@L}5 _$% l0$)$$Hȱ$ UhL" `e$$%`$%`  R@W!( L(1   Y I`  d  Ld M * @  $ % CC$$)%1 Udߥ$9%: !0 S$% DD˙`  }J)Lr d M * @  $ % CC$$)%1 Udߥ$9%: !0 S$%} DD˙`  }J)Lr J  ((  p L ()   J}L= ( L 0q A    IB JC;? D W } LL  ` W )LA!  ߰")-݆ p" } $G@LL 08`Q")<2Q0 -G$Ș݆ UL# ; p8(()(0ʥ)NQ` }$GȘ݆LU )L ݆ L GȘ ݆LL )W>Z   HH)H }p h  hyhy D L> L JJ    ! LA*` BF }7'8  M HN H` 8 Z  \LdJJ!"! GFE@F (!L }EE !E^ ^ E E7EȩEdE/EȩE  D } .L }  ;F d  ;?F7F? ( .   Z D LL d } . D  L    p  E` , d)  D L) 0BM݊L݉} ML  N݆ L NLML [ TEqEHȱEqEh 0Gȹ G} HLL GɛL  LFREE SECTORS G) *Gȩ GȽG GȌ*jj >G} C8jJ3j2CD( C202C ԠBX` N 1? l LlD:RAMDISK}.COMLu L1 L ;LHL  T`  `8  ɐ     `TU  } L ? .  t`GBJ ~DEHI B V0dV!}QDEHI VF9 ,0 ,0 s0hhL  L` H hDHEh"}DEL8HI4 0 HI,0 0  9 .G VLO#},0 L4*IJ`llD1:AUTORUN.SYSNEED MEM.SAV TO LOAD THIS FILE.D8:MEM.SAV J y08 B|DEHI$} V0 0`B;DEL`?<0LV`@ʆ v s? F0Ξ05: [ BDEHI%} VY8 B V  @  /DE `E:D8:DUP.SYSERROR-SAVING USER MEMORY ON DISKTYPE Y TO &}STILL RUN DOS B;DE J  (` 9 V⪍ ઍ  -'}LLu ÝDEHILV 9 .l 9 .l  `` s$B BH(}I|DE V BLV nB,DE JLV B V BLVDEIʩ BꭝLu } 3E:}DISK OPERATING SYSTEM II VERSION COPYRIGHT 1984 ATARI CORP.A. DISK DIRECTORY I. FORMAT DISKB. RUN CARTRIDG*}E J. DUPLICATE DISKC. COPY FILE K. BINARY SAVED. DELETE FILE(S) L. BINARY LOADE. RENAME FILE M. RUN AT ADDRES+}SF. LOCK FILE N. CREATE MEM.SAVG. UNLOCK FILE O. DUPLICATE FILEH. WRITE DOS FILES P. FORMAT SINGLEL !N',}#"&))9(&*)/h)''-&؆莟R'S  vL/ˢ L }Insert DOS 2.0s, type Y Λx -}DEfHI 1莏#q! @ y0ɛ8A0,' ȅ 1 1ild! 1L!NO SUCH ITEMSELECT.} ITEM OR FOR MENU! 0 .z:*{}.|{ 1 0 0JB 18L%|DL/}%DIRECTORY--SEARCH SPEC,LIST FILE?[# 0 0 &|D3" 1L!NOT A DISK FILEN !B 1L!E# 1 !BD0}ED:}:1BJ|DE 1DEBHI 1 h0ߢ 0.1}  0?詛 1 y0YЛ 1 ;#L" ;#L! BL1TYPE "Y" TO DELETE...DELETE FILE SPEC2}COPY--FROM, TO?OPTION NOT ALLOWED697 FREE SECTORS COPYING---D8:COPY32.COMl# 0|D .L/%#3}##JB|DE 1BHID#E 1#0: B 1L!#͑### B 1#c$0SY4}S1}:## # # .#Ƚ# # 𩛙## 1,#PD#ELJ- <.BJD#E 5}1 1HH 0hh|DL%1}:̳# L% #D#EL% 1 0 . .0O% 1L!WILD CARDS NOT A6}LLOWED IN DESTINATION 0 <.|K}N 2 FORMAT. t* 5) 1L!`) 0NΞ 0 L1) 1 L!BAD LOAD FILELOAD FROM WHAT FILE?) 0 ?}0#B 1L!WHAT FILE TO LOCK?) 0 0$B 1L!WHAT FILE TO UNLOCK?DUP DISK-SOURCE,DEST DRIVES?TYPE "Y" IF OK TO US@}E PROGRAM AREACAUTION: A "Y" INVALIDATES MEM.SAV.FE! +L1   `*  70 2 2A} 0.* 1 y0 0)INSERT BOTH DISKS, TYPE RETURN^, 1 y038逍 N, 1L! ,B}C, t*  Lx+, 0 ^, 1 y0 , ,0,0 ,L+ ,I0 ,Vǭ0C}Ξ, 0 }, 1 y0C,ШC, 0K'!" H H 'h h Lx+!EF 5L1L!D,I,HhD}` NOT ENOUGH ROOMINSERT SOURCE DISK,TYPE RETURNINSERT DESTINATION DISK,TYPE RETURNE}`  `8 rL1`-* 1P* 1 y0Y`hhL!NAME OF FILE TO MOVE?- 0 0|DL% <.F},^ 1 70 0 .@L# .BJ 1  DEHIB V L1 ,} 1 70,L.  G}JB|,#P#DE 1 HI BDEHHII 1 B 1 ,^ 1 70,0La- B V,#PH},^ 1 70 0L#L!-* 1P* 1 y0Yj383}mm ݭI}}`8}``|* ? ɛ,`|:-)| / 1L!`DESTINATION CANT BE DOJ}S.SYS0 0H{ 24Δ 28/L!/) 2 Π 2 0 ξK}hAΞB,0 J 1 BDEHI,HÝDE 1HIHIDELSAVE-GIVE L}FILE,START,END(,INIT,RUN)O S0 1`BDEPHI V` S0H 1 L!M}0 0 1L~0`PLEASE TYPE 1 LETTER,0`hhL! 70 1L0L<1 ,;ɛ7,"ɛ:ݦ1ݥN}A"D|ݤD|ȩ:|ȩ|ɛ,,(/+.ީ1 1,ɛ`轤{NAMEO} TOO LONG B VL!` L1I H1EΝDL1|mDiE` V0`8d/8 i:222 1 LP}!ERROR- 164ɛ+,' 20*.. өr2 1``2TOO MANY DIGITSINVALID HEXAQ}DECIMAL PARAMETER800 0 8 00`,0'D800 H,ɛh`2L1NEED D1 THRU D8uR} ECIMAL PARAMETER800 0 8 00`,0'D800 H,ɛh`2L1NEED D1 THRU D8u8<<  B JKIHiDiELV`L8 8 BLV`LxT}8t8l Lu8hihiHHȱȱL8c !#3`Lu8JJJJ`H 8h`HU}ȩh Q8L8 Z8L8 8L8 8L8 8L8S:@9E:E9H '9 H9I9 8 '9h)0ICV}9D9L8 L :::: :Lr:::IEL[::i:iIIL[:`:i::iX}::L:`L{:w:w: C`L:L: D8:MEM.SAV: 8| 9 '9`L:L: D:DUP.SYS:̩ 8Y} x:ɀL: '9`88 |9Y:X: '9L); D8:DUP.SYS; 8::88 9 '98? :`;WL`; 9Z}Ln; ` :Y;Y;L;L;)} Setting Up ATARI 130XE Ram Disk; 9L; ; -9  [} L;D8:; :9 :Y;L(@`} 2.5 P-@@c(@u-@@(@ BY ART BROSS4-@@a}*(@(C)19864 @#pAR@(c(E This reference guide is in two parts. Press for Partb} 1.p@(+@%@'-@@C(@U-@p(@ -DOS SYc}STEM(@ -DUP SYSTEM-l(@ -FORMATTING8(@ -FILENAMESR(@ -WILDCARDSl(@d} -DENSITIES2_"(@ -BASIC PROGRAMS@(@ -130XE RAMDISK_(@ -DISK UTILITIES7<-@e}2(@ -go to part 2< @<0)@& @H)!@W0 @`F"@H A0PG 6.f}D:A$67B:,%@,.>:,=67B:,%@,..DOCG A} @@{ +AR@J(&DISK OPERATINg}G SYSTEM II VERSION \-@@{(COPYRIGHT 1984 ATARI CORP.,(,(!A. DISK DIRECTORY I. FORMAT DISK,,(h}$B. RUN CARTRIDGE J. DUPLICATE DISK))(!C. COPY FILE K. BINARY SAVE))(!D. DELETE FILE(S) L. BINARY LOAD,,(i}$E. RENAME FILE M. RUN AT ADDRESS,,($F. LOCK FILE N. CREATE MEM.SAV,,($G. UNLOCK FILE O. DUPLICATE FILj}E]+(#H. WRITE DOS FILES P. FORMAT SINGLE.(1(4(7(:(](SELECT ITEM OR FOR MENUT(T(I This is the menu yk}ou see when you type DOS and press . Select a\R(Jletter for more information on each item. Press to return l}to Part 1.\ @B A@-@@",)@8"@'B @@!! @e)!@A@ 6m}.D:)67@,.>:,)67@,..DOC A" A0,READFILE6@@ AJ* @n}@* @TI A@ }-0@?AR@I @^-@@ o}h@ r |-@@#6, #堠ý6 @)@p}"@'$ A@@I-@@"? %ĠƠŠI @-- $q}à)@D"@'@! }A  PLEASE REBOOT TO USE BASICD$r}`-@@">(#ԠΠҠˠĠԠΠK)@V@` A 3F:A8,%AV$F:A9s},%@@D:DOS2.5 B'gD:TESTi A sample listing of a diskvalues.dtory you have two choices to maket}. DOS then asks yo@D:DOS2.5 B'gD:TESTi A sample listing of a diskvalues.dtory you have two choices to makeu L <.`Lu 4N (c)1983 Action Computer Services  B JKIHv}iDiELV`L94 94 BLV`L44l L4 &` Fj`8冨w}凪` 4EӅӥ 4`ʆǪƩ Ɛee` 4ƦʆǢ &Ɛeǐ 5 x}5L4 4'&&&8儨児祂*L4&&*ń8&&L4 W5`hihiHHȱȱy}L4c !#3`L4JJJJ`H 4h`Hȩh n4L5 w4L5 !4Lz}5 )4L5 /4H8`HhHh [6L5 BHI V䅠L5 L6 94L5Ԇ{} ؠPIPP` 6P )4L5 6L6 6L6 7L6H- 68塪墨hL7 7L6 "|}7L6 6ȹP`텠8堨塪 6芨Oȩ-`PP 6P棩 Ѥģ0}}-ģ6000:,80H & &ehe&eģ0ʥ 8堅塅`$ 6&*i0:0i 6Ʀ`~}¢ 护°ڱ%ȱ%E 6L\8担CS N6L\8I 7L\8H 8L\8 6L\8 } &B V 5NLMȑ` MLN%B VL5S:8E:9[\ZUVT`Ѣ =9`ȱѢĦ}`膡``ťƤe8夰LS9 Ƥ8`ŦeѠ}e桊LW9RUb IOCBN9leBuf;b IOCBlen = Len%b IOCBcmd = 11b CIO(0,$20)a a} IF IOCBsta>3 THENa. QUIT(IOC9,"while writing DOS 2.x Lz:`L~:)IL:L~:)IL:L:`L: }6::`L:Lu L:o:ҭv:4u:4 H6 :L: 6 6L; Hit Ԡ to Restart.: ;6L9; Hit Ԡ to qu}it to DOS.; ;6)ILS;L@;)Ld; : w:FilLm; 5g;} 6L;Error #%B %S%Ei;h;g;;{ ?8 :HL;;}L;was unexpected!;; j;L;L;+}%E%E%EThe disk in drive %U does not appear9; ?8L)< to be a valid DOS 3 disk!