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This.(} one's double sided again but don't expect any more double sided issues in the near future. Back to the familiar two-menu, on.)}e side format for TGR 12! This issue of TGR is late again but I don't think it matters because nobody has actually requested.*} a copy of it yet. Why do I have to put an advert in 'New Atari User' before anyone sends for it? Talking of 'New Atari User.+}', I read in the latest issue that AMS 7 will take place on Saturday the 13th of November 1993. I hope you'll go along and su.,}pport the Atari 8-bit. This year's show looks really exciting with people from Europe coming over to display their wares. Pr.-}obably one of the most eagerly awaited pieces of software to come along in years, The Brundles, will hopefully be available a..}t the show. I was sent a demo by a friend and it does look quite impressive and at a retail price of #15 (not confirmed!), so./} it should! I don't really know if I will buy the game because I have the original 'Lemmings' games on my ST and I'm not a bi.0}g fan of them - I just haven't got the patience! Hopefully, Derek Fern will have lots of new software available for the show.1} so expect thy pockets to be empty and your bag to be full when you leave Bingley Hall! All this talk of Derek Fern should n.2}ot distract from the other main distributor and creator of new software in the U.K., Tiger Developments. I have bought both t.3}heir newest releases so expect a review in a forthcoming TGR (unless anyone else wants to do one... No? Though not.). Tiger D.4}evelopments have tried to curb piracy by introducing a 'password protection' entry system which I am not a big fan of at all!.5} I suppose something had to be done though. My many thanx are extended to John Foskett, Raphael Espino and Spite for making .6}this issue of TGR possible. Just think how late this issue of TGR would have been without these guys! Some of John Foskett's.7} programs may also appear in the disk that accompanies each issue of the TWAUG newsletter. People who don't get TWAUG will no.8}t be particularly bothered but people who do will not be so happy. Apologies for this, but I don't suppose you can blame John.9} Foskett for wanting to get his programs to as many people as possible. I certainly don't. Actually, John submitted the origi.:}nal 'Space Fighter' to me a couple of months ago and I said it was great but could he add a diagonal movement routine to the .;}cursor? This he did and more and 'Space Fighter II' is more than an update to the original - it's a complete rewrite! I hope .<}some of you will repay John's time and effort by playing this game. I was pleasantly surprised to come across an article by .=}our very own Les Ellingham whilst reading the latest issue of 'Atari ST Review'. The article was entitled 'Atari Excels' and .>}was all about the Atari 8-bit and its past history and made quite good reading. The article was very positive, saying that th.?}e Atari 8-bit was receiving a new lease of life due to all the software being imported from abroad. Is this true I wonder, or.@} was Les trying to buy back a few deserters to the ST ranks? Hopefully it helped spread the word a little more! Oh yes! Rich.A}ard Gore has asked me to tell all TGR readers that he still has some YORKY's for sale. If you want 256k for your 800XL then h.B}e may be your man. See the advert in TGR 08 or telephone 0302 784642 (weekends only) for more information. I see nobody has .C}sent in a 'Top Ten' yet. I keep telling myself that it's too early but I can't help thinking that the main reason that nobody.D} has sent in a 'Top Ten' is because nobody can be bothered. It's this attitude that will, no doubt, lead to loyal Atari suppo.E}rters like Dean Garraghty, Stuart Murray, TWAUG and I to 'not bother' and who would be the loser then? It's a good job I hav.F}e people like Alias Maximus and Spite to fall back on as, being personal friends, I can ask them for help when I'm desperate .G}(for articles that is!) and they usually oblige. So, it's up to you. Other Atari 8-bitters WOULD like to see your 'Your Page.H}' or your 'Top Ten Adventures/Games/Football Teams' or whatever! I suppose an incentive for sending your creations to disk-m.I}ags like 'Futura' or 'News-Disk' is the free PD they offer. I can't do the same as this because, unlike the creators of these.J} mentioned disk-mags, I make not a penny from TGR! So, the other disk-mags may offer you PD but I offer you the knowledge tha.K}t your toils are not lining my pockets!John E. (TEBSF)P.S. I'm planning to put an article in the next TGR all about how t.L}he use of a very dirty four letter word has entered the English language. The article has nothing at all to do with the Atari.M} 8-bit but I found it extremely funny (I remember seeing a similar photocopied thing a few years ago) and I hope others will .N}too. The article has yet to be ported over from my ST so if anyone has anything against this article being printed then write.O} to me and let me know your views. If there is overwhelming demand NOT to print the article, I won't print it.,oThe Darkness Hour-----------------Available from Micro Discount. Tel 021 353 5730.Derek Fern at Micro Discount has been 2Q}importing quite a few games from Poland and other European countries in the last few months or