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K6-6-@2}@(--@2@3 6$W-@@)-@@> 7@<@6,B T-@@}W$! @@ AP! A`6-6-'6-36-A?6-A0K6-A0W6-c6}-@o6-@{6-A6-6-"@A "6-%@6-%@,YH:}, ?" APH(! A plague! Half the people died!!Y6-P:'@,656-P:@$H:,,+-%@5 A}@6 @  ACRES TO SELL* A 6A J APAPT A A ^"A}ph- 6-&6-%+$,#6-- A r5 @  ACRES TO BUY) A 5Ap| AP$}A A Ap# 6-%6-&+$,#6- A? @) BUSHELS FOR THE PEOPLE3 }A ?A0A` A A0' 6-&6-@! A'6-7 @! ACRES TO }PLANT+ A 7Ap"A`A A ApP:'@,A0 }A Ap@$APA @- You have only  people!7 @0A Ap&6-&P:'@},01 A6-$!6-'6-1 A:$$P:'@,'@AD6-P:',N 6-&%XS A}66-P:$+@ $%,''A%@,G6-P:'@ ,S6-b  6-% Al 6-&6-%vA } AP!?E$#6-&- A7 @`A A`((6-P:++&@,$%$A',', 6-&% A}5 AP5  You starved  people this year!**("Due to this extreme mismanagement,T*("you have been thrown out} of officeJ(and declared National Fink!T A@ @6  You've only  bushels of grain!@ @0@ @}3  You've only  acres of land!!= @0@$(%6-P:H:,$@,%@($j A APC(In}  years of office, % of thej("population starved on the average.3(( people died in total starting36-P:'},N'(with 10 acres/person and endingD(with  acres/person.N @P#!@3 AP# Ap# @} AP# Ap!@A0  @A0!@AP  @AP*J A}P*(A fantastic performance!J(Charlemange, Disraeli, and 4F*("Jefferson combined could not have <( done better!}!F Ap>T AP0(Your heavy-handed performance T(smacks of Nero and Ivan IV. TheHQ+(#people find you an unp}leasant rulerG(frankly hate your guts!Q ApR- AP-(You could have done better.\O=(P:$?$H:,,} people would like to see youO( assassinated.fb6-%@ @) CONTINUE3 A L7@<@,4}YX6-b Ap0NApz( @( PRESS START FOR REPLAY A P A@AdAU}'AR66-F:@,@ @\-@"(7@6&,+-@"2(?< A P@RAR@}\ @G6- A # A @,6-A:,GP:,) A @$6-@$F:B2y,"@}% F:Ad,"AUA P ( $&%D1:MENU D:KINGDOM.ATR`#$م膳;A6S6M6 3Source file = 6O6B6J6 3Object file = 6L6S6T6 3List file = })6ۅ66+6- )6 40nA6S6M65506 40:6 40> ' 0 P0 }10$e$%eL$ 480즛 40*ƆLi%۩6惥Ą兰 L$ 6 40+z}"{"HI BzD"E V0L~$L$) 5555L%'55Ⅸ b3*&"} 1 3 4P0%& ## @2 60 45 575C&" 1 3Press [RETURN] to continue6l <<< RUN/IN}IT VECTORS >>><<< ERRORS OCCURRED >>>ADCANDASLBCCBCSBEQ BITBMIBNEBPLBRABRKBVCBVSCLCCLDCLI}CLVCMPCPXCPYIDBJDCDEC&'DEXDEYCDSHDWBENDEORAEQUEINCLUDEINCINXINY JMP JSRLDA LDX LDYDLIST}LSRLMACROMMENDNOPORA@ORGKPAGEPHAPHPPLAPLPROLRORRTIRTSSBCSECSEDSEISTASTXSTYGSUBTTLTA}XTAYFTITLETSXTXATXSTYA6'(` / 6 *0 *0;ʪ0=& *0Lq( / *0}[&ȱee0赜#{a тOꅇ`斱@L&+ (E)ee}L^3 -娅Ɖ婅ƈ i ŘV`((), -)rL) -L{) -L)L) 媅a}Aȱ0{È#u(# - 𶱀,3 *YFX+8`Ɩ -􈱀,s)ȱ,| *Y۩, ,L)Y̦d `}\ ߩFƖ - ŘV" )*  *XХȱ)О`Ɩ, *XL)ȱ}{a ```x ;6` * -<6襉<6膖,_ * *$Z#+ *0 *'+:*g/c%_&B|w]𔦮 ![ ,`Ư8!!`!%![@ ,}`! !! ,`L-!!+-[@ ,`!Խ!!& ,` M1 /1)$0 ./`U} /ɱ$@ȱg5aWG)A7 :00&&&&L.`8`%L@\*x':0:00H}& & &eeheeȱLK/ȱ01П&&L/ȱ800&&&L/ȥȱ'ɛ/}0'ɛ 'SL//A"[ _a{ 啜豀:0蕛`ɛ ȱ ``ۅ6 2兰} /1 2 2$U#LPE# ȝ#eeiř<# @2L>06r6 M1R}01ƓĂ僰祐eeJJj(jJJ8j`)т`D` H)΅h  ȱ*}(ȱ*`ۆ6嫰T8eejf0 ƃƂ0 ٙ ,Ȱȱeī Ū`}ł僰壟12 20 2L1 2 20 3 2# 255P0 @200 2 3#}L"2`ŲP g5f5e5津ԥ ؠȱd5)d5 B!D5EHI VD#E BQHILVH}JJJJ8 i:#h)8 i:؝#23` #P#` 3 3#ɛP`#+3;CHIJKLMNO 2ƒ擤}A6B6<6Ē` r3<6 3` r3 3`mz"{"Ũ 3z"{"`~"H{"mz"|}"}" 8hiHI V0}"{"34|"Ȍz"{"`l hh BHI Ȅ V䤒ȱȱBHI}D6E V0 Q4ȹ6eiHH`6#ȹ660.󩛙6 :.