}< ;6 : 9 RETURNLB<4< :3<3=m===m==== "5=e==e===== g==Р=L'>`ert DOL>9}>9>>>͎>>L>>>>> g=>i>>i>>>L>9ۢ g=>͒>L+?>9>͓>L%}?>L%? ;>L>` L0?,?,?0LH?9,?LH?`,?AL]?Z,?L]?`,?I.Lh?` ;pasLq?t:s:m?Ȍl??l?m?L?}m?l? 49e9ek?k?L?k?IL?m?t:l?s:l?Хm?L?` FIL???D\:9i0]::^:??}?? 49e?9e??m??iI L{@? L{@?m??i?[:??L3@?i ?i}I /?i ?iI ?i ?iI LA.?[:? ? ?LA?m??iI LA?m??i?}[:??L@?[:8???[:??DADA?L`A'?[:?? -?? 6?L9A`Z) LlAbAaAhAgA} 6LA # Fi}le name # File nameA ;6LA!   A ;6gAhA0LBs:aAt:bALBbAaA 4}9e9efAfAILBfALBhAgA 4eeAgA)hA)LoBeA 9LyBeA 9aA bA}LB 6bAaA 7 6bAaA ?gAhAaAbALAbAaA`$ LBBBLB"%EOn which drive (1-4) is %S disk?BBB} ?8 :BBILC} 6 :B)BB1LGC4BLGCB 6B)` 6LCLRCLpC} ٠CU ;6LC!}Copy files from a DOS 3 disk toCz ;6LC a DOS 2.5 (or DOS 2.0) disk.C ;6LC%(Hit Π for drive # to quit.)C} ;6LDDOS 3D B9LDDOS 2.xD B9`imem - L4D+D*D+D*D 49e,D9e-D,Di.D-Di/D,Di }-Di0D,Di -Di99.D/D)9ȱ)90D`LD99999ɀ9LD`LD99}`DOSLDD9D9D9ɀ9LUED99LUEDD99 = DDeDDeDDL E8D9D9` LkEgE }b VcLEgELELEwhile closing DOS 2.x fileEc j;`tLEE hE:e\dbEjk VcLFL} Fwhile opening DOS 2.x fileEc j;`%BLFFF9e9dFiFh b VcLvFLlFwhile writing DOS 2.x fi}leFQc j;`Ԡ LFxFwF} 6xFwF 49eyF9ezF?wFxF%yFzFyFzFIL0GLFNo} file with that number!F ;6 6L%GHit Ԡ to try again.G ;6 {:`LFG%E%EReady to copy G3 ?8xFwF ?LtG%E%EHit }Ԡ if okay.%EGY ?8LGHit Ԡ to reject copy.G~ ;6)ILGLG)LG`xFwF 1D99}F D}|F{F9M9LH 6L H%Please remove DOS 3 ('from') disk andG ;6LMH" insert DOS 2.x ('to') disk.H* ;6 6LvH }Push Ԡ when ready.HZ ;6 {:LH#---copying Ϡ DOS 2.x disk---H ;6}F ELH}FILH}F E|F{F F }F9M9}LI hE 6LI%Please remove DOS 2.x ('to') disk andH ;6L>I" insert DOS 3 ('from') disk.I ;6 6LgI Push }Ԡ when ready.IK ;6 {:LI#---copying ͠ DOS 3 disk---It ;699LG9M9LI hE} 6LIFile Copied OK}AY!I ;6 6LIHit Ԡ to continue.I ;6 {:`axGoodRLJ899) J) J J J 499 OCL{J}(%E%EPlace the DOS 3 disk in drive %B%E%E9JR ?89M9LK 6LJ$CAUTION: You will be swapping disks.J ;6 6LJ } Put a write protect tabJ ;6LK on your DOS 3 disk!J ;6LVKLHK&Place the DOS 2.x disk in drive %B%E%E}9K! ?8 6LuKPush Ԡ when ready.K\ ;6 {: > n?s: t:LKLK)}Sorry! No files on that DOS 3 disk!K ;6 :}JȌJJJ iAJJ 6 6LL#Choose a file to copy by typing itsK ;6L3L number as given above.L ;6 6Js:J}t:0LLLmLOr see more files by typingLQ ;6LL just Π.Lw ;6LLLL Or just hit Π to Restart,L ;6LL$ } Quit to DOS, or View names again.L ;6 6LM堿L N6 ?<J J JJJs:Jt:LK J JL'N}} 6L]M%EReady to quit?%E%E%EMF ?8 6 6LM Hit Ԡ to Restart.Mm ;6LM Hit Ԡ to Quit to DOS.M ;6L}M% Hit Π to View files again.M ;6)ILMLM)LN :L$N)L$N w:L0NJ J ~FLK L7N} H6LENK:NB 6 J3N3NLVNv:4u:4} 6 :L}N4v:4u:;4;46Ny:5Nx:o:) 4N`}zN6LENK:NB 6 J3N3NLVNv:4u:4} 6 :L}N4v:4u:;4;46Ny:5Nx:o:) 4N`u L <.`Lu 4O (c)1983 Action Computer Services  B JKIH}iDiELV`L94 94 BLV` Fj`8冨凪` 4EӅӥ 4}`ʆǪƩ Ɛee` 4ƦʆǢ &Ɛeǐ 4 4L4hihiHHȱȱ}`Hh`Hȩh n4L]5 w4L]5 !4L]5 )4L]5 /4H8`HhH}h 5L]5 BHI V䅠L]5 L5 94L]5Ԇ ؠPIPP` 6P )4L]5} <6L6 6LA6 U6L6H- 68塪墨hLU6 n6L6 u6L6 6ȹP`텠8堨} 6芨Oȩ-`PP 5P棩 Ѥģ0-ģ6000:,80H & &ehe&}eģ0ʥ 8堅塅`$ 6&*i0:0i 6Ʀ`¢ 护°ڱ%ȱ%}E 6L7担CS 5L7I n6L7H i7L7 <6L7S: 8E:8[\ZUVT`Hhƣ}Ģ`ƥĤ`Oq8}q8}q8}q8 q8}LF:} 6`LO:0123456789ABCDEFLc:O:O:JJJJP: 6O:)P: 6`L:::: `:: `:`L:::}: :L: 6:d:L: 6:譨:L: 6:: <6`L:)IL;L:)L;L;`Lu L&;B:} ;LN;}Please insert DOS 2.5;6 5Ln;disk and press Ԣ;X 5 :L0;L; 05{;L;}Error %B while %S%E};|;}{;; 7L;To continue DISKFIX, hit Ԣ; 5 : L:L;;;0L<9;L<``L< < < ;I 058>9>;>:>8>@R =`Lj> 05c>d>f>e>c>W =`L>>}> 4q8e1:r8e2:1:2:6:1:i@:2:iA:@:A:ȱ;::: m@:*(mA:ȱ9:8:1:i}2:i : J8 :` L??IL!@L@writing dir}ectory@? ~;`DL*@#@"@"@#@L@#@"@ 4q8e%@r8e&@im"@m#@&@%@ <>$@$}@IL@L@reading directory@$@ ~;"@#@L2@`LL@@ C:@@@i@@@LAF@)@@)L A@ 8LA}@ 8@ L$A 6@ n6 6@ >6:LA6:)LUAD 6LA6:IBLgA 6LA6:IbLyA* 6LA6:ICLAW 6}LA6:ILA 6LA6:I#LA* 6LA? 6 6: 5LALA (unused)A 5@L@`LA 05AA @LB%E%EChoose a f}ile number> A 7;;AA S<`q8LTB '@B2 A2BLqBB2 A2BLBB2 6}PBPB`LB`m LBBB QB5:4:4:5:0?4:5:0LBLB%EYou didn't choose anything!%EB 7`4: >}6:L1CLCThat file is unused.C 55:4:`LXC#} Type Name Length StartC4 5LhC Cb 56: `: 6 } 6: 5 6 6;::: : 6 6 69:8: :LC%EâC 76: : 6 6: 5 6 6;::: : 6 6 } 69:8: : 6LD%E%S BBD 7L-D this fileD# =LED5:4:`LIDS3: S)LmDdLrD`}@ LDtDsDvDuDsDwDtDDDwDLDxDxDLDwD8xD=yDLDuDvDxDLDwDLDvDuD`LD }FD8FuE3:!u88DvDL3EDD򈑮LHEDDÈ mD*(mDHHY Dhh}8DDDDHHZ Dhh 5`ELEEEEE 4E)E)Ee}Ee818`L F8u '88 '8FFFFLXFFF EFFL5FFhFpF}FLFFF EFFLbF E`LFFFFi}FFiFFFJJ`LFFFFi}Fi)FF}i~FiFFF`LGGGGi}Gi)Gi~Gi`LDG8GG=GLGVerifying file %B%E8GGv 7=G >GL&H99 J89>G=G <>9 F7:7:M8GLGL&H}=G>GLG:G>G=G E;GG@G=G?G9 F>G=GLG=G >GLHLKHBad link in file %B - 5:4:H4 7;G }@:A:6:I6:I#6:IB 6:IbL1K4: AGLK6:ICLKLbK#Deleting file} %B - open for write%E5:4:K> 71:2: ?4:5:LJ DJJɀLKLK writing VTOCKJ ~;`LKLK&%E%EIn}sert desired disk and hit ԢK 7 :`LKKN:KM:@I ?1LkLL7L}%EDOS 2.5 not booted!%E%EL 7L^LAbor}ting - please hit ԢLA 5 : #;@ C: 5L~LK:L{ d5LL=}%E ؠ٠%E for ATARI }DOS 2.5%E%E%EL 73: 3:LL3:LM Current Drive # is %B%E3:L 7LM 1) Change Drive # } 2) Unerase File 3) Verify Disk 4) Rename File by # 5) Quit to DOS Which? M 5 }5KK1LM5KLMK 6KI1LM 9? L:LbOKI2LvN KL NUneraseN B4:5:LsN4:@5:0LsN6:) }6:ICLLN 8I JLsNLlN%EThat's not an erased file!NO 7LbOKI3LN 6 6LNOK to verify entire diskN =LN K JL}bOKI4LN KLNRenameN B4:5:LN4:@5:0LN =JLbOKI5L8OLO}Return to DOS 2.5O =L2O 5 #; L}:LbOL[O%EYou didn't choose anything!%EO; 7LO%E%EPress Ԡ for menu > Oe 7 :LsL`LOB:) K``O L{u L <.`Lu 4U (c)1983 Action Computer Services  B JKIH}iDiELV`L94 94 BLV`"L44l L4 &` Fj`8冨}凪` 4EӅӥ 4`ʆǪƩ Ɛee` 4ƦʆǢ &Ɛeǐ 5 }5L4 4'&&&8儨児祂*L4&&*ń8&&L4 W5`hihiHHȱȱ}L4c !