so. Prices were originally aro2R}und #5.95, but recently all new releases have been priced around #6.95 - except this one, which costs #5.95. The story behin2S}d the game is a rather bizarre one, with stories of faithful knights' souls being turned into butterflies raising a smile! St2T}ill, the game's from Poland so that should explain a lot (knowing nods all round!). Anyway, when 'The Darkness Hour' loads y2U}ou'll be presented with an above average title screen and some rather good music. Press FIRE and you'll begin your quest to 2V}find the knights' souls/butterflies! The animation of yourself isn't too bad but can look a little blurred when running along2W}. Your character seems to be some sort of green bug wearing a cloak. The screens flip when you move from location to location2X} which makes gameplay quicker than scrolling screens would. And there are times when you'll need to be quick! In your quest 2Y}for the butterflies you'll find only one adversary; a stone age type of chap who is making a guest appearance from 'Fred', I 2Z}think. He isn't at all hard to get rid of and a blast of your daggers will send him packing. Beware though! If you kill 'Fred2[}' and then collect an object in the same location, he'll be mysteriously re-incarnated! Very strange. A number of locked doo2\}rs bar your way at times and keys are scattered over the levels to help you on your way. Be careful when and where you use th2]}e keys though because there are more doors than keys! You could find yourself trapped with no option but to restart. To colle2^}ct objects just stand under them and push up on the joystick. There are a number of teleporters on each level which will tra2_}nsport you to and from previously inaccessible areas. To use a teleporter you must stand on it and pull the joystick down. E2`}ach level has a strict time limit as all butterflies must be collected before dawn. The passing of time is depicted by a scro2a}lling moon and sun - nice. I was actually enjoying the game, and was ready to give it an OK review, until I received the mes2b}sage 'CONGRATULATION' (nice font) and the game ended! Was that it? I'd hardly been playing it for 10 minutes and I'd already 2c}finished it! Sheesh! The best thing about this game is the music. There are two tunes, one which plays whilst the title scre2d}en is showing and one whilst you're playing the game. The one whilst you play is excellent, reminds me of something but I can2e}'t quite guess what! Both tunes are created with the 'Chaos Music Composer'. Sorry, but I can't recommend this game at all! 2f}It was OK but it is much too short to give anyone but the most desperate games-player value for money. Try something else.r2g}eviewed by John E. (TEBSF)*Minesweeper-----------Available from D.G.S. Tel 0302 855026.'Minesweeper' is one of a numbe2h}r of games and utilities under the PPP Germany label and available from 'Dean Garraghty Software' in the UK. 'Minesweeper' wi2i}ll cost #4.95 on its own but if purchased with 'Rubber Ball' and 'Glaggs It!' you wil get all three for only #12.50. The aim2j} of 'Minesweeper' is to find hidden mines and disarm them. To find and disarm the mines you are given a few clues; for exampl2k}e, if you uncover a square and are given the number '4' then it means that 4 of the adjacent squares has a mine under it. If 2l}you uncover a '2' then 2 of the squares contain a mine. Using this information you are supposed to either find all the safe s2m}quares or disarm the mines. I think this game is a little unfair as uncovering a square in the middle of nowhere can uncover 2n}a mine and your game is over. The instructions say "...sometimes only the lucky will survive." Sometimes? If you uncover a s2o}quare that is blank then all surrounding squares are automatically uncovered, and if any of them are blank then they are unco2p}vered and so on. It is usually when a few numbers are next to each other when you'll know for certain whether or not the unco2q}vered squares contain a mine. You can either use a joystick or an Atari ST compatible mouse to play the game. I've tried bot2r}h and the mouse is by far the more comfortable and easiest to use. The disk does have a high-score update feature so if you 2s}get one of the top scores then you can have your achievement saved on disk. A thing I didn't like about the game is that if 2t}you impatiently keep tapping FIRE on your joystick to start the game, the game will start but expect input from a mouse! Also2u}, there's no way to quit the game so your only option is to reboot (or wait sixty minutes for the timer to exhaust itself!).2v} Overall, the game is OK but I'm hardly addicted to it. It seems extrememly tough and unforgiving at first but if you persist2w} then you'll find quite a good game in there. The instructions are nice and much more informative than the instructions on g2x}ames from Derek Fern (if you can call them instructions!). If you don't own this game or 'Rubber Ball' and 'Glaggs It!' then2y} I suggest you buy the three-pack as it shows excellent value-for-money. I can't really recommend 'Mine Sweeper' on its own t2z}hough.reviewed by John E. (TEBSF)0$Ramdisks--------Well after seeing John's desperate plea for articles in issue 9 of TGR, I decided to put some time aside a6|}nd write an article for TGR. I have not got all that much time on my hands nowdays