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It is based on:›Osvaldo Ramirez: 'A Simple Text Editor', COMPUTE!'s Sec b}ond Book›of ATARI, pp.185-193, Greensboro, NC 1982, ISBN 0-942386-06-X.››Contents:››1. Introduction›2. The Keyboard›3. c}Textline and Cursor Movement›4. The GRAPHEUS Menu›5. Printer Installation & Fonts›6. Last Word›7. Supplements››››1. d} Introduction›› GRAPHEUS may help you to write, save, print and modify not too long Ancient Greek documents, if need be w e}ith translation. Using suitable print options this program should be useful for everyone teaching or learning Ancient Greek o f}r for scientific working in this area. The text buffer will store up to 60 text lines with at most 68 characters, so you can g}edit almost two full pages. This small storage capacity - compared with other word processors - is the result of the text lin h}e structure used here. For writing small documents or booklets this should be only a minor drawback.›› Necessary hardware i} components: ATARI 800XL / 130XE, disk drive and EPSON FX-80/85 or equivalent printer with Download Character Generator. The j}used fonts for printing or screen editing (files: GREEKFX.FNT resp. GREEKAT.FNT) are each saved separately and could be chang k}ed by the user of this program. The BASIC program START loads the title picture and Greek printer font before starting the ma l}in program GRAPH; the file TEXTAKZ.POS contains the relative cursor positions for the 68 characters and the 69 possible accen m}ts and also 68 subscripts of a text line; the files PRTCODES(.DEF) contain all necessary codes for printer installation as ju n}st now installed (resp. as EPSON-FX default values). The BASIC programs INSTALL, KEYBOARD resp. ATASCII may help you to adjus o}t other printers or to print out the GRAPHEUS keyboard resp. the A(TA)SCII code table. You will find also some text examples p}(*.EXA) on both disk sides [A+B].›› The main purpose in developing GRAPHEUS was to display Greek text with accents and su q}bscripts on the screen exactly in the manner it would be printed out - without any disturbing special characters! Only one co r}mpromise was unavoidable for hardware reasons: the full text line with 68 characters will be displayed on screen by two half s}text lines each with 34 characters (both half lines with accents and subscripts); this was necessary as the ATARI screen only t} shows 40 characters per line. This won't be a serious drawback and sometimes it may be profitable, for example when writing u}a vocabulary or Ancient Greek text with translation using alternating lines or two parallel columns.›› The author has to v}give thanks to OStR Wolfgang Bandur, StD Dr. Hans Baumgarten, StR Wolfgang Krueger, Dr. Werner Theis, Alexander Tokarz and Ph w}ilipp Trautmann; when designing GRAPHEUS he received a lot of hints and useful advices from them. Furthermore I'm obliged to x}Dr. P.Kanellopoulos (Managing Director, E.C.S. Electronic Commercial Services, Athens) for making available a modern Greek fo y}nt for EPSON-FX printers; this font was the starting-point for creating the here used Ancient Greek font for EPSON printers. z}Many thanks also to Jeff Gillis for reading this documentation.›››A human live without any festivity would be like a long hik {}e without any saloon - once DEMOCRITUS (460-370 B.C.) made believe his fellows this insight. Surely you will recognize teac |}hing, learning or writing Ancient Greek without GRAPHEUS (or any other program like this - if there is one) to be troubleso }}me in the same manner. In addition to this GRAPHEUS may help convincing some sceptic persons to take profit from computers ~}even when engaged in ancient languages. - In any case have much fun with GRAPHEUS !›››Hannover, January 1988 U.K.››2. } The Keyboard›› Most characters of the ATARI (ATASCII) keyboard will correspond to their Greek equivalents; some charac €}ters not used in Greek language will be used as accents or in another manner (q/Q: acute/grave; w/W: "rough"/"smooth" breathi }ng mark; u/U: Theta; j/J: Xi; c/C: Psi; v/V: Omega; "#" bzw. "'": dieresis or dieresis with acute; Shift - "8": linking-devic ‚}e; Shift - "-" or - "=": "rough" or "smooth" breathing mark combined with acute; Shift - "+" or - "*": final sigma or circumf ƒ}lex; Shift - "," or - ".": iota subscript or colon ...). We could continue this list and show you also digamma or coppa to be „} included in the fonts used here! It will be the best for you to print the complete A(TA)SCII code table and GRAPHEUS keyboar …}d.››2.1. A(TA)SCII Code Table›› a) Boot GRAPHEUS with printer› 'ON LINE'.› b) Select from menu option› 'P. Print li †}ne(s)'.› c) When asked 'FROM LINE TO LINE› (M-N)' answer with '1-1'› followed by [RETURN].› d) When asked 'Print op ‡}tions› O.K.(Y/N)' type 'Y' [RETURN].› When asked 'Printer/paper› position O.K.(Y/N)' type 'Y'› followed by [R ˆ}ETURN].› e) Now press the [RESET] button.› f) Type now 'RUN "D:ATASCII"'› followed by [RETURN].›› Your printer will ‰} now print the full A(TA)SCII code table including all printable characters beginning with CHR$(32) = space and ending with C Š}HR$(255) = zero [Note: with EPSON FX printers the two characters CHR$(176) (zero) and CHR$(255) always will be the same; for ‹}this reason there is no possibility to define CHR$(255) differently from CHR$(176)]. The characters CHR$(129)-CHR$(154) will Œ}be typed in by [ATARI]/[CTR]-A...Z and will be displayed on screen as NORMAL characters! By typing [CTR]-[HELP] you may sel }ect the insert mode for these normal capital letters; typing [HELP] will switch you back again to Greek characters (this swit Ž}ching back and forth by [CTR]-[HELP]/[HELP] only works with XL/XE computers). The normal capital letters may be mixed with Gr }eek characters CHR$(32) - CHR$(124) at pleasure; so you are free to combine Greek and normal characters within one text line. } When first pressing the ATARI logo button before typing in text you are able TO PRINT all characters CHR$(160)-CHR$(250) as ‘}upper- or lowercase ITALICS; these characters will be displayed on screen inverse. Attention: In some cases the displayed cha ’}racter will not be the printed one! For example the inverse upper- resp. lowercase 'Theta' will be printed as upper- resp. lo “}wercase Italic 'U' ; the inverse 'rough' resp. 