#3`L4JJJJ`H 4h`Hȩh n4L5 w4L5 !4L}5 )4L5 /4H8`HhHh [6L5 BHI V䅠L5 L6 94L5Ԇ} ؠPIPP` 6P )4L5 6L6 6L6 7L6H- 68塪墨hL7 7L6 "}7L6 6ȹP`텠8堨塪 6芨Oȩ-`PP 6P棩 Ѥģ0}-ģ6000:,80H & &ehe&eģ0ʥ 8堅塅`$ 6&*i0:0i 6Ʀ`}¢ 护°ڱ%ȱ%E 6L\8担CS N6L\8I 7L\8H 8L\8 6L\8 } &B V 5NLMȑ` MLN%B VL5S:8E:9[\ZUVT`Ѣ =9`ȱѢĦ}`膡``ťƤe8夰LS9 Ƥ8`ŦeѠ}e桊LW9)")T1RINTE(" but DO use the pD1:AUTORUN.SYSD1:D1:DOS.SYS,DOS.SYSRUN"D: .SAV, @7K8}P?@     Y`  Y0 l `7L 䙣ލ}Ȏ!"` !"H h`lDD L;;;L9; 6L2; to continue, push }Ԣ; N6)ILL;L9;)L];LL;`Lb; 6^;^;`our BL; 5w;{; _;z;z;IL;{;iw;e}x;iw;x;{;{;`z;)z;z;I}L<{;L<z;{;< 5==8= > >=}LD>o=m==i 6=L>`TLI>Lj>} 堢>L ;6L> This program will work with and>t };6L>" affect the diskette inserted in> ;6L> drive number %C.%E9> ?8L?"To specify another drive, simply}> ;6LD?# enter just the drive's number at? ;6Lq?" the prompt (any key but a valid?N ;6L?& drive number requests} 'no change').?{ ;6L?Which drive to use ? ? N6 _;E>E>1L:@4E>L:@E> 6E>9E>9E>9E>:L)@ %E%E }Drive %C now selected.%E9@ ?8Lu@Lg@)%E%ENo change--drive %C still selected.%E9@= ?8`'Lz@L@ Current Syste}m Configuration:@} ;6L@Active Drives: @ N6v@v@L@ v@=%:L@v@i0 6 6v@L@ 6 )L-AL}&A (RamDisk)A ;6 )v@v@ILALdA!κ IF a RAMDISK is added toAB ;6LA# this configuration, th}e DOS menuAn ;6LA will NOT work properly!A ;6v@ILOBLA!Һ do NOT return to DOS withA ;6LB" this confi}guration active. theA ;6LHB# DOS menu will NOT work properly!B$ ;6L|B)%EUp to %B files open simultaneously.%E%E }BR ?8LBDisk writes occur B N6yIPLBLB verify.B ;6LBLB with verify.B ;6` CloLBLC&} }B ;6 w@LIC"Do you want to change any part ofC& ;6LrC that configuration (Y/N) ? CS N6 `=}LC 6 69` B ByBLC#}Specify active drives by simplyC ;6LC" typing their drive numbers, oneC} ;6L!D! after another. Any key exceptC ;6LOD# a valid drive number (1 to 4) isD+ ;6L}D# assumed to be end of your} entry.DY ;6LDActive drive numbers ? D N6 )   _;BB1LD4BLDB 6 6B) %: LDL }DLD 6L!E#How many files do you need to haveD ;6LKE open simultaneously (1-7) ? E+ N6 _;BB1L|E7BL|E }B 6B)  6LE!Do you want disk writes to occurE ;6LE verify (Y/N) ?E N6 `=ILEPyLEWyLF }!} E ;6 w@L@F#Are you this configurationF ;6LgF is what you want (Y/N) ? F }J N6 `=LFByB B LG  6LF!Current system configuration hasF ;6LF been changed. Do you want toF } ;6LG! make these changes to the diskF ;6L;G! currently in drive %C (Y/N) ? 9G ?8 `=ILG H69}:  69LG 6 6LG!Unable to change DOS on that diskG ;6LG! because error # %U occurred.%E9}G ?8 6LGLB`,LGL!H&}Please enter the name of the BASICG ;6LLH program that you wish to haveH+ ;6LzH# auto}matically RUN when this diskHV ;6LH is next Booted.H ;6LH!Do NOT enter the drive specifierH ;6LH# (i.e., do }not use D:, D1:, etc.)H ;6LI" but DO use the proper extensionH ;6LKI" (e.g., .BAS, .SAV, etc.) if youI( ;6LtI } SAVEd it with an extension.IU ;6LI"REMEMBER: The BASIC program thatI~ ;6LI wish to 'AUTORUN' in this wayI ;6L}I! MUST be SAVEd on the same diskI ;6L%J" which receives this AUTORUN.SYSJ ;6L@J program file!J/ ;6LpJ%Now e}nter your BASIC program's nameJJ ;6LJ here >> Jz N6 9 |;LJ`G9 <`ILJLJ&} }ήӠ堢J ;6LK"When the disk currently in driveJ ;6L=K# number %C is next booted, what%E9K ?8L}hK do you want to happen?KN ;6LK"1. The RS232 (R:) drivers for theKr ;6LK! ATARI 850 Interface Module areK ;6L}K loaded and made active.K ;6LL&2. A BASIC program will automaticallyK ;6L2L load and RUN.L! ;6L_L"3. Both }actions (1. and 2. above)L< ;6LxL will occur.Li ;6LL0. None--quit to main menu.L ;6LL! Your choice (0,1,2},or 3) ? L N6 _;JJ0LL3ʹJLLJ)` = ;LJRINTELM JMMLM9`M)LwO GILMLUM}}Oops! That was not aM; ;6LsM valid file name!M_ ;6LM%Read the instructions again, please.M} ;6 ;9`99}Т9 < H699 69LeO9ILN9LN}Be careful!M ;6L9NThe BASIC program name you used}N ;6L`N has not yet been SAVEd onNC ;6LxN this disk!Nj ;6LNDo you want to do this AUTORUNN ;6LN setup a}nyway (Y/N) ? N N6 `=ILN9`LeO 6L O#Oops! Error # %U while trying to%E9N ?8L=O check that BASIC prog}ram file.O ;6L]O%EUnable to continue.OG ?8`:9Т: L+}U9SI2LU BLU9SI3LU MLU =9LU 6 6 ;LS`:S,or 3) ? U8 N6 _;9S99SI0L~U RLU9SI1LU F>LAΠˠٛ The disk directory option showsyou what files are on your disk,how many sectors are used by!-} eachfile and how many free sectors areleft on the disk. After selecting'C' and pressing , DOS thenasks:!.}ȠìԠś DOS wants to know what you wantto search for and where you want itlisted. If you just press !/}Λagain, you will see a complete filelisting of disk #1 and it will beprinted to the screen. This iscalled the default va!0}lues. A sample listing of a diskdirectory might look like this:* DOS SYS 038 DUP SYS 041 628 FREE SECTORS!1} This tells you that the filesDOS.SYS and DUP.SYS are on thedisk, that DOS.SYS uses 38 sectorsand DUP.SYS is 41 sectors !2}long. Youhave 628 free sectors available forstorage of other programs. The asterisk in front of thefilename DOS.SYS tel!3}ls you that thefile is . (See option 'F')Ԡś Just as the default value forSEARCHSPEC is everything on disk!4} 1,the default value for the LIST FILEis the screen editor but you mayalso list files to several otherdevices. S: = Sc!5}reen P: = Printer E: = Editor (default device) R: = RS232 device (850 interface) Typing к or ıк wouldlist !6}the names of all files on disk#1 to the printer. R: = RS232 device (850 interface) Typing к or ıк wouldlist 2 ӛ The isk perating ystem is aprogram that tells the computer howto use the disk drives. Pronounced%8} 'doss', this programis actually made up of two parts,DOS.SYS and DUP.SYS. Like any otherprogram, it has to be loaded into%9}the computer before it will work. If you intend to use your diskdrive(s), then you must first loadDOS. This is done auto%:}maticallywhen you first turn on yourcomputer, if: (1) your disk drive is attached and turned on (2) your drive h%;}as a disk in it containing the DOS files This process is called ing.If the disk in drive #1 does nothave DOS o%<}n it, you will see ԛ printed on the screen. Remember, if you are using morethan one drive, you always have toboo%=}t DOS from drive #1. Since DOS is stored in thecomputer's memory, any time youturn off the computer it will beerased. %>}If you boot DOS without a BASICcartridge, or in the case of theXL/XE series, with the keyheld down, you will bypass%?