Ɠȹ6肋 .6ȭ66ȭ66ȭ66}666D6:6` BLV䄒H 4J45hDEBLV䄒H B VݦBdHID"E VH}"` Page } (C) 1984 55 WORDMARK Systems#k A65 (A very simple 6502 assembler) by }Charles Marslett Wordmark SystemsThe A65 assembler is modeled after the Atari MACRO Assembler} (AMAC) thatwas distributed by APX along with the MEDIT editor and the DDT debugger.The most significant thing about it is }that the source files cannot containline numbers (so editors that use line numbers must be able to write anunnumbered outpu}t file). A second characteristic is that it is a disk-to-disk assembler (the source must be in a disk (or cassette) file an}d theobject cannot be inserted directly into memory.The assembler is run from the DOS menu using the 'L' command, and prom}ptsyou for the source file name, the object file name and the listing filename: a RETURN in response to the object and lis}ting prompts will causethe assembler to generate files on the same drive with extensions '.OBJ'and '.LST' using the same fi }le name as the source file. If no '.' appearsin the source file name, '.ASM' is its assumed extension. A listing canbe pr }inted directly by specifying 'P:' as the list file or dumped to thescreen by specifying 'E:'. A '-' disables the listing if } you do not wantone.A start at implementing support for the 65C02 opcodes is in the code, butwhat is there has not been t }ested very thouroughly and most of the opcodesand addressing modes are not in place yet. Otherwise, the machineinstruction }s are as any other standard 6502 assembler would expect.Expressions can include +, -, * and / operators as well as HIGH[] an}d LOW[]functions to extract the high and low bytes of 16-bit numbers. Brackets,[ and ], may be used to group terms in an e}xpression if necessary. Symbolsmay have up to 11 characters, including upper and lower case letters,underscores and number}s. Symbols must start with an underscore or letter,and case is significant except for the predefined assembler opcodes and }theregister names A, X and Y.The machine opcodes recognized are: ADC, AND, ASL, BCC, BCS, BEQ, BIT, BMI, BNE, BPL, BRA} (65C02 only), BRK, BVC, BVS, CLC, CLD, CLI, CLV, CMP, CPX, CPY, DEC, DEX, DEY, EOR, INC, INX, INY, JMP, JSR, LDA, LDX,} LDY, LSR, NOP, ORA, PHA, PHP, PLA, PLP, ROL, ROR, RTI, RTS, SBC, SEC, SED, SEI, STA, STX, STY, TAX, TAY, TSX, TXA, TXS}, TYAThe assembler directives are:DB defines a byte, in decimal (12), hex ($0C), octal (@14) or binary (%000}01100) and may also be a character string (enclosed in quotes)DC defines a byte, as above, but with the high bit set (i}f defining a string, only on the last byte of the string)DW defines a word, low byte first, as if an indirect p}ointerDS allocates a number of bytes without storing any data in themORG sets the location counter to a fixed add}ress*= same as ORGEQU defines a symbol to have a specific value= same as EQUINCLUDE causes the fil}e specified to be inserted at this point in the assembly (can be nested if the DOS supports sufficient numbers } of files open at once -- the object, list and source files are kept open at all times, and each level of nested inc}ludes requires one more open file. MYDOS and Atari DOS 2 allow 3 normally, which does not allow a listing an}d include files. If set to 5, the assembler could generate a listing and handle 1 level of nested includes)}TITLE specifies the first title lineSUBTTL allows entering a second title linePAGE causes the assembler to go to the }top of th next listing pageEND terminates the program and specifies INIT and RUN addressesLIST a stub for future e}xpansionMACRO another stub (does nothing, not even generate an error)MEND another stubOctal numbers, EQU, *=, and IN }IT and RUN addresses may have bugs in them --good luck. Most of the rest has been debugged reasonably well.The END statem!