››››› TURBO BASIC COMMAND LIST››Compiled and Translated by›  Dave and Laura Yearke››››     This documentation is provided by the Western New York Atari Users›Group and may be reprinted freely provided this credit is included.››     In case you've just landed from Mars, or just plain haven't heard›yet, TURBO BASIC is the exciting new Public Domain Basic Interpreter that›we received from the Atari Users Group in Holland.  It works on the XL or›XE series of Atari computers.  It's almost too good to be true and should›be a definite must for all XE or XL Atari owners.››     Turbo BASIC, in addition to offering 42 more commands and 22 more›functions than Atari BASIC, gives the user 1603 more bytes of program›space by "hiding" part of itself under the XL/XE's operating system.  It›also runs 3 times faster than Atari BASIC, includes most DOS commands,›has advanced graphics and programming functions, and is insensitive to›lower case or inverse characters for most commands.›››TURBO BASIC COMMANDS:›====================››    Name      Syntax Description››    Disk I/O›    --------››    BLOAD     BLOAD "D:name"››Binary loads file name (DOS option L with /N).››    BRUN      BRUN  "D:name"››Binary load and run file name (DOS option L).››    DELETE    DELETE "D:name"››Deletes the file name (DOS option D).››    DIR       DIR››Disk directory (DOS option A).››              DIR "Dn:*.*"››Directory of drive #n, note that wildcard extenders may be used.››    LOCK      LOCK "D:name"››Locks the file name (DOS option F).››    RENAME    RENAME "D:old,new"››Renames the file name (DOS option E).››    UNLOCK    UNLOCK "D:name"››Unlocks the file name (DOS option G).›››    Graphics›››    CIRCLE    CIRCLE x,y,r››Plots a circle with center at x,y and radius r.››              CIRCLE x,y,r,r2››R2 is an optional "vertical radius" for true circles or ellipses.››    CLS       CLS››Clears the screen.››              CLS #6››Clear screen opened in channel 6.››    FCOLOR    FCOLOR n››Determines fill color.››    FILLTO    FILLTO x,y››A fill command analagous to the BASIC commands "POSITION x,y: XIO›18,#6,0,0,"S:"››    PAINT     PAINT x,y››Another type of fill command, this one is a recursive routine that will›fill any closed object as long as x,y are inside it.››    TEXT      TEXT x,y,a$››Bit-blocks text in a$ at x,y.›››    Memory›    ------›››    DPOKE     DPOKE m,v››Pokes location m,m+1 with 2-byte integer v: (0 <= v <= 65535).››    MOVE      MOVE m,m1,m2››Block transfer; moves m2 (number of bytes) from starting position m to›new starting position m1.››    -MOVE     -MOVE m,m1,m2››Same as MOVE but copies starting with the last byte of the block.››    BPUT      BPUT #n,adr,len››Block Put; same as: FOR I=0 TO len-1:PUT #n,PEEK (adr+I):NEXT I››    BGET      BGET #n,adr,len››Block Get; same as: FOR I=0 TO len-1:GET #N,A:POKE (adr+I):NEXT I››    %PUT      %PUT #n,a››Until now, there was no convenient way to put numeric values onto disk›or cassette files other than by using PRINT, which converted them to›strings first, a slow and cumbersome process.  %PUT puts the number to›the device "as is," in 6-byte FP format.››    %GET      %GET #n,A››Get a number stored with %PUT from the device and store it in variable.›Again, this is much faster than using "INPUT #n, A".›››    Structured Programming›    ----------------------›››    REPEAT    REPEAT››Start a REPEAT-UNTIL loop.››    UNTIL     UNTIL <c>››Terminate when condition <c> met.››    WHILE     WHILE <c>››Start a WHILE-WEND loop to end when condition <c> met.››    WEND      WEND››Terminate a WHILE-END loop.››    ELSE      ELSE››Optional extension for IF.  The IF condition must not be followed by a›"THEN", but terminated by end-of-line or colon.››    ENDIF     ENDIF››Ends an IF-ELSE-ENDIF or IF-ELSE condition.  Note that this allows an IF›condition to span more than one BASIC line, provided the "IF" statement›is structured as shown in Note 5.››    DO        DO››Starts an "infinite" DO loop.››    LOOP      LOOP››Cycle back to the start of a DO loop.››    EXIT      EXIT››Exit a DO-LOOP loop.››    PROC      PROC name››Start definition of procedure.