} theBASIC 'READY' prompt and godirectly to the second part of DOS,the Disk Utilities menu. keyheld down, you will bypass$^ Юӛ The program DUP.SYS is the secondhalf of the Disk Operating Systemand is used to perform operatio)A}nsdirectly on your disk files. DUP, which stands for isktilities ackage, allows you toperform these functions: Dis)B}k Directory Format Disk Run Cartridge Duplicate Disk Copy File Binary Save Delete Files Binary Load )C}Rename File Run at Address Lock File Create Mem.Save Unlock File Duplicate File Write DOS Files Forma)D}t Single The DUP.SYS file does not residein the computer until you call forit. This is done by typing DOS andpressing )E}. The DUP.SYS fileis then loaded into the computerand the Disk Utilities menu isdisplayed. You can then select oneo)F}f the menu options and follow theprompts to perform that functionon your disk files. Be sure your are familiar withall )G}of the operations of the DUPmenu before trying them on yourfiles. You may want to cover thewrite protect slots on yourimp)H}ortant disks so that yourfiles aren't accidentally erased.files. You may want to cover thewrite protect slots on yourimp(< Ǡ Before you can store anything ona disk, it must be formatted. Thisis sometimes called initiali-J}zing.Ǡˠ٠Ӡ٠ĠΠΠŠˡ Formatting creates a pattern ofempty sectors-K} that DOS will lateruse to store information in. DOS also sets aside severalsectors for the disk directory anda sector u-L}sage chart called theVolume Table Of Contents. The VTOCkeeps track of all used and unusedsectors. The first three sectors-M}are also used exclusively by DOS. When formatting on the Atari 1050or a compatible drive, you maychoose one of two densi-N}ties, singleor enhanced. If you use the 'I' option of theDUP menu, your disk will beformatted in enhanced density. Ifyo-O}u use the 'P' option of the DUPmenu, your disk will be formattedin single density. If you are usingan ATARI 810, your disk-P}s will beformatted in single density usingeither option. Eventually you will find a diskthat will not format. This isc-Q}aused by some imperfection on thedisk's surface. Some manufacturerswill replace disks that will notformat.mat. This isc,n Ӡ Programs and data are stored onthe disk as files. DOS keeps trackof each filename and the secto1S}rs itis stored in. The disk directory will hold amaximum of 64 file names. Unlessyour files are very small, you willfil1T}l up the disk storage area longbefore you reach the limit of 64file names. Because of limited space in thedisk directory1U}, each name mustconform to a special style. Namesare made up of two parts, afilename and an extension,separated with a pe1V}riod, as in:űӛ Filenames may be up to eightletters in length. Each name muststart with a letter and can only1W}contain capital letters andnumbers. Extensions may be up to threeletters long and can contain onlycapital letters or nu1X}mbers. Complete filenames and extensionsare sometimes referred to as''. Many programers use commonextenders t1Y}o indicate what type offile each one is. You can use theseor make up your own. Here are someof the most common extenders i1Z}nuse today: .DAT for data files .BAS for SAVEed BASIC files .LST for LISTed BASIC files .BIN for machine langua1[}ge files .EXE for executable ML files .LOG for LOGO language files .ACT for ACTION language files .TXT for text f1\}iles .DOC for document files .ASM for assembler source files .OBJ for object files .BAK for backup files .SYS 1]}used only for system files Each filename must be unique. Ifyou should use a filename thatalready exists, the old file wi1^}llbe erased and the new one recordedin its place. When you are working with morethan one drive, your filename mayinclu1_}de a disk drive specifier,separated with a colon, such as:IJ or ijŮӛ A filename with no disk specifie1`}rdefaults to disk #1 (D1:), that is,Ůśis the same as,ıŮś If you make a mistake in creatinga filename1a}, DOS will respond withERROR 165 (FILENAME ERROR).the same as,ıŮś If you make a mistake in creatinga filename04 Ӡ Several of the DOS options allowthe use of wild cards. With thehelp of wild cards you can perf5c}ormfunctions on several files at once. The two wild cards recognized byDOS are the asterisk '*' and thequestion mark '?'5d}. The '*' can beused to replace several letters ina filename such as, Ԫ. If youuse this in place of a specificfiles5e}pec, the DOS option would workon any file that started with a Tand ended with the extension of.DAT, such as TEST.DAT, TAPE5f}.DAT,and TOTAL.DAT. The filespec would work on all files on a disk. The '?' is used to replace justone letter in a 5g}filespec, as in,ҿЮ. This would find filessuch as TRAP.BAS or TRIP.BAS. Youmay use more than one '?' in afilespec or5q}B%DOS SYSB*)DUP SYSB SRAMDISK COMB\AUTORUN SYSB]STARTUP BASB8uCOPY32 COMB9DISKFIX COMBFSETUP COMB ,A DOCB 7A1 DOCB @A2 DOCB IA3 DOCBRA4 DOCB bA5 DOCBtA6 DOCBA7 DOCB A8 DOCBA9 DOCBB DOCBC DOCB D DOCB E DOCBF DOCBG DOCB H DOCB I DOCBJ DOCBK DOCBL DOCB M DOCB$N DOCB +O DOCB4P DOC mix the '?' and '*'symbols. š Be sure you understand how to usewildcards before using them withan5r}y DOS options. It is possible toerase