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I} JB|,A#Pd#DE 1 HI BDEHHII 1 B 1 , 1 <0,0Lf- B VJ},A#P, 1 <0 0L#L ߢ) 1* 1 ~0Yj383}mm ݭK}}`8}``|* ? ɛ,`|:(|/ 1L `DESTINATION CANT L}BE DOS.SYS0 0H{ $22Δ $28/L /) $2 Π $2 0 ξM}hAΞB,0 J 1 BޝDEHI,HDE 1HIHIDELSAVE-N}GIVE FILE,START,END(,INIT,RUN)O X0 1`BDEPHI V` X0H 1 L O}0 0 1L0`PLEASE TYPE 1 LETTER,0`hhL <0 1L0LA1 ,;ɛ7,"ɛ:ݦ1ݥP}A"D|ݤD|ȩ:|ȩ|ɛ,,(/+.ީ1 1,ɛ`轤{Q}NAME TOO LONG B VL ` L1I H1EӝDL1|mDiE` V0`8d/8 i:"2!22 1R} L ERROR- 128ɛ+,' 20*.. өw2 1``2TOO MANY DIGITSINVALIDS} HEXADECIMAL PARAMETER800 0 8 00`,0'D800H,ɛh`2L1NEED D1 THRU D4uT} HEXADECIMAL PARAMETER800 0 8 00`,0'D800H,ɛh`2L1NEED D1 THRU D4u >>>>>>>>>>>>>> IMPORTANT OMNIVIEW INFORMATION <<<<<<<<<<<<<< i} (appnd)[TAB] [ Q ] [ W ] [ E ] [ R ] [ T ] [ Y ] [ U ] [ I ] [ O ] [ P ] [ j} - ] [ = ]tab quit wipe erase retrv text confi- mem insrt false print crsr crsrover text forwd buffr lumin g k}ure free mode space up down(set) (append) mem [CTL] l} [ A ] [ S ] [ D ] [ F ] [ G ] [ H ] [ J ] [ K ] [ L ] [ ; ] [ + ] [ * ]edit chang save delet find search/ set jump kill m} load centr crsr crsrprefx case file back strg replace mark to to EOL file scrn left right (appn n}d)(set) mark (appnd) (mrgn) (mrgn) [ Z ] [ X ] [ C ] [ V ] [ B ] [ N ] [ M ] [ , ] [ . ] [ / ] o} crsr trns- chang crsr back crsr file end pose strng up color down menu (s p}et) screen screen15[ RESET ] Forced return to editing mode[ OPTION] Use with some commands indicated by ()[ SELECT q}] Use to enter inverse video format commands[ START ] Press once to go to top of text[ SHIFT ] Use with some commands indic r}ated by <>5Formatting Commands(enter while holding down SELECT) Command Default Command Defau s}lt+--------------------------+--------------------------+| a adjust left margin 0 | n force next page || b bot t}tom margin 58 | p page length 66 || c centering | r right margin 75 || d double strike u}toggle | s spacing 1 || e edge right | t top margin 5 || f define footer | v}u underline toggle || g goto linked file | w page wait off || h define header | x columns a w}cross 80 || i information | y justify 1=on,0=off 0 || j linefeeds with CR's | # page number x} || l left margin 5 | @ starting page nmbr 1 || m margin release | ? start print page 1 |+---- y}----------------------+--------------------------+CDY Consulting421 HanbeeRichardson, TX 75080(214)235-2146]stop u  , (, / t, u,s , D L,TML"NLL"HHHH`\^~  }|_ {}  {---.b.o.v..31O201 2- 22 3r3:96<=U.#=1=.=?11`>=1 p C|} :   / 3GLHL 3LW)GLHL -! W,`GLHLLW) v)`QUIT -? W, 2`b \t, u, m l }page OmniWriter 80 Users Guide1 OmniWriter 80 was written by David Young especially for use with the OMNIVIEW 80 ~}column enhancemant for the ATARI line of home computers. OMNIVIEW can be purchased directly from CDY Consulting, 421 Hanbee,} Richardson, TX 75080 (214) 235-2146. Please call or write for information and pricing. OmniWriter 80 itself is provided fr}ee of charge to purchasers of OMNIVIEW. It will be updated from time to time. The latest version can be acquired by sending} $10.00 to CDY Consulting. The commands in OmniWriter 80 are patterned after the commands of the original 40 column vers}ion of SpeedScript published (and copyrighted) by Compute! Publications in their May 1985 issue. However, there are differen}ces, many of which are significant. Those who are already familiar with SpeedScript can start using OmniWriter immediately, }but all should read the manual eventually to appreciate the advantages of OmniWriter. This document is quite terse due t}o a severe lack of time. In fact, it assumes that you are somewhat familiar with how word processors operate. Hopefully the}re will be more time in the future to add a tutorial to make it easier on a beginner. However, most of the necessary informa}tion to use OmniWriter 80 is contained herein and you will become familiar with many of the more subtle features as you use t}he program. If you do need a more thorough introduction, I suggest you go look up the May 1985 issue of Compute! and read th}e article, keeping in mind that things have changed 'somewhat' (read 'vastly improved'). Yes, you will find many improve}ments. For one thing, keyboard input is buffered so that the program can keep up with the fastest typers, even in insert mod}e. Expanded memory is supported as an extension of your text buffer. Several other improvements make the editing much more }'ATARI-like' and intuitive. There are even real tabs! And several new features of the print processing (including right just}ification) will give your documents a more professional appearance. Read this document, experiment, and enjoy the wonder}ful world of 80 columns. You will return to the 40 column world only with great distaste.David YoungCDY ConsultingAug}ust 1, 1986Command Summary: Editing Commands7/01/86 RevisionThe big difference between this version of OmniWriter an}d previous versions is that it can be configured to recognize extra banks of memory as an extension of your text buffer. The} type of extra memory that you have does not matter so long as it is '130XE-like' or 'AXLON-like', meaning that the banks occ}ur in 16K blocks in the region from $4000 to $7FFF. You have the flexibility of choosing which and how many banks you want t}o assign to your text buffer. With memory upgrades of 256K and more now available for most 8 bit ATARI's, this is indeed a v}ery powerful feature! Plus, once you have OmniWriter configured the way you like it (including screen color, left margin, et}c.), you can store this configuration on disk as an options file (OW.OPT) which will be read in every time you load OmniWrite}r (see CTRL-Y). Thus, OmniWriter is now much more powerful and adaptable to your needs.The ability to edit large text file}s is, however, not without its price. You will notice, for example, that the larger the file in memory, the slower the scree}n will be updated as you type in new text in insert mode. This is just a fact of life! The reason is that every time you ty}pe a character, the processor must move all characters beyond it up to the end of text down by 1 byte to make room for it. T}hus, if you are editing a text file of 100K and you type a character at the beginning of the file (in insert mode), it will t}ake about 2 seconds before that character will appear on the screen. This does not mean that you have to type slowly, becaus}e the keyboard is buffered; it just means that you have to be patient when you are editing a large file and are waiting for t}he results to appear on the screen. In fact, you should always wait for the screen to settle down before typing any control }characters (including BACKSPACE/DELETE) because these characters will otherwise get into your text due to some special keyboa}rd processing necessary to keep up with fast typers. If you find this to be a problem, one solution would be to create a bun}ch of space where you want to add some text and type in the overwrite mode (see CTRL-I). Then your new typing will appear im}mediately.Great pains were taken to try to insure that OmniWriter will work with any DOS and any ramdisk handler. This was} not a trivial task since most ramdisk handlers are not smart enough and/or the hardware is not designed to support file I/O }between the ramdisk and banked memory, that is, from one section of banked memory to another. The reasons that ramdisk suppo}rt is so important to OmniWriter are several:- Putting OmniWriter itself on the ramdisk makes it easy to switch between it }and other applications.