}ent can have the following forms: END no RUN or INIT vectors generated at all END ADDR AD"}DR is the RUN entry point END ADDR, ADDR is the INIT entry point (no RUN vector) END INIT,RUN both v#}ectors specified(This is what I call minimum documentation, I will add to it as questionsare asked) $} Charles Marslett 8/21/85Changes since the first release:The assembler now behaves more reaso%}nably when a forward reference isencountered (it used to just generate junque quietly!) -- forward referencesare forced to &}16-bit values if possible, otherwise A65 assumes you know whatyou are doing, and assumes it will be an 8-bit value when it i'}s defined.The assembler allows upper and lower case symbols, and it is case sensitive.It still ignores case, however, when(} handling the directives and machineopcodes as well as the register names ("A", "X" and "Y"). Underscores arealso allow in)} symbols and are treated as letters (makes C people happy!).Symbols may also be up to 11 characters long (rather than 8 as b*}efore).The initial load address is the HIMEM value from DOS (the lowest possibleload address) rather than a random value l+}eft over in memory.Errors are marked in the listing file (as before) but they are also echoedto the screen, and the total ,}number of errors (in HEX) are reported at theend of the assembly. If any errors occur, the automatic return to the DOSprom-}pt is delayed until the [RETURN] key is pressed to give you an opportunityto note any (unexpected) errors reported..}Finally, some errors that were previously accepted (and generated bad code)are now caught and flagged as errors). These inc/}luded multiply definedsymbols and some invalid addressing modes. 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To write a listingto a disk file, you have to have 4 file buffers allocated in the DOS you arerunning A65 under.Goo%}d luck, and enjoy,===========================================================================Charles MarslettSTB Systems,%} Inc. <== Apply all standard disclaimersWordmark Systems <== No disclaimers required -- that's just mechasm@killer.dalla%}s.tx.us$ The files in this directory make up a distribution of A65, a simple 6502 assemb-ler written by Charles Marslett of Wordmark )}Systems (which appears to be locatedin Dallas, TX).The files are as follows: a65 - Atari 8bit executable of A65 assem)}bler a65.asm - assembly source for creating A65 from scratch a65.doc - doc file explaining use and behavior of A6)}5 a65_info.txt - followup posting from C.Marslett archive_header1.txt -- saved copy of C.Marslett's comments from t)}he first of several distributed Un*x-style Shell archives archiv)}e_header2.txt -- saved copy of C.Marslett's comments from the second of the Shell archives as)}m1.asm -- additional assembly sources for A65 asm2.asm asm3.asm asm4.asm asm5.asm description)}.txt -- THIS FILE header3.txt -- saved copy of C.Marslett's comments from the UUencoded execut)}able.( z{{OPCHRZCHZZCHARZSEWAVZCOUNZZKCHCKHSCCINZCOSHPHSCRANKSELOPTA@-} -} A-}@0@@@P%"68,-@e%P:H:,$@&,%$(%"68,-@H%P:H:,$@,%$2'6-P:H:,%?P-},"' @0< @@F -($P -($Z= @ -6&68,-8&,,-9(>:8,,-}= dE'A@A&+$@%,&+$,E2AU&+$@0,%nF:A@,"A0x F:Ad,"AU-}A )8,AB -( !68,-@2-6-%+$,3-:(B6-%@PA-}1 26--#6. - @p1  6-%"A  A`F:A@,A @-} 6-& A A 6-% @1 26--#6. - @p1 q6-@H-}%-A@1A=AE-]2%@@q6-P:H:,%?P,"A6-}-@H-  A#A-2"< 6-6-*6. 