all your files or rename allof them to the same name if you arenot careful. If you h5s}ave more thantwo files by the same name, you canuse the DOS utility DISKFIX.COM torename them by file number.ul. If you h4q Ӡ DOS 2.5 will support both singledensity and enhanced density whenused with the Atari 1050 or an9u}yother compatible disk drive. Š Any disk that was formatted usingthe 'P' option of DOS 2.5 on anAt9v}ari compatible drive will contain40 tracks. Each track is dividedinto 18 sectors. Each sector willstore 128 bytes or piece9w}s of data.This equals 90160 bytes of data perside. This is considered to besingle density on an Atari drive. Some byt9x}es are used by DOS tolink or chain the files together.Others are used by DOS for the diskdirectory and DOS boot files so y9y}ouwill end up with about 88000 singledensity bytes per disk side. Ġ٠ An Atari 1050 disk drive o9z}r anycompatible drive formatted with DOSoption 'I' will support an enhanceddensity mode when used with DOS 2.5or 3.0. Th9{}is will store about 130kor about 1.5 times more informationper side. In enhanced density, DOSrecords 26 sectors on each tr9|}ack. Enhanced density will not workwith the Atari 810 disk drive. At present Atari has releasedfour different versions9}} of DOS, DOS1, DOS 2, DOS 3, and DOS 2.5. OnlyDOS 1, DOS 2.0 and 2.5 are closelycompatible. DOS 3 has not had muchpopular9~}ity because of a differentmenu structure and incompatibilitywith the other DOS files. Except for DOS 3.0, you can usethe9} DOS copy function to transferfiles between different versions ofDOS. If you have files recorded onthe DOS 3.0 format, you9} can use theDOS 2.5 utility, COPY32.COM, to getyour files back to the DOS 2.5format. Other than the Copy function, yous9}hould not use one version of DOSto work with the files of another. Š٠ DOS 2.5 does not support d9}oubledensity. If you have a disk drivethat will work in double density,you will have to use some other DOSto make full us9}e of this feature. True double density allows you tostore 256 bytes of information ineach sector making a total of about9}180,000 bytes of storage on eachside of a double density disk. There are several commercial andpublic domain versions of 9}DOSavailable for the Atari 1050 andcompatible drives. There are alsoindependent sources that make atrue double density up9}grade for theAtari 1050 disk drive. Most manufacturers sell disksthat are certified for double sideduse to increase you9}r storagecapacity. Since Atari compatibledrives only have a single head, youwill have to cut another writeprotect notch o9}n the opposite sideof the disk and turn the disk overto be able to use the second side.This can be done with a hole punch9}or notcher made specifically forthis purpose. Some disks certifiedfor single sided use can also beused on the second side9}. You willhave to punch a second writeprotect notch on the opposite sideas in the case of the double sideddisks. This wil9}l allow you to usethe second side. teprotect notch on the opposite sideas in the case of the double sideddisks. This wil8% àӠ Programs typed into the computerusing the BASIC language can bestored on a disk in one of tw=}oways. ĠӠ The command will store aBASIC program on the disk in ashorthand form. This is r=}eferred toas a 'tokenized' file and is usedto conserve disk space. A command looks like this:ŢĺŮӛ=} A ed program can be broughtback into the computer by usingthe command. A commandlooks like this:Ģ=}Ůӛ Issuing a command willerase the contents of the computerbefore loading the new program. A ed p=}rogram can also beloaded and automatically started byissuing a command. A Λcommand looks like this:΢ĺŮ=}ӛ ĠӠ The command stores programson the disk, letter for letter,exactly as you see the=}m printed onthe screen. LISTed programs take upmore space because of this. A command would look likethis:Ԣĺ=}Ůӛ A ed program can be broughtback into the computer by using the command. An commandlooks lik=}e this:ҢĺŮӛ ENTERing a program erasea program already in memory. Forthis reason small LISTed =}programscan be merged into larger programs.Any line numbers in the ENTERedprogram will replace line numbersof the same nu=}mber in memory. When working on a BASIC program,each time you use a new variable itis added to the variable list. Evenif=} you delete them, they will stillappear in the list. LISTing aprogram to disk, clearing memory,and then re-ENTERing it wil=}l createa new list of variables. Thisprocess can be used to reclaimvariable list space. Because ofthis re-creating proces=}s, LISTedprograms take longer to load. If you try to ENTER a SAVEedprogram or try to LOAD a LISTedprogram you will get =}an ERRORmessage. take longer to load. If you try to ENTER a SAVEedprogram or try to LOAD a LISTedprogram you will get < Šˠ When DOS 2.5 is used with theAtari 130XE you have the option ofsetting up the extra memory asA} aninternal drive or 'ramdisk'. Thisallows for extremely fast storageand access of your programs. Thisdrive is set up as A}drive #8 or D8:. All functions of DOS except the'J' option are compatible with theramdisk. This is because theramdisk caA}n only hold 499 sectorsof data, about 1/2 of a floppydisk. You can, however, use the 'J'option to copy the ramdisk to aflA}oppy but until you reformat thatdisk it will only be able to hold499 sectors of data. 