'smooth' breathing mark will become the Italic 'W' resp. 'w' when printed. All ”} 'normal' characters or accents will be printed exactly in the manner displayed on screen!›››2.2. GRAPHEUS Keyboard››a) Follo •}w the instructions given› above as 2.1 a)-e) for the case› you did not print out first the› A(TA)SCII code table; other –}wise› adjust your paper position and› start with b).›b) Now type 'RUN "D:KEYBOARD"'› and then [RETURN].›› Your printe —}r will give you the complete new keyboard! Above you see - in Italics - the usual ATARI keyboard of your computer, below for ˜}each character the new meaning. [Note: In the line beginning with an Italic 'Q' please fill in at the outermost right positio ™}n the vertical slash (Shift-"=") not printable with EPSON-FX printers using the built in ROM CG font. GRAPHEUS is sorry for t š}his 'missing link' and begs your pardon!] As 'Special characters' are listed all those you have to type in by pressing more t ›}han one key on the ATARI keyboard either simultaneously or successively. In order to underline Greek text in an appropriate m œ}anner you should use the 'GRAPHEUS special underline mode' [ATARI logo]/CTR-"," ; this key combination typed repeatedly will }be printed as a pretty Maeander border to give your papers an exceptional personal touch out of reach for other word processo ž}rs. ('SHIFT-TAB' will give you the grammalogue or calling card of the author).›››3. Text Line and Cursor Movement›› All Ÿ} characters will be displayed on screen by GRAPHEUS using Graphics mode '0' , i.e. each character will be a square of 8 x 8 d  }ots. This area is too small to give a legible Greek character with accent(s) and (if necessary) also with subscript. Therefor ¡}e other possibilities have been investigated to display Ancient Greek text exactly in the manner it should be printed later. ¢}The following decision has been taken here: the full text line with accents and subscripts will be displayed by three lines. £}First uppermost by an 'accent line' only to display all accents; below the so called 'text line' containing the actual Greek ¤}characters and right at the bottom the so called 'subscript line' to display subscripts if necessary. As mentioned above the ¥}ATARI screen will display only 40 characters in each line. Hence the full textline with 68 characters will become split and d ¦}isplayed by two 'half textlines' with 34 characters in each half line. In addition the actual line number (1..60) will be giv §}en. (Note: 68 characters per line together with e.g. 6 spaces left and right margin will give a full 80 characters print line ¨}.)›› Selecting the command 'A. Append / Continue Text' you will see the following screen pattern:››UK*GRAPHEUS 1*APPEND T ©}EXT A ACCENTS› T TEXT› S SUBSCR.› A›01T› S›› A› T› S››› When typin ª}g in text, at first the 34+34=68 text characters will be inserted (Positions: P001 ... P068), if necessary the remainder will «} be filled with blanks; subsequently 35+34=69 accent positions have to be typed in (P069 ... P137) or filled with blanks, fin ¬}ally if necessary 34+34=68 positions may get a iota subscript or blank (P138 ... P205). After that the full textline will be ­}closed by [RETURN]. (Note: The accent line contains one drawn forth additional position: the first character could be for exa ®}mple an uppercase 'Alpha'; in this case you need space for an accent or accent combination IN FRONT OF this character. Your b ¯}usy GRAPHEUS is thinking for you by booking the necessary space automatically!)›› When you type in, the cursor runs throu °}gh positions P001 ... P205 writing upon them. By pressing DELETE/BACK SPACE this works also in the reverse direction: the c ±}haracter passed over by the cursor will be deleted. In this manner all typed in characters in the present line may be deleted ²} and typed in once more. Five characters before the end of the text, accent or subscript line there is an acoustic and optica ³}l danger-signal announcing the soon coming line end. The cursor may be moved forced in forward direction by typing SELECT-SPA ´}CE. (Note: In case that this fast movement of the cursor touches the warning signal before the line end the optical mark may µ}not be extinguished DURING TYPING IN occasionally; don't worry about this: when displaying or printing the text later on this ¶} mark will disappear.) The following diagram will show you this cursor writing or cancelling movement:››› A P069 P070 ·}P071 --> P103›01T P001 P002 --> P034› S P138 P139 --> P171›› A P104 P105 --> P137› ¸} T P035 P036 --> P068› S P172 P173 --> P205›››› Typing [RETURN] after having entered a full l ¹}ine with accents and subscripts this line will scroll towards the top of screen and the pattern of the next line with the nex º}t line number appears. In order to create an empty line you have to type in at least one space character before typing [RETUR »}N]! Typing [RETURN] two times the input mode will be cancelled and the menu line shows up. If this should happen erroneously, ¼} select option 'A. Append/Continue Text' and you are ready to continue with typing in text. This should be all you have to kn ½}ow regarding the subtle way to type in Greek text with GRAPHEUS.›››››››4. The GRAPHEUS Menu››› Booting GRAPHEUS or sele ¾}cting the menu option 'M. Menu display' the following list of commands will be displayed:›››››››››››› G-R-A-P-H-E-U-S ¿}› Ancient Greek Line Editor››Commands:A. Append/Continue Text› [SEL]+SPACE: '10'-TAB› SPACE+[RET]:Sk À}ip a line› B. Block move› C. Change string› D. Delete line(s)› E. Exchange lines› F. Á}Filer commands› I. Insert before line› L. List line(s)› M. Menu display› P. Print line(s)› Â} Q. Quo vadis? => BASIC› R. Replace a line› S. Set margins/Print mode›› YOUR CHOICE: -->››Running the pr Ã}ogram only the short-cut version of the menu line will be displayed:››SELECT: A,B,C,D,E,F,I,L,M,P,Q,R,S››Thus it is not nece Ä}ssary to clear the screen. To select your choice you only type the appropriate character (upper or lowercase). (Note: when se Å}lecting 'F. Filer commands' you should use only uppercase letters as the ATARI BASIC this program is written in will need upp Æ}ercase letters for all disk operations!)