4 @p<6-&,-}A`6 AP@J 6-6-6.YOU# @p/6-@56-@6.WIN!J @pJ]-@%-@ -}# ?6-@P%P:H:,$A,]6-%@$P:H:,$@,TW2@@%A1A5 ?2-}KAWA^ AhG6-@6- 6.HIGH* @p06-=6.SCORE:G @pr 6-6--}6- @w' A 6.' 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BEGINNER $6.AVERAGE $6.EXPERT $6.LETTERS$6.NUMBERS$6-}.LETS. & NUMBS.$ -@AP $D2:KEYPANIC.BASI 1 B 1 , 1 <0,E,kGH@ BBSTARDLXXNUNAGCBDEFHIJKLM@I@1} @@((((P(@ x(1}(((@(h(((( @e -AP6@<21}@@@ b2e$b%2A @@9-@A= _21}b$ 3 +'0@36-@;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@1},;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@,;@@, @%aAR1}@'-@@"D(PRESS TO GO ON....aF:B2y,@@ ! (} (AR!$K +1}'0@@9@@dKB7t@db #A@8@@K:1}J@@\@@9b(}AR@#-@@"(# )@"@1}%!! @I)!@PA*@*&@HA APS-@@-#A%+$A,31}(}G-@@K"O(S ARI-@@-#A0%+$A,A-@@I"1}m-@@A(& m(& ]/(& 1} ](( //(& 1} !-@@((! 4 @4QUIT% : 0 @"(answer: 6-@A2}: ;-@@! (}# 5-@@!8(;( @ #A0`(}'-@@"+"/(3 =2} @ @%s (}#A156-P:@v$H:,,%@C-@K"O a@@9s@@2}'AR(( (#('!4QUIT%$7 4 @(CORRECT3-@A7 ): 0 2}@"(answer: 6-@A: . APLHH,,This section can be presented in,two different forma2}ts:,,Qgg1. LESSON -- Information will be,typed on the screen. After you,read it--four questions will beVKKasked about2} the information given.,,2. QUIZ -- Random questions will[VVbe asked about the history of com-,puters.,,,,Decide which fo2}rmat you want. Type`""the number of your choice.,,YYӠĠŠ,The term "digit" comes from the,Latin word 2}"digitus" meaningjjfinger. Fingers were the first,computing tools. About 3000 B.C.,the abacus was developed in China.2}ggThe word "abacus" comes from the,Greek word "abax" meaning a cal-,culating board. An abacus does--not compute--it si2 }mply records,numbers.,,,,,,,,,,,ҧӠӠbbJohn Napier was a mathematician,from Scotland. In2 } 1617 he made,some calculating rods out of(CCivory or bone. He used these rods,to multiply large numbers.w,,,,,,,,,,2 },x àŠffBlaise Pascal was a mathematician,from France. When he was 19 he,invented a machine t2 }o help himaaadd and subtract numbers. He,worked for his father who was a,tax accountant. There were aIIlot of movin2 }g parts in his ma-,chine so not many of them were,made.,,,,,,,,,,,__ĠҠ,Gottfried Wilhelm von2} Leibniz,was a mathematician from Germany.eeIn 1672 he developed an idea to,make a machine to do mathematics.,In 1694 he 2}made that machine.hhHe called it a Stepped Reckoner.,It would add--subtract--multiply--,divide--and find square roots.2}XXIt didn't work well all the,time because it had many moving,and complicated parts.?,,,,,,,,,,,@aaĠĠ2},Joseph Jacquard was a weaver of,France. He wanted to create aJffloom to weave the same patterns,again and aga2}in. He used punched,cards in his machine. NeedlesTeewent through the holes with the,colored threads attached. If a,hole2} wasn't punched--the needle^could not pass through.,,,,,,,,,,,FF̠Š,Charles Babbage w2}as a mathematiciannnfrom England. He developed an idea,for a calculating machine that he,called an Analytical Engine. T2}hismmmachine would take instructions;,process and store information; and,print results on a typewriter. Be-MMcause e2}lectricity was not available,he never did build his machine. HeJJpublished his idea in 1835. He is,called the "father o2}f computers.",,,,,,,,,,,RR,Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace was a,mathematician from England. Shejjwas a f2}riend of Babbage. She tried,to help Babbage raise money to,build his machine & develop elec-fftrical uses