}@(z 6- A:O:,&@AAAL-@@W( v-@"&B:,'@9}@z( A 67B:,%@,.uF$67B:,%@,.nF$67B:,%@,.pF$' 6- 9}A' A&&"@&67B:,%@,.E3 A52"6@(67B:,%@,.E-32 A59}6.0.00<-@@"( 4-@@<(- A@@eN3 INTEGRATO9}R3R1=&3R2=03C1==3GAIN=-N3 ************, @@e@) B,$6-@9} @AP AA%)6-'A6-%@) A<!A26-P:+%?P,$@,'9}@< A0<!@26-P:+%?,$@,'@< A0&&6-P:+%>P,$A,'A2 6.=:9},B:, @267B:,%@,..0$6-@A%)6-$A6-&@) AU9} +-@"@+(VALUE=  )6-%@!@)6-@ 6-@ !A0@A0P! 9}A0` 8-@!@(C1.-@@5(ұ8$ 8-@@(R1.-@!@5(ñ8$ A/29}$A%@P@@A@  F:@ , @ A0b 7%29}7@  F:@ , @@A0f F:B2y,"@A0 6. $'+ 6.6-!9}@+ B$'[ + @)A@;-@@[(ERROR ... ONE MOMENT PLEASE.'! $@%B9}@! B8'_AVA$((_(ERROR # F:A, ON LINE # F:A,%AV$F:A,:'ZF:A9},!A'(2(Your disk drive orM(file is not available.P'Z B@='5(((Please try a different value.+'5 B9}@B' 6.A6-@$L' 6.B6-@$V' 6.G6-@$`' 6.I6-@$j' 6.J6-@9}$t' 6.O6-@$~' 6.S6-@$' 6.U6-@$*J 6-6-6.D:-67@9},.J@@+-)@)@-6-AU$% +E-@)@,67<,.>:,9}0 ;@E @+lAVA$((l(KAdditional information may be found in the users manual and design9} notes. ++( (+( Press to continue.!+aW%@BDBBBCBCBCBDBCB9}CBCa BP"+-@@(6$#+-@@($$+$*+ F:B2y,@BP/+A9}dAU4+26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 B>+ F:B2y,"@BH+ B`Q+"@9}'6-R+= 6-6-6-6-'6-3AV= A N+ 6.@ B+6-@*N@ +9} @)-@ @@(HELP IS ON THE WAY4N $@%B@>N BHN 6.Z$RN 6.N$\N 9}6.K$R8 6.D:67@,.8@@R-)@)@-6-AU$%RE-@9})@,67<,.>:,0 ;@E @&RjAVA$((j(IAdditional information may be found 9}in the users manual & design notes.0R+( (+( PRESS TO CONTINUE.:R F:B2y,@BPDR F:B2y9},@B`NR0AV!AdAU-6-0$ D:P1:R F:B2y,@BPDR F:B2y8N2}The following are examples ofcorrect resistor values: 2, 13, 159,2001, 10E3, 102000, 22E6.The following are exam=}ples ofcorrect capacitor values: 10E-12,192E-11, 0.3E-9, 39E-8, 0.1E-6,0.000001.The following are examples ofinco=}rrect values: -29, E14, EE, 9EE3,-49E-4, 9.298001496.-9, 39E-8, 0.1E-6,0.000001.The following are examples ofinco<9R}WOW!! The gain of this circuitisAn amplifier gain this large istheoretically possible, but usuallynot feasiblA}e. High gain amplifiersare often noisy and hard to control.They normally require careful handdesign.Please try anoA}ther value. Youmay type for a list of calculated-value ranges which flag errors.eful handdesign.Please try ano@YD}The value is to long.The value contains someunnecessary characters.You may have entered a valuewithE} greater precision then ispractical. Some large numbers can beshortened by using exponentialnotation. For example, thE}e number12000000 can be expressed as 12E6.For more examples type .d by using exponentialnotation. For example, thDK.}The resistor value is to low.The value is nearly ashort circuit.Resistor values less than twoohms aI}re usually avoided because theyare difficult to implement inpractice.Please try another value. Youmay type for aI} list of componentvalue ranges which flag errors.lement inpractice.Please try another value. Youmay type for aH5;}The resistor value is to large.The value is nearly anopen circuit.Resistor values greater thanthe sM}tandard value, 22E6, are usuallyavoided because they are often noisyand expensive.Please try another value. YoumayM} type for a list of componentvalue ranges which flag errors.oisyand expensive.Please try another value. YoumayLB }I'm sorry, your entry for valuemakes no sense to me.Remember your entry can containonly numbers. A single letteQ}r -E-can be used to indicate exponentialnotation. For example, the number24000 can be expressed as 24E3.For more eQ}xamples type .d to indicate