›› One further note regarding the GRAPHEUS menu: it largely resembles the program Ç} 'A Simple Text Editor' by Osvaldo Ramirez (which is based on a line oriented text editor by Arnie Lee and Steve Gradijan); b È}y modifying the cursor movement, installing Ancient Greek fonts for screen and printer and also a lot of helpful print option É}s the structure and the length of the program (original program: 80 sectors) have considerably changed (including needed util Ê}ity files the boot file is more than twice as long). Unacquainted with the above mentioned authors I have to be obliged to t Ë}hem - thanks a lot!›› Nobody is perfect - GRAPHEUS is no exception. Sometimes the program may crash when you make mistake Ì}s; but this should not happen very often and you will not fall very deep and should always be able to recover. When you get a Í}n error message 'ERROR...' (resp. 'EPPOP...' if GRAPHEUS is 'thinking' by means of Ancient Greek) then there are two ways to Î}escape. At first you should clear the screen by typing››[SHIFT]-[CLEAR] , then [RETURN]››Then you may go..››..either by way Ï}of the 'waste-paper› basket' erasing the whole› contents of your text› buffer: Type›› GOTO 70 Ð} , then [RETURN];›› the menu will invite you› to start a new more› promising attempt;››..or you avoid Ñ} the 'waste-paper› basket' by typing›› GOTO 270 , then [RETURN].›› In this way your trouble-› Ò} some typed in text still› in the text buffer will› be 'kept alive'!› By selecting the appro-› Ó} priate menu option the› text may be modified or› enlarged. This additional› 'baksheesh' of 200 poin Ô}ts› may be very valuable when› working with GRAPHEUS!››Note: Don't worry about the first character of the 'GO Õ}TO...' that you will type in to stand up when having crashed. This may be an uppercase Greek 'Gamma' - this is insignificant; Ö} GRAPHEUS can't change his slate pencil as quick as you are making mistakes. GRAPHEUS has a hunch of your intention!››› L ×}et's now take a short look at the GRAPHEUS menu. We may cut it short as the GRAPHEUS menu seems to be self evident. When star Ø}ting this usually will be done either by option 'A. Append/Continue Text' or by 'F. Filer commands' to start, continue, edit Ù}or print text.›››››A. Append/Continue Text›› This option will serve to create or continue with text. All that's necessa Ú}ry has been said already above (see '3. Textline and Cursor Movement'). Here only some additional hints:›› 1) When worki Û}ng with short TEXT lines (up to 34 characters) you may save memory by starting the second TEXT line exactly with the beginnin Ü}g of the second HALF line (position P035,...) of the first GRAPHEUS text line '01'. Using a special print option this second Ý}half line may be printed as second PRINT line. So up to 2x60 short text lines can be treated, saved and printed by GRAPHEUS.› Þ}› 2) For learning and teaching ancient (and also modern) languages, vocabularies and word exercises are indispensable. G ß}RAPHEUS is well equipped for these items:›› 2a) Normally 34 characters for the Greek word and 34 characters for the à}translation will be enough; in this case the Greek word should be typed in starting with P001 (first half line) and the trans á}lation starting with P035 (second half line). GRAPHEUS is able to print only the first half line (for examinations) or both h â}alf lines to give a word list (and also only the second half line if desired). By changing the first print line you may print ã} also a suitable heading, for example 'Test No.???'. Up to this point GRAPHEUS will be a great help for you - to search for a ä}ll the mistakes made by your students, that's your job!›› 2b) When you need more than half a textline for the Greek text å} or the rendering (more than 34 characters) GRAPHEUS also may help you ingeniously: You should use ONLY lines with ODD line n æ}umbers FOR the GREEK text and also ONLY EVEN line numbers FOR the RENDERING. What's the matter with this method? When printin ç}g the text you have to select one of two print options; you will be asked: 'Each/each Second line print ?'. You should use in è} this case the print option 'each Second line print'. If you start printing with an odd (even) line number GRAPHEUS will prin é}t only the Greek text (only the rendering). GRAPHEUS proudly offers this subtle print service to you! Please have a look for ê}other Ancient Greek word processors with these facilities!›› offers this subtle print service to you! Please have a look for <›B. Block move›› This 'moving' option allows you to move a block of lines you have to specify previously in front of a ì}certain line. GRAPHEUS will ask you all the necessary questions. Of course, accents and subscripts of your text will also be í}'transplanted'. Such block movements are a heavy work for your BASIC program GRAPHEUS and you should have some patience. It'sî} like in politics: blocks don't move fast - if they move at all.››C. Change string›› GRAPHEUS allows you to exchange a ï}string by another string within the whole text or starting and ending with lines specified by you. In this connection 'stringð}' has the meaning of character, word(-fragment) or sequence of words; at any rate the new line length including the changed sñ}tring may not exceed 68 characters within the whole text to be modified. When asked›› 'FROM LINE TO LINE (M-N)'››the first liò}ne number ('M') should specify the line containing for the first time the string to be modified; GRAPHEUS will display this ló}ine since you have to type in EXACTLY the OLD string. This old string will be fixed only by the letters, not by accents or suô}bscripts; there is no need to type these in request of the OLD string! In addition you need some character not used in the liõ}nes to be modified and also not included in the new string to mark the beginning and the end of both the strings. Let us say ö}the asterisk '*' would be such a delimiter.›GRAPHEUS expects your string exchange instruction in the following manner:›› *OL÷}D*NEW* , [RETURN] .››Then it will try your patience while working hard for you. What does this '*OLD*NEW*' mean?