but I enjoy reading TGR so much that I hav6}}e said to hell with everything else, I don't care if I fail all my exams, writing an article for The Grim Reaper is much more6~} important and is likely to bring me more fame and money (nought pounds, nought pence! So I break even for a change instead o6}f going into the red!). It was then that I came across a major stumbling block: what the hell do I write an article about? I6}t is all very well saying "I'm going to write an article", but it is a good idea to have something to write about. So I spent6} several hours thinking about this, and in the end, due to not being able to think of anything better to write about, I decid6}ed to do something on ramdisks and expanded memory. For those of you that don't know what a ramdisk is, then think of it as 6}a virtual drive (nice word that: virtual, something that appears to exist but doesn't really!). Basically what the ramdisk do6}es is it uses the extra memory in your computer as a disk drive. There are several different kinds of ramdisk available depen6}ding on what system you have. If you have a standard 130XE then the DOS 2.5 ramdisk handler is available, it gives you 499 fr6}ee sectors. Even if you don't have an expanded machine you might stil be able to experience a ramdisk. I beleive that there d6}oes exist a program that uses the 8K of ram under the BASIC cartridge as a ramdisk. I have not seen this so I can't comment o6}n it, but it can't give you a very big ramdisk, still it might be of some use though. Then there are the bigger ramdisks, whi6}ch allow you to have 128K, 192K, 256K and even 1Meg's worth of ramdisk (which is the biggest I have ever seen). You must of c6}ourse have enough expanded memory in your computer to use these though. The code to do this is all built into DOS. Not all D6}OSes support ramdisks however. As well as the code built into DOS there is usually a program called RAMDISK.COM on the floppy6} disk. What this piece of code does is to format the ramdisk and copy some files onto it, usually the DUP.SYS and MEM.SAV fil6}es. However you don't actually need the RAMDISK.COM file in order to use your ramdisk. Try booting up without it and then use6} the format option from DOS to format your ramdisk, and you should find that your ramdisk is there. This may depend on your D6}OS however, since it will not always work. The problem is that some DOSes, like DOS 2.5, need to be told beforehand which dri6}ves are set up, and which aren't. In the case of DOS 2.5 this is done by using a POKE into location 1802. Try booting up with6} BASIC and then type: ? PEEK(1802)This will tell you which drives are set up with your current version of DOS. There is o6}ne bit per drive with drive 1 being the least significant bit. So if you get a value of 3 for example that would mean that th6}e bits would look like this:128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1----------------------- 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1This means that drives6} 1 and 2 are active, if you want to use your ramdisk (you need to have some expanded ram for this!), then use:POKE 1802,1316}This will leave drives 1 and 2 on and it will also switch on drive 8 (the ramdisk). If you only have one floppy drive then6}POKE 1802,129and this will switch on drives 1 and 8. Now go back to DOS and use the SAVE DOS FILES option to save the new 6}version of DOS to disk. Reboot and you should find that you can now use your ramdisk without the RAMDISK.COM file. Of course 6}the ramdisk will be empty, so you now have maximum space to copy any files across. This can be very useful, especially if you6} have only got a small ramdisk. Well that's enough technical stuff, now let me tell you a bit more about my ramdisk. Once u6}pon a time all my Atari equipment was just stock standard equipment, no upgrades, no nothing, just the basic stuff. And I was6} happy with it. I didn't mind too much about having to wait 10 minutes for an assembly code program to compile into machine c6}ode. I didn't really mind all that much playing 'Postman Pat' with my 1050 and my floppies (you open the letter box, put the 6}floppy in, it whirls round a bit, you take it out and put another one in, etc). Hey, this is just one of the facts of life, i6}t's part of owning a disk drive, you just get on with it and make the best of it. So I always used to have loads of disks str6}ewn all over my drive and computer and desk, and everywhere else basically. But then I came across a 1MEG XE and it was love6} at first sight. After giving some bloke a few pieces of paper (Hey what a bargain exchange, a computer for a couple of pictu6}res of the Queen!) I picked up my new Atari and took it home. I got home, plugged it in and fired her away, and we were in bu6}siness. I booted up with the ramdisk handler and there it was, a 2500+ sector ramdisk, and this was only on the 320K setting!6} Wow, amazing! Next thing I do is go about passing some stuff from floppy over to the ramdisk, and then loading it in from th6}e ramdisk as a test, and it all worked brilliantly. I did have a couple of teething problems like the fact that the version o6}f Textpro I was using didn't like MYDOS very much (which the ramdisk handler was running from), but I got hold of an updated 6}version of Textpro and that problem was soon fixed. From then on it