so his machine2} would,work. She convinced Babbage to,use the binary number system so&gghis machine would work better.,She is called the 2}first programmer.,The U.S.Dept. of Defense has a088special computer language called,ADA in her honor.k,,,,,,,,,,,l#2}#ǠŠvmmHerman Hollerith was an American,Army engineer. He created a machine,using punched card2}s. It was usedMMto collect and sort information from,the 1890 U.S. census. He also in-OOvented the Hollerith code t2}o use in,his machine and on all punched cards.NNHis machine was called a Tabulating,Machine. Hollerith's Tabulating Ma-2}..chine company later became known as,IBM.,,,,,,,,,,,>>à,John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry2}eeworked for Iowa State University.,In 1938 they built the first,electronic digital computer. Itddused vacuum tubes. 2 } They called,it the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer,or simply ABC. For some yearsLLAtanasoff and Berry were not given,credit fo2!}r the first all-electronicIIcomputer; but a federal decision in,1974 said theirs was the first.3,,,,,,,,,,,42"}ˠɠ>iiHoward Aiken was an American en-,gineer at Harvard University. In,1944 he invented a huge computer2#}Hffthat was financed by IBM. This,computer was called the MARK I.,It used punched cards and vacuumRiitubes. It printe2$}d on an electric,typewriter. It was so large that,it filled a complete gymnasium.\AAThe programming instructions were,sto2%}red on a punched tape.,,,,,,,,,,,WWà,John Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert,Jr. worked at the University o2&}f))Pennsylvania. They built the ENIACMMcomputer in 1946. ENIAC stands for,Electronic Numerical Integrator Andll2'}Calculator. It weighed 30 tons and,used 18000 vacuum tubes! It was,very hot and a vacuum tube neededjjto be replaced ab2(}out every 7 min-,utes. It was funded by the Army,after WWII to help calculate tra-\\jectories for artillery and bombs.,I2)}t was programmed by connecting,wires and switches.,,,,,,,,,,,ccĠ͠,John von Neumann had an 2*}idea to,store programs in a computer with llthe binary number system. It took,too long to rewire switches every,time you 2+}wanted to do a different KKprogram. Eckert had mentioned the,stored-program concept earlier but AANeumann developed th2,}e idea and,wrote a paper on it in 1945._ ,,,,,,,,,,,` àj llMaurice V. Wilkes was a student,of 2-}Neumann. Wilkes built a com-,puter in 1949 called the EDSAC. Thist hhstands for Electronic Delay Storage,Automatic Calcul2.}ator. It used,Neumann's concept of the stored~ eeprogram. Neumann made several,changes and improvements in this,computer 2/}and built another com- %%puter called the EDVAC in 1951. ,,,,,,,,,,, 88à,Mauchly and Eckert who bu20}ilt the llENIAC computer built another re-,volutionary computer in 1951. They,called this one the UNIVAC. This llstoo21}d for UNIVersal Automatic Com-,puter. It was financed by Reming-,ton Rand and was larger than the kkENIAC. It was sold t22}o the U.S.,Census Bureau for use in the 1950,census. It was used by CBS to pre- LLdict the outcome of the Eisenhower/,Ste23}venson presidential election in 221952. It was the first commercial,computer.' ,,,,,,,,,,,( ԭΠ24}ӛ2 jjUntil 1947 all the computers,used vacuum tubes. They were large,and not completely reliable because< hhthe tube25}s burned out quickly. They,cost so much money that only a few,of them were