›At first yø}ou have to type in an asterisk ('*') immediately followed by the characters of the OLD string and another asterisk ('*'); subù}sequently you have to write the characters of the NEW string terminated by another asterisk ('*'); both strings may differ wiú}th regard to their length. Then you have to move the cursor for writing the accents above the appropriate letters of the NEW û}string and also for writing the subscripts if necessary below these NEW string characters. Then you should type [RETURN]. GRAü}PHEUS does not care about accents and subscripts within the OLD string - it is looking forward to skimming only outdated itemý}s! Sic transit gloria mundi.››D. Delete line(s)›› Using this option you may delete a single line, a block of lines or eþ}ven the entire text. When asked›› 'FROM LINE TO LINE (M-N)'››you may answer either with '4-4' or '3-8' for example followed ÿ}by [RETURN] or without specifying any range you may type [RETURN]. In this case GRAPHEUS will ask you›› 'DELETE THE ENTIRE FI}LE ? (Y/N)'.››When answering 'Y' you will reach the menu by the way of waste-paper basket; typing 'N' you will avoid the pape}r basket on your way back to the menu. (Note: Why did you select the option 'D. Delete line(s)' in this latter case?)››E. E}xchange lines›› Using this option you are able to exchange two lines for each other. GRAPHEUS will ask you for the two li}ne numbers; using the pattern 'M-N' , [RETURN] the first line number ('M') has to be the lower one followed by the higher o}ne ('N'). Let us hope you to be successful!››F. Filer commands›› You will be requested:››'Select:› C-Contents(#1),L-}LOAD,S-SAVE:'››By selecting 'C' GRAPHEUS will display all the files on disk at the moment within drive no.1; [RETURN] will le}ad back to the menu.››The other options 'L' resp. 'S' are for loading from disk or for saving the text you are dealing with. }You are requested:›› ' Insert disk and type› drive # and name of file:›› Shape: D#:FILENAME.EXT›› I--}:--------.---I '.››(Note: Type '[HELP] to avoid graphics characters). You may also use shorter file names without any exten }sion. You will receive an announcement when you successfully saved your text or an irritated message when trying to load a fi }le not existing on disk, when using too long file names or when trying to save without any text within the text buffer. Short }ly after giving the appropriate message GRAPHEUS displays its menu.›››I. Insert before line›› Using this option you may } insert one or more lines in front of an existing line within your text; at first you have to specify the corresponding line  }number. The line numbers of all following text lines will increase accordingly.›››L. List line(s)›› This is a very usef}ul option when typing in new text. The whole text within the text buffer may be displayed on screen successively - three cons}ecutive lines will be shown simultaneously. You have to specify the line range to be displayed by›› ' FROM LINE TO LINE (M}-N) '››and you should answer with 1-12, 9-12 or 9-9 for example. In the last case only line number '9' will be displayed. The} [ESC] key leads you back to the GRAPHEUS menu, by typing [RETURN] the next three lines will be displayed. If the upper bound} ('N') is higher than the line number of the last typed in text line empty lines will be displayed (or also printed). (In the} booting process the text buffer will be filled up with blanks.) The menu option 'A. Append/Continue Text' always leads to th}e first empty text line ready to accept new text.›››M. Menu display›› This option needs› no explanation}.›››P. Print line(s)›› You may print either a single full or half line or a block of (full or half) lines or the whole }text. GRAPHEUS will ask you at first›› ' FROM LINE TO LINE (M-N) '››to receive the line range you are interested in. Then it} will display the momentary (or default) print options in the following manner:››' Momentary print options:›› Lines to print}: ?? - ??› Left margin: ?? spaces› Print mode: ??› Line spacing: ?› Line numbering: yes (or no)› Printing each (or secon}d) line› Print line: full length (1..68)› or left half (1..34)› or split (1..34;35..68)› or ri}ght half (35..68)›› Print options O.K.(Y/N) ? '››When answering 'Y' you will be asked by GRAPHEUS:››Printer/paper posit}ion O.K.(Y/N) ?››When you type 'Y' [RETURN] your brave GRAPHEUS will print the specified line range of your Ancient Greek tex}t using the print options previously displayed.››To modify the print options you either should answer 'N' when asked 'Print o}ptions O.K.(Y/N)?' or select the menu option 'S. Set margins/Print mode'. In this way you are able to modify the momentary pr}int options. You will be requested for all data.››[Note: The default value for paper length is 11 Inch. If you like to use 12} Inch paper press the [RESET] button after booting GRAPHEUS. Type 'LIST 30' followed by [RETURN]. The line displayed will beg }in in the following manner:› '30 LLM=61:LPAG=33:...›To work with 12 Inch paper type 'LPAG=36:GOTO 70' followed by [RETURN] o!}r modify this value in line 30; LIST the program using another disk; then ENTER and SAVE your program using 'SAVE"D:GRAPH"'.]"}›››Q. Quo vadis? => BASIC›› Using this option you may give GRAPHEUS notice to quit for it isn't unionized and has no pr#}otection against unlawful dismissal and only a very short period of notice. It asks you once whether you are sure to leave. I$}f you are without doubt regarding your decision by answering 'Y' you will get a last Ancient Greek 'Farewell' (for this is it%}s mother tongue) - and you will find yourself in the ATARI BASIC. Typing 'NEW' and [RETURN] will then imply the final separat&}ion; if you type instead 'GOTO 70' or 'GOTO 270' followed by [RETURN] you will see your brave GRAPHEUS still thinking of you '}by keeping in mind all your brain waves.›››R. Replace a line›› At first you have to specify the number of the text line(} you want to replace when asked 'LINE NO.'. After typing [RETURN] GRAPHEUS will display this line and also the pattern for th)}e new line. (Note: depending on the actual line number the pattern for the new line will not appear before pressing [RETURN])*}. You should try to replace only lines WITHIN your text, GRAPHEUS could have problems with 'borderlands'.›››S. Set margins/+}Print mode›› This menu option allows you to select or change a lot of subtle print modes useful for printing your Greek t,}ext. There will be only few programs with these facilities - GRAPHEUS hopes so. At first you have to specify the print line:›-}››› 'Print line:› F Full length (1-68)› L Left half (1-34)› S Split (1-34;35-68)› .