塠 Since the rA}amdisk is contained inthe computer's memory, it will beerased if you turn off the power. Be sure to save the contents ofA}the ramdisk to another disk firstor you will lose all of your files. If you have a 130XE and decideyou do not want to haA}ve the ramdiskautomatically set up each time youboot the disk, then you will haveto rename the file RAMDISK.COM tosome otA}her name or delete it fromthe disk. Be sure to make a back up copy ofyour master DOS 2.5 disk and usethat copy to work wA}ith.ame or delete it fromthe disk. Be sure to make a back up copy ofyour master DOS 2.5 disk and usethat copy to work w@ ˠӠ This disk and your master DOS 2.5disk contain DOS and DUP systemfiles plus three disk utilitE}ies.Under certain conditions theseutilities can be used to repair orperform other functions on existingfiles. These utiliE}ties are binaryfiles and must be loaded using theDOS 'L' option. Follow the menuoptions and instructions afterloading eacE}h file. ٳ͠ This utility is used to movefiles that were recorded using DOS3.0 back to the DOS 2.5 E}format. خ͠ This utility is used to 'UN'erasefiles that have been erased, youhave not recordedE} another file overany sectors in that file. You mayalso verify all disk sectorsagainst the VTOC to see that theymatch. ThE}is process reclaims anyunused sectors that are notassigned to a file in use. You mayalso use this utility to rename twoorE} more files with the same name. Ю͠ This utility can be used to makefiles that will automatically ruE}n aprogram when the disk is booted. In addition to automaticallyrunning a program, you also havethe option of booting tE}he 850interface. If you don't have an 850or don't use the RS232 ports on it,you will not have to worry aboutthis option.E} Each time the drive writes to thedisk it checks or 'verifies' whatit has written. This function canbe turned off with thE}is utility tospeed up the disk writing process. With this utility you can alsochoose how many open files DOS canhandle aE}t one time and how manydisk drives it recognizes. DOS isshipped set up to recognize drive#1 and drive #2. E}塠 Before using any of theseutilities, be sure you understandthe consequences of changing any ofthese configuratioE}ns.塠 Before using any of theseutilities, be sure you understandthe consequences of changing any ofthese configuratioDӠΠ§Πś The 'B' option takes you out ofDOS and back to BASIC or any othercartridge you may havI}e installed. This is the normal way that youexit DOS. You can also exit DOS bypressing the button. Select 'B' andI} press . Ifthere is no cartridge installed orin the case of an XL or XE, if youhave pushed BASIC aside by holdingdoI}wn the key, you will seethe message:Ϡś To continue, you will need toreboot with a cartridge installedI}. If you are using a MEM.SAV file,there will be a short delay whilethe program is loaded back into thecomputers memory.I} If you are not using a MEM.SAVfile, when you go back to BASIC youwill find that any program you hadin memory has now bI}een erased.re not using a MEM.SAVfile, when you go back to BASIC youwill find that any program you hadin memory has now bH ӠΠç٠ś This option allows you to copyyour disk files. You can copy fromone filename to another orM} one diskdrive to another. You can also copyfiles from disk to printer or fromscreen to disk. Select 'C', press , M}DOSwill then ask:٠ͬϿ Type in the names of the fileyou want to copy separated with acomma as in:M}ӬijŮӛ Notice that you can also changefilenames when copying files. If you do not specify a drivenumber,M} DOS assumes that you arecopying from drive #1 to drive #1.This is one way to backup files. If you specify both names to M}bethe same on the same disk, you willrecord the same file over itself. When you have two drives, youcan copy several filM}es at once byusing wildcards. The filespecıIJ would copy all filesexcept those with a extenderfrom drive #M}1 to drive #2. When copying files using wildcards, you can bypass a file byhitting the key after thefile has been M}loaded into memory.If you have been using a MEM.SAVfile you will be asked:Š٢ƠˠϠŠ͠κM}٢Ӡ֛ͮ If you answer with a "Y", thecomputer uses all of the memory tocopy your files. This erases anyM}programs in memory. If you answerwith anything other than "Y", yourfiles will still be copied but at aslower rate because M}you are notusing all of the computers memory. The copy function also has anappend option '/A'. This optiononly works on M}BASIC ed filesand machine language programs. The filespec Ŭϯ would append FILEONE to the end ofFILM}ETWO. If you use the append option oned files, all line numbers willbe merged. Duplicate line numbersin the second M}will replace linenumbers in the original. Appendedmachine language files may not workif both programs try to use thesame M}memory space. When copying files do not try tocopy DOS.SYS. The DOS.SYS file isrecorded on the disk in a specialway andM} must be generated with DOSoption "H". DUP.SYS may be copied. To copy files from one disk toanother using only one drive,M} useDOS function 'O'. DOSoption "H". DUP.SYS may be copied. To copy files from one disk toanother using only one drive,LӠΠħŠś This option allows you to deletefiles from your disk. You may use wild cards to deletemoQ}re than one file at a time. Select 'D', press and DOSwill ask you:ŠŠÛ You must specify the filenaQ}me andthe disk drive (if other than #1)to delete. If you had specifiedijŮ, DOS would then say:Š٢ϠQ}ŮijŮӿ A "Y" will delete this file. When you use wildcards to deleteseveral files at once, you will beaQ}sked to respond with a "Y" foreach file to be deleted unless youadd to the end of the filespec.This causes DOS to deletQ}e fileswithout asking for verification. DOS 2.5 has an 'un-erase' utilitythat was not available with olderversions. If yQ}ou have not recordedover any sectors of the erased fileyou can reclaim it by using