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In case yz}ou've just landed from Mars, or just plain haven't heardyet, TURBO BASIC is the exciting new Public Domain Basic Interpreter{} thatwe received from the Atari Users Group in Holland. It works on the XL orXE series of Atari computers. It's almost to|}o good to be true and shouldbe a definite must for all XE or XL Atari owners. Turbo BASIC, in addition to offering 42 }}more commands and 22 morefunctions than Atari BASIC, gives the user 1603 more bytes of programspace by "hiding" part of its~}elf under the XL/XE's operating system. Italso runs 3 times faster than Atari BASIC, includes most DOS commands,has advanc}ed graphics and programming functions, and is insensitive tolower case or inverse characters for most commands.TURBO BASI}C COMMANDS:==================== Name Syntax Description Disk I/O -------- BLOAD BLOAD "D:name"}Binary loads file name (DOS option L with /N). BRUN BRUN "D:name"Binary load and run file name (DOS option L).} DELETE DELETE "D:name"Deletes the file name (DOS option D). DIR DIRDisk directory (DOS option A). } DIR "Dn:*.*"Directory of drive #n, note that wildcard extenders may be used. LOCK LOCK "D:name"Locks} the file name (DOS option F). RENAME RENAME "D:old,new"Renames the file name (DOS option E). UNLOCK UNLOCK} "D:name"Unlocks the file name (DOS option G). Graphics CIRCLE CIRCLE x,y,rPlots a circle with center at x},y and radius r. CIRCLE x,y,r,r2R2 is an optional "vertical radius" for true circles or ellipses. CLS } CLSClears the screen. CLS #6Clear screen opened in channel 6. FCOLOR FCOLOR nDetermines fil}l color. FILLTO FILLTO x,yA fill command analagous to the BASIC commands "POSITION x,y: XIO18,#6,0,0,"S:" PAI}NT PAINT x,yAnother type of fill command, this one is a recursive routine that willfill any closed object as long as x},y are inside it. TEXT TEXT x,y,a$Bit-blocks text in a$ at x,y. Memory ------ DPOKE DPOKE m,v}Pokes location m,m+1 with 2-byte integer v: (0 <= v <= 65535). MOVE MOVE m,m1,m2Block transfer; moves m2 (numbe}r of bytes) from starting position m tonew starting position m1. -MOVE -MOVE m,m1,m2Same as MOVE but copies start}ing with the last byte of the block. BPUT BPUT #n,adr,lenBlock Put; same as: FOR I=0 TO len-1:PUT #n,PEEK (adr+I)}:NEXT I BGET BGET #n,adr,lenBlock Get; same as: FOR I=0 TO len-1:GET #N,A:POKE (adr+I):NEXT I %PUT %PUT} #n,aUntil now, there was no convenient way to put numeric values onto diskor cassette files other than by using PRINT, wh}ich converted them tostrings first, a slow and cumbersome process. %PUT puts the number tothe device "as is," in 6-byte FP} format. %GET %GET #n,AGet a number stored with %PUT from the device and store it in variable.Again, this is muc}h faster than using "INPUT #n, A". Structured Programming ---------------------- REPEAT REPEATStart a RE}PEAT-UNTIL loop. UNTIL UNTIL Terminate when condition met. WHILE WHILE Start a WHILE-WEND loo}p to end when condition met. WEND WENDTerminate a WHILE-END loop. ELSE ELSEOptional extension for} IF. The IF condition must not be followed by a"THEN", but terminated by end-of-line or colon. ENDIF ENDIFEnds a}n IF-ELSE-ENDIF or IF-ELSE condition. Note that this allows an IFcondition to span more than one BASIC line, provided the "}IF" statementis structured as shown in Note 5. DO DOStarts an "infinite" DO loop. LOOP LOOPCycle b}ack to the start of a DO loop. EXIT EXITExit a DO-LOOP loop. PROC