››    ENDPROC   ENDPROC››End definition of procedure.››    EXEC      EXEC name››Execute procedure name.›››    General Programming›    -------------------›››    PAUSE     PAUSE n››Pause processing for n/50 seconds.››    RENUM     RENUM n,i,j››Renumber the program starting at line #n, first number is #i, increment›is #j.  This function will handle GOTOs, TRAPs, and all other line›references except those which involve variables or computed values.››    DEL       DEL n,i››Delete lines n-i.››    DUMP      DUMP››Display all variables and values.  For numeric arrays, the numbers are›the DIMed values plus one.  For strings, the first number is the current›LENgth of it and the second number is the DIMed size of it.  DUMP also›lists procedure names and labels with their line values. ››              DUMP name››DUMP to device, such as "P:" or "D:DUMP.DAT".››    TRACE     TRACE››Trace program during execution.››              TRACE -››Turns trace mode off (Default).››    DSOUND    DSOUND n,f,d,v››Form of SOUND which activates channel-pairing for increased frequency›range.››              DSOUND››Turns off all sounds.››    GO TO     GO TO n››Alternate form of GOTO.››    *L        *L››Turn line-indent on (Default).››              *L -››Turns line-indent off.››    *F        *F (or *F +)››Special mode for FOR..NEXT loops which corrects a bug in Atari BASIC.›Seems that in Atari BASIC, an "illegal" reverse loop like "FOR X=2 TO›1:PRINT X:NEXT X" will execute once even though the condition is met›initially (X is already greater than 1).  Turbo BASIC fixes this bug,›but leaves it available for Atari BASIC programs which may take›advantage of it.››              *F -››Turns off the special FOR..NEXT mode to make Turbo BASIC act like Atari›BASIC.››    *B        *B (or *B +)››Command which allows the break key to be trapped via the "TRAP" command›within a program.››              *B -››Turns off the special BREAK key mode.››    --        --››Special form of REM which puts 30 dashes in a program listing.›››    Line Labels›    -----------›››    #         # name››Assigns the current line number to the label name.  This is a convenient›way to get around the problem of renumbering when using variables as line›numbers.  Labels can be thought of as a special form of variable, as they›occupy the variable name table along with the "regular" variables.  We›also believe that the number of variables allowed has been increased from›128 to 256 to allow for the addition of these labels.››    GO#       GO# name››Analagous to the GOTO command.›››    Modifications›    -------------›››    CLOSE     CLOSE››Close channels 1-7.››    DIM       DIM a(n)››Will automatically assign a value of zero to all elements of the numeric›array being dimensioned, and null characters to all elements of a string›(The LEN is still variable, however, and initially zero).››    GET       GET name››Wait for a key press, assign the value to name.  Same as "OPEN›#7,4,0,"K:":GET #7,name:CLOSE #7".››    INPUT     INPUT "text";a,b...››Prints text as a prompt before asking for variable(s), same as›Microsoft-BASIC.››    LIST      LIST n,››List program from line #n to end.››    ON        ON a EXEC n1,n2,...››Variation of ON...GOSUB for procedures.  N1, n2 and so on are names of›procedures to be run.  ON a GO# n1,n2,...  Similar to ON...GOTO except›that line labels  are used instead of line numbers.››    POP       POP››This command now pops the runtime stack for all four types of loops.››    PUT       PUT n››Same as "PRINT CHR$(n)";››    RESTORE   RESTORE #name››Restores the data line indicated by the label name.››    RND       RND››Parentheses are no longer needed at the end of this command, but it will›still work if they are there.››    SOUND     SOUND››Turn off all sounds.››    TRAP      TRAP #name››TRAPs to the line referenced by the label name.›››TURBO BASIC FUNCTIONS:›=====================›››    Arithmetic/Logic›    ----------------›››    HEX$      HEX$(n)››Convert n to hex string.››    DEC       DEC(a$)››Convert hex string A$ to decimal.››    DIV       n DIV i››Integer quotient of n/i.