GH@ BB糜TAR埰屻硪D鶉宕崑淇U將欸坽二七丁友氥九了人儿入八几刀尤@I@ @@((((P(@ x((((@(h(((( @e -AP6@<2@@@ b2e$b%2A @@9-@A= _2b$ 3 +'0@36-@;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@, @%aAR@'-@@"D(PRESS 衲轄 TO GO ON....aF:B2y,@@ ! (} (AR!$K +'0@@9@@dKB7t@db #A@8@@K:J@@\@@9b(}AR@#-@@"(# )@"@%!! @I)!@PA*@*&@HA APS-@@-#A%+$A,3(}G-@@K"O(S ARI-@@-#A0%+$A,A-@@I"m-@@A(& m(& ]/(& ](( //(& !-@@((! 4 @4QUIT% : 0 @"(answer: 6-@A: ;-@@! (}# 5-@@!8(;( @ #A0`(}'-@@"+"/(3 = @ @%s (}#A156-P:@v$H:,,%@C-@K"O a@@9s@@'AR(( (#('!4QUIT%$7 4 @(CORRECT3-@A7 ): 0 @"(answer: 6-@A: . APLHH孖婘砣,,This section can be presented in,two different formats:,,Qgg1. LESSON -- Information will be,typed on the screen. After you,read it--four questions will beVKKasked about the information given.,,2. QUIZ -- Random questions will[VVbe asked about the history of com-,puters.,,,,Decide which format you want. Type`""the number of your choice.,,YYづ恉籤蹉埱謝謄梌,The term "digit" comes from the,Latin word "digitus" meaningjjfinger. Fingers were the first,computing tools. About 3000 B.C.,the abacus was developed in China.ggThe word "abacus" comes from the,Greek word "abax" meaning a cal-,culating board. An abacus does--not compute--it simply records,numbers.,,,,,,,,,,,恔倅籤志蟠恓捷捧bbJohn Napier was a mathematician,from Scotland. In 1617 he made,some calculating rods out of(CCivory or bone. He used these rods,to multiply large numbers.w,,,,,,,,,,,x 轄尕芶埩芩蠍妅捷散ffBlaise Pascal was a mathematician,from France. When he was 19 he,invented a machine to help himaaadd and subtract numbers. He,worked for his father who was a,tax accountant. There were aIIlot of moving parts in his ma-,chine so not many of them were,made.,,,,,,,,,,,__衲瓚陓疻襠玴籤捷僑,Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz,was a mathematician from Germany.eeIn 1672 he developed an idea to,make a machine to do mathematics.,In 1694 he made that machine.hhHe called it a Stepped Reckoner.,It would add--subtract--multiply--,divide--and find square roots.XXIt didn't work well all the,time because it had many moving,and complicated parts.?,,,,,,,,,,,@aa俷恞鼴藪痁昑玵掘停,Joseph Jacquard was a weaver of,France. He wanted to create aJffloom to weave the same patterns,again and again. He used punched,cards in his machine. NeedlesTeewent through the holes with the,colored threads attached. If a,hole wasn't punched--the needle^could not pass through.,,,,,,,,,,,FF蹉賻椆卍賻曬б恓掘陬,Charles Babbage was a mathematiciannnfrom England. He developed an idea,for a calculating machine that he,called an Analytical Engine. Thismmmachine would take instructions;,process and store information; and,print results on a typewriter. Be-MMcause electricity was not available,he never did build his machine. HeJJpublished his idea in 1835. He is,called the "father of computers.",,,,,,,,,,,RR倷珌畛迋妅,Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace was a,mathematician from England. Shejjwas a friend of Babbage. She tried,to help Babbage raise money to,build his machine & develop elec-fftrical uses so his machine would,work. She convinced Babbage to,use the binary number system so&gghis machine would work better.,She is called the first programmer.,The U.S.Dept. of Defense has a088special computer language called,ADA in her honor.k,,,,,,,,,,,l##埡謬攽埩恉芩蠍妅掘僭vmmHerman Hollerith was an American,Army engineer. He created a machine,using punched cards. It was usedMMto collect and sort information from,the 1890 U.S. census. He also in-OOvented the Hollerith code to use in,his machine and on all punched cards.NNHis machine