theutility, DISKFIX.COM. If you try tQ}o delete files thathave been locked using DOS optiion"F", you will get an ERROR 167. Youmust first unlock the file usingDQ}OS option "G".thathave been locked using DOS optiion"F", you will get an ERROR 167. Youmust first unlock the file usingDPӠΠŧŠś This option allows you to renamethe files on your disk. Afterselecting 'E' and pressing U},DOS will ask:ŠŠĠŬכ Specify the disk number (if otherthan #1) and the filename you wanttoU} change followed by the new nameyou want it changed to. Separatethe names with a comma:ŮӬŮԛ You mayU} also use wildcard torename several files at once. If you do use wildcards, useextreme caution as you could renameall yU}our files to the same name. This version of DOS allows you torename the first of the two fileswithout affecting the seconU}d. Ifyou should wind up with more thantwo files with the same name, usethe utility DISKFIX.COM to renamethe files by numbU}er. If you should try to rename alocked file you will get an ERROR167. An ERROR 170 means it couldnot find the file you U}called forand an ERROR 144 tells you the diskis write protected and cannot bemodified without uncovering thewrite protectU} slot. orand an ERROR 144 tells you the diskis write protected and cannot bemodified without uncovering thewrite protectTӠΠƧˠś This option allows you to protectyour files from being deleted,renamed or recorded over. AY} lockedfile can only be read. After selecting 'F' and pressing, DOS will ask:ԠŠϠ˿ Specify the drY}ive number (ifother than #1) and the filename tolock. You can use wildcards to lockseveral files at once. The FILESPEC Y} would lock all files on drive#1. An asterisk '*' will appear infront of the filename in the diskdirectory when a file Y}is locked. Even though your files are lockedthey are not protected from beingerased if you should format thedisk. You mY}ay also want to place awrite protect tab over the slot onthe left hand side of the disk tokeep you from writing to the disY}kin any manner. A write protecteddisk cannot be formatted. Write protect tabs are includedin most disk packages. If youY}should run out of them, you can useany tape that will cover the holeand keep the detector light fromshining through. youXyӠΠǧˠś This option allows you to unlockfiles that have previously beenlocked. After selecting ']}G' andpressing , DOS will ask you:ԠŠϠ˿ Type the drive number (if otherthan #1) and name of the fi]}le youwant unlocked. You may also usewildcards with this option. Thefilespec *.* would unlock allfiles on disk drive #1]}. Unlockedfiles can then be renamed, recordedover or deleted. An unlocked file has no asterisk'*' in front of the file n]}ame. ckedfiles can then be renamed, recordedover or deleted. An unlocked file has no asterisk'*' in front of the file n\ӠΠȧŠӠӛ This option writes new DOS andDUP files on a disk. A disk mustfirst be formatted befa}ore you canwrite files to it. After pressing'H' and , DOS will ask:ŠϠŠӠӠϿ Respond with 1,2a},3, or 4 andpress . If you type 1, DOSwill say:Š٢ϠŠӠϠŠ Typing a 'Y' and pressing a}Λwill cause DOS and DUP files to bewritten to disk drive #1. Do not attempt to copy theDOS.SYS file from one disk toana}other, as it is written on thedisk in a special way and will notwork if copied with DOS function'C'. Since new DOS filesa} are writtenfrom the files in the computer'smemory, you will have an exactduplicate of the version you arewriting the newa} files with. Someparts of DOS may be changed byPOKEing new values into memory andthen writing a copy of the modifiedversia}on to a disk. Consult a DOSmanual for specifics or use theutility, Ю to change writeverify, number of active drivea}s andthe number of open files allowed. If you only have an enhanceddensity copy of DOS 2.5 and want asingle density copa}y, you will haveto first format a disk in singledensity using DOS function 'P' andthen write a copy of the DOS filesto ita} using function 'H'. rst format a disk in singledensity using DOS function 'P' andthen write a copy of the DOS filesto it`ӠΠɧԠ˛ This option of DOS formats a diskin enhanced density. All disks mustbe formatted before e}you can recordany information on them. This issometimes called initializing.Ǡ٠Ӡ٠Ġe}ΠΠŠˡ A disk formatted in enhanceddensity will have 1010 free sectorsfor the storage of information. Ae}disk directory of an empty diskwill show 999+ FREE SECTORS After selecting 'I' and pressing, DOS will ask:Ƞe}ŠϠԿ Answer with 1, 2, 3, or 4 andpress . If you select drive1, DOS will say:Š٧ϠԠe} Insert the disk you wantformatted, type 'Y' and press. The disk in drive #1 willbe formatted in densie}ty. If a disk should have bad sectorsat formatting time you will get anERROR 173. DOS will try to formata bad disk up toe} 13 times beforegiving up. You can stop DOS fromdoing this by pressing the ˛key several times. An Atari 810 disk drf}ive will onlyformat in single density using thisoption.is by pressing the ˛key several times. An Atari 810 disk drd:ӠΠʧŠ˛ This option of DOS allows you tocopy the entire contents of onedisk to another. Afterj} selecting'J' and pressing , DOS willask:Р˭ŬԠſ You must enter the number of thesource anj}d destination drives,separated by a comma. If you haveonly one drive, you would answerwith and press . SinceDOSj} now knows you only have onedrive, it will say:ԠŠˬŠΛ Insert the disk you want copiedand presj}s . DOS will copydata from the source disk into thecomputer's memory. When the memoryfills up, DOS will say:j}ΠˬŠΛ Insert your destination disk andpress . Your disk will firstbe formatted, then DOS j}will copythe data from the computer's memoryonto the