››    MOD       n MOD i››Integer remainder of n/i.››    FRAC      FRAC(a)››Fractional part of a.››    TRUNC     TRUNC(a)››Truncates fractional part of a.››    RAND      RAND(n)››Generates random number 0-n.››    $         $nnnn››Allows input of hexidecimal numbers, but they are converted to decimal.›Ex:  "FOR I=$0600 to $067F" => "FOR I=1536 to 1663".››    &         n & i››8-bit boolean AND.››    !         n ! i››8-bit boolean OR.››    EXOR      n EXOR i››8-bit Exclusive-OR.›››    Memory›    ------›››    DPEEK     DPEEK(m)››Double-PEEK of m,m+1.››    TIME      TIME››Time of day (numeric).››    TIME$     TIME$››Time of day string, HHMMSS.  Unfortunately, the time commands don't work›properly because they were written for European Ataris which operate at›50 Hz, instead of 60 Hz like American ones, the net result being that›they gain 12 minutes each hour.››    INKEY$    INKEY$››Returns last character typed.››    INSTR     INSTR(x$,a$)››Returns relative location of start of string A$ within X$ (returns 0 if not found).  The match must be exact; strings with the same letters but differences in case or type (normal or inverse) will not be found.››              INSTR(x$,a$,i)››i specifies the starting point of the search.››    UINSTR    UINSTR(x$,a$)››Same as INSTR, does not distinguish between case or inverse characters.›Ex: UINSTR("HeLlO","hello") returns 1.››              UINSTR(x$,a$,i)››Specifies optional starting point.››    ERR       ERR››Value of last error number.››    ERL       ERL››Line last error occurred at.›››    Constants›    ---------›››    %0›    %1›    %2›    %3››These four constants simply stand for the numbers 0-3, respectively.›The difference with using these in a program is that "X=1" requires 10›bytes, whereas "X=%1" only needs 4.  (Numbers require 7 bytes, 6 for the›number plus an identifier preceding it.  It is always a good practice to›make variables for numbers that are used more than three times in a›program).›››    NOTES:›    =====››1.  Variable, Procedure and Label names may contain the underscore (_)›character.››2.  To print a double-quote (") in a text string, use two of them›together, instead of the Atari BASIC method of using CHR$(34).  Ex:›"TEST";CHR$(34);"TEXT" becomes "TEST""TEXT" in Turbo-BASIC, both of›which produce the output => TEST"TEXT.››3.  Upon initial boot-up, TURBO-BASIC looks for a BASIC file named›AUTORUN.BAS.  If it finds an AUTORUN.BAS file, it will automatically›load and run this file.››4.  Turbo-BASIC also prints out English descriptions of all errors,›including several new ones for errors involving the new commands:››    Error - 22 ?NEST = Loops not properly nested.›    Error - 23 ?WHILE = WEND with no corresponding WHILE.›    Error - 24 ?REPEAT = UNTIL with no corresponding REPEAT.›    Error - 25 ?DO = LOOP with no corresponding DO.›    Error - 26 ?EXIT = EXIT is outside a loop.›    Error - 27 ?XPROC = Error executing PROC.›    Error - 28 ?EXEC = ENDPROC with no corresponding EXEC.›    Error - 29 ?PROC = Procedure does not exist.›    Error - 30 ?# = Label does not exist.››    Also, Error 15 has been expanded to include an UNTIL which relates›to a REPEAT which has been deleted.››5.  A multiline IF is constructed like this:››    10 IF X > 10›    20    PRINT X-10›    30    GO# TOO_BIG›    40 ELSE›    50    PRINT X›    60    GO# X_IS_OK›    70 ENDIF››    Note also the use of line labels in the GOTO statements.›››    ---Dave & Laura Yearke›››NOTE (JHS): TURBO BASIC uses part of the RAM under the Operating System›ROM to provide all the extra capabilities without diminishing user memory›space.  This means it has the following limitations:››1.  It is compatible only with the newer machines (XL/XE) which›    have 64K RAM chips.  The older 800 and 400 do not have any›    RAM under the O/S.››2.  It will PROBABLY be incompatible with other programs which›    also hide things in this RAM area (48K and up).  This includes›    DOSXL and BUG65, I believe, and also the clever mini-RAMdisk›    by Bill Wilkinson that uses that space.››It should be perfectly compatible with the 256K upgrades such as the Newell›256KXL board.›