was called a Tabulating,Machine. Hollerith's Tabulating Ma-..chine company later became known as,IBM.,,,,,,,,,,,>>謝措雩,John Atanasoff and Clifford Berryeeworked for Iowa State University.,In 1938 they built the first,electronic digital computer. Itddused vacuum tubes. They called,it the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer,or simply ABC. For some yearsLLAtanasoff and Berry were not given,credit for the first all-electronicIIcomputer; but a federal decision in,1974 said theirs was the first.3,,,,,,,,,,,4芩皊措斐>iiHoward Aiken was an American en-,gineer at Harvard University. In,1944 he invented a huge computerHffthat was financed by IBM. This,computer was called the MARK I.,It used punched cards and vacuumRiitubes. It printed on an electric,typewriter. It was so large that,it filled a complete gymnasium.\AAThe programming instructions were,stored on a punched tape.,,,,,,,,,,,WW曬匢措普,John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert,Jr. worked at the University of))Pennsylvania. They built the ENIACMMcomputer in 1946. ENIAC stands for,Electronic Numerical Integrator AndllCalculator. It weighed 30 tons and,used 18000 vacuum tubes! It was,very hot and a vacuum tube neededjjto be replaced about every 7 min-,utes. It was funded by the Army,after WWII to help calculate tra-\\jectories for artillery and bombs.,It was programmed by connecting,wires and switches.,,,,,,,,,,,cc衲玾鼴倷珌畛措斯,John von Neumann had an idea to,store programs in a computer with llthe binary number system. It took,too long to rewire switches every,time you wanted to do a different KKprogram. Eckert had mentioned the,stored-program concept earlier but AANeumann developed the idea and,wrote a paper on it in 1945._ ,,,,,,,,,,,` 鼴蚆措晶j llMaurice V. Wilkes was a student,of Neumann. Wilkes built a com-,puter in 1949 called the EDSAC. Thist hhstands for Electronic Delay Storage,Automatic Calculator. It used,Neumann's concept of the stored~ eeprogram. Neumann made several,changes and improvements in this,computer and built another com- %%puter called the EDVAC in 1951. ,,,,,,,,,,, 88梉屼謄措絞,Mauchly and Eckert who built the llENIAC computer built another re-,volutionary computer in 1951. They,called this one the UNIVAC. This llstood for UNIVersal Automatic Com-,puter. It was financed by Reming-,ton Rand and was larger than the kkENIAC. It was sold to the U.S.,Census Bureau for use in the 1950,census. It was used by CBS to pre- LLdict the outcome of the Eisenhower/,Stevenson presidential election in 221952. It was the first commercial,computer.' ,,,,,,,,,,,( づ眑埻Э恓畛埩玴譁迖梊籤2 jjUntil 1947 all the computers,used vacuum tubes. They were large,and not completely reliable because< hhthe tubes burned out quickly. They,cost so much money that only a few,of them were made. In 1955F iithere were only 244 computers,in the entire United States. The,UNIVAC computer was the last of theP PPcomputers to use vacuum tubes. These,computers using vacuum tubes are nowZ ((called first-generation computers. ,,,,,,,,,,, CC蚥譁恅倆曬籤轂奻譁迖梊籤,In 1947 the transistor was inven- LLted at Bell Laboratories. Computers,built after 1947 used transistors kkinstead of vacuum tubes. They were,smaller & cooler & 10x faster.,The first computer built using the kktransistor was the TRADIC in 1954.,These computers using transistors,are now called second-generation XXcomputers. In 1958 there were,about 2550 computers in the entire,United States.,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ff埱奿蘊Э恓畛埩玴譁迖梊籤,In 1964 integrated circuits were,developed. Computers using integra- iited circuits are called 3rd-gener-,ation computers. They are even,smaller and are 100 times faster NNthan 2nd-generation computers. They,cost so little that large companies llcould afford them. It was in the,late 1960's that companies emerged,which were devoted largely to the NNdevelopment of software for existing,computers. The first of the third-" 00generation computers was IBM's,SYSTEM/360.S ,,,,,,T !!