} R Right half (35-68)›› Your choice: '››Then you will be asked:›› 'Each / each Second line print '››to let G/}RAPHEUS know whether you like only the Greek text or also the rendering in the next line to be printed. Then you have to spec0}ify the left margin; GRAPHEUS asks you:››››'Left margin: N no margin› S small (2 spaces)› M med1}ium (8 spaces)› L large (11 spaces)› R right of two› columns (42ff)› 2} O own design›› Your choice: '››Please select the appropriate margin size; when you type 'O' for your own de3}sign GRAPHEUS will display for some useful EPSON-FX print modes the possible range of left margin size. You then have to sele4}ct within this range.››Afterwards you should select the EPSON-FX print mode [CHR$(27);"!";CHR$(??);]; GRAPHEUS will show a ta5}ble of useful possibilities.››Now you have to select the line spacing (1 or 2) and subsequently to declare whether GRAPHEUS s6}hould print a line numbering [3,6,9,..] in front of each third line. In this case GRAPHEUS will use at least 5 spaces left ma7}rgin irrespective of a smaller selection! Finally GRAPHEUS will lead you back again to his strong menu.››››5. Printer Insta8}llation & Fonts›› The original disk contains two identical files with printer codes: PRTCODES (not write protected) and P9}RTCODES.DEF (write protected). The GRAPHEUS program uses only the file PRTCODES; the original (default) version of these file:}s is for use with EPSON-FX printers. By modifying the file PRTCODES you are able to adapt your GRAPHEUS program for use with ;}other printers or with other default values. By copying (from DOS) the file PRTCODES.DEF onto PRTCODES you can always restore<} the original EPSON-FX version of the program.››PRTCODES(.DEF) contains the following Byte sequence:›› 18-17-27-64-27-54-=}27-33-24› -27-58-0-0-0-27-37-1-0-89 .››Explanation:››18 Following 18 Bytes!›17 Select printer.›27-64 >} Printer Initialization.›27-54 ATASCII codes 128-159› and 255 will be set as› printable charac?}ters.›27-33-24 Default: Mode '24'.›27-58-0-0-0 ROM Character Generator› set will be copied into› Dow@}nload CG set.›27-37-1-0 Select Download CG.›89 89 new characters are› to define.›› The last Byte spA}ecifies the number of new character definitions. For the 89 here new defined characters the file GREEKFX.FNT contains 89x17=B}1513 Bytes in the following manner:›› 27-38-0-N-N-A-P1-P2- ... -P11 ;››this Byte sequence will define for EPSON-FX printerC}s the character with A(TA)SCII code 'N' : the attribute 'A' consists of descender and proportional data; P1 till P11 contain D}the print information for 11 side by side positions of the print head. If you like to define more or less characters you haveE} to modify GREEKFX.FNT in an appropriate manner and also to adjust the number '89' at the end of the file PRTCODES. The ATAF}RI font will be found in the file GREEKAT.FNT; this font can be loaded and changed with any 'Font maker'.››When considering tG}o change the Byte sequence in PRTCODES you should first specify the Byte series that will be needed for your printer; append H}to this Byte sequence one additional Byte declaring the number of new characters to be defined. The total number of Bytes thiI}s results in will be set in front of these Bytes. Now you should boot BASIC with any ATARI-DOS using single density (720 sectJ}ors). Insert the original program disk and type 'RUN "D:INSTALL"' followed by [RETURN] . Soon you will see the momentary ByteK} sequence of the file PRTCODES. If this is not correct you should answer when asked 'Change necessary (Y/N)' with 'Y' and entL}er the new Byte sequence. This new Byte sequence becomes the new file PRTCODES and will be loaded when booting GRAPHEUS.››› M}›6. Last word››Truly not all the gods have shown›the ordinary mortals from the very›beginning, but searching they will›findN} better in the course of time.›› Xenophanes (570-475 B.C.)››› Certainly GRAPHEUS 1 could be improved in a lot O}of details; may-be you will write a refined GRAPHEUS 2 or even GRAPHEUS 3 ? - GRAPHEUS 1 will not be sad if its successors wiP}ll surpass its facilities by learning and improving the ideas used here; it also learned a lot from its precursors.››Ceterum Q}censeo:›› GRAPHEUS 1› is and will be› unique!›› U.K.›››› CR}ontact addresses:›› GRAPHEUS via› Kaiser Wilhelms Gymnasium› Altsprachliches Gymnasium› c/o Dr.US}lrich Kuenne› Seelhorststr. 52› 3000 Hannover 1› West-Germany›› Tel./Phone: 49-511-168-4743››› T} or:›› Munich Atari XL/XE › Public-Domain Association› c/o Florian Bechert› August-FoU}eppl-Str.17› 8000 Muenchen 50› West-Germany› ›› or:›› Dr. Ulrich Kuenne› MuV}edener Weg 14› 3000 Hannover 61› West-Germany›› Tel./Phone: 49-511-575188› Dr. Ulrich Kuenne› Mu_›7. Supplements››7.1. Printing two Columns›› Some printers (for example EPSON FX-80) are able to execute reverse feed oX}f paper. Using the files REVERSE.11 (resp. REVERSE.12 or REVERSE.SYM) GRAPHEUS may execute this reverse feed automatically afY}ter printing the left column to print subsequently the right column (position 42ff); this will work on the condition that youZ}r print lines are short (up to 34 characters). What has to be done?›› When using 11 Inch paper don't› use line no.33 for te[}xt;› instead of this you should use› the filer command 'L-Load'› for loading 'D1:REVERSE.11'.› Starting with line no.34 y\}ou› will type in the remaining text.› (For 12 Inch paper please use› line no.36 for loading the› file 'REVERSE.12' also o]}n disk.)››When printing the second column GRAPHEUS will stop once: counting the total number of printed lines he thinks to be^} at the bottom of the paper; please don't move the paper - only hit any key! GRAPHEUS will print the rest of the second colum_}n without any flaw.