made. In 1955F iithere were only 244 computers26},in the entire United States. The,UNIVAC computer was the last of theP PPcomputers to use vacuum tubes. These,computers u27}sing vacuum tubes are nowZ ((called first-generation computers. ,,,,,,,,,,, CCĭΠ,In 1947 t28}he transistor was inven- LLted at Bell Laboratories. Computers,built after 1947 used transistors kkinstead of vacuum t29}ubes. They were,smaller & cooler & 10x faster.,The first computer built using the kktransistor was the TRADIC in 1954.,Th2:}ese computers using transistors,are now called second-generation XXcomputers. In 1958 there were,about 2550 computers in 2;}the entire,United States.,, ,,,,,,,,,,, ffĭΠ,In 1964 integrated circuits were,developed. Com2<}puters using integra- iited circuits are called 3rd-gener-,ation computers. They are even,smaller and are 100 times faste2=}r NNthan 2nd-generation computers. They,cost so little that large companies llcould afford them. It was in the,late 12>}960's that companies emerged,which were devoted largely to the NNdevelopment of software for existing,computers. The firs2?}t of the third-" 00generation computers was IBM's,SYSTEM/360.S ,,,,,,T !!ȭΠӛ^ iiIn the mid-2@}1970's technology ad-,vanced to the point that thousands,of integrated circuits could beh ddplaced on a tiny silicon chip.,2A}The integrated circuit chip was,developed by Tedd Hoff in 1969.r ggComputers using the integrated,circuit chips are now cal2B}led 4th-,generation computers. They cost| mmso little that businesses and homes,can afford them. They are small,and ten t2C}imes faster than 3rd-gen- eration computers. ,,,,,, ;;Ǡ,Before 1950 all programming was MM2D}done using the binary number system.,In the early 1950's symbolic codes MMwere written because they were much,easier to u2E}se. In 1957 IBM created MMa high-level language called FORTRAN,(FORmula TRANslation). Since then hhmany computer lang2F}uages have been,created: COBOL BASIC PILOT,RPG LOGO PASCAL etc. All these mmhigh-level languages require a,translat2G}or/compiler to work with the,machine language computers require. ,,,,,,, OO,3000 BC Abacus,1617 Napier's B2H}ones,1642 Arithmetic Machine mm1694 Stepped Reckoner,1801 Punched Card Loom,1835 Analytical Engine,1890 Tab2I}ulating Machine ``1938 ABC,1944 MARK I,1946 ENIAC,1945 Stored-program concept,1947 transistor nn1949 2J}EDSAC,1951 EDVAC and UNIVAC,1954 TRADIC,1957 FORTRAN language,1964 integrated circui \\1965 BASIC language,2K}1969 integrated circuit chips,1971 Pascal language,,,,,,, 22What were the first computing,tools?,FINGERS& 33What c2L}alculating tool came from,China?,ABACUS0 66What word do we get from Latin,for finger?,DIGIT: ::When was the abacus first 2M}used?,About ____ B.C.,3000 NNWho created rods used to multiply,large numbers? (last name only),NAPIER GGWhat mathematic2N}al operation did,Napier's Bones do?,MULTIPLICATION 66In what year did Napier create,his "bones"?,1617 ,,What were Napie2O}r's rods called?,,BONES AAWho created the Arithmetic,Machine? (last name only),PASCAL AAIn what year did Pascal create,2P}his Arithmetic Machine?,1642 __What 2 mathematical operations did,Pascal's machine do?(3 words),ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION2Q} WWWhat was the name of the machine,created by Pascal?(two words),ARITHMETIC MACHINEH @@Who created the Stepped Reckoner?,2R}(last name only),LEIBNIZR @@In what year did Leibniz create,his Stepped Reckoner?,1694\ TTWhat was the name of the machin2S}e,created by Leibniz?