に梑埱倆曬籤轂奻譁迖梊籤^ iiIn the mid-1970's technology ad-,vanced to the point that thousands,of integrated circuits could beh ddplaced on a tiny silicon chip.,The integrated circuit chip was,developed by Tedd Hoff in 1969.r ggComputers using the integrated,circuit chips are now called 4th-,generation computers. They cost| mmso little that businesses and homes,can afford them. They are small,and ten times faster than 3rd-gen- eration computers. ,,,,,, ;;倷珌畛迋妅攽恉桷Э,Before 1950 all programming was MMdone using the binary number system.,In the early 1950's symbolic codes MMwere written because they were much,easier to use. In 1957 IBM created MMa high-level language called FORTRAN,(FORmula TRANslation). Since then hhmany computer languages have been,created: COBOL BASIC PILOT,RPG LOGO PASCAL etc. All these mmhigh-level languages require a,translator/compiler to work with the,machine language computers require. ,,,,,,, OO鐘埧旻恓,3000 BC Abacus,1617 Napier's Bones,1642 Arithmetic Machine mm1694 Stepped Reckoner,1801 Punched Card Loom,1835 Analytical Engine,1890 Tabulating Machine ``1938 ABC,1944 MARK I,1946 ENIAC,1945 Stored-program concept,1947 transistor nn1949 EDSAC,1951 EDVAC and UNIVAC,1954 TRADIC,1957 FORTRAN language,1964 integrated circui \\1965 BASIC language,1969 integrated circuit chips,1971 Pascal language,,,,,,, 22What were the first computing,tools?,FINGERS& 33What calculating tool came from,China?,ABACUS0 66What word do we get from Latin,for finger?,DIGIT: ::When was the abacus first used?,About ____ B.C.,3000 NNWho created rods used to multiply,large numbers? (last name only),NAPIER GGWhat mathematical operation did,Napier's Bones do?,MULTIPLICATION 66In what year did Napier create,his "bones"?,1617 ,,What were Napier's rods called?,,BONES AAWho created the Arithmetic,Machine? (last name only),PASCAL AAIn what year did Pascal create,his Arithmetic Machine?,1642 __What 2 mathematical operations did,Pascal's machine do?(3 words),ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION WWWhat was the name of the machine,created by Pascal?(two words),ARITHMETIC MACHINEH @@Who created the Stepped Reckoner?,(last name only),LEIBNIZR @@In what year did Leibniz create,his Stepped Reckoner?,1694\ TTWhat was the name of the machine,created by Leibniz?(2 words),STEPPED RECKONERf XXName 2 NEW operations Leibniz's ma-,chine did. (4 words),DIVISION AND SQUARE ROOTS BBWho created the Punched Card Loom?,(last name only),JACQUARD NNName the machine invented by a,French weaver (3 words),PUNCHED CARD LOOM BBIn what year did Jacquard create,his Punched Card Loom?,1801 VVWhat was the name of the machine,created by Jacquard?(3 words),PUNCHED CARD LOOMAAWho created the Analytical Engine?,(last name only),BABBAGEAAIn what year did Babbage create,his Analytical Engine?,1835$UUWhat was the name of the machine,created by Babbage?(2 words),ANALYTICAL ENGINE.FFWho is called the "father of,computers"?(last name only),BABBAGEtGGWho was the first computer pro-,grammer?(last name only),LOVELACE~FFWhat number system did Lovelace,use to program?