PROC nameStart definition of proced}ure. ENDPROC ENDPROCEnd definition of procedure. EXEC EXEC nameExecute procedure name. General Pro}gramming ------------------- PAUSE PAUSE nPause processing for n/50 seconds. RENUM RENUM n,i,jRenu}mber the program starting at line #n, first number is #i, incrementis #j. This function will handle GOTOs, TRAPs, and all o}ther linereferences except those which involve variables or computed values. DEL DEL n,iDelete lines n-i. }DUMP DUMPDisplay all variables and values. For numeric arrays, the numbers arethe DIMed values plus one. For string}s, the first number is the currentLENgth of it and the second number is the DIMed size of it. DUMP alsolists procedure nam}es and labels with their line values. DUMP nameDUMP to device, such as "P:" or "D:DUMP.DAT". TRACE } TRACETrace program during execution. TRACE -Turns trace mode off (Default). DSOUND DSOUND n,f,d,v}Form of SOUND which activates channel-pairing for increased frequencyrange. DSOUNDTurns off all sounds.} GO TO GO TO nAlternate form of GOTO. *L *LTurn line-indent on (Default). *L -Turns l}ine-indent off. *F *F (or *F +)Special mode for FOR..NEXT loops which corrects a bug in Atari BASIC.Seems that} in Atari BASIC, an "illegal" reverse loop like "FOR X=2 TO1:PRINT X:NEXT X" will execute once even though the condition is }metinitially (X is already greater than 1). Turbo BASIC fixes this bug,but leaves it available for Atari BASIC programs wh}ich may takeadvantage of it. *F -Turns off the special FOR..NEXT mode to make Turbo BASIC act like AtariBA}SIC. *B *B (or *B +)Command which allows the break key to be trapped via the "TRAP" commandwithin a program.} *B -Turns off the special BREAK key mode. -- --Special form of REM which puts 30 dashes in a pr}ogram listing. Line Labels ----------- # # nameAssigns the current line number to the label name. }This is a convenientway to get around the problem of renumbering when using variables as linenumbers. Labels can be though}t of as a special form of variable, as theyoccupy the variable name table along with the "regular" variables. Wealso belie}ve that the number of variables allowed has been increased from128 to 256 to allow for the addition of these labels. GO}# GO# nameAnalagous to the GOTO command. Modifications ------------- CLOSE CLOSEClose channels }1-7. DIM DIM a(n)Will automatically assign a value of zero to all elements of the numericarray being dimensione}d, and null characters to all elements of a string(The LEN is still variable, however, and initially zero). GET G}ET nameWait for a key press, assign the value to name. Same as "OPEN#7,4,0,"K:":GET #7,name:CLOSE #7". INPUT INP}UT "text";a,b...Prints text as a prompt before asking for variable(s), same asMicrosoft-BASIC. LIST LIST n,Lis}t program from line #n to end. ON ON a EXEC n1,n2,...Variation of ON...GOSUB for procedures. N1, n2 and so on }are names ofprocedures to be run. ON a GO# n1,n2,... Similar to ON...GOTO exceptthat line labels are used instead of lin}e numbers. POP POPThis command now pops the runtime stack for all four types of loops. PUT PUT nSam}e as "PRINT CHR$(n)"; RESTORE RESTORE #nameRestores the data line indicated by the label name. RND RNDP}arentheses are no longer needed at the end of this command, but it willstill work if they are there. SOUND SOUNDT}urn off all sounds. TRAP TRAP #nameTRAPs to the line referenced by the label name.TURBO BASIC FUNCTIONS:=====}================ Arithmetic/Logic ---------------- HEX$ HEX$(n)Convert n to hex string. DEC } DEC(a$)Convert hex string A$ to decimal. DIV n DIV iInteger quotient of n/i. MOD n MOD iInteger }remainder of n/i. FRAC FRAC(a)Fractional part of a. TRUNC TRUNC(a)Truncates fractional part of a. } RAND RAND(n)Generates random number 0-n. $ $nnnnAllows input of hexidecimal numbers, but they are conv}erted to decimal.Ex: "FOR I=$0600 to $067F" => "FOR I=1536 to 1663". & n & i8-bit boolean AND. ! } n ! i8-bit boolean OR. EXOR n EXOR i8-bit Exclusive-OR. Memory ------ DPEEK DPEEK(m)Dou}ble-PEEK of m,m+1. TIME TIMETime of day (numeric). TIME$ TIME$Time of day string, HHMMSS. Unfortunate}ly, the time commands don't workproperly because they were written for European Ataris which operate at50 Hz, instead of 60} Hz like American ones, the net result being thatthey gain 12 minutes each hour. INKEY$ INKEY$Returns last charact}er typed. INSTR INSTR(x$,a$)Returns relative location of start of string A$ within X$ (returns 0 if not found). T}he match must be exact; strings with the same letters but differences in case or type (normal or inverse) will not be found.} INSTR(x$,a$,i)i specifies the starting point of the search. UINSTR UINSTR(x$,a$)Same as INSTR, doe}s not distinguish between case or inverse characters.Ex: UINSTR("HeLlO","hello") returns 1. UINSTR(x$,a$,i)}Specifies optional starting point. ERR ERRValue of last error number. ERL ERLLine last error occurr}ed at. Constants --------- %0 %1 %2 %3These four constants simply stand for the numbers 0-3, re}spectively.The difference with using these in a program is that "X=1" requires 10bytes, whereas "X=%1" only needs 4. (Numb}ers require 7 bytes, 6 for thenumber plus an identifier preceding it. It is always a good practice tomake variables for nu}mbers that are used more than three times in aprogram). NOTES: =====1. Variable, Procedure and Label names may }contain the underscore (_)character.2. To print a double-quote (") in a text string, use two of themtogether, instead of} the Atari BASIC method of using CHR$(34). Ex:"TEST";CHR$(34);"TEXT" becomes "TEST""TEXT" in Turbo-BASIC, both ofwhich pro}duce the output => TEST"TEXT.3. Upon initial boot-up, TURBO-BASIC looks for a BASIC file namedAUTORUN.BAS. If it finds a}n AUTORUN.BAS file, it will automaticallyload and run this file.4. Turbo-BASIC also prints out English descriptions of al}l errors,including several new ones for errors involving the new commands: Error - 22 ?NEST = Loops not properly nested}. Error - 23 ?WHILE = WEND with no corresponding WHILE. Error - 24 ?REPEAT = UNTIL with no corresponding REPEAT. }Error - 25 ?DO = LOOP with no corresponding DO. Error - 26 ?EXIT = EXIT is outside a loop. Error - 27 ?XPROC = Error }executing PROC. Error - 28 ?EXEC = ENDPROC with no corresponding EXEC. Error - 29 ?PROC = Procedure does not exist. } Error - 30 ?# = Label does not exist. Also, Error 15 has been expanded to include an UNTIL which relatesto a REPEAT }which has been deleted.5. A multiline IF is constructed like this: 10 IF X > 10 20 PRINT X-10 30 GO# TO}O_BIG 40 ELSE 50 PRINT X 60 GO# X_IS_OK 70 ENDIF Note also the use of line labels in the GOTO stat}ements. ---Dave & Laura YearkeNOTE (JHS): TURBO BASIC uses part of the RAM under the Operating SystemROM to provide} all the extra capabilities without diminishing user memoryspace. This means it has the following limitations:1. It is }compatible