exponentialnotation. For example, the number24000 can be expressed as 24E3.For more eP>}The capacitor value is to large.The value is a virtualswimming pool of electrons.Capacitor values greU}ater than1E-6 are most often used in powersupply filters; rarely in OP AMPcircuits.Please try another value. YouU}may type for a list of componentvalue ranges which flag errors.in OP AMPcircuits.Please try another value. YouTE7}The capacitor value is to small.The value is nearlynothing.Capacitor values less than10E-12 are oftY}en swamped by othercircuit capacitances and are rarelyused in OP AMP circuits.Please try another value. Youmay typY}e for a list of componentvalue ranges which flag errors. in OP AMP circuits.Please try another value. Youmay typX>:}The entered value is negative.The value is interesting.Passive components cannot benegative. However]}, the concept ofnegative impedance is intriguing.Something like perpetual motion.Please try another value. Youmay ]}type for a list of componentvalue ranges which flag errors.ke perpetual motion.Please try another value. Youmay \AstERHELMDUMENTRYHELPFNERRMESSCCRRRRVVSER1R2R3R4V1V2KEDUGAIPSSSIZGAINHRINa}PRO a}a} !"#$%&'() B$6-F:A,%@a}.+8 @JAA(\Ah6-t6-@@K: @ a}Z@@d'B7t@d9A@KAR@WAVZ$GG;AP,;@,;@a},;@,;@,;@,-F-@"@ &( DIFFERENTIAL8-@"@F( AMPLIFIERd{6-A6-a}A'6-A36-A?6-@K6-@W6-]6-c6-i6-o6-u6-{6-n B Aa}x F:B2y,@A 9AdAU'A@d9A26-F:Ad,"@W( Bb}2 AI5AU)F:B2y,"@)F:B2y,"@? AI A0,F:B2y,"@" A0, b}A A@26-F:Ad,"@W( B2 A,F:B2y,"@" A0, A6""@b})F:B2y,"@, A6 AAUAP F:B2y,@A A A-b}"@9)"@`# AP- A)@ 6-B:, A&Av @6. A&b}6.7@<&@,& AM9+ @H)!@W,*@i*@F*@EC APM AI!@ b}6-@!6-'6--6-36-96-?6-I B67%@,.>:,"<-@(@( ( 2Adb}AU< A,u-@@ u([PLEASE PUSH THE KEY TO SELECT A COMPONENT. THEN ENTER ITS NEW VALUE. b} -HELP.6<AdAU'A@d9A<$^r-@@ r(WLEGAL VALUE CHARACTERS ARE NUMBb}ERS OR THE LETTER E . 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ONE MOMENT PLEASE.'! $@%B@! 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Itsgain can be less tf6}han, equal to, orgreater than one. Its inputimpedance is equal to the inputresistor R1. It is a good generalpurposef7} amplifier., orgreater than one. Its inputimpedance is equal to the inputresistor R1. It is a good generalpurposed 7}The main menu is a list of allthe op-amp circuits that this CADprogram will support. These circuitsare the buildij9}ng blocks of mostop-amp systems. You may select acircuit by pushing the key.After you have made a selection, yoj:}umust push the key to continue.HAPPY COMPUTING!by pushing the key.After you have made a selection, yoh>}The noninverting operationalamplifier is a common linearamplifier with very high inputimpedance. Its gain cannot n<}be lessthan one. It is a good generalpurpose amplifier and is often usedas a high impedance buffer betweentwo circuin=}ts.ssthan one. It is a good generalpurpose amplifier and is often usedas a high impedance buffer betweentwo circuil}The Schmitt trigger is a uniqueapplication of an operationalamplifier due to the use of positivefeedback. The Schr?}mitt triggerconverts a slowly changing signalinto a fast changing signal. It isoften used as an interface fromanalogr@} to digital circuits.a slowly changing signalinto a fast changing signal. It isoften used as an interface fromanalogpD}The integrating operationalamplifier circuit performs theelectronic equivalent of mathimaticalintegration. 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