new disk. Since there ismore information on a disk thanyour computerj} can hold, you willhave to switch disks several times.Repeat this process until DOS says:SELECT ITEM OR FOR MENU.j } If you are using a MEM.SAV file,before you begin to copy you willbe asked:Š٢ƠˠϠŠ͠κj }٧Ӡ֛ͮ If you answer with anything otherthan a "Y" the copy process will beaborted. This is necessaryj } becauseit would take too many tries toduplicate a whole disk using onlypart of the computer's memory. Only those sectorj }s containinginformation will be copied to thenew disk. Your new disk will bean exact duplicate of the old one. If you ruj }n into a bad sector oneither disk, copying will abort. If you have two drives or more,you may select (or any otherj}combination) when DOS asks forsource and destination drives. Thenpress , and the copy processwill proceed automaticj}ally withoutthe need for switching disks. Afull disk may take up to severalminutes to copy.ҡ ٠Ġj}ΠҠ ӠΠŠˠ̠Š ٠ġ Older versions of DOS do notformat thej} new disk before copying.ӠΠŠˠ̠Š ٠ġ Older versions of DOS do notformat thehӠΠ˧٠ś This option allows you to savethe contents of specified memorylocations on a disk in filen} form. If you are not a machine languageprogrammer you probably will neveruse this function. After selecting 'K' and prn}essing, DOS will ask:ŭŠŬԬĨԬΩ You must enter the filename andthe beginning and endingn} memorylocations in hexadecimal form. If you also specify an initializeand run address, the program willload and automatn}ically run. Since machine language programingis a very complicated and exactingprocess, please refer to yourassembly lan}nguage programmingmanual for details on writing andsaving machine language files.process, please refer to yourassembly lalTӠΠ̧٠ě This option is used to loadmachine language files into thecomputer that have previously r}beencreated and saved using the DOSoption 'K', BINARY SAVE. If the file was saved with a'RUN' address appended, it willr}automatically run after beingloaded into the computer. After selecting 'L' and pressing, DOS will ask:Ġ͠r}Ԡſ Type the number of the disk drive(if other than #1) and the name ofthe file you want to load. Press r}and the machinelanguage file will be loaded intothe computer's memory. This option is used to loadbinary files such as r}those with an.EXE or .BIN extender. Some binary files will not workwith the BASIC language cartridgein place. Remove ther} BASICcartridge or hold down the Λkey when booting the XL/XE seriesto push BASIC aside. Advanced programmers shoulr}dconsult a DOS manual or theirassembly language programmingguides for more detailedinstructions.vanced programmers shoulpeӠΠͧΠԠӛ This option of DOS is used to runmachine language programs that havealready been loadv!}ed into memoryusing the DOS option 'L'. Afterselecting 'M' and pressing ,Dos will ask:Π͠Ԡӿ Yv"}ou must enter the startingaddress in a hexadecimal format.Make sure you enter the rightaddress or you may cause thecomputv#}er to lock up and have toreboot the system. Consult a machine languageprogramming manual for more details.use thecomputtoӠΠΧŠͮś This option of DOS creates a 45sector empty file on the diskcalled MEM.SAV. This filz%}e is usedto save the contents of memory thatwould be overwritten by DOS whenyou call it up. When you exit DOSand return tz&}o BASIC by using the'B' option, the contents of thisfile is then loaded back into thecomputer to keep your BASIC programiz'}ntact. After selecting 'N' anpressing , DOS then says:Š٢ϠŠ֛ͮ Typing a 'Y' and pressing z(}creates a MEM.SAVE file on your disk. This option is used to protectyou from erasing a program that youmay be working oz)}n when you decideto use DOS. If you have a 130XE,by creating the MEM.SAV file on D8,you may use the internal ramdisk tomz*}ake access to this option evenfaster.ave a 130XE,by creating the MEM.SAV file on D8,you may use the internal ramdisk tomx'ӠΠϧŠś This option allows you toduplicate a file from one disk toanother when you only have ~,}onedisk drive. After selecting 'O' andpressing , DOS will then ask:ŠƠŠϠſ Specify the name of the~-} file tomove or use wildcards to moveseveral files, one at a time, tothe second disk. You may also usethe filespec ~.}to move allfiles except those with a .SYSextender. Move these separately. Donot to move the DOS.SYS file. Itmust be gener~/}ated with option 'H'. If you have been using a MEM.SAVfile, DOS will ask:Š٧ƠˠϠŠ͠κ~0}٧Ӡͮ֠ If you type a 'Y', the computerwill use the entire program area toduplicate your files. Any pr~1}ogramsthat were in the computer will beerased. If you respond withanything other than a 'Y', yourfiles will still be copi~2}ed but itwill take longer because of limitedmemory. You will then be asked toinsert the disk and then the~3} disk for as many timesas it takes to copy the files thatyou have specified. ert the disk and then the|SӠΠЧԠś This option allows you to formata disk in single density. AfterSelecting 'P' and press5}ing ,DOS will ask:ȠŠϠԿ You must answer with 1, 2, 3 or4. If you answer with a '1' andpress ł6}, DOS will say:Š٢ϠԠˠ Insert the disk you wantformatted, type 'Y', and press. Your disk w7}ill be formattedin density. This option is needed for theAtari 1050 disk drive and othercompatibles that will f8}ormat inenhanced density when using option'I'. You must use this option toformat a disk in density onone of these 9}drives. The Atari 810 disk drive will onlyformat in single density whetheryou use option 'I' or 'P'.ҮԂ:}Ǡ٠Ӡ٠ĠӠҠΠΠˡ A disk formatted in singledensity;} will have 707 free sectorsfor the storage of information.ΠΠˡ A disk formatted in singledensity<