- Putting your text files on the ramdisk greatly speeds up switching from one to another.- Using t}he ramdisk as your default drive (see CTRL-M) will make the kill buffer overflow to it instead of a real drive. This greatly} facilitates killing and moving large blocks of text around.- Using the ramdisk as drive 1 and putting your options file (O}W.OPT) there will make recovery from the menu mode (CTRL-M) and SYSTEM RESET quicker since it is read in both cases.In shor}t, if you have extra memory, use one or more banks for your text buffer as needed and use the rest of the banks as a ramdisk }(the bigger the better!). Of course you should make sure that you never use the same bank for both! See CTRL-Y for tips on }putting your extra memory banks to best use.There are many other subtle improvements to this version of OmniWriter that you} will discover as you use it. One improvement that I will mention specifically is that whenever you are prompted for a text }string (filenames, search strings, etc.) you can now edit those strings easier because the ctrl right and left arrows will no}w work. This is useful when, for example, you are saving a file and you wish to leave the filename the same and only change }the drive assignment. Other new features worth mentioning are the screen down and screen up commands, CTRL-N and CTRL-V resp}ectively.3/25/86 Revision (now called OWSMALL)The main differences between this version and previous versions of OmniWr}iter have to do with the commands to kill and recover text. I feel that any good word processor or text editor must be able }to do this effectively, that is, easily and flexibly. Thus, the first enhancement concerns the promised CTRL-H (mark here), }CTRL-W (wipe between cursor and mark), and CTRL-J (jump to mark) commands: they live! These commands allow you to move arbitr}ary blocks of text around with great ease and remember where you are within the text buffer when you wish to temporarily go l}ooking elsewhere. Other differences are in the CTRL-D (delete word backward) and CTRL-E (erase word forward) commands: the p}revious implementations were complicated, awkward, and unpredictable. Another command which has changed its meaning is CTRL-}K. It now means to kill to the end of line.Related to these changes is the way that the kill buffer is handled. First of }all, you do not have to hold down OPTION to make OmniWriter append to the kill buffer during successive kill operations, incl}uding CTRL-K, CTRL-D, CTRL-E, and SHIFT-DELETE. However, once you move the cursor, the auto-append mode is cancelled, that i}s, the next time you kill something the kill buffer will be cleared (unless you hold down OPTION to force it into auto-append} mode again). The best way to understand what I am talking about is to try it out. Do several CTRL-E's in a row (without pu}shing OPTION) and then type CTRL-R. All of your text should reappear.The other change to the kill buffer is that it is now} much bigger! If what you are killing gets bigger than what the 1K internal kill buffer will hold, it will automatically spil}l onto the default disk drive into a temporary file called OW.KIL. If you wish to save the contents of the OW.KIL file (as y}ou would if you are splitting a file into 2 or more smaller files) then you can go to the menu (CTLR-M) and rename OW.KIL to }anything else. Be sure to do this before you do another kill because the OW.KIL file is erased at the beginning of the next }kill (unless OPTION is pressed or auto-append is in effect). The only problem with this is that things will get quite slow i}f the kill buffer has spilled to a floppy disk and you continue to do appends. The trick is to make the default drive a ramd}isk and you will hardly notice when the internal kill buffer overflows! By the way, the way to select the default drive is to} go to the menu (CTRL-M) and type the drive #. The ramdisk may be that of a 130XE, an 800XL upgraded with the 256KXL, or an }800 upgraded with an AXLON compatible ramdisk.OFTEN ASKED QUESTION:Q: How does one set the screen width to match that of }the printed page?A: OPTION-CTRL-* will allow you to set the left margin. This is how you set the screen width to whatever }you want, usually to match your printed page width.8CTRL-A: Change the case of the character under the cursor.CTRL}-B: Change background color.CTRL-C: Replace the string which was previously found using the CTRL-F command with the strin}g which was specified using SHIFT-CTRL-C.CTRL-D: Delete the previous word. Put the deleted text into the kill buffer. I}f you wish to append to the kill buffer, use OPTION-CTRL-D (or auto-append). A special feature of this command is that after} multiple CTRL-D's a CTRL-R will recover the deleted words in reverse order. Actually this is not a very desirable feature a}nd will probably be fixed in the next version.CTRL-E: Erase the following word. Put the erased text into the kill buffer}. If you wish to append to the kill buffer, use OPTION-CTRL-E (or auto-append).CTRL-F: Find the string which was previou}sly specified using the OPTION-CTRL-F. In addition to allowing you to set the find string, OPTION-CTRL-F will find the first} occurence of the string.CTRL-G: Global search and replace. You will be prompted for both the find and replace string. }Then the command will be executed while showing you the results on the screen. If you don't like what is happening to your t}ext, hit SYSTEM RESET to abort the operation.CTRL-H: Place a mark here. This is used to save your place for later use wi}th CTRL-J or CTRL-W.CTRL-I: Toggle the insert mode. A blinking cursor indicates insert mode, whereas a static cursor ind}icates overwrite mode.CTRL-J: Jump to the mark previously set with CTRL-H. This is the way you get back to the place you} were working if you wanted to temporarily go someplace else in the text.CTRL-K: Kill to the end of current screen line. } If there is a RETURN at the end it requires an extra CTRL-K to kill it. Append to the kill buffer with OPTION-CTRL-K (or wi}th auto-append).CTRL-L: Load file. If the cursor is at the beginning of the file, the previous contents of the text buff}er are lost. If the cursor is not at the beginning of the file, the new file overwrites the old contents starting at the cur}rent cursor location.D:OWCMD.DOCat the beginning of the file, the new file overwrites the old contents starting at the cur#80151OmniWriter 80 for OMNIVIEW by David Young05851Boot up this disk and use the 'J' option of DOS to make a }backup of it before doing anything else! 