(2 words),STEPPED RECKONERf XXName 2 NEW operations Leibniz's ma-,chine did. (4 words),DIVISION AND SQ2T}UARE ROOTS BBWho created the Punched Card Loom?,(last name only),JACQUARD NNName the machine invented by a,French weave2U}r (3 words),PUNCHED CARD LOOM BBIn what year did Jacquard create,his Punched Card Loom?,1801 VVWhat was the name of the2V} machine,created by Jacquard?(3 words),PUNCHED CARD LOOMAAWho created the Analytical Engine?,(last name only),BABBAGEA2W}AIn what year did Babbage create,his Analytical Engine?,1835$UUWhat was the name of the machine,created by Babbage?(2 wor2X}ds),ANALYTICAL ENGINE.FFWho is called the "father of,computers"?(last name only),BABBAGEtGGWho was the first computer p2Y}ro-,grammer?(last name only),LOVELACE~FFWhat number system did Lovelace,use to program?(one word),BINARYHHWhat program2Z}ming language is used,by the U.S.Dept. of Defense?,ADAMMWho helped Babbage with his,Analytical Engine?(last name only),LO2[}VELACEDDWho created the Tabulating Machine?,(last name only),HOLLERITHDDIn what year did Hollerith create,his Tabulat2\}ing Machine?,1890XXWhat was the name of the machine,created by Hollerith?(2 words),TABULATING MACHINEOOWho created th2]}e code used on all,punched cards?(last name only),HOLLERITH<TTWho created the first electronic,computer?(last name only),A2^}TANASOFF AND BERRYF==What was the name of the first,electronic computer?,ABCPLLIn what year was the ABC computer,create2_}d by Atanasoff and Berry?,1938ZKKWhat were the electronic components,of the ABC?(2 words),VACUUM TUBES44Who created th2`}e MARK I? (last,name only),AIKENJJWhat was the name of the computer,created by Aiken? (2 words),MARK I11In what year 2a}was the MARK I creat-,ed?,1944UUWhat was used to store program in-,structions for MARK I(2 words)?,PUNCHED TAPEIIWhat2b} was the name of the 1946 com-,puter of Mauchly & Eckert?,ENIAC@@Who created the ENIAC? (last name,only),MAUCHLY AND ECKE2c}RT@@In what year did Mauchly and Eckert,create the ENIAC?,1946"UUThe ENIAC was programmed by connect-,ing _____ ___ __2d}______.,WIRES AND SWITCHEShJJWho developed the idea of a stored,program? (last name only),NEUMANNrIIIn what year did Ne2e}umann publish,his ideas on stored programs?,1945|KKWhat was the concept that Neumann,developed? (2 words),STORED PROGRAM2f}IIWho first presented the stored pro-,gram concept to Neumann?,ECKERTBBWho built the EDSAC computer in,1949?(last name 2g}only),WILKESFFWhat was the name of the computer,built by Wilkes in 1949?,EDSAC33In what year did Wilkes build the,EDS2h}AC?,1949JJWhat was the computer Neumann,built which improved on Wilkes'?,EDVAC0HHWho built the UNIVAC computer? (last,2i}name only),MAUCHLY AND ECKERT:66In what year was the UNIVAC computer,built?,1951DJJWhat was the name of the 1951 com-,p2j}uter of Mauchly & Eckert?,UNIVACNDDWhich computer was used to predict,an election in 1952?,UNIVACTTWhat component was 2k}used in first-,generation computers? (2 words),VACUUM TUBESJJTRUE or FALSE: First-generation,computers were very reliabl2l}e.,FALSEJJTRUE or FALSE: First-generation,computers were very expensive.,TRUEFFTRUE or FALSE: First-generation,comp2m}uters were very large.,TRUELLWhat components were used in second-,generation computers?,TRANSISTORSAAWhat was the fir2n}st computer built,using transistors?,TRADIC IIIn what year was the transistor,invented at Bell Laboratories?,194788In 2o}what year was the TRADIC compu-,ter built?,1954\\\What components were used in third-,generation computers?