››Note regarding the 'REVERSE.1*' files: they contain for n-Inch paper (n-2)times the key stroke sequence `} 'ESC-"j"-ATARI-"X"-ATARI' followed by 'ESC-"D"-"*"-CTR-","' and finally 'RETURN' . This results in (n-2)times reverse fea}ed each by 216/216" = 1 Inch. Modifying one of these 'ATARI-"X"' allows a fine tuning of this reverse feed. To print in thib}s manner for example two columns each with 15 lines you have to write at least one 'Blank' in lines no.16-32 (resp. 16-35) bec}fore using lines no. 34-48 (resp. 37-51) for the rest of your text. The additional file 'REVERSE.SYM' may be used with both pd}aper lengths; it is for printing two identical columns each with 29 print lines. This file should be loaded within line no.30e} after having finished 29 text lines; the next 29 lines (no.31-59) will record the other half of your text.›››7.2. How to prif}nt two Accents› at the same Position:›› With GRAPHEUS you are able to print all necessary accents and also accentg} combinations. Therefore you may skip this section when using the built in fonts without any modification. Only for the case q}ÃÿÿÿB%DOS SYSB-)AUTORUN SYSB VFONT SETBŒ_DOC 000BlëDOC 001BTWDOC 002B ´DOC 003BM½IANUA EXABZ PRESOCR EXAB/dARISTOPHEXAB “LUKE2 EXAyou change the fonts for printer and screen this part could be useful for you.›When using the 'BACKSPACE' option ['BS' - CHR$r}(8) = CTR-'H' ] of your printer to print two accents at the same print position within the 'accent line' you need for this ats}tempt some control instructions WITHIN THE ACCENT LINE; all the following accents have to be shifted accordingly - making thet} text difficult to read on screen. When printing in Normal or Shift-in Mode there is a 'trick' to correct the displacement wiu}thin the accent line: Let us think for a moment we wouldn't know GRAPHEUS to be able to print the accent combination 'dieresiv}s with acute' simultaneously. In this case we would write this accent combination within the accent line in the following manw}ner:››'Dieresis-CTR H-Acute-CTR N-› SPACE-SPACE-SPACE-SPACE-CTR T' .››Eight characters that follow the character with the accx}ent combination 'dieresis with acute' can't get any accent; all following accents will be printed exactly at that position (ay}bove that character) they are displayed on screen. Note: This method will not work when printing any 'enlarged' print mode! Wz}hy not? GRAPHEUS is clearing up its accent line by using 4 enlarged SPACE steps to pull up this 'backlog'. It can't overtake {}itself when also using the enlarged mode for the text line! - GRAPHEUS can't be faster than GRAPHEUS.›››››7.3. How to print s|}ome› Special Characters›› To display some special characters [CHR$(156-159;253;254)] on the ATARI screen you f}}irst have to type in 'ESC' [CHR$(27)]; the printer will misunderstand this as 'ESC' usually will start some printer control c~}ode i.e. unprintable characters. In order to print such a text correctly you have to outwit your printer by means of the usef}ul menu option 'C. Change string' offered by GRAPHEUS:›We will assume 'ESC'-'??' to be such a special character. Select menu€} option 'C. Change string'. Within your whole text you have to change this string in the following manner: *OLD*NEW* = *ESC?}?*??* . You have to do this for all those special characters that require 'ESC' to be displayed on screen. Don't worry about ‚}strange incidents DISPLAYED on screen! The text will be PRINTED faultless - let us hope so!›››7.4. Slightly changed Fonts›› ƒ} If you like to change the monetary unit (US-Dollar instead of British Pound resp. vice versa) please try another set of fo„}nts on this disk:›› Unlock all files '*.FNT' on disk.› Rename four font files:››››› OLD name: --> NEW name:›› GREEKFX.…}FNT --> GREEKFX1.FNT› GREEKAT.FNT --> GREEKAT1.FNT› GREEKFX2.FNT --> GREEKFX.FNT› GREEKAT2.FNT --> GREEKAT.FNT››[You†} may also change only the ATARI fonts ('AT') or only the printer fonts ('FX')].›››7.5. Line Numbering: Starting Line› ‡} and Increment›› The menu option 'S. Set margins/Print mode' together with the selection 'O own design' allowˆ}s you to install line numbering when printing the text. The printed line numbers are the line numbers '1-60' of the text in m‰}emory. GRAPHEUS will print only the line number sequence 3,6,9,... To save memory there is no possibility to change this 'DefŠ}ault Line Numbering Mode' from the GRAPHEUS menu. But there is a simple way to start line numbering with any line number and ‹}also with any increment by changing only two program lines (file: 'GRAPH'):› Change line no.'40' for the case to print line Œ}numbers greater than 99.› Change line no.'9076' to select your special starting line and your desired increment.›Let us assu}me we'll start printing with line no.'7' of the text in memory but this first printed line should be line no.'234' (234=7+227Ž}); furthermore the line numbering increment should be '5' - that means the line numbers 235,240,245,.. have to be printed by }GRAPHEUS (in front of the second, seventh,.. line). How to do this using your brave GRAPHEUS?››a) Boot GRAPHEUS with printer}› 'ON LINE'.›b) Press the [RESET] button.›c) Type 'LIST 40' - [RETURN].› Change the last DIM statement› within thi‘}s line:› ..,LL$(2) --> ..,LL$(3) .› Type [RETURN] having changed› this line. [Thus you are able› to print line ’}numbers till› '999'; use LL$(4) for line› numbers till '9999' etc.].›d) Type 'LIST 9076' - [RETURN].› Within this l“}ine you have to› make the following changes:›››› OLD: --> NEW:›› 1) ../3.. --> ../5..› (Note: t”}wo changes of› this kind)›› 2) ..I.. --> ..(I+227)..› (Note: three changes of› thi•}s kind)› Type [RETURN] and then› 'RUN' - [RETURN].›e) Load the text in question.›f) By means of the menu option›–} 'S. Set margins/Print mode'› select line numbering. (Note:› the left margin chosen by the› option 'O own design'—} should› exceed the number of digits› necessary for the used line› numbers by at least 3 spaces!)›››7.6. The Files D˜}SKLABEL.EXA› and DATLABEL.EXA››Using these somewhat unusual files you may print either a disk label for the GRA™}PHEUS program disk (file: DSK*.*) or labels for your data disks (file: DAT*.*) which you will install for saving your own Greš}ek documents; the latter will look like:››› ...............................› ! !› ! GRA›}PHEUS 1.0 !› ! DATA DISK NO. CONTENTS: !› ! SIDE A: !› ! SIDE B: !› !œ}.............................!›››To print such labels load the corresponding file, select the menu option 'S. Set margins/Pri}nt mode' and install the following print options:›› Lines to print: 1-1› Left margin: 2 spaces› Print mode: 24› Line ž}spacing: 1› Line numbering: no› Printing each line› Print line: full length (1..68)››When printing you should use suitaŸ}ble sized blank address labels (about 80mm x 30mm).