(one word),BINARYHHWhat programming language is used,by the U.S.Dept. of Defense?,ADAMMWho helped Babbage with his,Analytical Engine?(last name only),LOVELACEDDWho created the Tabulating Machine?,(last name only),HOLLERITHDDIn what year did Hollerith create,his Tabulating Machine?,1890XXWhat was the name of the machine,created by Hollerith?(2 words),TABULATING MACHINEOOWho created the code used on all,punched cards?(last name only),HOLLERITH<TTWho created the first electronic,computer?(last name only),ATANASOFF AND BERRYF==What was the name of the first,electronic computer?,ABCPLLIn what year was the ABC computer,created by Atanasoff and Berry?,1938ZKKWhat were the electronic components,of the ABC?(2 words),VACUUM TUBES44Who created the MARK I? (last,name only),AIKENJJWhat was the name of the computer,created by Aiken? (2 words),MARK I11In what year was the MARK I creat-,ed?,1944UUWhat was used to store program in-,structions for MARK I(2 words)?,PUNCHED TAPEIIWhat was the name of the 1946 com-,puter of Mauchly & Eckert?,ENIAC@@Who created the ENIAC? (last name,only),MAUCHLY AND ECKERT@@In what year did Mauchly and Eckert,create the ENIAC?,1946"UUThe ENIAC was programmed by connect-,ing _____ ___ ________.,WIRES AND SWITCHEShJJWho developed the idea of a stored,program? (last name only),NEUMANNrIIIn what year did Neumann publish,his ideas on stored programs?,1945|KKWhat was the concept that Neumann,developed? (2 words),STORED PROGRAMIIWho first presented the stored pro-,gram concept to Neumann?,ECKERTBBWho built the EDSAC computer in,1949?(last name only),WILKESFFWhat was the name of the computer,built by Wilkes in 1949?,EDSAC33In what year did Wilkes build the,EDSAC?,1949JJWhat was the computer Neumann,built which improved on Wilkes'?,EDVAC0HHWho built the UNIVAC computer? (last,name only),MAUCHLY AND ECKERT:66In what year was the UNIVAC computer,built?,1951DJJWhat was the name of the 1951 com-,puter of Mauchly & Eckert?,UNIVACNDDWhich computer was used to predict,an election in 1952?,UNIVACTTWhat component was used in first-,generation computers? (2 words),VACUUM TUBESJJTRUE or FALSE: First-generation,computers were very reliable.,FALSEJJTRUE or FALSE: First-generation,computers were very expensive.,TRUEFFTRUE or FALSE: First-generation,computers were very large.,TRUELLWhat components were used in second-,generation computers?,TRANSISTORSAAWhat was the first computer built,using transistors?,TRADIC IIIn what year was the transistor,invented at Bell Laboratories?,194788In what year was the TRADIC compu-,ter built?,1954\\\What components were used in third-,generation computers?(2 words),INTEGRATED CIRCUITSf==In what year were integrated cir-,cuits developed?,1964pPPTRUE or FALSE: Third-generation,computers were built in the 1940's.,FALSEzQQTRUE or FALSE: Software companies,began to emerge in the late 1960's.,TRUE__What components were used in 4th-,generation computers?(3 words),INTEGRATED CIRCUIT CHIPSEEWho developed the integrated,circuit chip?(last name only),HOFFEEIn what year did HOFF develop the,integrated circuit chip?,1969NNTRUE or FALSE: Small home compu-,ters are 4th-generation computers,TRUE$EETRUE or FALSE: BASIC is considered,a high-level language.,TRUE.FFTRUE or FALSE: Machine language is,a high-level language.,FALSE8QQWhat is the name of the first high-,level language created in 1957?,FORTRANBIIWhat do high-level languages re-,quire to work?,TRANSLATOR/COMPILER'(}THIS IS DICTIONARY N(}THIS IS KEYBOARD D2:COMPHISTWhat were the fi