(2 words),INTEG2p}RATED CIRCUITSf==In what year were integrated cir-,cuits developed?,1964pPPTRUE or FALSE: Third-generation,computers w2q}ere built in the 1940's.,FALSEzQQTRUE or FALSE: Software companies,began to emerge in the late 1960's.,TRUE__What com2r}ponents were used in 4th-,generation computers?(3 words),INTEGRATED CIRCUIT CHIPSEEWho developed the integrated,circuit c2s}hip?(last name only),HOFFEEIn what year did HOFF develop the,integrated circuit chip?,1969NNTRUE or FALSE: Small hom2t}e compu-,ters are 4th-generation computers,TRUE$EETRUE or FALSE: BASIC is considered,a high-level language.,TRUE.FFTRU2u}E or FALSE: Machine language is,a high-level language.,FALSE8QQWhat is the name of the first high-,level language created2v} in 1957?,FORTRANBIIWhat do high-level languages re-,quire to work?,TRANSLATOR/COMPILER'(}THIS IS DICTIONARY N2w}(}THIS IS KEYBOARD D2:COMPHISTWhat were the fi0;\sSCDDLWAIPDI 6y} *********************** WORLD CAPITALS **6z} BY JOHN R. KELLEY ** PORTLAND, OREGON *********************** A (}&&;@ ,;@ 6{},;@ ,6-6-AFGHANISTAN,KABULALBANIA,TIRANA(ALGERIA,ALGIERS2ARGENTINA,BUENOS6|} AIRES<AUSTRALIA,CANBERRAFAUSTRIA,VIENNAPANDORRA,ANDORRA LA VELLAZANGOLA,LUANDAdBAHRAIN,MANAMAn6}}BANGLADESH,DACCAxBELGIUM,BRUSSELSBOTSWANA,GABARONEBOLIVIA,LA PAZBRAZIL,BRASILIABULGARIA,SOFIA6~}BURMA,RANGOONCANADA,OTTAWACHILE,SANTIAGOCHINA,PEKINGCHAD,N'DJAMENACONGO,BRAZZAVILLECOL6}OMBIA,BOGOTACUBA,HAVANACZECHOSLOVAKIA,PRAGUEDENMARK,COPENHAGENEGYPT,CAIROFINLAND,HELSINKI6}FRANCE,PARISGERMANY EAST,EAST BERLIN"GERMANY WEST,BONN,GREECE,ATHENS6GHANA,ACCRA@GAMBIA,BANJUIJ6}HAITI,PORT AU PRINCEOHONDURAS, TEGUCIGALPATHUNGARY,BUDAPEST^ICELAND,REYKJAVIKhINDIA,NEW DELHIrIRAN,6}TEHERAN|IVORY COAST,DJIBANETHIOPIA,ADDIS ABABAITALY,ROMEJAPAN,TOKYOJORDAN,AMMANISRAEL,JERU6}SALEMKUWAIT,KUWAITKENYA,NAIROBILIBERIA,MONROVIALIBYA,TRIPOLIMEXICO,MEXICO CITYNICARAGUA,M6}ANAGUAKOREA NORTH,PYONGYANGKOREA SOUTH,SEOULLICHTENSTEIN,VADUZMONACO,MONTE CARLOLUXEMBOURG,LUXE6}MBOURGNEPAL,KATMANDU&NEW ZEALAND,WELLINGTON0NORWAY,OSLO:OMAN,MUSCATDPERU,LIMANPOLAND,WARSAWX6}QATAR,DOHAbPAKISTAN,KARACHIlSRI LANKA,COLOMBOvROMANIA,BUCHARESTSPAIN,MADRIDSAUDI ARABIA,RIYADH 6}MECCASUDAN,KHARTOUMSWEDEN,STOCKHOLMTURKEY,ANKARATAIWAN,TAIWANSOVIET RUSSIA,MOSCOWUNITED K6}INGDOM,LONDONUNITED STATES,WASHINGTONVENEZUELA,CARACASYUGOSLAVIA,BELGRADEZAIRE,KINSHASAZAMBIA,L6}USAKA +AR@'AA'AAA@XAA6}D>-@@>($ world capitals NAME ALL YOU CAN%%6-P:AV$H:,%@, @A`6}A@ *P:'@,"'@*6-&@-@ "* 4%-@@%( Coun6}try: H"R3-@@ /(What is the capital 3\G-@@4%(Right36-%@= A6}G Af8-@@ (Wrong!.6-%@8 Ap-@@(z#>-@@>($H6}it to go on, to stop.6-F:B2y,"@A`#"@+# A A 6}w%2A!@@9-@@0= _2@@@@s-@@ w w%26}@@@@9-@@ = _2@@`@@s-@@ w :-6}@327 :$L9-@92@p@@VD-@6}  A2D$ +@AR@'AAv'AAv3-@6}@3(@your score was :1-@@1(@ CORRECT AND/-@@/(@6} -Aw x +AR@'A'AA6}@%%6-F:A`,%AV$F:Aa,+%@ @+%@@+%@@+%@ 6}@(-@@((c-@@c(I This program asks you to name the capital of a6} world country when itsQQ(Iname is presented to you. The 3 pages seen are the Title page, the actionKK(Cpage, and you6}r final score on the last page. Test your memory!!9-@@9(DEVISED BY JOHN R. KELLEY2-@6}@2(Hit to begin game.F:B2y,"@$ AD2:WORLDCAP.BAS4d