›››7.7. Some Remarks regarding the› Program Structure››The st }udy of the GRAPHEUS program ('GRAPH') might be tedious for the following reasons: the text printed on screen will mostly use ¡}control ( CTR-A..Z for 'inverse' or ATARI-CTR-A..Z for 'normal' ) characters; by means of the new ATARI font ('GREEKAT.FNT') ¢}these graphic signs are defined as usual characters. Here some informations that will facilitate somewhat the understanding o£}f the main program ('GRAPH'):›››POKE CHBAS,CHPAT: Normal,› ...,CHPGR: Greek Characters›L$(205): One Full Line›¤} (Accents, Text› and Subscripts)›T$(60x206=12360): Text Buffer›LL: Actual Lin¥}e No.›ZFLG = 0/1/2/3: Line Print Flag:› 1..68/1..34/› 1..34;35..68/› 35.¦}.68›››Line: 10-275: Program Start› 280-380: Menu & Selection› 1000-1140: Append/Continue› §} Text› 2000-2410: Change String› 3000-3130: Delete Line(s)› 4000-4300: File Commands› 5000-¨}5130: Insert before› Line› 6000-6060: List Line(s)› 7000-7100: Replace a Line› 80©}00-8050: Quo vadis?› => BASIC› 9000-9200: Print Line(s)› 9055: Install Print› ª} Options› 9065-› 9130: Print Loop› 9070: Tuning Line Feed› 9075: Acc«}ent Line› 9080: Text Line› 9085: Subscript Line› [9090: Accent Line› 9095: Text Li¬}ne› 9100: Subscript Line]› 9120: Full Page?› 10000-10400: Input Routine› 11000-11090: Exchange ­}Lines› 12000-12300: Block Move› 13000,13010: Headline: Outset› 14000: Time Loop› 15000: Buffer Fu®}ll› 16000-16170: Range (M-N)?› 17000-17120: Line No.?› 18000-18040: Disk Menu› 19000-19090: Display Line› ¯} & Pattern› 20000-20060: Display Line› Pattern› 21000-21210: Set Margins/°}› Print Mode› 22000-22630: Display Print› Options› 23000,23010: Next Pa±}ge?› 24000-24040: Screen: Install› Greek Font› 27000,27010: Cursor Positions›››The 'AUTORUN.SYS²}' file serves to start the BASIC program 'START'; this program loads the title screen (lines: 100-310; 420-440) and installs ³}the Greek printer font (lines: 310-410) before starting the GRAPHEUS line editor (line 310: ...:RUN "D1:GRAPH").››d installs r›››››››*** Copyright notes ***››› This documentation (files: DOC.000 - DOC.003) has been written using the SPEEDSCRIPT wµ}ord processor [(c)1985 COMPUTE! Publ., Greensboro, NC] expecting the GRAPHEUS Ancient Greek Line Editor to be published by A¶}NTIC - The ATARI Resource, San Francisco, CA within the Public Domain Library; therefore it uses the great ANTIC documentati·}on program (files: AUTORUN.SYS and FONT.SET). - But an Ancient Greek Line Editor like GRAPHEUS 'does not meet .. current edit¸}orial needs' (ANTIC, 05/06/87). Only a few people seem to be interested in an ancient language like this.›› The author (U¹}K) has no rights regarding the ANTIC documentation display/print routine [(c)1983 Action Computer Services]. Only to avoid miº}sunderstandings he has modified this great ANTIC utility by erasing the title text 'ANTIC SOFTWARE' and uses without any righ»}ts this exceptional aid to inform everyone engaged in Ancient Greek regarding the facilities of›› G-R-A-P-H-E-U-S !››¼}›››1989 UK››yone engaged in Ancient Greek regarding the facilities of›› G-R-A-P-H-E-U-S !››& ˆ’“” ˆŒ”…’ŽŽ: ‰Ž• Œ‰Ž‡•… ‡’…ƒ… ¾} › Œ…“…- •Ž„ •…‚•Ž‡“‚•ƒˆ †•…’ „…Ž ‡’‰…ƒˆ‰“¿}ƒˆ…Ž Ž†Ž‡“•Ž”…’’‰ƒˆ” À} › ‡™Ž“‰•; 3. •†Œ‡… Á} › –ŽÂ}„…Žˆ…ƒ‹ & ’•’…ƒˆ”, ‡…””‰Ž‡…Ž Ã} › Ä} Å} › . …‰Ž†•…ˆ’•Ž‡“- •Ž„ Œ…“…“”•…ƒ‹… Æ} › 1. O fÇ}ilo\ ton filon stergei W q Q q q È} › É} Ê} › 1. O filo\ tv filv ypakoyei kai tv filoy logv pisteyei. W q ^ q W Ë} q Q ^ q q q [ [ [ [ › 2. Aei oi Ì}filoi toy\ filoy\ stergoysi kai toi\ tvn filvn logoi\ w Q W q Q q q Q ^ ^ q q Í} › pisteyoysin. 3. Dei kai toy\ ponoy\ tvn filvn fereinÎ}. q ^ Q Q q ^ q q Ï} › 4. O bio\ ponoy\ parexei. 5. Dei ara toy\ toy bioy ponoy\ ferein. W q q q Ð} ^ | Q ^ q q q › 6. Alla kai tvÑ} nomv ypakoyein kai toy\ oroy\ fylattein dei. w Q Q ^ q W q Q Q _ q ^ Ò} [ [ › 7. O gar nomo\ keleyei toy\ oroy\ mh yperbainein. 8. EiÓ} gar oi W Q q q Q _ Q W q w Q W Ô} › oroi mh fylattontai, o kosmo\ diafueiretai. 9. Alla kai terpesuai _ Q q W q Õ} q w Q Q q › tv biv dei. 10. EÖ}tero\ gar bio\ oy parexetai. ^ q ^ _ Q q w q [ [ ×} › Ø} Ù} › 2. Peri gevrgvn Q ^ Ú} › Û} Ü} › 1. Oi ueoi toy\ gevrgoy\ stergoysin. 2. Oi gar gevrgoi karpoy\ Ý} W Q Q Q q W Q Q Q Þ} › syllegoysin ek tvn agrvn kai toi\ ueoi\ uyoysin. 3. Toi\ oyn q w ^ w ^ Q ^ ^ ß} q ^ > › toi\ ek tvn agrvn oi tvn ueà}vn bvmoi kataskeyazontai. 4. O gevrgo\ ^ w ^ w ^ W ^ ^ Q q W Q á} › toy\ karpoy\ epi tv bvmv katakaiei, pro\ oyranon anablepei kai toi\ â} Q Q w Q ^ ^ q Q w Q w q Q ^ [ [ ã} › ueoi\ legei] 5. " V ueoi, xalepo\ o toy gevrgoy bio\, ei mh ypo ^ q > q Q W ^ ä} ^ q w Q W Q › uevn fylattetai." - 6. O gevrgå}o\ teknon exei. 7. To de teknon to ^ q W Q q | Q Q q Q æ} › toy gevrgoy ponoy\ oy stergei. 8. O oyn gevrgo\ to teknon dendra ^ ç} ^ q w q W > Q Q q q è} › fyteyein keleyei. 9. Ta dendra ypo toy teknoy en tv agrv fyteyetai. q q Q q W Q ^ q wé} ^ w ^ q [ [ › 10. Ei gar o gevrgo\ keleyei, aei tê}a tekna toi\ logoi\ ypakoyei. w Q W Q q w Q Q q ^ q W q ë} › 11. To oyn ergon ypo toy gevrgoy uaymazetai. 12. Xairei tv ergv tv Q >ì} | W Q ^ ^ q q ^ | ^ [ [ í}[ › toy teknoy. ^ q î} › ï} ð} › ‚. ‡’‰…ƒˆ‰“ƒˆ… †’…Ž •Ž„ …‰Žš…Œ“…”š… ñ} › ò}1 1.) pono\ ponoy\ ponoy nomoi nomoi\ logv logvn logon q q q q q q q q ó} [ › ‚) „…‹Œ‰Ž‰…’…: o oro\, o bio\! ô} W _ W q õ} › ƒ) parexein parexei parexoysi(n) parexesuai parexetai parexontai: q q ö} q q q q › ‚‰Œ„÷}… „‰…“…Œ‚…Ž †’…Ž –Ž terpein •Ž„ yperbainein! q W q ø} › 2. Toi\ tvn filvn logoi\ pisteyoysin = toi\ logù}oi\ toi\ tvn filvn ^ ^ q q q ^ q ^ ^ q ú} › pisteyoysin. ‚‰Œ„… …ˆŽŒ‰ƒˆ… “…”š… ‰” logo\, nomo\, ypakoyein - q û} q q W q › oro\, koü}smo\, yperbainein - pono\, bio\, ferein (“‡. •Ž„ Œ.)! _ q W q q q q ý} › 3. ˆ‰”–…’…‰„•Ž‡ „•’ƒˆ ‚…—…‡Œ‰ƒˆ…“ n: Ypakoyoysinþ} aei toi\ filoi\] W q w Q ^ q ÿ} › toy\ gar filoy\ stergoysi kai fylattoysin. ’…‡…Œ? Q Q q q } Q q › 4. O nomo\ }kosmon en tv biv fyteyei. 5. O kosmo\ ypo tvn filvn W q q w ^ q q W q W Q ^ q } [ [ › fylattetai. 6. Oi logoi oi toy nomoy peri toy bioy leg}oysin. q W q W ^ q Q ^ q q } › 7. Aei pro\ toy\ oroy\ blepein dei. 8. Nomoi logoi\ kataskeyazontai. w Q Q Q _ q } ^ q q q › 9. Oi toy nomoy }logoi syllegontai. 