has been wonderful. No more hanging around waiting ages f6}or programs to load from a floppy, I just have to copy them once from a floppy to the ramdisk, and then they are readily avai6}lable and can be loaded in a second or two. For example, when I'm writing some machine code, I can go from the text editor to6} DOS and then to the compiler in a couple of seconds. The biggest delay is in fact typing in the filenames. Also compilation 6}times more than halved! This makes writing programs a lot easier, reducing all that time spent hanging around just waiting fo6}r things to load. An added bonus is that it means that I don't have to use my 1050 quite so often, so wear and tear on the dr6}ive is reduced, hopefully extending its life! So why would you want a ramdisk? If you do anything other than play games on 6}your Atari then a ramdisk is something really worth thinking about, it sure cuts down on wasted time. If you can't afford a h6}ard drive then a ramdisk is the next best thing. If you own a 130XE with 128K then you will already have a 499 sector ramdisk6}, if you think that that is good, imagine what you could do with 1MEG's worth! Personally I find the 499 sector ramdisk much 6}too restrictive, you run out of space before you know it. I like to have at least 1000 sectors worth and preferably a lot mor6}e! If you would have asked me about a ram expansion a year ago I would have said that I didn't need one, but now I can't live6} without one! There are one or two things to be careful about when using a ramdisk, the first is to always remember to save a6}ny files you want to keep BEFORE you switch your computer off, otherwise you will be sorry! (OK I admit it, I did do it once)6}. It sounds silly but it is so easy to do, especially if you're in a hurry, but after a short while you soon get used to it. 6}The other thing to remember is to make backups to floppy of anything you don't want to lose, especially if you're writing mac6}hine code programs. The rule I tend to use is if I've just written a really difficult piece of code then I save it straight a6}way, otherwise I back it up every three or four compilations. The good news is that if you do happen to cause a lock-up then,6} if you can create a cold start without switching your computer off, the ramdisk and all the info in it will still be there. 6}You must not however cause the cold start with the ramdisk handler file on the disk in your drive since this will reformat yo6}ur ramdisk. Instead just have a disk in your drive with the DOS files but no ramdisk handler, this should take you back into 6}DOS (if you remember to disable BASIC otherwise you will end up in BASIC) with your ramdisk intact. If you have a chance to 6}get hold of some expanded RAM for your system then I strongly suggest you do so, you won't regret it! I have not looked back 6}since I got mine. If you have an 800XL or 64K 600XL then try the YORKY upgrade (I believe that Richard Gore still has some of6} these left, check out his ads in N.A.U. and News-Disk!). Apparently they just plug straight into the parallel bus connector 6}on the back of your machine, no soldering required! Also try Derek Fern or Gralin International and check out the contact col6}umn in N.A.U. as well. If you are handy with a soldering iron then you might want to try and build your own. There are severa6}l disks about this flying around the public domain, check your favourite library for one. I got my machine from a Mr M.G. Ric6}e. Last time I saw he had a few of these for sale in the Contact column of N.A.U., he might still have some left. Believe me 6}if you do anything half serious on your Atari then a ramdisk is well worth considering.Raphael EspinoDisclaimer: If you 6}try adding your own upgrade to your system and something goes wrong, then don't blame me you do so at your own risk!!!ED: I6}t is possible to have a Ramdisk on an unmodified 800XL and if you follow these instructions you'll have the proof! Load a DO6}S 2.5 disk with BASIC enabled and when the READY prompt appears enterPOKE 1802,129Now press RESET and load DOS. When DUP 6}has loaded format drive 8 and write the DOS files to it. Go back to BASIC and typePOKE 5439,ASC("8")Now goto DOS and you'6}ll find DUP appears instantly! I can't see this being completely bug-proof though and I may be damaging another part of memor6}y when doing this. It does prove that it is possible to have a ramdisk on a 64K 800XL though!4^Assembly Language Tutorialby Chris CrawfordLESSON ONE - WHY LEARN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE?Assembly language is the great barr:}ier that divides the professional programmer from the amateur. It is the most powerful language available for a microcomputer:}. There are four reasons for learning to program in assembly language. First, the speed of execution of assembly language is:} very high - about ten times higher than BASIC on the average, perhaps a thousand times faster on certain operations. Even AC:}TION!, the fastest high-level language, is only about half as fast as assembly language. Second, assembly language tends to :}be more compact than many languages. Again, ACTION! provides a good comparison. Code produced by ACTION! is about twice as l:}arge as equivalent assembly language. The third reason to program in assembly language is that assembly gives you access to :}