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W,Lh? z:L-:h?L (, *;L-:L;~CDE8+?冝H,?凝IB V`~7}CHm)?KIm*?KKeKKeK 9KK ;-!LW,LT% =? m>L= =? > *L=LQ:Э<}* -" W,h? 3?Ls-h? ?̷K򥆅??R ݻ? 拥͵K6?eiKŌK卐8=}??? W)` -#" W,4?`Э( --" W,h? 3>(??h??̷KLs-8??b??e>}e8K傅K僅 B*8K?KKK?&?? f2??m?iLW) -8+?K,?K 44?`?e{disk label except substitute the name 'D:TUTORIAL.1' for 'D:OWSUM.DOC'.Despite what the printed documentation says, OMNITER F}) ϭ `D L,KKLn"ʊ "HmHtHsH`'\^~ }|_   {-K-$) ϭ `D L,KKLn"ʊ "HmHtHsH`'\^~ }|_   {-K- $e extra 128K RAM before encroaching on the 128K RAM allocated to the 130XE.The 256KXL upgrade costs $99.95. If you order anC} OMNIVIEW for your 800XL at the same time, you will probably want to specify OMNIVIEW256 ($59.95). Current OMNIVIEW XL/XE canD} upgrade to OMNIVIEW256 by sending in their chip with $10.00. CDY Consulting E} 421 Hanbee Richardson, TX 75080 (214)235-2146e ability to doM is no longer provided on the OmniWriter disk because it will no longer fit. This is a simple terminal program with XMODEM G}for use with an 850 interface. If you would still like to have this program you can get it from the author by sending him a H}self addressed stamped mailer with a disk and $10.00 (US) cash: Dale Lutz, Box 373, Holden, Alberta T0B2C0, Canada. CDY Cons I}ulting does not support this product in any way.We have developed and support a very sophisticated communications program f J}or use with OMNIVIEW called OmniCom. Its features include VT100 emulation, Kermit and XMODEM file transfers, capture mode, k K}eyboard macros, and much more! Available from us for just $10.00, this program is useful for talking to mainframes and gener L}al purpose communication needs.There is a new version of OmniWriter (OW) on this disk which supports expanded memory and ha M}s several other improvements over the previous version. If you do not have expanded memory (greater than 64K) then you may w N}ant to use the previous version since it would allow you a slightly bigger text buffer. This version is still on the disk u O}nder the name of OWSMALL. If you order the OmniWriter source files you will most likely get this version. }1289 For 10-pitch printers, use 1074.Page #INTRODUCTION TO WORD PROCESSING USING OMNIWRITERIntroduction to OmniWr%Q}iter Revised 5/30/87This brief tutorial is intended for users of OmniWriter who have not previously used a word processor,%R} and as a convenient introduction to OmniWriter's command structure for all users.If you have previously worked only with a%S} standard typewriter, you will find that electronic word processing offers immense advantages in convenience and productivity%T}. We will be introducing you to OmniWriter, but most of the concepts we discuss will be applicable to other word processors %U}you will use in the future. Thus, learning OmniWriter will serve you well when you encounter other systems in the future. Y%V}ou will have to learn new variations on specific commands, but you will be very familiar with the ideas involved and the kind%W}s of capabilities to expect.Even though OmniWriter is implemented on a system which is "small" by today's standards, you sh%X}ould remember that it is not at all small by the standards of just a few years ago. And, if you are using a 256K byte expand%Y}ed memory, it is not very small at all, allowing you to store up to 80,000 characters of text, or at least twenty very fully %Z}packed pages, in memory at the same time, while still running a full-sized SS/SD RAMdisk. Using disk storage, OmniWriter can%[} be used to produce and print documents of virtually unlimited length, complete with consecutive page numbers that are assign%\}ed automatically by the computer. Used in conjunction with auxiliary print processors such as The PRINT TOOL, OmniWriter can%]} help you produce very complex and professional-looking documents with automatic creation of the Table of Contents and Index.%^} So you may rest assured that the effort you apply to learning OmniWriter will well repay you by putting some very serious a%_}nd very professional-quality word processing capabilities at your disposal.Overview. OmniWriter, like all word processin%`}g systems, allows you to create perfect text painlessly because you can edit errors electronically without ever having to ret%a}ype a page. When you need to make changes in the text, all you have to type is the changes, not the whole page on which the %b}changes occurred. Not only that, but many kinds of changes, such as deleting or moving a paragraph or even many paragraphs, %c}can be done with just a few keystrokes. As you make each change, you see the results on the screen, so you get immediate fee%d}dback about the correctness of what you are doing. When you are finally ready to see the results on paper, you print the doc%e}ument automatically from the version stored in memory (or saved on a diskette), and the computer does all the work of re-typi%f}ng the entire document. If you have never experienced the saving in effort that this involves, you are in for a pleasant sur%g}prise. In fact, you may never be satisfied with a mere typewriter again!Getting Started. The first thing you need to do%q}B'DOS SYSB*+DUP SYSBUREADME BfOWMAP DOCB\}OWSUM DOCBOWDSK DOCBCzOWSMALL B@INSTALL1 BAINSTALL2 BWPTUTORIAL1 BTTUTORIAL2 BINSTALL3 BINSTALL4 BzOWCMD DOCB\OW @TUTORIAL2 TUTORIALDOC is to load the OmniWriter program. If you are running Atari's standard "Disk Operating System" (DOS), you use the command "%r}L" for "Load", and a (press the key marked "RETURN" on your Atari keyboard, over at the right-hand side). Then DOS %s}will ask you for the name of the file to be loaded. You should respond with the name of the file containing OmniWriter on yo%t}ur disk. This is normally just the two letters "OW". To signify that you have typed in the end of the filename, you again m%u}ust press . Now DOS will go get the OmniWriter program from the file named "OW" and load it. This will take a few s%v}econds, but shortly your screen will light up with the bright background that is recommended for best 80-column resolution, a%w}nd the OmniWriter title line will appear across the top of your screen. You are now ready to start using OmniWriter.Typin%x}g in Text. To start creating a document -- a brief note, a letter, or a whole book -- all you have to do is start typing aw%y}ay. One of the first things you will note is that OmniWriter takes care of "wrapping" the line back to the left margin when %z}you type past the right-hand margin. You should get in the habit of letting this happen rather than typing yourself%{}, unless you have a special application that requires the character to be entered into the text at the end of the %|}line. Letting OmniWriter do the wrapping has the advantage that you can readily re-set your left and/or right margin, and ne%}}ed not worry about changing the locations of the characters because that will be done automatically. Note that if y%~}ou do type , OmniWriter will signify that with a leftward-pointing arrow on the screen at that point. Normally, if%} you are using automatic line wrap, you will want to type a only on lines which you want to force to end before the %}right-hand margin. Most often this will be the last line of a paragraph, a blank line, or a line in a table or diagram. In %}all of these cases, the left-arrow on the screen will show you where you typed a .Simple Editing. Unless you're %}a lot better typist than most people, you won't get very far before you find something you've typed that needs to be changed.