10. Ei o nomo\ legei, ypakoyein W ^ q q q w W q q W q } › dei. } ^  } ›  " } ’…“ƒ’”‰ƒ ˆ‰Œ“ˆ…’“ › " } €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ " } › "} › Ana"}jimandro\ (ƒ.610-545 ‚.ƒ.), †’‡…Ž” „‰…Œ“ 129 q "} › Anajimandro\ ... arxhn te kai stoixeion eirhke"} tvn ontvn to apeiron,w q w q Q ^ | ^ | Q | "} › prvto\ toyto toynoma komisa\ th\ arxh\. legei d aythn mhte ydvr ^ ^ | "} q ^ w ^ q w w Q q _ › mhte al"}lo ti tvn kaloymenvn einai stoixeivn, all eteran tina fysin q | ^ q > q w w W q Q "}q › apeiron, ej h\ apanta\ ginesuai toy\ oyranoy\ kai "}toy\ en aytoi\ | w < _ q Q w Q Q Q w w ^ "} › kosmoy\] ej vn de h genesi\ esti toi\ oysi, kai thn fuoran ei\ tayta q w < Q W q "} q w ^ > Q Q Q w ^ › ginesuai ka"}ta to xrevn] didonai gar ayta dikhn kai tisin allhloi\ q Q Q q q Q w Q q Q q w q "} › th\ adikia\ kata thn toy xronoy tajin. "} ^ w q Q Q ^ q q "} › "} › Ž˜‰Ž„…’ (ƒ."}610-545 ‚.ƒ.), †’‡…Ž” „‰…Œ“ 129 "} › Ž˜‰Ž„…’ ... “‰„ ”ˆ… †‰’“” ’‰Žƒ‰Œ… Ž„ …Œ……Ž” ‰“ ”ˆ" }… ŽŽ- "!} › Œ‰‰”…„. ˆ… —“ ”ˆ… †‰’“” ” ‰Ž”’„•ƒ… ”ˆ‰“ ”…’ †’ ”ˆ… †‰’“” ""} › ’‰Žƒ‰Œ…. ˆ… “™“ "#}Ž…‰”ˆ…’ —”…’ Ž’ Ž™”ˆ‰Ž‡ …Œ“… Ž‡ ”ˆ… "$} › “•‡‡…“”…„ …Œ……Ž”“ —“ ”ˆ… †‰’“” ’‰Žƒ‰Œ… † Ž™”ˆ‰Ž‡, ‚•” ”ˆ"%}…’… ‰“ "&} › “… ”ˆ…’ ŽŽ-Œ‰‰”…„ “•‚“”Žƒ… †’ —ˆ‰ƒˆ ŒŒ ”ˆ… ˆ…–…Ž“ Ž„ ”ˆ… "'} › —’Œ„“ ƒŽ”‰Ž…„ ‰Ž ”ˆ…"(} ƒ… ‰Ž” ‚…‰Ž‡. ”ˆ… “•’ƒ… †’ —ˆ‰ƒˆ ")} › …˜‰“”‰Ž‡ ”ˆ‰Ž‡“ „…’‰–… ”ˆ…‰’ …˜‰“”…Žƒ… ‰“ Œ“ ”ˆ” ” —ˆ‰ƒˆ ”ˆ…™ "*} "+} › ’…”•’Ž ” ”ˆ…‰’ „…“”’•ƒ”‰Ž, ƒƒ’„‰Ž‡ ” Ž…ƒ…““‰”™; †’ ”ˆ…™ ‡‰–… ",} › Š•“”‰ƒ… Ž„ ‹… ’…’”‰Ž"-} ” Ž… Ž”ˆ…’ †’ ”ˆ…‰’ ‰ŽŠ•“”‰ƒ…, ".} › ƒƒ’„‰Ž‡ ” ”ˆ… ’’Ž‡……Ž” † ”‰…. "/} "0} › (“•’ƒ…: “.“‚•’“‹™: ”ˆ… ˆ™“‰ƒŒ —’Œ„ † ”ˆ… ‡’……‹“, ŒŽ„Ž 1960) "1} › "2} "3} › Dhmokrito\ (ƒ.460-370 ‚.ƒ.), †’‡…Ž” „‰…Œ“ 6839 q "4} "5} › Dhmokrito\ ... ypesthsato to pan apeiron dia to mhdamv\ ypo tino\ q W q Q ^ | Q Q "6} ^ W Q › ayto dedhmioyrghsuai. eti de kai am"7}etablhton ayto legei ... mhdemian w Q ^ | Q Q w q w Q q q "8} › arxhn exein ta\ aitia\ tvn nyn gignomenvn, anvuen d olv\ ej apeiroy w Q | "9} Q w q ^ ^ q | w _ w w q ":} › xronoy prokatexesuai th anagkh panu aplv\ ta gegonota kai eonta q q ^ w q q w W ^ Q q";} Q wq [ [ › kai esomena. "<} Q w q "=} › ">} › "?}„…ƒ’‰”•“ (ƒ.460-370 ‚.ƒ.), †’‡…Ž” „‰…Œ“ 6839 "@} › „…ƒ’‰”•“ .. ““•…„ ”ˆ” ”ˆ… •Ž‰–…’“… ‰“ "A}‰Ž†‰Ž‰”…, “‰Žƒ… ‰” —“ "B} › Ž” ƒ’…”…„ ‚™ Ž™Ž…; ˆ… Œ‰‹…—‰“… ƒŒŒ“ ‰” •ŽƒˆŽ‡…‚Œ… ... "C} › ”ˆ…’"D}… ‰“ Ž ‚…‡‰ŽŽ‰Ž‡ ” ”ˆ… ƒ•“…“ † —ˆ” ‰“ ˆ…Ž‰Ž‡ Ž—, Ž„ "E} › ŒŒ ”ˆ” —“, ‰“ Ž„ —‰ŒŒ ‚… ˆ“ ‚……Ž ƒŽ”‰Ž…„"F} ‰Ž Ž…ƒ…““‰”™ †’ "G} › ŒŒ …”…’Ž‰”™. (“•’ƒ…: Œ.ƒ.) "H} › "I} "J} › LEYKIPPOY PERI NOY (Leykippo\, ƒ.450 ‚.ƒ.), †’‡…Ž"K}” „‰…Œ“ 67‚2 q "L} › oyden xrhma mathn ginetai, alla panta ek logoy te kai yp anagkh\. w Q ^ q q "M} w Q q w q Q W w w q › "N} "O} › Œ…•ƒ‰•“: ‚•” ”ˆ… ‰Ž„ (ƒ.450 ‚.ƒ.), †’‡…Ž” „‰…Œ“ "P}67‚2 "Q} › Ž”ˆ‰Ž‡ ˆ…Ž“ ” ’Ž„; …–…’™”ˆ‰Ž‡ ˆ…Ž“ •” † ’…“Ž Ž„ "R} › ‚™ Ž…ƒ…““‰”™. ("S}“•’ƒ…: Œ.ƒ.) "T} › "U} "V} › Filolao\ Pyuagoriko\ (ƒ.440-.. ‚.ƒ.), †’‡…Ž” „‰…Œ“ 44‚1 q q "W} › A fysi\ d en tv kos"X}mv armoxuh ej apeirvn te kai perainontvn, kai q w w ^ q W q w w q Q q Q "Y} [ [ › olo\ o kosmo\ kai ta en aytv panta. "Z} _ W q Q Q w w ^ q [ "[} › "\} › ˆ‰ŒŒ•“, ™”ˆ‡’…Ž "]}ˆ‰Œ“ˆ…’ (ƒ.440-? ‚.ƒ.), †’‡. „‰…Œ“ 44‚1 "^} › Ž”•’… ‰Ž ”ˆ… •Ž‰–…’“… —“ †‰””…„ ”‡…”ˆ…’ †’ ”ˆ… ŽŽ-Œ‰‰”…„ Ž„"_} "`} › Œ‰‰”‰Ž‡, ‚”ˆ ”ˆ… •Ž‰–…’“… “ —ˆŒ… Ž„ …–…’™”ˆ‰Ž‡ ‰Ž ‰”. (Œ.ƒ.) "a} › "„‰…Œ“": ˆ.„‰…Œ“/—.‹’Žš,„‰…"b} †’‡…Ž”… „…’ –’“‹’”‰‹…’,‚…’Œ‰Ž 1961 "c} › 5 ARISTOFANOYS BATRAXOI , 340-350 &e} › &f} &g} › Xo. egeire flogea\ lampada\ en xersi gar hkei tinassvn, | &h}q q w Q Q _ q › &i} Iakx v Iakxe, 341 | w > | &j} › nykteroy teleth\ fvsforo\ asthr. &k} q ^ q w q &l} › flogi feggetai de leimvn] Q q &m} Q q › &n} gony palletai gerontvn] 345 q q q &o} › aposeiontai de lypa\ &p} w q Q q &q} › xronioy\ t etvn palaivn eniaytoy\ q w w ^ &r} ^ w Q › ie&s}ra\ ypo tima\. 350 W ^ W Q ^ &t} › (“•’ƒ…: ’‰“”ˆŽ‰“ ƒ…„‰…, ”•“ ‰‰ (“ƒ’‰”’• &u}ƒŒ““‰ƒ’• &v} › ‚‰‚Œ‰”ˆ…ƒ ˜Ž‰…Ž“‰“), ˜†’„, 1978; ‰“‚Ž 0-19-814505-1; .117) &w} › &x} &y} › &z} &{} › ’‰“”ˆŽ…“, †’‡“, ––.340-350, ”’. ‚.‚.’‡…’“ &|} › &}} &~} › ƒˆ’•“: ...ƒ…, ’‰“…, †’ “Œ…… —‹‰Ž‡, &} &€} › ƒ… ”ˆ… †‰…’™ ”’ƒˆ…“ “ˆ‹‰Ž‡ &} › ˆ ‰ƒƒˆ“, ˆ &‚}‰ƒƒˆ“, &ƒ} › ’Ž‰Ž‡ “”’ ”ˆ” “ˆ‰Ž…“” Ž‰‡ˆ”Œ™, &„} &…} › Œ, ”ˆ… …„ ‰“ ‚Œš‰Ž‡ ‚’‰‡ˆ”Œ™, &†} › ‡… †’‡…”“ ‰”“ ™…&‡}’“ Ž„ “„Ž…““, &ˆ} › ‡…„ ‹Ž……“ ƒ•’–…” †’ ‡Œ„Ž…““, &‰} &Š} › Œ‰†” ”ˆ… †Œ“ˆ‰Ž‡ ”’ƒˆ…“ …’ •“, w &‹} › ’“ˆŒŒ ŒŒ ”ˆ… ‚Œ…Œ&Œ}…““ ”’‰Ž, &} › Œ…„, ˆ Œ…„ ”ˆ… —™ ‚…†’… •“... &Ž} &} › (“•’ƒ…: ‡…’‡… …. ™ŒŽ“: …Œ…•“‰“ Ž„ ”ˆ… …Œ…•“‰Ž‰Ž ™“”…’‰…“, &} › ’‰Žƒ…”Ž, Ž…— Š…’“…™, 1974; ‰“‚Ž &‘}0-691-00205-3; .254-255) &’} › $. EYAGGELION KATA LOYKAN 2,1-12 *”} › Egeneto de en tai\ hmerai\ ekeinai\ ejhlue*•}n dogma para Kaisaro\ w q Q w ^ W q w q w ^ q Q q *–} › Aygoystoy apografesuai pasan thn oikoymenhn. ayth apografh prvth w q w q*—} ^ Q w q _ w Q q › ege*˜}neto hgemoneyonto\ th\ Syria\ Kyrhnioy. kai eporeyonto pante\ w q W q ^ q q Q w q *™}q › apografesuai, ekasto\ ei\ thn eaytoy polin. A*š}nebh de kai Ivshf apo w q _ w Q W ^ q w q Q Q w Q w Q *›} › th\ Galilaia\ ek polev\ Nazareu ei\ thn Ioydaian ei\ polin Dayid ^ q w q *œ} Q w Q w q w q Q › hti\ ka*}leitai Bhuleem, dia to einai ayton ej oikoy kai patria\ _ ^ q Q Q > w Q w | Q ^ *ž} › Dayid, apogracasuai syn Mariam th emnhsteymenh ayt*Ÿ}v, oysh egkyv. q w q Q Q ^ w q w ^ | w q [ * } [ [ [ [ › Egeneto de en tv einai aytoy\ ekei eplhsuhsan ai hmerai toy tekein w q Q w ^ > *¡}w Q w ^ w q W W q ^ ^ [ › aythn, kai *¢}eteken ton yion ayth\ ton prvtotokon, kai esparganvsen w q Q | Q WQ w ^ Q q Q w q *£} › ayton kai aneklinen ayton en fatnh, dioti oyk hn aytoi*¤}\ topo\ en tv w Q Q w q w Q w q q w > w ^ q w ^ [ *¥} [ › katalymati. Kai poimene\ hsan en th xvra th ayth agrayloynte\ kai q Q q > *¦} w ^ q ^ w ^ w ^ Q [ [ [ [ › fylassonte\ fyl*§}aka\ th\ nykto\ epi thn poimnhn aytvn. kai aggelo\ q Q ^ Q w Q Q q w ^ Q | *¨} › kyrioy epesth aytoi\ kai doja kyrioy perielamcen aytoy\, k*©}ai q w q w ^ Q q q q w q Q *ª} › efobhuhsan fobon megan. kai eipen aytoi\ o aggelo\] mh fobeisue] w q q q Q > *«} w ^ W | Q ^ › idoy gar eyaggelizo*¬}mai ymin xaran megalhn, hti\ estai panti tv lav, w Q Q w q W ^ Q q _ | Q ^ ^ *­} [ [ › oti etexuh ymin shmeron svthr, o\ estin xristo\ kyrio\, en pol*®}ei _ w q W ^ q q _ w Q q w q *¯} › Dayid. kai toyto ymin shmeion, eyrhsete brefo\ esparganvmenon kai q Q ^ W ^ ^ W q *°} q w q Q › keimenon en fatnh. *±} q w q *²} [ › q (: