`8p NuIMMUNIZED WITH UVK 5.7; NO VIRUS!!puke'(*** B @`  @`! #@%`')+-/1 3@5`79;=?A C@E`GIKMOQS@U`WY[]ac@e`gikmoq s@uy{@`  @`! #@%`')+-/1 3@5`79;=?A C@E`GIKMOQS@U`WY[]ac@e`gikmoq s@uy{BOOK DOC OCHART DOC HCHART PRG ʨeCHART2 DOC R3CHARTF RSC $s_CONTROL ACC bpNDESKTOP INF vDIVI DAT cw FTSE DAT icz& GILTS DAT =c}README NOW  HOW TO INVEST IN STOCKS AND SHARES An Investment Strategy for the UK Stockmarket John F. White. Do you already have investments in shares, or are you just wondering where to begin? In either case, this book is for you. The value of shares continues to outperform all other forms of investment (including property, gilts and building society deposits) over the long term in the UK and in other developed countries, as it has consistently done throughout most of the twentieth century. The prices of shares have completely recovered from their 1987 crash, reaching new peaks in 1990 and 1991 and providing large profits for investors. All the major political parties are in favour of increasing investment in industry, and the Conservative government has tried to expand the numbers of shareholders with a well-publicised programme of privatisations of nationalised industries. And yet the small private investor notoriously has difficulty in matching the achievements of the professional fund managers. He proverbially buys when prices are dear and sells when prices are cheap, and avidly follows tip sheets because of his ignorance about which shares to buy. Or he opts out and buys unit trusts with their high management charges. Or pays expensive commissions to a financial adviser. Or puts all his eggs into one investment basket. It does not have to be like that. The principles of rational investment and diversification of risk have long been known. "How To Invest in Stocks and Shares" combines the elements of rational investment into a Logical Investment Strategy, which is clearly expounded and solves the problem of "which shares shall I buy?". The strategy can be expected to outperform 50% of the professional fund managers in the long run, and the investor does not have to pay himself a six-figure salary. Yet this is not another "Get-Rich-Quick" book. The Logical Investment Strategy requires no special skills, requiring only the spread of risk, the normal workings of the Stockmarket and the passage of time to be effective; in short the strategy relies only on sensible investment and the normal outperformance of the Stockmarket relative to all other forms of investment. No unnecessary risks are taken with the investor's cash - in fact, the author is himself extremely risk-averse. The book provides an extended tutorial about the factors affecting share prices and contains numerous practical examples together with illustrations of documents which are commonly encountered. Technical terms are elucidated, while other investments likely to be of interest to an investor with a balanced portfolio (such as bonds, gilts, traded options, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) and Tax Exempt Special Savings Plans (Tessas) are also given extended treatment. This book, then, is not just an investor's manual. It is intended to be a reference work which will be of value for many years to come. "How To Invest In Stocks and Shares": * Complete Investment Strategy. * Based on practical experience. * Suitable for beginners, as well as more experienced investors. * Reflects latest developments and professional views. * Extensive tutorial. * Practical examples and illustrations of typical documents. * Fully comprehensive with extensive glossary of technical terms. * Deals also with gilts, bonds, PEPs, TESSAs and traded options. * Handy reference manual for long term use. John White (MA PhD) is an experienced private investor, a qualified research scientist and an established computer programmer in the fields of finance (chart analysis and pensions programs) and artificial intelligence (simulations and chess programs). Dr. White is also a share adviser to a private investment company. "How To Invest in Stocks and Shares" by John White. Available from most good bookshops for #7.99. Or direct from the publishers (add #1 for post and packing): HOW TO BOOKS Ltd, Plymbridge House, Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PZ (England). Tel.: (0752) 705251. y. * Based on practical experience. * Suitable for beginners, as well as more experienced investors. * Reflects latest developments and professional views. * Extensive tutorial. * Practical examples and illustrations of typical documents. * Fully comprehensive with extensive glossary of technical terms. * Deals also with gilts, bonds, PEPs, TESSAs and traded options. * Handy reference manual for long term use. John White (MA PhD) is an experienced private investor, a qualified research scientist and an established computer programmer in the fields of finance (chart analysis and pensions programs) and artificial intelligence (simulations and chess programs). Dr. White is also a share adviser to a private investment company. "How To Invest in Stocks and Shares" by John White. Available from most good bookshops for #7.99. Or direct from the publishers (add #1 for post and packing): HOW TO BOOKS Ltd, Plymb CHART - XXX 17/5/93 Chart-XXX is a computer program on disk for the Atari ST range of computers. It is not suitable for the earlier Atari 8-bit models. Chart-XXX is programmed in compiled Basic, using HiSoft's Power Basic. (Note - an alternative version, Chart-CCC, was programmed in 'C'. Owing to C's inability to handle floating-point algorithms efficiently, the latter version is actually SLOWER than Chart-XXX.) PRINCIPLE OF USE: Chart-XXX is intended as a tool to assist financial analysis of market-traded stocks. Regular share prices (eg daily or weekly) should be typed into the program. Adjustable moving averages and the share price are plotted logarithmically versus time. Printouts can be obtained with an Epson-compatible 9-pin dot-matrix printer with bit-mapping (a printer emulator utility may be available in the Public Domain for other printers). The data created can be saved to disk and subsequently reloaded and updated. TO START THE PROGRAM: means 'press "return" key'. Chart-XXX is supplied on a disk with a desktop configuration for low and medium resolution only (the program works in high-res, but the advantage of using colour cannot be seen). The only advantage in using medium resolution arises if a very large amount of data needs to be displayed, while screen print is easier to read in the preferred low resolution used by default. Turn off your computer, insert the program disk, turn on the computer. When the small window appears, double-click with the mouse (left button) on the CHART.PRG icon. After the program has loaded, you will be asked to supply the current date. Clear the existing date by pressing BACKSPACE six times. Enter today's date as DDMMYY . For example, 5th September, 1991 would be entered as: 050991 Wait until the menu bar is displayed on the monitor screen. Remove the program disk, insert a new formatted disk (consult your Atari manual for formatting instructions). THE MOUSE: Use your mouse to select menu options. Certain menu items can alternatively be picked from the keyboard. Press ALT-LETTER together (ie the ALTERNATE key and the appropriate letter key, see items below). THE CURRENT FILE: Just below the menu bar, you will see the following data: CHART-XXX NAME.DAT DAILY DD-MM-YY where NAME.DAT is the name of the file currently in memory (*.DAT if there is no file in memory) and DD-MM-YY refers to the date of the file in memory (if any). MENU OPTIONS: A. DESK Click on the item "About Me" to show current information about CHART-XXX. B. FILE 1. CREATE file (Keyboard: ALT - C). This will enable you to create a new file. Since all previous data will be cleared, you will be asked whether you mean this. Click with the mouse on "OK" to proceed, otherwise you will be returned to the main menu screen. Next, you will be asked to select whether the data is to be accumulated weekly, daily or hourly. Note that your answer means nothing to the program and will not affect any of its calculations. You can pick any option you like, but the program will keep reminding you on later occasions which option you picked. The idea is to prevent you trying to add weekly data to a file that was originally created daily, or vice versa. CREATE allows you to type in your own share price data for a new share listing. It uses the ADD DATA option to add new data to an empty file (See "ADD FILE SUB-MENU", below). 2. EXAMPLE data (Keyboard: ALT - E). This option reads in preprogrammed example data (actually for a fictional company). This data is computed and handled exactly as if you had typed in the data yourself. However, an added feature in the display is a description of important features. You should begin by selecting this option in order to explore the other facilities of CHART-XXX and to acquaint yourself with important chart features. 3. LOAD file (Keyboard: ALT - L). This option loads a named file with the standard GEM file selector. By default, only files with the .DAT extender will be shown as files to be selected. Note that a new LOADed file will overwrite existing data. Be sure to save existing files before LOADing new files. 4. Load ASCII (Keyboard: ALT - X). This provides the option of loading a data file created with a word processor in ASCII form. It is expected to be rarely used. First of all, prepare your data in the form of a series of numbers each separated by . This could be obtained by typing into a word processor, or by input from a modem or even via a teletext adaptor. Then load the file into a word processor to check that the data sequence is correct, and add to the head of the file the date of the file and whether it is weekly, daily or hourly data. It is not necessary to add the number of items present. Example: The following is an acceptable wordprocessor file: 16/04/93 DAILY 101 102 101 100 105 102 etc etc 110 where the numbers represent the share price data (and 'etc etc' means lots more numbers). The first line is the date of the file, and the second states the style of data (weekly, daily or monthly). Now save this file using the ASCII SAVE option of your wordprocessor. Call the file anyname.DOC (DOC stands for document). Finally, load CHART-XXX, press ALT-X, use the file selector to choose the document and save the loaded data as a data file with ALT-S in the usual way. 5. SAVE file (Keyboard: none). The current file of data in memory will be saved to a disk with its existing name. No check is made to see whether a similarly-named file already exists and will be overwritten. The main function of this option is to save quickly a file which has previously been loaded. This menu option is only enabled after a file has been loaded. 6. SAVE AS file (Keyboard: ALT - S). This option saves a file to disk by calling up the standard GEM file selector menu item (see your Atari manual for use). All files saved with this menu item should have the extender .DAT if they are to be read by the default directory. 7. DISK INDEX (Keyboard: ALT - I). Index shows a list of available files on the disk, using the extender .DAT (i.e., only data files with the .DAT extender will be shown from the directory). 8. QUIT (Keyboard: ALT - Q). This option ends the session with CHART-XXX, and returns the user to the GEM desktop. Since this destroys all existing data, you will be asked to confirm the choice with the mouse. C. DATA 1. ADD to file (Keyboard: ALT - A). This option enables you to type in data to a pre-existing file (eg, to a file which you have loaded in from disk). ADD DATA SUB-MENU a. Always shown are the last entry (in brackets), the number (N) of the last entry and the maximum number of entries which you can add to a share price list (maximum is normally 1,000; share price list = your data file). Usually shown is the name of the current file and the date when it was last updated. b. Type the share price in pence into the current cursor position, and press to enter it. Do not enter values of less than 1 (one). Mistakes can be corrected before pressing by using the normal line-editing keys, such as BACKSPACE and DELETE. c. In order to enable you to concentrate on data entry, a ping sounds whenever the new entry varies from the previous one by more than 10% (this will pick up most typing errors). Invariably the ping will sound whenever the very first entry is typed into a new share list. d. Calculator Mode: very simple calculations can be done for you. Eg, for a gilt priced at 101 3/16, type in: 101 + 3 / 16 The calculator recognises the operands +,-,*,/. At most only four operands should be used in any one calculation. Results are rounded to two decimal places. The operands '*' and '/' have priority in the calculation, so that: 1 + 2 / 3 + 4 = 5.67 1 + 2 / 3 * 4 = 3.67 e. If you discover an error AFTER you have pressed , type in -n where 'n' is the number of entries to jump back in order to make the correction. Eg, type in -1 to change the last entry. After making the correction (and ), press again to return to the end of the list. (A figure of '.1' will be shown. This can be ignored.) IMPORTANT: If you do not return to the end of the list with , each entry AFTER the correction will have to be re-entered, to ensure that the data is all entered correctly. f. When you have completed the data entries, type 0 (ie, zero) to force a calculation of data entered. CALCULATION Normally, only the most recently-added entries will have their averages calculated. However, if an earlier entry has been altered (as above), all of the entries will be recalculated. When the calculation is complete, the current slow and fast moving averages will be shown as MS and MF (see Menu Item MISCELL. - Averages), together with the number of entries processed and also the time taken to calculate all the necessary data (usually less than a second or two). 2. DISPLAY to screen (Keyboard: ALT - D). This option shows the graph of logarithmic data (share price, fast and slow moving averages) versus time. Each unit on the horizontal axis corresponds to 10 time units, or 10 data entries (there is no sensible way of dating the axis, since the program has no way of determining when public holidays or other entry gaps occur). The share price data will be drawn as a white or black line (the opposite to the background colour), while the fast moving average will be shown in green and the slow moving average in red. In order that both moving averages appear on the screen to their fullest extent, the first 'N' data entries are not shown, where 'N' corresponds to the number of entries required to make up the slow moving average (this will be 20 by default). It is possible to type a single line of information directly to the screen after it has been displayed, just by typing on the keyboard. This enables comments to be added to the display, eg before printing the screen. 3. PRINT display (Keyboard: ALT - P). This option prints the screen display directly to an Epson compatible 9-pin dot-matrix printer, or to another printer for which you have installed a software emulator for an Epson dot-matrix 9-pin printer. You may need to adjust the paper width, to print properly on the paper. To do this, click on the CONTROL PANEL item on the menu bar (under DESK), then click on the INSTALL PRINTER option. When a sub-menu appears, adjust the item PIXELS/LINE to 1200 for Atari printers, and to 960 for Epson-compatible printers. Then click on 'OK', and finally close the control panel by clicking in the box at the top left corner. (Note: you can carry out this operation on the GEM desktop before loading CHART.PRG. In that case, next click on SAVE DESKTOP to save the printer settings to disk for future use.) The screen is dumped exactly as seen, except that the screen colour is set to black print on white background, then restored to the original colours (see TRANSFORM, below). It is recommended that the keyboard option (ALT-P) is used instead of the mouse selector, since the latter leaves a displayed pop-down menu item on the screen. 4. TRANSFORM colours (Keyboard: ALT - T). This option toggles the screen display from black print on white background to white print on black background and vice-versa. Note that use of the PRINT screen option automatically sets the screen to black print on white during printing, then restores the original colour scheme. D. MISCELL. 1. RATIO (Keyboard: ALT - R). COMPARISON OF TWO FILES. It is sometimes necessary to compare two data files. A well-known example is to calculate the so-called 'yield gap' or 'yield ratio'. This is accomplished with the RATIO option. The procedure for comparing two files is this: a. Using CHART-XXX, create two data files, one called DIVI which comprises average equity yields (typically these will lie in the region of 3 - 7%, and can be obtained from many sources, eg the "Financial Times" newspaper) and the other called GILTS of average long-dated gilt yields (typically 7-12 %). (These are supplied on the program disk.) b. Save each file (DIVI and GILTS) after you have created it. The files need not have the same number of entries, but they MUST have the same last entry dates (so that both files end on the same day) and the data is recorded daily, or weekly, similarly in both cases. c. Select the RATIO menu item from the menu bar (or press ALT-R). d. Use the mouse to pick the ratio, normalised (ratio) or the difference options from the sub-menu. e. Decide which data file has mostly the higher entries (in this example, it will be GILTS). f. Following the screen prompts, load in the larger file (GILTS), then the smaller (DIVI). Alternatively, click on CANCEL in the GEM file selector menu to quit this item before loading either file. If the latest dates of the two files do not match, a warning will be issued. NOTE: 'larger' and 'smaller' refer to the SIZE of the data in the files, not the number of entries in each file. g. When the calculation is complete, the new file can be saved (with a new name, such as DIVIGILT), manipulated, displayed and printed in the usual way. However, for technical reasons, the internal representation of the new file is different to that shown with the display option. Do not attempt to add new data to the file - it will not be consistent. NOTE: For data ratios, the vertical axis of the graph will show 100x the actual value of the data. For normalised data ratios, the vertical axis of the graph is rebased so that the first entry is 100 and other entries are adjusted appropriately. Normalisation gives the same results as the Ratio option, but with the first result adjusted to give a value of 100. This means that percentage changes can easily be seen. For data subtractions, the vertical axis graduations show the actual difference figures. 2. RIGHTS issues/scrip dividend (Keyboard: none). Rights issues and scrip issues have an effect on share prices which must be calculated back to the earliest entry (eg, a 1:1 scrip issue means that all previous data entries must be halved in value to adjust for the value of the shares after the scrip issue). In order to adjust the original share price data, just divide the original data by the appropriate figure (follow the screen prompts). Eg, after a 1 for 4 rights issue, divide the original data by 4/5 (ie by 0.8). Alternatively, type 0 (or any letter) to exit from this menu. 3. ADJUST data (Keyboard: none). TRUNCATE FILE This option removes the earliest entries from an over-full file. There are about 250 trading days in a year, so that there should be enough space in computer memory for 3-4 years of daily data (a maximum of 1,000 entries is allowed). It is recommended that the TRUNCATE option is used after every 500 or so entries to reduce the 500 entries to the 300 most recent ones. First, you will be asked to confirm that you really mean to use this option. Then you will be asked to state the number of days to remove from the beginning of the file. Type in the number (); alternatively type in 0 (or any letter) to exit from this item. 4. Change AVERAGES (Keyboard: none). This option changes the value of the moving averages, from the default 5 and 20 days to any other figures which you select. A dialogue box will be displayed, showing the current settings for the FAST and SLOW moving averages. Click on the appropriate boxes to change the moving averages (use backspace, if necessary). Finally pick either LOGARITHMIC (default) or NORMAL calculation. The Logarithmic option is preferred, but computes more slowly to give a logarithmic display of the share prices (unevenly spaced horizontal axes). Normal computes the display directly, and gives evenly spaced horizontal axes. For a full description of the differences between these options, consult the accompanying 'CHART2.DOC' documentation. The moving averages will be recalculated for all data in the computer memory, and show averages up to the data entry considered. That is, at any point on the graph the n-day moving average will be of the share prices of the previous n days up to and including the nth day. Consequently, the moving average figures entered must be less than the total number of data entries, or nothing will be shown when option DISPLAY is selected. Use of this option provides a good way of completely recalculating all the data already in a file, if you have any doubt about its accuracy (the ADD DATA option usually only recalculates new data, unless earlier data has been modified). If your data file currently has fewer than 20 entries, use of AVERAGES will be ignored (no recalculation). 