%} You should consult the OmniWriter manual for more detailed instructions on making such changes, but we will summarize here %}the most frequently needed procedures.First of all, you can backspace over something you just typed by simply pressing the %}key marked "DELETE BACK SPACE" near the upper right-hand corner of the Atari keyboard. You press it once for each character %}you want to backspace over (and delete). Then you can just retype (more carefully!) what you really wanted to say. If you w%}ant to scratch the whole line all at once, you can do this with a single press of the key by holding down%} the key when pressing . If you do that and then change your mind, you're in luck: it's not too l%}ate to un-delete it. You can get the line back after you deleted it by holding down the key (left-hand end of the %}keyboard) and pressing "R" once while you do so. This key combination will in the future be referred to as "-R", and i%}n general - followed by a key name will mean hold down and type the named key. OmniWriter makes a lot of use%} of the key because it lets us use the letters on the keyboard not only to represent themselves, but also to repres%}ent commands in a way that is easy to remember. For example, the R in -R stands for "Restore", i.e -R is used to%} Restore what has been deleted.Moving Around in the Text. Before long, you are sure to find that you need to change some%}thing that is no longer on the line you are currently typing. You'll need to get familiar with the commands that let you mov%}e around in the text. You may even want to use them on the same line, for example if you get to the end of a line and then s%}ee a error near the beginning. You could fix it by deleting the whole line, or backspacing all the way back, but there are %}much better ways, as you will soon see.The first group of "moving around" commands you will want to learn is the "cursor" %}keys. (You might have thought that you were the cursor, but that is not true. When you learn all the useful commands in O%}mniWriter, you will have no need to curse at all!) The "cursor" is the little black square that blinks on and off to show yo%}u where the next character you type will be located. Normally it will be sitting just after the last character you typed. H%}owever, by using the cursor keys -- the little arrows outlined in white, over near the key -- you can move the curso%}r anywhere you wish. The cursor moves one character position at a time horizontally, or one line at a time vertically, if yo%}u hold down the key and type the cursor arrow key that indicates the desired direction of motion.NOTE: If the in%}dicated motion would put you beyond the end of the text on a line which ended with a , OmniWriter will do the best it%} can, but this will mean moving the cursor to the closest point in the short line, i.e. the . (As noted earlier, a <%}RETURN> in the text will appear as a leftward-pointing arrow.) If you continue on to another line which is not artificially %}shortened, you will notice that the cursor does not move back to its original horizontal position but remains above the of the shortest line it has passed across. You can, of course, manually move it horizontally if you want it somewhere el%}se.Seven-League Boots. You will soon tire of moving the cursor one step at a time if you have to move very far. You wil%}l find that the key gives the cursor "Seven-League Boots" as they were called in an earlier technology. With the key held down, the cursor keys move a word at a time horizontally, and a paragraph at a time vertically. You'll soon "i%}nternalize" what really happens, but vertically the -cursor movements hop to the next in the text, which is u%}sually the blank line preceding the current paragraph or the at the end of the last line of the current paragraph. %}Of course if there are other characters in the paragraph, that's where you will end up. Horizontal -cursor m%}ovements to the left stop on the first character of each successive word, and to the right, they stop on the space or punctua%}tion mark just after the last character of the word. You'll quickly get used to these slight differences, and in any case th%}e blinking cursor will show you where you landed and you can make small corrections with the -cursor movements.While %}we are leaping tall buildings in a single bound, you will also want to experiment with the following keys: -2 %} Jumps to the beginning of the current line. -3 Jumps to the end of the current line. %} Jumps to the very beginning of the text. (The START of the text, get it%}???!) -Z Jumps to the very end of the text. (Z is the LAST letter in th%}e alphabet.) -N Displays the Next screen of text. (The cursor moves u%}npredictably.) -V Displays the preVious screen of text. (The cursor m%}oves unpredictably.)Note that, unlike all the other commands listed above, the key is not a regular keyboard key bu%}t is one of the "console buttons". These are the row of buttons at the right-hand edge of the console on the 400, 600XL, 800%}, and 800XL, or along the top of the keyboard on the XE models.D1:TUTORIAL.2d of the last line of the current paragraph. $OWhat to Do When You Get There. Once you have used one of the above commands to move somewhere other than the very end of )}what you have typed, you will probably want to do something other than sitting there staring dumbly at the pretty screen. Th)}ere are many, many commands to choose from, and you will have to consult the OmniWriter manual for a full description of all )}of them. However, we will sketch a few of the most frequently used commands to help you get started.Inserting Text. Fir)}st of all, wherever the cursor is sitting, if you just start typing, OmniWriter will insert whatever you type, starting at th)}e current cursor position. All subsequent text will be moved over to make room for the new text you type. Sometimes, what y)}ou want is to type over the old text. Well, OmniWriter allows you to switch back and forth between "Insert" and "Type Ov)}er" modes by simply pressing -I to change mode in either direction. If you are in "Type Over" mode, you can insert roo)}m for a single character by typing -, i.e. holding down the key and pressing the key marked "INSERT" )}once. Of course you can type repeatedly, or let it auto-repeat, while holding down , if you want to insert)} multiple spaces. You can insert a whole line at a time by typing -. The cursor remains above the inserted)} line(s) in this case. You can also insert lines by typing once for each line you wish to insert.Deleting Text.)} Another frequently needed operation is to delete characters, words, or blocks of text. You have already seen how the key will allow you to back the cursor up, deleting as you go. This is fine if you just have a few characters )}to delete, and in principle you wouldn't need anything else, now that you know how to move the cursor where you like. But th)}ere are several other methods you will want to learn. First of all, if you hold down while pressing , you)} will delete the character actually under the cursor rather than the previous character. In either case, all subsequent te)}xt will be pulled back by one character so that no gap will be left. You have also seen the use of - to delet)}e an entire line, and the use of -R to restore such a line. There are also the following useful commands for deleting )}a word at a time and for deleting the rest of a line: -D Delete the previous word of text. -E Erase the following word of text. -K Kill all the text from the cursor )} to the end of the current line on the screen, not including the if one is there.Ho)}lding a Place in the Text. The command -H can be used to hold a place in the text. It "remembers" where the cursor w)}as located when you executed the -H so you can easily return to that spot, using -J, for "Jump to held location".)} -H can also be used to hold a place to mark the beginning or end of a block of text you wish to delete or move, as ex)}plained below.Deleting or Moving Blocks of Text. If you wish to delete a block of text that is not a single character, w)}ord, line, or portion of a line (the cases presented earlier), OmniWriter provides a convenient way of doing this, using the )}-H "Hold Place" command just described to mark one end of the block, and then moving the cursor to the other end of the)} block you wish to delete. Then all you have to do is type "-W", for "Wipe", and OmniWriter will wipe away the text be)}tween where you set the Hold marker with -H and the cursor location. The text is saved in a buffer called the "Kill Bu)}ffer", as with some of the other forms of "Delete" commands, so you can restore it using the -R "Restore" command alrea)}dy described.In fact, now that you know how to move the cursor around, you can actually use -R to move text. All y)}ou have to do is delete the desired text using -H and -W as just described, to remove it from its original locati)}on and put it in the invisible "Kill buffer", and then move the cursor to the place where you want to move the deleted text.)} Then press -R to "Restore" the deleted text in the new location. That's all there is to it.Making a Copy of a Blo)}ck of Text. The same technique can be used to copy a block of text from one location to one or more other locations in the )}text. First, you delete the desired block. Yep, go ahead, just delete it. As explained above, what that really does is t)}o move it from the visible screen buffer to the "Kill buffer". Now, since you didn't really want to delete it, you should )}"Restore" it, using -R. Now you are back where you started from, except that a copy of this text is now squirreled awa)}y in the Kill buffer! So now you are free to move the cursor wherever your heart desires and Restore another copy of the sam)}e text in a new location. And you can go somewhere else and Restore it again, and again, and... no, help, stop!!! That's to)}o many copies!!! You get the general idea, anyway.Printing Your Text. When you are ready to see your text on paper, you)} use the -P or "Print" command. This normally does two things. The first is to go through your entire text and interp)}ret any print formatting commands you have used. (These are the commands which are embedded in the text as reverse video cha)}racters, i.e. light characters in a black box, if your screen is set up normally with dark characters on a light background. )} See the OmniWriter manual for a description of these commands.) The second is to actually transfer the formatted text to th)}e destination you specify. To print your text, then, type -P and OmniWriter will ask you for the "Device and filename")} to which you wish to print. To use the standard printer, you should type "P:". OmniWriter will then ask you "How m)}any copies?" and will also type the normal answer, "1" so that all you have to do is press if you want only a single)} copy.If the printer is ready, your text will begin printing; otherwise you will get a message like "Error #138", which if )}you look it up in a manual will turn out to be "Device Timeout". This means simply that the Atari Operating System (O/S) tri)}ed to get a "Ready" indication from your printer, and after a couple of seconds gave up in disgust because the printer failed)} to respond. If you really want to print your document, you'll have to try harder to make sure the printer is really ready)}. Most printers have a button that says "ON/OFF LINE" or some such thing. Try pressing that button and using the -P c)}) ϭ `+bJ O*`OmniWriter 80 by C. David Young נ CDY Consulting (214)235-2146 11/10/,$) ϭ `+bJ O*`OmniWriter 80 by C. David Young נ CDY Consulting (214)235-2146 11/10/0$^ded|e} V/09+? f( V/0- V/0# f(. f(L/ V/ɛL.p BLV䠨de f( V/ f(L9}K/pHIBLVwxyLn$P"IP" k!` Z$ "F &L 1 Z$F " & 1/0wvL9}☝x qrsx̄ m t )L11Jy݌q t ) 9}΅q t ) q8eii t ) ꭆ ~1 1L0 18.01 4qpJ9} 3 1| #1z{|5v{ #1E f(O " #;L/ 6/LJ.L08z톌&0$HwpK9} 1 3h 1~́킌 Z$ " # 1{)HvpJ 1 3h 1̆`x12mL9}1x (`}m 1` (L (` Z$L")ceV2V2 ΅L3ʊ 2H/Hk2Hj2H`8e9}iiL0 t )`wlrtbsnhf@p?xmigjya222333$333]322222z33222ȩLG2 LG2 LG2 29}3LG2 uLG2 uLG2 zLG2~LG2 LLG2 xLG2 yLG2 {LG2 |LG2 }LG2ȘH 9}#1h` R3v t )IvLG2 t )` R3w t )JwLG2 R3LG2 t )=L/0 H)hʌ G2L029}34 t ) F펅F`PQ 'LP( V; +LP(hhpPL/p)0& (  ( (  (_ (9}L3`)cy8xpJȩ (L"4e8yp8x훘L?4u IL"4d IL"4# (L"49}ʌ (L"454q5Jmy8테qq9J pp&J JJpp Ĕ`J J9}JL4QUIT Z$5 " (` `(b \# # N5l l `-8팋퍋  Z$o "o9}`mm56m8z剅{劅|勅eeeĘŘƘ Z$c "` 0 <Q9}pPz 'Ll>  5 6/0- Umzzm{{m||e9}eeLn$ Z$67 "F &L&7F &p 7 7 h%z8剝H{劝I|勝B 7HI 7 p70L9}6 7  6/0} f(- "L,H h.H} f( "h ( e7o n$ k!L- Z$ "L?7P BLV䥉}H}I9}i`H0IB 0H78I B`DE`HI ` V``9}`` Z$8qrs (C "8zq{r|s (M "8ĘzŘ{Ƙ| (] "o`tuvL9}; A' ;Ln$ e )89 e ) e ]Ȋ e ]`D:OW.OPTP e7D8E HIB V`ĝDE.HI:w}ommand again, and that should do the trick. If not, you'll have to consult a manual or ask someone who knows your printer to*}CTRL-M: File menu. This allows you to perform various file maintenance operations without having to go to DOS (see CTRL-Q5}). There are two things you need to know about these operations. First, a file loaded from the menu replaces the entire con6}tents of the text buffer. Second, when renaming a file, the new name must not have a drive # (e.g., 'D1:') in front.CTR6}L-N: Move screen down in the text.CTRL-O: Show false spaces at the end of lines.CTRL-P: Print the current contents of6} the text buffer. You will be prompted for the desired number of copies. You can preview the results by printing to the scr6}een (E:). If you have a serial printer, print to a disk file and use DOS to copy the listing to the printer. Since OmniWrit6}er resides at $1F00, it will probably wipe out your serial handler unless it resides up in the OS. Also see CTRL-1.CTRL-6}Q: Quit OmniWriter and go to DOS. The contents of the text buffer will be lost. Depending on your DOS, you may or may not r6}emain in 80 column mode.CTRL-R: Retrieve the contents of the kill buffer and insert them into the text at the current cur6}sor location. The contents of the kill buffer are unaffected by this command. The internal kill buffer is 1K long but a tem6}porary disk file called OW.KIL is created on the default drive if the kill buffer gets any bigger than 1K.CTRL-S: Save th6 }e contents of the text buffer. If the name is the same as that which was loaded (CTRL-L), you will probably only need to hit6 } RETURN when prompted for the file spec.CTRL-T: Change the text luminance.CTRL-U: Show the cursor location within you6 }r text file and the amount of free memory. All units are in K (1024) bytes. When you get toward the end of usable memory an6 }d go to the end of the text buffer, you will notice the beginning of your text appearing at the bottom of the screen. Don't 6 }worry, this is normal.CTRL-V: Move screen up in the text.CTRL-W: Wipe between cursor and mark placed by CTRL-H. If y6}ou want to append to the kill buffer, hold down OPTION (or auto-append).CTRL-X: Transpose the character under the cursor 6}with the following one.CTRL-Y: This command is used to assign extra memory banks to your text buffer and to save the curr6}ent configuration (memory assignments, left margin, shift lock, insert mode, screen colors, and tab size). If you answer 'Y'6} to the initial prompt, the current configuration will be saved to drive 1 in a file called OW.OPT. This file should always 6}be in drive 1 when you load OmniWriter if you wish your custom configuration to be in effect. If you answer 'N' to the promp6}t, you will be given an opportunity to edit the current memory assignments. You can use the Delete/Backspace, CTRL-left and 6}CTRL-right arrows to make any changes or additions. Be sure to follow the following format: all input is in hex with bytes s6}eparated by a single space.As an example, say you have a 130XE and you wish to have a text buffer of 32K or 2 16K banks. D6}o a CTRL-Y and answer 'N' to the prompt. The bank select address in 130XE compatible machines is D301 and an OmniWriter whic6}h has no OW.OPT file will default to that address. Thus, at the 'BS addr:' prompt, just hit RETURN. (AXLON compatible memor6}y upgrade users will want to change this address to CFFF.)Now you can specify the banks you wish OmniWriter to use for the 6}text buffer. In a 128K 130XE compatible machine the banks are numbered as follows: FF E3 E7 EB EF. Omniwriter does not care6} which banks you use nor the order in which you use them, however bank FF is the normal system bank and is usually used first6}. Indeed, this is the default for a virgin OmniWriter and if you wish to have only a 16K buffer (or do not have a machine wi6}th expanded memory) you could hit RETURN at this point. However, we wish to add an extra bank to our text buffer so we will 6}type an extra bank number so that our prompt line now looks like this:Bank(s): FF EFNotice that the bank numbers are sep6}arated by exactly 1 space. Notice also that bank EF was chosen instead of the other 3 remaining. If you are not using a ram6}disk then the choice would not matter. However, most ramdisk handlers will use extra memory banks in ascending order, that i6 }s, the more space you use on the ramdisk, the higher the bank number required by DOS. On a 128K 130XE the 4 extra 16K banks 6!}will allow a ramdisk of 512 sectors. If you limit yourself to 384 sectors then you can use the last bank (EF) for OmniWriter6"}. (With ATARI DOS this is the smallest allowable ramdisk since the directory resides in sectors 360 to 368.)If you have a 6#}256K 130XE compatible with OMNIVIEW 256, you should know that the ramdisk handlers in this OMNIVIEW use the standard 130XE ba6$}nks (E3 E7 EB EF) last, that is, it assigns all the banks in the upper 128K to the ramdisk before using any of the lower 128K6%} banks. Thus, if you were using a single sided ramdisk (720 sectors or 92160 bytes) then this fits easily into the upper 1286&}K (with 2 banks to spare!) and you would be free to use the standard 130XE banks for you text buffer. For example, if you wa6'}nted an 80K text buffer you could make the following assignments:Bank(s): FF E3 E7 EB EFOther DOS's may have other restr6(}ictions so be wary if you plan to share your extra memory between OmniWriter and a ramdisk. In particular, the ramdisk handl6)}ers in OMNIVIEW for the old 800 use the last AXLON bank to store some of its variables so that bank must be avoided if you ar6*}e using such hardware with a ramdisk. For example, if you have a 128K AXLON compatible board, the 8 banks are numbered 00 016+} 02 03 04 05 06 07. The first 2 banks you should choose for use with OmniWriter are 00 06. This will give you a 32K text bu6,}ffer and still leave you with a full 720 sector ramdisk. If you have a 256K AXLON compatible board, you could afford to have6-} a double sided ramdisk (1440 sectors) and a 48K text buffer with the following assignments:Bank(s): 00 0D 0EOnce you ha6.}ve the memory configured the way you like it you should type CTRL-Y once again and answer 'Y' to the prompt to save the confi6/}guration to the options file OW.OPT. Be sure to have this file on drive 1 whenever you load OmniWriter if you want your sele60}cted options to be in effect.CTRL-Z: Go to the end of text.CTRL-1: Causes a pause during printing operation (CTRL-P).61} Hit SYSTEM RESET to abort printing. IMPORTANT: On an 800XL or 130XE CTRL-1 has been replaced with the HELP key.CTRL-2:62} Go to the beginning of the current line.CTRL-3: Go to the end of the current line.CTRL-CLEAR: Erase the contents of 63}the text buffer. You will be prompted before the command is actually executed.CTRL-INSERT: Insert one space ahead of the64} cursor.SHIFT-INSERT: Insert one line ahead of the current line.CTRL-DELETE: Delete the character under the cursor.65}SHIFT-DELETE: Delete the line the cursor is on and place it in the kill buffer. If you want to append to the kill buffer, 66}hold down OPTION (or auto-append).TAB: Move the cursor over to the next tab stop. If in insert mode, spaces will be fill67}ed in ahead of the cursor. If in overwrite mode, spaces are not inserted unless a carriage return is encountered. To set th68}e tab size, hold down OPTION while typing TAB.CTRL--: Cursor up to the previous line.SHIFT--: Cursor to the beginning69} of the paragraph.CTRL-=: Cursor down to the next line.SHIFT-=: Cursor to the end of the paragraph.CTRL-;: Center6:} screen about cursor.CTRL-*: Cursor right by one character. OPTION-CTRL-* will allow you to set the left margin. This i6;}s how you set the screen width to whatever you want, usually to match your printed page width.SHIFT-*: Cursor right by on6<}e word.CTRL-+: Cursor left by one character. OPTION-CTRL-+ will move the left margin to the left by column.SHIFT-+: 6=}Cursor left by one word.ESC: Causes the next character typed to be forced into the text. Can be used to imbed printer co6>}ntrols in the text. However, it is better to use the 'printkey' facility for inserting printer controls since printkey chara6?}cters will not be counted as characters during right justification.CAPS: Toggle between upper and lower case.START: G6@}o to the top of the document.RETURN: Inserts a carriage return (CR) and denotes end of paragraph. You do not need to hit6A} RETURN at the end of each line, just at the end of a paragraph or where you want blank lines to appear. Right justification6B} will not be performed on the printed line which is terminatated with CR.Command Summary: Format Commands0The followi6C}ng commands are entered by holding down the SELECT key while pressing the corresponding lower case key. They will be execute6D}d during printing (CTRL-P). The inverse video characters thus inserted into the text are not counted during right justificat6E}ion but are counted during centering and edge right operations. Commands requiring inputs should be immediately followed by 6F}their arguments, whether they be numbers or text. Most of these commands need to be on a line by themselves (although severa6G}l can be grouped together on the same line) and that line does not count toward the number of lines printed on the page. Oth6H}ers, however, are imbedded on the same line with text (SELECT-c, SELECT-d, SELECT-u, and SELECT-#). Study the imbedded forma6I}t commands in this document for further clarification.10SELECT-a: Adjust left margin. This value is added to the left 6J}margin (SELECT-l) to become the effective left margin. This value can also be negative (255 = -1, 254 = -2, etc.). Default 6K}is 0. See also the margin release (SELECT-m). This parameter has been set to 10 for the blocks of text in this section.6L}SELECT-b: Bottom margin. From this line to the end of the page (SELECT-p) will be filled with CR's and footer, if one is def6M}ined. Default is 58.SELECT-c: Center the following text terminated with a CR. Centering is based on the right and left 6N}margins (SELECT-r and SELECT-l). Care must be taken to set these parameters carefully if compressed or double width characte6O}rs are to be centered correctly. Footers and headers are typically centered.SELECT-d: Double strike toggle. This is a u6P}niversal method for emphasizing text since it employs only the backspace character, which most printers recognize.SELECT-6Q}e: Edge right. The following text, terminated with a CR, will be shoved up against the right margin (SELECT-r).This senten6R}ce is preceded by SELECT-e.SELECT-f: Define footer. The following text, terminated with a CR, will appear on the third l6S}ine from the bottom of each of the following pages. The page number in this document is done with a footer.SELECT-g: Go 6T}to linked file. The following filespec, terminated by a CR, will be used to read in a file to continue printing. This is ho6U}w you print a document which is too long to fit all in memory at one time. This command usually goes at the very end of the 6V}text.SELECT-h: Define header. The following text, terminated with a CR, will appear on the third line from the top of ea6W}ch of the following pages.SELECT-i: Information. The following text, terminated with a CR, will be ignored by the CTRL-P6X} command. Use it to imbed comments that you do not wish to appear in the printout.SELECT-j: Linefeeds (LF's) with CR's. 6Y} Some printers automatically supply LF's with CR's, some don't. Try this command if all the text gets printed on one line.6Z}20SELECT-l: Left margin. The left edge of the text will abut the left margin unless adjust margin (SELECT-a) is non-zero 6[}or centering (SELECT-c) or edge right (SELECT-e) is in effect. Default is 5. For this block it has been set to 20.5SEL6\}ECT-m: Margin release. Adjust margin (SELECT-a) will be disabled for one line so that text will abut the left margin. This 6]}is for indenting blocks of text like those appearing in this command summary.SELECT-n: Force new page. This will cause t6^}he text following this command to start printing on the next page. If you plan to have a new header (SELECT-h) on the next p6_}age, define it just prior to this command.SELECT-p: Page length. This sets the number of lines per page. For 11 inch pa6`}per that is 66. Default is 66. If you are printing on paper of other lengths, as with labels, be sure to use SELECT-p to se6a}t the page length to the correct number of lines per page. This is especially important when printing multiple copies.556b}SELECT-r: Right margin. Default is 75. The right margin for this block is temporarily set at 55.275SELECT-s: Spacing6c}. Determines how many CR's are put at the end of each printed line. Default is 1. The spacing for this block has been set 6d}to 2.1SELECT-t: Top margin. This value determines how many blank lines are printed at the top of a new page. Default 6e}is 5. The header, if defined, always appears as the third line of the top margin.SELECT-u: Underline toggle. Put it bef6f}ore and after text to be underlined.SELECT-w: Page wait. If this is in effect then the printer will wait for you to inse6g}rt a new sheet of paper at the beginning of each page. Default is off.SELECT-x: Columns across. The total number of cha6h}racters which could fit across the page. The default is 80. This parameter currently has no effect.0SELECT-y: Right ju6i}stify. A value of 0 turns it off, any other value turns it on. Default is off. Spaces will be inserted between the words s6j}o that the right edge of all lines (except for the last one of a paragraph) line up. Right justification has no effect on li6k}nes in which SELECT-c or SELECT-e are in effect or on lines which are shorter than 1 printed line and are terminated with a C6l}R. For right justification to work, the right and left margins must be set so as to allow at least 2 words per line. The te6m}xt of this document is right justified except for this one block.1SELECT-#: Page number. Use