5. OTHER (Keyboard: ALT - O). The 'Other' menu item is intended to provide entry to any new facilities. At present, its sole use is to clear the screen. SHRIEK!!!: CHART-XXX provides a great deal of error-trapping. But maybe you will have found a way to crash the program that I haven't considered. In that case, you will probably get a large sign up, which says "SHRIEK!!! Error in XYZ module. Save data!". You should AT ONCE save all your data onto a floppy disk to protect all your typing. The program may now still be able to continue, but you are STRONGLY ADVISED to switch off and start all over again (internal stack pointers may have become corrupted, with unpredictable results). DISCLAIMER This program has been created in good faith, but is not guaranteed to be accurate. Decisions involving investment should always be made on the basis of a variety of factors, of which chart (technical) analysis is only one. 46765432357787689767579;@>?=?=>>FIKHIKILNKNPSKHMPIGHJLMMKIFIKIEFHIGIJKLNPORTWYZ[\^`bd_\\^_]Z[\^_adhiiffhjjgeeiigfdb`^\ZZ[Z\__^]^_aa_][YWXYWRPNPHJLFBCEHB?>?ABCDA>=<>@A><;<>@?>?@B@=?DB?CHLJHKPNPSUZ_dgihffilkifdbdb`bdfd_]ZWUWXUQONPRTVZ\_dihghgfghihilrv April 1992DAILYz8<6<><4<| (o*lNN55~N +| <*><=~=A .vB`۠&|`Nq?<NNTNu234545432124476532123444349<2246765432357787689767579;@>?=?=>>FIKHIKILNKNPSKHMPIGHJLMMKIFIKIEFHIGIJKLNPORTWYZ[\^`bd_\\^_]Z[\^_adhiiffhjjgeeiigfdb`^\ZZ[Z\__^]^_aa_][YWXYWRPNPHJLFBCEHB?>?ABCDA>=<>@A><;<>@?>?@B@=?DB?CHLJHKPNPSUZ_dgihffilkifdbdb`bdfd_]ZWUWXUQONPRTVZ\_dihghgfghihilrv April 1992DAILYz8<6<><4<| (o*lNN55~N +| <*><=~=A .vBNN*~=A .v!NN*~ =A .vANN~ =A .v!NN~=A .v!NN*NOLDDATE2< N*NA:*.DAT2< NN*.DAT2< NNDAILY2< N*;|;|BmBm*;|;|;|*;| *NNؒNNv G>;G ;|;|*>- Gf`Nq;|;|;| * m g`Nq;|@;|;|*pNnN CHARTF.RSCrNA./N6NOH*JGg`@Nq*NnNCan't find resource fileNĈN"*~NR*~?~?A./N8POH*;G"* ~?~?A./N8POH* ;G"*!~?~?A./N8POH*!;G"*"Nk*#.-/~?N\OH*$~=N CHART-XXX-~=>-=>-=>-=>-DG^Nv=~N*'~=N CHART-XXX -A .N$-N N$-A .N$-N N$-A .N$N.*(~?~?~?~?~?~RGNv?~?~?~?~?~?~?~?~?~?~?~?~?~?~=A .v!N /~H/A,./A../A0./A2./A`./A8./NOFH*);G^**>-^=~^JGf`(Nq~=A .v!N G>?N TOH*+>-^=~^JGf`Nq*->-` Gg`NqNB*.`Nq>-` G&g`NqNC*/`vNq>-` G g`NqN/h*0`RNq>-` Gg`Nq`gNq*1`.Nq>-` Gg`NqN[R*2` Nq>-` Gg`NqN*3`Nq>-` G.g`NqNd*4`Nq>-` Gg`NqN#(*5`Nq>-` Gg`NqNO:*6`zNq>-` Gg`NqNNx*7`VNq>-` G-g`NqNIr*8`2Nq>-` Gg`NqNE$*9`Nq>-` Gg`NqN4*:`Nq*;~?NTOH*;;G*<>-`=><^;G*=~DGNvN*?>- G g<>-=~0=~9NJGg`$Nq>-=~A=~ZNJGg` Nq`$NqNn>-NNNĈ*@`Nq>- G g >- G,g>- G.g`$NqNn>-NNNĈ*A`Nq>- Gg>- Gg`Nq*BNɢ;G~NɊ;G*CSmNv>-=~NtJGf` Nq;|*D>-=>-=~NX*ENn~ NNNĈ*F>-=>-=~NX*H~N*I~?NTOH*I;G*J mg` Nq`Nq*M`Nq*N`cNq*P`NqNT+L+O*SNM[0][ CHART-XXX |A chart analysis program |written by JOHN F. WHITE][OK]2<N*V>, G g`Nq*W~=N CHART-XXX -A .N$-N N$-A .N$N.*X~=A .v!N G>;G*Y~=A .v!N G>;G*[>- G g`JNqpNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*[;Gb*\`xNq>- Gg`NqNd*]`TNq>- Gg`NqNB^*^`0Nq>- Gg`NqNB*_` Nq>- Gg`NqNC*``Nq>- Gg`NqNE$*a`Nq>- Gg`Nq`aNq*b`Nq>- Gg`NqN#(*c`|Nq>- Gg`NqN*d`XNq>- G g`NqN/h*e`4Nq>- G"g`NqNO:*f`Nq>- Gg`NqNNx*g`Nq>- G&g`NqN[R*h`Nq>- G)g`NqNg*i`Nq>- G*g`NqNQ*j`Nq>- G(g`NqNS*k`\Nq>- G%g`NqN4*l`:Nq>- Gg`NqNIr*m`Nq+OYN+O*p.-/>-?~?NPOH*qN*sN\Nu*u`,NqNT+L+O*vNn.,NĈ*wN\Nu*y`NqNT+L+O*zN9[3][This will destroy all | previous data!][O.K.| CANCEL]2<LN*{pNnAL.rN~?A ./N:NOH*{;G*|>- Gf` Nq`Nq*}~=N CREATE FILEN.*~N:[2][Type of data | to accumulate?][DAILY |WEEKLY| HOURLY ]2<LN*pNnAL.rN~?A ./N:NOH*;G*>- Gg`$NqNHOURLY2< N*`\Nq>- Gg`$NqNWEEKLY2< N*`*Nq>- Gg`NqNDAILY2< N*Bm;mBm~=~=A .vBN -~ ^ *N NONAME.DAT2< N*N*;| *N%|*.-/~?~?NPOH*N\Nu*N[1][ Item No. ->-NJN$-N| not implemented | yet!][OK]N$2<N*pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*;G"*Nu*`^NqNT+L+O*~=N ADD NEW DATAN.*;m*N*N%|*N\Nu*`JNqNT+L+O*~DGNvN*N4~=~=~=~=~N*NnNType '0' to exitNĈN"*Bm *NnNType '-N' to go back N entriesNĈN"*NnA .NĈN NĈA .NĈN NĈA .NĈN"*NnNMax no. of entries = NĈ><N4N"*NnNLast entry was NĈ>-=~=A .vBN G.NvN"*A .2< N* |NN*;mX*RmNv*>-=>-XNVJGf` Nq;mX*AZ./NXOH*.-Z-~NrJGg` Nq`Nq`Nq*`Nq.-Z-.<=NrJGg` Nq`Nq;mXSmNv*`nNq.-Z-.<@N>JGg` Nq`Nq*>-=~=A .vBN -.-Z ^ *.<=-.-ZNfNv+G^*.-Z->-=~DG^Nv=~=A .vBN G.-.-^NNvN>=.-Z->-=~DG^Nv=~=A .vBN G.-.-^NNvNf^JGf`NqN*;|*`hNq.-Z-~NfJGg` Nq`Nq*Bm>-=.-ZN/>Nؐ-.NNvN0GgN-=~NtJGf` Nq;|*>-=>-NNJGf`Nq>-=~DG^Nv;G;| *NnN(NĈ>-=~=A .vBN G.NvN) NĈ*SmNv*`^Nq.-Z-~-.<@NJGg` Nq`:Nq*NnN Value too lowNĈN"*SmNvN* mg`NNq*N*SmNv*NnNMax. no. of entries reachedNĈN"*`xNq*SmNv*~N*N\Nu*N8[3][SHRIEK!!! | Error in ADD module | Save data! ][O.K.]2<N*~N*pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*;G"* |8Nʞ*``NqNT+L+O*;|BmN2<N*Nn>-N4N NĈ~NɊ;G*N? NA.-NƺNNŬ*Nɢ=~DG^Nv;G*A.-NNJGf`Nq.,-.<= ^ `FNq*.,-A.NNvNFNv ^ ., G.-~N>JGf` NqN -A.N$2<N*., G.N.-A.N=., G.-~NJ^JGf` Nq`Nq*A.->-=~N N;G*>-=~0=~9NJGg` Nq`8NqA.-A.->-=~N N$2<N*`Nq>- G.g`8NqA.-A.->-=~N N$2<N*`Nq>- G*g,>- G+g >- G-g>- G/g`Nq*RmNv>-=~NVJGf` Nq`Nq*>-=A .vAN -A.NNvNFNv ^ *>-=A .v!N ->- ^0*N2<N*RmNv*>-=A.N/>H-.NJGf`DNq*RmNv>-=~ NVJGf`Nq.,-.<= ^ `Nq*>-=A .vAN -A.NNvNFNv ^ >-=A .v!N ->< ^0*~=>-=~AN`Nq*>-=A .v!N G> G/g`Nq*A./A./A./A./A ./N"jOH*>-=A .vAN G.-~NRJGf`PNq>-=A .vAN ->-=A .vAN G.->-=A .vAN G.NNv ^ *>-=A .v!N -~ ^0*>-=A .v!N G> G*g`Nq*A./A./A./A./A ./N"jOH*>-=A .vAN ->-=A .vAN G.->-=A .vAN G.NfNv ^ *>-=A .v!N -~ ^0*ANX`Nq*~=>-=~AN`Nq*>-=A .v!N G> G+g`Nq*A./A./A./A./A ./N"jOH*>-=A .vAN ->-=A .vAN G.->-=A .vAN G.NNv ^ *>-=A .v!N -~ ^0*>-=A .v!N G> G-g`Nq*A./A./A./A./A ./N"jOH*>-=A .vAN ->-=A .vAN G.->-=A .vAN G.NNv ^ *>-=A .v!N -~ ^0*ANX`@Nq*.,->-=A .vAN G.-.< 9NNv-.<GNfNvN-.<GNNv ^ *>-=A .v!N -~ ^0*>-=>-=~NX*Nn., G.NvN NĈN"*N\Nu* `NqNT+L+O* .,-., G>RGNv ^0., -~ ^0* ., G>=.,v!N >JGf`Nq., -., G> ^0`:Nq* ., GRPNv*., G>=., G>NVJGf`Nq*N\Nu*`LNqNT+L+O*N9[3][This will destroy all | previous data!][O.K.| CANCEL]2<TN*pNnAT.rN~?A ./N:NOH*;G*>- Gf` Nq`Nq*BmBm~+G;|;|*N4NnNGetting Data...NĈN"*+|0<*NA:*.DAT2< NN EXAMPLE.DAT2< NN A:EXAMPLE.DAT2< N*.--~DGNvNؐNRJGf`TNq*RmNv*A.-NNv ^ >-=~=A .vBN -.- ^ *`Nq*A .-N`NA .-N`N*SmNv;| Bm* N%|*!.-/~?~?NPOH*#N\Nu*3:`NqNT+L+O*4: |.2N*5:Bm*6: m g`*Nq.<Nؒ+G.<DNvNؒ+G;m*7:N4N+Gb*8:NnN"NnNCalc. moving averagesNĈN"*9:NnN Fast, Slow =NĈ>-N4N NĈ>-N4N Number =NĈ>-N4N"*::~+Gf~+Gj*;:>-=>-NlJGf`Nq*<:N.[3][Too few data |to calculate| display][O.K.]2<N*=:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*=:;Gn*>:`Nq*@:~DGNvN*A:>-=>-=~ApN`Nq*C:>-p=~=A .vBN -~ ^ >-p=~=A .vBN -~ ^ *D:>-p=>-N^JGf`Nq*E:~+Gv>-p=>-DG^NvRGNv=>-p=~AzN`HNq*F:.-v->-z=~=A .vBN G.NNv+Gv*G:AzNX`Nq*H:>-p=~=A .vBN -.-v ^ >-p=~=A .vBN G.+Gf*I:~+Gv>-p=>-DG^NvRGNv=>-p=~AzN`HNq*J:.-v->-z=~=A .vBN G.NNv+Gv*K:AzNX`Nq*L:>-p=~=A .vBN -.-v ^ >-p=~=A .vBN G.+Gj*M:` Nq*N:.-f->-p=~=A .vBN G.NNv->-p=>-DG^Nv=~=A .vBN G.NNv+Gf*O:>-p=~=A .vBN -.-f ^ *P:.-j->-p=~=A .vBN G.NNv->-p=>-DG^Nv=~=A .vBN G.NNv+Gj*Q:>-p=~=A .vBN -.-j ^ *S:>-p=~=A .vBN ->-p=~=A .vBN G.->-NؐNNv ^ *T:>-p=~=A .vBN ->-p=~=A .vBN G.->-NؐNNv ^ *U:>-p=~=A .vBN ->-p=~=A .vBN G. ^ *V:;|z*W:>-p=>-z=A .vBN G.-.-N>JGf`$Nq>-p=>-z=A .vBN G.+G*X:>-p=>-z=A .vBN G.-.-NfJGf`$Nq>-p=>-z=A .vBN G.+G*Y:RmzNv mzo@*Z: m g`Nq*[:>-p=~=A .vBN ->-p=~=A .vBN G.NFNv ^ *\:>-p=~=A .vBN ->-p=~=A .vBN G.NFNv ^ *]:>-p=~=A .vBN ->-p=~=A .vBN G.NFNv ^ *_:ApNX`Nq*`:N-.-bNNv+Gb*a:NnNHigh, low values = NĈ.--.< 9NNv-.<GNfNvN-.<GNNvNvNĠ.--.< 9NNv-.<GNfNvN-.<GNNvNvN"*b:NnNCalc. ended. Time = NĈ.-b-.< 9NNv-.<GNfNvN-.<GNNvNvNsecs.NĈN"*d:~N*e:N\Nu*g:N9[3][SHRIEK!!! | Error in CALC module | Save data! ][O.K.]2<N*h:~N*i:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*i:;G"*j: |.Nʞ*l:`xNqNT+L+O*m:NnN"NnNPress RETURN to continueNĈN"*n:N? NA.-NƺNNŬ*o:N\Nu*q:`NqNT+L+O*r: |@N*s:~=NDISPLAY-~=~ =>-=>-=~ DG^Nv=~N*t:>-=>-RGNvNtJGf`Nq*u:N%[3][Too few data | for display][O.K.]2<$N*v:pNnA$.rN~?A ./N:NOH*v:;Gh*w:`Nq*y:.--.-NrJGf`Nq*z:N.[3][Maximum and Minimum | are the same!][O.K.]2<$N*{:pNnA$.rN~?A ./N:NOH*{:;Gh*|:`Nq*~:~DGNvN*:;|j>-=~DG^Nv;Gl;| n>-=~(DG^Nv;Gp*: mg` Nq;|n*: m g`JNq*:.-NFNv-.-NFNvNNv+Gr*:.-NFNv+Gv*:`,Nq*:.--.-NNv+Gr*:.-+Gv*:N3212<$N;|z*:>-l=>-jDG^Nv=>-=>-DG^NvNؐ/>Nؐ-.NNv+G|*:~=~=~=~=~N*:~?NTOH*:>-j=>-p=>-l=>-pN*:~?NTOH*:Bm*:>-G Nv=>-=~ AN`Nq*:RmNv*:>-=~ NVJGf`Nq*:Bm*:>-=>-DG^Nv=.-|/>Nؐ-.NfNv->-jNؐNNvN0GgN-p=>-=>-DG^Nv=.-|/>Nؐ-.NfNv->-jNؐNNvN0GgN-nN*:`Nq*:>-=>-DG^Nv=.-|/>Nؐ-.NfNv->-jNؐNNvN0GgN-p=>-=>-DG^Nv=.-|/>Nؐ-.NfNv->-jNؐNNvN0GgN-p=~DG^NvN*:ANX`XNq*:~?NTOH*:>-j=>-p=>-j=>-nN*:.--.-NNv+G*:.--.<ANfJGg`$Nq.--.<<NN>JGg` Nq`Nq*:N%[3][Range of data is silly | Range = -.-N.N$-N ][O.K.]N$2<$N*:~N*:pNnA$.rN~?A ./N:NOH*:;Gh*:` Nq*:`nNq.--.<JN>JGg` Nq`dNq.--.<DNNv-.<FNNv-.<GNNvN-.<GNfNvN0GgNJGg` Nq`dNq.--.<DNNv-.<CNNv-.<DNNvN-.<DNfNvN0GgNJGg` Nq`HNq.--.<DNNv-.<@NNvNN0GgN-NؐNNvN->-NؐNfNvN0GgN-NؐNNvN->-NؐNfNvN0GgN-=>-^Nv=>-=>-AN`Nq*: m g`Nq*:>-NؐNFNv-.-vNNv->-p=>-nDG^NvNؐNfNv+G*:.--.-NFNv-.-vNNvNNv-.<@NNvNN0GgN-=.-v/>Nؐ-.NNv->-p=>-nDG^NvNؐNfNv+G*:.--.--.-NNvNNv-.<@NNvNN0GgN-p=>-DG^NvGNv;G*:pNn>-=>-DG^NvNJrN>-?>-?A ./NRNOH*:>-j=>-p=>-DG^Nv=>-l=>-p=>-DG^NvN*:ANX`Nq*:~?NTOH*:~ ?NTOH*:;|*:A$.->-=~N NNvN̺Nv;G*:>-=~=>-=~=~N*:>-=>-=A .vBN G.-.-vNNv->-p=>-nDG^NvNؐNfNv-.-rNNv-.<@NNvNN0GgN-p=>-DG^Nv;G*:;mj*:>-RGNv=>-=~AN`PNq*:>-=>-=A .vBN G.-.-vNNv->-p=>-nDG^NvNؐNfNv-.-rNNv-.<@NNvNN0GgN-p=>-DG^Nv;G*:>-=>-DG^Nv=.-|/>Nؐ-.NfNv->-jNؐNNvN0GgN-=>-=>-=>-N*:A.-A.N*:A.-A.N*:ANX`Nq*:RmNv mo*:A .-N EXAMPLE.DATN=>-=~N^^=>-=~N^^=>-=><N^^JGf`Nq*:~=~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNSPEARNĈN"*:~=~ =>-0GgN<=~NXNnNFLAGNĈN"*:~ =~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNWEDGENĈN"*:~=~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNH & SNĈN"*:~=~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNH & SNĈN"*:~=~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNSAUCERNĈN"*:~=~$=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNFLAGNĈN"*:~ =~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNgoldenNĈN"~ =~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNcrossNĈN"*:~=~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNdeadNĈN"~=~=>-0GgN<=~NXNnNcrossNĈN"*:~N~=~=~=~=~N*:N\Nu*:N8[3][SHRIEK!!! | Error in DIS module | Save data! ][O.K.]2<N*:~N*:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*:;G"*: |?Nʞ*:`NqNT+L+O*:A .2<N*:A ./A ./A./NO H*:N4*: mg`Nq*:.-/~?~?NPOH*:A .N-~HޞNv0GgN<;G*:SmNv*:A .->-=~N 2<N*:A.-N\N=A.-N:N^JGf`Nq*:A .-~=>-N -A .N$2< N*:NnA .NĈN"*:`Nq*:A.2< N*:N\Nu*:``NqNT+L+O*:~=NSAVEN.*:A .-NN-=~NtJGf`Nq*:N[3][No file to save!][O.K.]2< N*:pNnA .rN~?A ./N:NOH*:;Gd*:`TNq*:~=NSAVE ASN.*:N@*:>- Gf` Nq`Nq* :NEx* :N\Nu* :`LNqNT+L+O*:~=N LOAD FILEN.*:A .2<N*:N@*:>- Gf` Nq`Nq*:>-JGf`Nq*:N9[3][This will destroy all | previous data!][O.K.| CANCEL]2<N*:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*:;Gf*:>-f Gf`NqA.2< N`Nq*:NG(*:N\Nu*:`LNqNT+L+O*:N4~=N DIRECTORYN.*:A .N*:N\Nu* :`jNqNT+L+O*!:~NöBm*": |FN*#:A .-~=~=><N*$:~Nv>-N4N"~Nv.-NvN"~Nv.-NvN"~Nv>-N4N"*%:~Nv>-N4N"~NvA .NĈN"~NvA .NĈN"*&:~=>-=~AN`FNq*':~Nv>-=~=A .vBN G.NvN"*(:ANX`Nq*):;m**:Bm*,:~Nö*-:N\Nu*/:;|NnNCannot save dataNĈN"*0: |FNʞ*2:`NqNT+L+O*3:~NöBm*4: |HN*5:A .-~=~=><N*6:~NA.-NǢNv ^0~NA.-NNv ^ ~NA.-NNv ^ *7:~NA.-NǢNv ^0~NA.-NǢNv ^0~NA .-NnjN*8:~NA .-NnjN*9:~=>-=~AN`FNq*::~N>-=~=A .vBN -NNv ^ *;:ANX`Nq*<:>-=>-DG^Nv;G*=:Bm*?:~Nö*@:;| N%|*A:N\Nu*C:;|Bm*D:N[3][Cannot load data][O.K.]2<N*E:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*E:;G"*F: |HNʞ*H:`NqNT+L+O*I:~=NLOAD ASCII FILEN.*J:A .2<\N*K:NA:*.DOC2< N*L:N@*M:>- Gf` Nq`Nq*N:>-JGf`Nq*O:N9[3][This will destroy all | previous data!][O.K.| CANCEL]2<dN*P:pNnAd.rN~?A ./N:NOH*P:;G*Q:>- Gf`NqA\.2< N`0Nq*S:NK$*T:.-/~?~?NPOH*V:NA:*.DAT2< N*W:N\Nu*Y:`NqNT+L+O*Z:~NöBm*[: |MN*\:A .-~=~=><N*]:Bm~=~=A .vBN -~ ^ *^:~NA .-NnjN*_:~NA .-NnjN*`:Bm*b:~NNJGg`Nq*c:~NA.-NnjN*d:RmNv*e:A.NNvNFNv+G*f:.--.< 9NNv-.<GNfNvN-.<GNNv+G*g:.--.<@NfJGf` Nq;|*h:>-=~=A .vBN -.- ^ *i:`Nq*j: mg`Nq*k:;|Bm*l:N[3][Not data file!][O.K.]2<N*m:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*m:;G*n:``Nq*p:>-=>-DG^Nv;G*q:Bm*r:;| N%|*s:NnA .NĈNĠA .NĈN"*u:~Nö*v:N\Nu*x:;|*y:N[3][Cannot load data][O.K.]2<N*z:~N*{:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*{:;G"*|: |MNʞ*~:`NqNT+L+O*:~?~DGNv?NۊXOH*:;G*:>-?~DGNv?NۊXOH*:;G*:~?>-?NۊXOH*:;G*:>-?>-?NۊXOH*:;G*:N\Nu*:`NqNT+L+O*:Bm*: |PN*:+| <*:;|*:A.-NNv ^0*:~=A .v!N ->-HޞNv->-N ^*:RmNv m o*:~=A .v!N +G*:~?><w?NۊXOH*:;G*:>-?~?NۊXOH*:;G*:~DGNvN*:.--~NT*:~N*:~?>-?NۊXOH*:;G*:>-?>-?NۊXOH*:;G*:NnNPRINTING ENDEDNĈN"*:N\Nu*:;|*:N$[3][Printer does not respond!][O.K.]2<N*:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*:;G"*: |PNʞ*:`NqNT+L+O*:~=NSCRIP - RIGHTSN.*:N4*:NnNSCRIP ISSUE / RIGHTSNĈN"NnN"*:NnN.Enter value by which to divide value of sharesNĈN"*:NnNEnter 0 to quit this optionNĈN"*:N? NA|.-NƺNNŬA|.NNvNFNv+G*:.--~N>JGf`Nq*:~=>-=~A N`rNq*:>- =~=A .vBN ->- =~=A .vBN G.-.-NNv-.<ANNvN ^ *:A NX`Nq*:Bm;| *:N%|*:`NqN4*:N\Nu*:`NqNT+L+O*:~=NCHANGE AVERAGESN.*:N4*:;|;|;m*:>-=.<D/>Nؐ-.NNvNN0GgN-=>- 0GgN-=.<D/>Nؐ-.NNvNN0GgN-=>- 0GgN-G0NvNN->-G0NvNNN$2<N*:>-G0NvNN->-G0NvNNN$2<N*:.-->-0GgN-0GgNNؐ+G:.-6 G>Nؐ+G>*:;|B*:.-.->-BHޞNv-~HDޞNv-A.->-B=~N NN ^*:.-2->-BHޞNv-~HDޞNv-A.->-B=~N NN ^*:RmBNv mBod*:.-.-~HޞNv-~N ^.-2-~HޞNv-~N ^*:.-/AH./AJ./AL./AN./NtOH*:~?~?~?~?~?>-H?>-J?>-L?>-N?NJOH*:.-/~?~?>-H?>-J?>-L?>-N?NOH*:;GP*:.-/>-?N\OH*:;G *:~?~?~?~?~?>-H?>-J?>-L?>-N?NJOH*:.-"-.-:N0GgNN0GgN-BHޞNv G~;GR*:.-2->-BHޞNv G~;GT*:A.->-RNNN$2<NA.->-TNNN$2<N*:RmBNv mBof*:A.NNvN̺Nv;GA.NNvN̺Nv;G*:>-=~NtJGf`Nq*:N4*:`Nq*:>-=>-=~ DG^NvNV=>-=>-=~ DG^NvNV^JGf`~Nq*:N[1][Value too high][O.K.]2<N*:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*:;GV*:`Nq*:>-=~Nt=>-=>-Nl^JGf`|Nq*:N[1][Value too low][O.K.]2<N*:pNnA.rN~?A ./N:NOH*:;GV*:` Nq*:Bm;| *:N%|*:;m*:N\Nu*:` NqNT+L+O*:~=NRATIO-DIFFERENCEN.*:N>[2][Ratio or difference | of files?][RATIO | NORMAL.|SUBTRACT]2<,N*:pNnA,.rN~?A ./N:NOH*:;G*:>- Gg`"NqNDIFF2<4N*:`\Nq>- Gg`$NqNNORMAL2<4N*:`*Nq>- Gg`NqNRATIO2<4N*:N4Bm*:NnNLoad file with LARGER numbersNĈN"*:NnN"NnN#Then load file with SMALLER numbersNĈN"*:~=NLoad LARGER FileN.*:N@*: mg` Nq`Nq*:;|A./NeXOH*: mg`NqNN4`vNq*:A .2<-=>-DG^Nv;G*:;m*:~=NLoad SMALLER FileN.*:N@*: mg`Nq;| N%|*:`Nq*:;|A./NeXOH*: mg`NqNN4`bNq*:A .-A<.N-=>-NtJGf` Nq;m*:><'DGNvNؐ+G*:NnN"NnNCalculating dataNĈN"*:~=>-=~DG^Nv=~AN`ZNq*:>-=>-DG^Nv=~=A .vBN G.+G*:>-=>-DG^Nv=~=A .vBN G.+G*:~d=.-/>Nؐ-.NfNv-.-NNv+G*:A4.-NDIFFNJGf`vNq*:.--.-NNv+G*:.--.-N>JGf` Nq.-+G*:.--.-N>JGf` Nq.-+G*:`bNq*:~d=.-/>Nؐ-.NfNv-.-NNv-.< 9NNv-.<GNfNvN-.<GNNv+G*:>-=>-DG^Nv=~=A .vBN -.- ^ *:>-=>-DG^Nv=~=A .vBN -~ ^ * :>-=>-DG^Nv=~=A .vBN G.+G>-=>-DG^Nv=~=A .vBN G.+G*!:ANX`Nq*":A4.-NNORMALNJGf`Nq*#:>-=~=A .vBN G.+G*$:~=>-=~AN`Nq*%:>-=~=A .vBN ->-=~=A .vBN G.-.<GNfNv-.-NNv-.< 9NNv-.<GNfNvN-.<GNNv ^ *&:ANX`lNq*(:A4.-NDIFFNJGf`Nq*):~=>-=~AN``Nq**:>-=~=A .vBN ->-=~=A .vBN G.-.-NNv ^ *+:ANX`Nq*,:.--.<\@NNvNN0GgN<N*::~NA.-NǢNv ^0~NA.-NNv ^ ~NA.-NNv ^ *;:~NA.-NǢNv ^0~NA.-NǢNv ^0~NA .-NnjN*<:~NA .-NnjN*=:~=>-=~AN`Nq*>:~N>-=., G>=A .vBN -NNv ^ >-=~=A .vBN ->-=., G>=A .vBN G. ^ *?:ANX`Nq*@:>-=>-DG^Nv;G*B:~Nö*C:N*D:N\Nu*F:;|*G:NnNCannot load dataNĈN"*H: |gNʞ*K:`NqNT+L+O*L:~=N ADJUST DAYSN.*M:N8[2][Adjust number of days | Are you SURE?][ OK | CANCEL]2<lN*N:pNnAl.rN~?A ./N:NOH*N:;G*O:N4*P:>- Gf` Nq`.Nq*R:~=~=~NX*S:NnNNo. of entries is currently NĈ>-N4N"*T:NnNNo. of time units to move down?NĈN"*U:NnNType '0' to exitNĈN"NnN"*V:N? 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Charts are prepared by chartists ('Technical Analysts', as they like to be called) and are essentially based on the herd instinct ("mob psychology"). What some people did yesterday, others will do today. The fundamental principles of chart analysis are these: 1. You record the share price of any stock for as long as possible, but always including the most recent prices. The price can be measured in time units of weeks, days or hours, but you decide and keep to your choice of time interval. 2. A 'Fast' and a 'Slow' "moving average" are plotted from the share price data. These moving averages measure trends in buying or selling patterns. The Fast average is typically the average share price of the last five time units (including today). The Slow moving average is typically CHART ANALYSIS by J.F.White. Looking at charts of share prices is one of the more fashionable ways for making decisions by traders in the Stock Exchange, Futures and Commodities markets. Charts are prepared by chartists ('Technical Analysts', as they like to be called) and are essentially based on the herd instinct ("mob psychology"). What some people did yesterday, others will do today. The fundamental principles of chart analysis are these: 1. You record the share price of any stock for as long as possible, but always including the most recent prices. The price can be measured in time units of weeks, days or hours, but you decide and keep to your choice of time interval. 2. A 'Fast' and a 'Slow' "moving average" are plotted from the share price data. These moving averages measure trends in buying or selling patterns. The Fast average is typically the average share price of the last five time units (including today). The Slow moving average is typically the average price of the last twenty time units. Another popular combination is Fast = 20 and Slow = 50. Thus, while the share price may be very volatile, the Fast moving average will show fewer fluctuations, while the Slow moving average will be quite steady. 3. Plots of the Fast and Slow moving averages versus time are then compared. Where the Fast is about to cross the Slow, and both are rising, then (the chartists say), you should seriously consider buying the stock in question. If the Fast looks likely to cross the Slow, and both are falling, you should consider selling. There are many other features of charts, but these are two of the most informative. Other features beloved by chartists - e.g. saucers, wedges, triangles, head-and-shoulders, flags and so on, can also be analysed. These are illustrated by use of the EXAMPLE command, and are described below. For further analysis, that well-known guide, "How to Make Money with Charts" (T.H. Stewart, Woodhead-Faulkner, Cambridge (UK), 28 pounds) is essential reading. The magazine "Investor's Chronicle" also devotes a weekly article to the subject. It is worth emphasising that it is only the SHAPE of the chart which counts. The time scale is irrelevant, except insofar as it tells you how long you have to react. Hence it is not necessary to enter times or dates for use along the time axis - the axis is marked only in divisions of ten time units (weekends and bank holidays are ignored). One important point to remember when using charts is the scale of the graph. If a share price doubles in value every year, it will rapidly explode out of a normal chart of share price versus time. It is therefore customary to plot the logarithm of share price versus time. Then, a constant doubling of price means only that the graph rises calmly and steadily upwards. This important feature has been taken into account in the program provided here (CHART.XXX). USE OF PROGRAM First, you must amass your data. Write down hourly, daily or weekly share prices, as you think appropriate, until you have sufficient information (at least 50 items of data). You can get this information from many newspapers, Ceefax and Teletext. Having acquired your data for the stock in which you are interested, decide on how long the Fast and Slow moving averages should be. The pre-set values are Fast (MF) = 5 time units, and Slow (MS) = 20 time units. These user limits may be altered through the menu option MISCELL.-AVERAGES. Some chartists prefer to use Fast and Slow times of respectively 20 and 50 time units. It is important to keep the file up-to-date if it is to have any predictive value. For this purpose, use menu option DATA-ADD. Normally you will just add data in the form of numbers, but occasionally it will be helpful to add formulae. For example, gilts are often expressed as (eg) #121 3/16. Instead of having to work out this figure by hand as a decimal, just type in 121+3/16 , and the computed figure will be shown on the screen and entered into the database. DATA ACQUISITION AND ENTRY Data has to be entered frequently into the program if it is to serve any useful purpose. This can be a slow and tedious job. It must be emphasised that the primary purpose of chart analysis can be achieved by the SHAPE of the graph. It is not necessary to date the axes, or add any other information. Other chart features can be of interest - eg volumes of shares sold each day - but these require yet more data entry. I have made the decision to restrict the amount of data entry as far as practical (effectively restricted to entering share prices only) and to make that data entry as efficient as possible (no filling in dialogue boxes!). Any further options require so much typing as to become rapidly self-defeating - just typing in dates can wear you out quickly! The alternative is automatic data entry. Share prices for many companies are available from TELETEXT, and teletext to computer adaptors are known. Again, though, the adaptor and computer have to be switched on each and every day to get data in this way and the results have to be separated for the program to handle each entry. I don't like the idea of leaving a teletext adaptor and computer turned on permanently for automatic data acquisition - too much of a potential fire hazard. However, CHART-XXX does contain an option to load the right kind of ASCII files for those who want to experiment with other methods of data entry. You will almost certainly need a word processor to manipulate the necessary ASCII files. AN EXAMPLE To begin with, an example data set has been provided in the program. Call up this set through the menu option "FILE - EXAMPLE" (Click on the menu-bar item entitled FILE, then on the item called EXAMPLE). The example set actually represents a fictional list of share prices, with an exaggerated number of chart features. Usually chart features occur much less frequently. When the calculation is finished, click on the display option (DATA - DISPLAY); alternatively, press the two keys ALTERNATE - D together. Three plots are shown. The one in white (or black) is the plot of share prices, while the green band shows the fast moving average and the red plot represents the slow moving average. If you look at the axes of the chart, you will observe that the vertical scale is uneven. It is, in fact, logarithmic as previously described. The horizontal scale is linear, and is divided into groups of ten time units. These are unlabelled, since the units (hours, days or weeks) and time of start are not known. You will observe that the share price bubbles up and down much more than the moving averages - the Slow moving average shows the least fluctuation - and this type of behaviour is quite common when considering individual shares. In general, the program will prove to be more interesting (useful?) with individual shares, rather than with unit trusts, where, owing to the number of shares held, differences between unit price movements become averaged out. Now observe just the moving average lines. Note how the Fast average crosses and recrosses the Slow average in several places. When both are moving in the same direction, that (say the chartists) is when, subject to numerous ifs, buts and maybes, you should buy (GOLDEN CROSS - both rising) or sell (DEAD CROSS - both falling). Moving averages can also serve as TREND-LINES. When the share price falls through a steadily rising moving average, the trend is likely to be reversed (ie, the share price will continue to drop). The reverse, when a share price rises through a falling moving average, is also likely to be true. A number of other common features of technical analysis are shown in the Example data and diagram. Proceeding from left to right: To the left is a SPEAR, a very short-lived surge of enthusiasm for the shares which fell swiftly away (usually caused by an external event, which rapidly disappeared). Spears usually vanish too quickly for investor action. * * * SPEAR * ***** **** Then there is a FLAG, a period of fluctuating indecision after a steep rise in share price. "The flag flies at half mast". This famous saying means that a continuation upwards from the flag, if it occuurs at all, may proceed a distance as far as the rise to the flag. *** * * **** * * *** FLAG * * * ***** A WEDGE follows. Drawing two lines touching the peaks and bottoms will give a falling wedge shape, falling from top left to bottom right. This usually heralds a rise about one third of the way before the tip of the wedge is reached. Reversed wedges are also common, where the share price drops down out of a rising wedge. * * * WEDGE * * * * * * * * TRIANGLES are similar to wedges, but one of the two long sides is horizontal. Again, rising and falling triangles are known. These presage an imminent steep change in share price, but the trend may be unpredictably in either direction. * * * TRIANGLE * * * * * * Two HEAD AND SHOULDERS (H & S) patterns appear further to the right. The first is much broader than the second. These characteristic patterns herald a continuation of a fall which has proceeded from below the neckline by an amount roughly equal to the fall from the tip of the head to the bottom of the neck. * head * * * shoulders ***** neck-line * * * * expected fall to here. A SAUCER separates the two head-and-shoulders patterns, again a typical rounding shape suggesting an imminent steep rise. * * * * * * ** ** SAUCER * * * * * * * * * * * ***** * * * * * To the far right is another FLAG, predicting a steep rise beyond that which has already occurred. All these features are REVERSIBLE, that is, they may be seen upside down on a share price chart with opposite consequences. For example, an inverted SAUCER would herald a steep drop in share price. In the middle of the Example chart can be seen a golden cross and a dead cross (explained above). It is even better if the Fast moving average starts above the Slow, approaches the Slow, and then both move upwards without crossing - this is taken as a very bullish sign. Conversely, a failure to cross when both moving averages are declining is likely to be particularly disastrous. + * + * + * + * + * + * +* +* *+ +* * + + * DEAD CROSS RAPID DROP (* = SLOW M.A. + = FAST M.A.) The example chart is that of a fictional company, selected to point up several common chart features. In practice, such features are seen very rarely. The golden rule is that chart features must be apparent at first sight. If you have to examine a chart closely to spot a feature, then probably it does not really exist. This brief account gives only the barest outline of technical analysis. Recourse should be made for further details to some of the published work, such as T.H. Stewart's book referred to above. IN CONCLUSION / DISCLAIMER Lastly, do please remember that this program is intended as an AID to financial analysis. This program has been created in good faith, but is not guaranteed to be accurate. Many other factors influence the movement of share prices and this program should not be used by itself to make investment decisions. Chartists rarely agree among themselves as to the significance of chart features (so a certain amount of self-help will be necessary) and this programmer makes very little use of charts, being somewhat pessimistic as to their predictive values. Remember: "The price of shares can go down as well as up". The author's book "How To Invest in Stocks and Shares", published in January 1992, is available from many good bookshops for only #7.99. Alternatively, it can be purchased directly from the publishers, How To Books Ltd, Plymbridge House, Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PZ (England). Tel: 0752 705251 (add #1 for postage and packing).  2  9 $BFBBF$FB;  Desk File Data Miscell. 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ControlXon/Xoff:Rts/Cts:19200NoneOddEvenFullHalf8765OnOffOnOffOnOffOKCancel1920096004800360024002000180012006003002001501341107550 CONTROL PANEL EMULATOR Control Panel,      8P&0                                                  "                    &<$,"(&,   . 4 , :   ^       jP Pp:"(" VD,  D0 ,       &*," ( *( *`,         D0>@H   $ $                          *prRH0000`x000000000H000000H 9.47 9.48 9.38 9.38 9.4 9.4 9.48 9.84 9.84 9.8 9.81 9.7 9.64 9.53 9.51 9.37 9.35 9.32 9.29 9.38 9.44 9.95 9.56 9.58 9.72 9.65 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.85 9.7 9.65 9.69 9.78 9.93 10.14 10.25 10.3 10.38 10.53 10.63 10.98 11.15 11.52 1#a000000 #b001100 #c0007777000600070055200505552220770557075055507703111103 #d #E D8 11 #W 00 00 10 05 15 11 08 A:\*.*@ #W 00 00 0A 03 1D 15 00 @ #W 00 00 0A 0F 1A 09 00 @ #W 00 00 0E 01 1A 09 00 @ #M 00 00 00 FF A FLOPPY DISK@ @ #M 00 01 00 FF B FLOPPY DISK@ @ #T 00 03 02 FF TRASH@ @ #F FF 04 @ *.*@ #D FF 01 @ *.*@ #G 03 FF *.APP@ @ #G 03 FF *.PRG@ @ #P 03 FF *.TTP@ @ #F 03 04 *.TOS@ @  4.32 4.45 4.38 4.62 4.75 4.76 4.57 4.62 4.51 4.51 4.58 4.63 4.64 4.58 4.5 4.52 4.45 4.51 4.46 4.49 4.55 4.56 4.48 4.59 4.6 4.78 4.83 4.88 4.83 4.7 4.68 4.64 4.64 4.6 4.63 4.71 4.79 4.77 4.9 5.01 5.12 5.12 5.1 5.04 4.95 4.81 4.7 4.49 4.34 4.34 4.36 4.48 4.42 4.39 4.48 4.54 4.5 4.56 4.59 4.58 4.45 4.41 4.42 4.29 4.47 4.56 4.54 4.56 4.44 314 1.826161 1.10194 5 20 03/03/93 WEEKLY 4.1 3.95 3.76 3.75 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.67 3.63 3.79 3.83 3.87 3.69 3.53 3.47 3.39 3.4 3.38 3.29 3.24 3.26 3.19 3.09 3.01 3.12 3.12 3.24 3.34 3.28 3.27 3.33 3.2 3.19 3.14 3.17 4.37 4.55 4.84 4.69 4.82 4.73 4.93 4.72 4.55 4.53 4.37 4.33 4.4 4.34 4.5 4.5 4.51 4.49 4.32 4.45 4.38 4.62 4.75 4.76 4.57 4.62 4.51 4.51 4.58 4.63 4.64 4.58 4.5 4.52 4.45 4.51 4.46 4.49 4.55 4.56 4.48 4.59 4.6 4.78 4.83 4.88 4.83 4.7 4.68 4.64 4.64 4.6 4.63 4.71 4.79 4.77 4.9 5.01 5.12 5.12 5.1 5.04 4.95 4.81 4.7 4.49 4.34 4.34 4.36 4.48 4.42 4.39 4.48 4.54 4.5 4.56 4.59 4.58 4.45 4.41 4.42 4.29 4.47 4.56 4.54 4.56 4.44 4.5 4.43 4.29 4.27 4.25 4.21 4.01 4 3.99 3.97 3.95 4.11 4.17 4.31 4.4 4.51 4.66 4.92 4.73 4.67 4.73 4.85 4.65 4.58 4.59 4.57 4.45 4.38 4.47 4.57 4.62 4.61 4.7 4.7 4.94 4.95 4.99 4.9 4.92 5.06 5.13 5.13 5.19 5.47 5.35 5.32 5.13 5.11 4.92 4.89 4.8 4.84 4.87 4.97 4.93 4.88 5.06 5.21 5.4 5.61 5.85 5.59 5.78 5.76 6.17 6.21 5.76 5.89 5.9 5.99 6.09 6.05 5.96 5.63 5.73 5.61 5.65 5.68 5.7 5.79 5.81 5.81 5.83 5.64 5.45 5.25 5.21 5.04 4.95 4.89 5 4.94 4.8 4.84 4.86 4.97 4.87 4.87 4.96 4.94 4.9 4.88 4.82 4.88 5.04 4.93 4.91 4.83 4.74 4.7 4.73 4.65 4.59 4.56 4.55 4.67 4.66 4.68 4.65 4.75 4.66 4.78 4.93 4.96 5.03 5.23 5.04 5.09 4.96 5.12 5 4.8 4.8 4.67 4.7 4.58 4.69 4.68 4.63 4.5 4.53 4.64 4.7 4.69 4.79 4.49 4.43 4.41 4.38 4.26 4.34 4.32 4.36 4.46 4.56 4.61 4.69 4.8 4.78 4.98 5.17 5.12 5.23 5.14 5.1 5.29 5.15 5.17 4.69 4.62 4.72 4.73 4.69 4.5 4.53 4.46 4.48 4.41 4.38 4.43 4.5 4.38 4.27 4.34 4.39 4.39 4.35 4.27 4.31 4.25 4.22 1791 1738 1734 1730 1767 1834.5 1812 1856 1768 1743 1780 1779 1772 1802 1801 1782 1770 1784 1819 1850 1850 1871 1858 1877 1862 1845 1854 1876 1843 1844 1771 1747 1738 1767 1792 1826 1845 1841 1859 1858 1834 1803 1823 1800 1765 1751 1774 1774 1793 1811 1862 1918 2006 2070 2056 2043 2020 2059 2085 2073 2057 2075 2046 2054 2061 2118 2133 2136 22 317 7.96137 7.367077 5 20 03/03/93 WEEKLY 1681 1752 1789 1808 1898 1898 1962 1979 1998 2000 2018 2049 2000 1937 1949 2001 2069 2126 2190 2168 2203 2229 2290 2266 2291 2382 2429 2347 2361 2295 2206 2250 2275 2261 2328 2343 2382 2367 2000 1795 1750 1621 1678 1633 1652 1583 1652 1717 1713 1773 1787 1771 1791 1738 1734 1730 1767 1834.5 1812 1856 1768 1743 1780 1779 1772 1802 1801 1782 1770 1784 1819 1850 1850 1871 1858 1877 1862 1845 1854 1876 1843 1844 1771 1747 1738 1767 1792 1826 1845 1841 1859 1858 1834 1803 1823 1800 1765 1751 1774 1774 1793 1811 1862 1918 2006 2070 2056 2043 2020 2059 2085 2073 2057 2075 2046 2054 2061 2118 2133 2136 2204 2140 2103 2142 2144 2168 2151 2189 2274 2283 2306 2328 2354 2375 2397 2408 2424 2367 2370 2299 2278 2234 2179 2082 2173 2217 2221 2222 2311 2364 2345 2362 2423 2445 2380 2335 2314 2355 2314 2326 2237 2255 2250 2264 2284 2248 2221 2221 2187 2107 2162 2176 2269 2267 2371 2378 2392 2379 2375 2340 2382 2400 2330 2285 2234 2177 2086 2163 2123 2094 2025 1990 2144 2100 2089 2063 2031 2041 2068 2170 2149 2183 2168 2164 2160 2126 2106 2103 2103 2166 2245 2297 2314 2387 2455 2494 2441 2456 2545 2526 2520 2471 2523 2524 2454 2471 2500 2506 2522 2488 2415 2485 2497 2542 2589 2602 2571 2621 2641 2646 2667 2626 2600 2599 2625 2555 2601 2515 2549 2559 2547 2446 2420 2389 2452 2358 2419 2504 2478 2537 2510 2571 2517 2514 2542 2562 2533 2476 2457 2448 2383 2573 2639 2643 2660 2726 2683 2715 2708 2669 2604 2585 2534 2497 2491 2432 2377 2400 2350 2357 2366 2313 2362 2371 2567 2601 2550 2541 2564 2670 2658 2703 2698 2732 2760 2759 2716 2790 2846 2799 2765 2781 2807 2863 2843 2840 2868 9.08 9.07 9.01 9.19 9.19 9.17 9.2 9.3 9.34 9.51 9.47 9.48 9.38 9.38 9.4 9.4 9.48 9.84 9.84 9.8 9.81 9.7 9.64 9.53 9.51 9.37 9.35 9.32 9.29 9.38 9.44 9.95 9.56 9.58 9.72 9.65 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.85 9.7 9.65 9.69 9.78 9.93 10.14 10.25 10.3 10.38 10.53 10.63 10.98 11.15 11.52 1 272 2.489065 2.113843 5 20 03/03/93 WEEKLY 9.17 9.33 9.54 9.7 9.7 9.55 9.76 9.61 9.46 9.33 9.41 9.51 9.28 9.22 9.24 9.11 9.17 9.2 9.03 9.08 9.07 9.12 9.23 9.28 9.22 9.28 9.29 9.32 9.21 9.33 9.48 9.57 9.53 9.53 9.56 9.46 9.35 9.32 9.36 9.59 9.65 9.6 9.59 9.47 9.35 9.2 9.24 9.19 9.12 9.18 9.25 9.25 9.3 9.33 9.36 9.37 9.3 9.39 9.23 9.24 9.14 8.99 9.08 9.07 9.01 9.19 9.19 9.17 9.2 9.3 9.34 9.51 9.47 9.48 9.38 9.38 9.4 9.4 9.48 9.84 9.84 9.8 9.81 9.7 9.64 9.53 9.51 9.37 9.35 9.32 9.29 9.38 9.44 9.95 9.56 9.58 9.72 9.65 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.86 9.85 9.7 9.65 9.69 9.78 9.93 10.14 10.25 10.3 10.38 10.53 10.63 10.98 11.15 11.52 11.43 11.29 11.52 11.68 12.05 11.43 11.19 11.03 11.21 11.01 11.08 10.81 10.72 10.77 11.06 10.88 10.87 10.82 11.03 11.19 11.47 11.39 11.11 11.25 11.18 11.11 11.19 10.63 10.93 11.07 10.94 10.98 11.01 10.91 10.57 10.38 10.17 10.15 10.36 10.11 10.11 9.92 9.95 9.8 9.79 9.68 9.7 9.88 9.79 9.98 9.89 9.79 9.66 9.82 9.88 9.92 9.93 9.92 10.11 10.09 10.1 10.19 10.2 10.19 10.17 9.97 9.97 9.98 9.94 9.81 9.78 9.8 9.73 9.71 9.56 9.41 9.3 9.4 9.42 9.49 9.57 9.56 9.57 9.46 9.49 9.7 9.64 9.51 9.35 9.4 9.45 9.36 9.32 9.17 9.23 9.19 9.17 9.17 9.16 9.11 9.35 9.54 9.6 9.67 9.7 9.13 9.03 9.07 9 9.04 8.94 8.79 8.770001 8.97 9.01 9.05 9 8.78 8.8 8.92 8.89 9.06 9.04 8.99 9.02 9.34 8.99 8.94 9.02 9.24 9.39 9.32 8.97 8.82 8.58 8.56 8.61 8.75 8.81 8.73 8.64 8.66 8.66 8.71 8.770001 8.75 8.61 8.53 8.41 8.3 8.28 he familiar control panel 4. DESKTOP.INF - to configure the desktop 5. CHART.DOC - the manual 6. CHART2.DOC - a brief description of technical analysis 7. README.NOW - this text file 8. FTSE.DAT - the FTSE index, compiled weekly 9. GILTS.DAT - long-term yields for gilts, compiled weekly 10. DIVI.DAT - dividend yields of the FT30 index, compiled weekly Print out the two documents before proceeding any further. README TEXT 25th April 1993 CHART-XXX is a program containing the following list of files: 1. CHART.PRG - the main program 2. CHARTF.RSC - contains a resource file 3. CONTROL.ACC - the familiar control panel 4. DESKTOP.INF - to configure the desktop 5. CHART.DOC - the manual 6. CHART2.DOC - a brief description of technical analysis 7. README.NOW - this text file 8. FTSE.DAT - the FTSE index, compiled weekly 9. GILTS.DAT - long-term yields for gilts, compiled weekly 10. DIVI.DAT - dividend yields of the FT30 index, compiled weekly Print out the two documents before proceeding any further.