this in your text wherever6n} you want the current page number to appear. Usually used in headers or footers (SELECT-h or SELECT-f).SELECT-@: Startin6o}g page number. Default is 1.SELECT-?: Start print page. All pages of the printout will be skipped up to this one. Defa6p}ult is 1.SELECT-any other key: This command can be used to assign print codes to certain characters so that these "printk6q}eys" (inserted by holding down SELECT and typing the key) can be used in the text rather than imbedding the the control chara6r}cters themselves (by typing ESC followed by a CTRL character). The way that printkeys are defined is to hold down SELECT whi6s}le typing a key (any character, including the entire upper case, except those already defined above are available), release S6t}ELECT, type "=", and type the decimal equivalent of the code you want that printkey to represent. Then you can use these pri6u}ntkeys freely within your text to control the printer as you see fit. Some commonly used printkeys are already defined: 1 = 6v}27 (ESC), 2 = 14 (start double width), 3 = 15 (stop double width or start condensed), and 4 = 18 (stop condensed). 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David Young נ CDY Consulting (214)235-2146 08/01/86Marker SetBuffer ClearedBuffer Full:؉ӊ Are you :}sure? (Y/N):ERASE ALL TEXTSave (Device:Filename)>Error #BREAK Key AbortNo ErrorsLoad (Device:Filename)> Press D:}1:*.*Memory FullNo text in bufferPrint (Device:Filename)>Printing...Insert next sheet, press Find:Not foԊpund:}Change to: -elete ock nlock ename ormat -oad Drive [ ]: Rename to:Format diskHow many copie:}s? Left margin? Tab size? Ϙ뙙KB:Pe [ ]: Rename to:Format diskHow many copie8J look at the problem.Saving Your Text To Disk. When you have your text just the way you want it, and maybe before that, *}you should save it into a disk file. This ensures that you will never have to laboriously retype all of it, and that is, aft*}er all, the main point of using a word processor. IMPORTANT NOTE!!!! Sooner or later, you will goof, or the power at your h*}ouse will go off unexpectedly, and you WILL lose all that text you spent the last two hours typing in. Sooner or later, that*} is, UNLESS you get smart and learn to save your text into a disk file occasionally to prevent a total loss in such an eventu*}ality. You'll have to decide what is best for you, but if you save the text every 15 minutes, then you'll never lose more th*}an 15 minutes worth of work. Probably the best policy is "every once in awhile", usually whenever you have just finished a s*}ection, or a complicated sequence of editing commands, and the text is in good shape for taking a break and starting up again*} later.To save text to disk, use the command -S, for "Save". OmniWriter will ask you for the device and file name, a*} CDY Consulting 421 Hanbee Richardson, TX 75080 } (214)235-2146 421 Hanbee Richardson, TX 75080  nd you should type that in, followed by a . If you have loaded the current text from disk or saved it previously, th*}e name of the device and file you last used will be printed automatically, and all you have to do in order to use that file i*}s type a .IMPORTANT NOTE!!! If your system has a RAMdisk, DON'T USE IT for saving files. RAMdisks are wonderful f*}or many purposes, but saving files is NOT one of them. The reason is simple: One of the main reasons for saving a file is s*}o you won't lose all the effort of typing it, should the power fail or your dog trips over the computer's power cord and pull*}s it out of the wall. Data on a RAMdisk would be lost in such events, so be very sure you are saving to a "real" disk, eithe*}r a floppy disk or a "hard disk" if you are so fortunate as to have one in your system.Loading a File from the Disk. To *}load a file from the disk into the OmniWriter text buffer, use -L, and then type in the desired device ID and filename,*} followed by a . If there is already text present, the new file wil overlay it, starting from the cursor. If you *}le, to start condensed, hold down SELECT and type "13". To stop condensed, hold down SELECT and type "14".D:OWMAP.DOCxamp4ywant the new file to replace the old text, the safest way is to use -CLEAR to tell OmniWriter to clear out all the old*} text, typing "Y" to confirm this when it asks you "Are You Sure? (Y/N)". Then do the -L and the device and filename. *} If you want to add the new text at the end, of course all you have to do is use -Z to move the cursor to the end of th*}e buffer, then do the -L. If you want to insert it somewhere in the middle, you have to first append it at the end, us*}ing -Z, -L, and then move it to the desired location using the Block Move techniques described above.And In Co*}nclusion... We hope that the above will be helpful in getting new word processing users started with OmniView, but you shou*}ld be sure to understand that we have by no means described all of the many and varied capabilities of this fine product. As*} you find situations which the above intructions don't cover, you should consult the OmniWriter manual, and you will probably*} be able to discover the techniques you need quite easily. When you feel ready to learn all the nooks and crannies of OmniWr*}iter, you should sit down some cold winter's night and read the whole manual, and experiment with each new feature as you rea*}d about it. That's the only way to become a real expert!the whole manual, and experiment with each new feature as you rea(-I to change mode in either direction. If you are in "Type Over" mode, you can insert roo*}m for a single character by typing -, i.e. holding down the key and pressing the key marked "INSERT" *}once. Of course you can type repeatedly, or let it auto-repeat, while holding down , if you want to insert*} multiple spaces. You can insert a whole line at a time by typing -. The cursor remains above the inserted*} line(s) in this case. You can also insert lines by typing once for each line you wish to insert.Deleting Text.*} Another frequently needed operation is to delete characters, words, or blocks of text. You have already seen how the key will allow you to back the cursor up, deleting as you go. This is fine if you just have a few characters *}to delete, and in principle you wouldn't need anything else, now that you know how to move the cursor where you like. But th*}ere are several other methods you will want to learn. First of all, if you hold down while pressing , you*} will delete the character actually under the cursor rather than the previous character. In either case, all subsequent te*}xt will be pulled back by one character so that no gap will be left. You have also seen the use of - to delet*}e an entire line, and the use of -R to restore such a line. There are also the following useful commands for deleting *}a word at a time and for deleting the rest of a line: -D Delete the previous word of text.