only with the newer machines (XL/XE) which have 64K RAM chips. The older 800 and 400 do not have any RA}M under the O/S.2. It will PROBABLY be incompatible with other programs which also hide things in this RAM area (48K} and up). This includes DOSXL and BUG65, I believe, and also the clever mini-RAMdisk by Bill Wilkinson that uses t}hat space.It should be perfectly compatible with the 256K upgrades such as the Newell256KXL board.l Wilkinson that uses tf>><s3>00x|73>00x`c6<9c` 33c366fffg~33>00xgfffff<11111}{UUUU *U@PTUTP@U* 0b1<=?<GD0EHI B} V`}   Turbo BASIC XL                }                                 }Version 1.1 (C) 1985 Frank Ostrowski0} ! @} RLl LwD1:*.*P:E: VH) h(`h}h@,lHH HHHHHHӍl"H HHl !`GHFHJ*K+\`* ` ӥԤ`pp@F]!B}A8!452"/"!3)#8,#ompilerc &rank/strowski` a$%Ȏ$!%!xөˍ } e` e`@X ` ~   ʎDL ՠԢӱԙӹ`֝DEIH}B V0ZڝDa۝E8օܥׅݥܝHݝI V02Ӡڑڑ0 BLVl `= X}ixD!YiE!80!1T  T \L/ 䥐 LZ No Errors Program length = 8o"} Bytes GL# ĩ 䛛Please press a Key L# ĩjB JKD E 0٩̍` !}0` StoppedLL '!`HHBHI ąhh`旽`L5 ' '0 ' å}ȥȥȥ ,© ĥŔHȱhL`Ԅթօׅآ&եeօ֥eׅץe؅` ٥ ¥ ¥} ¥`HJJJJ h) 0HHH hhh`  F¥ =¥HJJJJ Fh) !`linesO™!BHIԝD}E L¥  Not Basic-Program Lڥ۰ 'ܥݰ- ' ' ? ' ' ' ' ' 'iڐ۰`o}"ܙݙ `ŭJ++i2R|+\Ng\+++c|dHyks}|cc.t++i+`bfzvR+++++C|"u }DISK FULL Lei8eieiee褩%Ʀƨ}` B 0`H I/O Error - h L ' 'Ȧ䖐Ȅ !Å}Թ"Å ť æّ`l Aƛƛ HiH Eh h L1ɭHisHL&Š Őƅڽ'}ş`Ɯ ŅԽŅ L]ť<.ڈX"k87 9;?੃ 驏 饞7<:ƛƛșڥșڄLP H }0.) ` &Ơ & H H` HIH hۆ `e (iLǽǽǽǽǽ"}"țILFFȕ ȦǛǦǦǛǛǡǛǛǦǛǛǛǛǛǛǛǰǰǰǰǡǡǡ#ǡǦǽǛǽțǛljȉȉȉ#} ,(""(2000000..222222222222222222222222222222**22*22(222(2222222222 ,(""(0000}000--**2*(22(2222222FL驃 ǩFL驃 驗 LFLj ǩL驀,}ɏɓ ɕ LǩLjȩ 驗Lj FL驃 驟 jȩL`FƠƠ 驉 jȩL驫,,ee}H 馜Ɯڹۅh LǠ EL1ɠ Eũ L1ɘH Ǥh8f@iiz (iLHLhhLm}ؙěƛLȊȹؙěƛL8 ː#H Integer <0 or >65535hԅթإԙإՙLȩ ƛgɻbɯ\[ɖX}ɁSɌOɎKɔGɚXɜWɘ9ɀ<ɂNɃVɄYɈ\ɉcɊɋ-ɍɆɓ ɇoɅL;ě`ɃLLLˢ,,Ƀ}LLL^LȹF ɗUЮ,L-ɩLLLɹɅ IL-ɹɅ積 ILȊ8$יL}șؘHؙěƛh`Lɩ,,LȹɃ ˈiإԙLʹV W Zл,,ة}L-I#HɠA6'؅չ؅ԢIL-ɹؙěƛLLɹ(iL-ɩL-ɘHȹ؅ȹ؅ *!h`'} hhՠ L HH` 䅤 ř 轊轊) ½  not compilable `  ***} MUELL ***LLISENTECONNELOASAV4CSAV5CLOA7ERROS*URENUVDEWDUMXTRACTOKEN  :, ,Lhh}ՠ LHH`H QJSBh` L Compiler Error L%ɂɸɠؠL}ěAت0װ)? Խչ L婢 ȹ )? !ěп`8P,,,,ȹ؅ȹ؅}4@.f"g6hLiOj26FɀQɁJTPq,p,o,r,C,BL!sv@ ԩt,u,yH }6hL!x,wH Lm楂ń兰!0$iԐń児ߩ àԈ 8 驠 (  ;}?L!F 橠L6ȹ؅ȹ؅ ذ А,  ,LL6hhH hLU L 8 驠 ( ȹ}؅ȹ؅Hi⢆ àhL!U,,, 詄,L6 ,),I 驪 驘 驨 驊L} !"#$%&'()*/012346=>ADEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_5789:kl†,-+ ÈƇ.}L>}!.8NQ 驠,,$ ȹL L 颺,,ԩ 6詤L6 橱L6멢Ⱦ 6<,L!m,nH ȹ }hL!, L=,,,,,  QJSA`ު 阆٦` Term Too Complex LHH }àّٙhh`ئ`, 魁I& L= zȤɉ  L L XL L= }L- p L奝` LLL L꥝ 줗  Hdqr p> +HT V=,Ɂ%؅ԭ؅ՠ } ȱԪ 6+ L L $0 L 饙3 ` F HL L驅L驕,H zh ~ } ɉ` E)  ذА جL- LL E2 ذ'#А ج -L2멄L } LL No.>255` zȩ LL!,,,H B LhL  hi  ` E멑 zȩ 륝 z L'L E LL }魁 H ,L L魁 LL #L餗 H , L HH 1hh`$,%H E LhL,H E멑  } ~ LhLLé,H hȥȥ`8Ƌ` `iȥi`H h DO error` REPE}AT error` WHILE error` ,H hгȱȱLLL,H pɄ 񩄠  L婥 hL饀HH }ĩ  hh`ԥՠ8԰ձ ĩ L{ h L  Ħ {` zȤؠ }馕䔰 'LB` Ħ {`:LȱHeȱih` h ` IF error` 2 H 饝}٢ æّ` E멑 t$0= L&L ŤH L phH t Lh 6(() 驰 6 ĩL } Ƭ*L FOR error` + 饝` p L, 饝`-,J,.H h,KH hH 饝h` B L}/ 0L E L1L 쭁2,6,4H hHi 饝h` p ة9,:;LH 렌 =h,8H } = 렊 = hL魁6=,TH! H h?7 驠 L L H HI} Hۅ` L魁?L@,A,B,C,D,E,F,GH p LhL 렌 =I,HH 레 = 렊 =L pɄƛ L ĥ}b:j3L_L,N(' zȥ7ج ٥`P,R(/ ٥` ON.GOTO/GOSUB expLƛ }1LL LƚƚƚWL } Turbo BASIC XL Compiler Version 1.1 =================================== Which Program Shou}ld Be Compiled? First select a drive number between 1 and 8. Choose the program using the arrow k}eys , ,  and . Then press RETURN Control D = Return to DOS Control R = Reboot )LL}19卣 H $!h)!! ĩBD EJK  '0$ '  'ɛ撦? Ǝ LhT }T ĩLXixYii Ǝ   ɛI'-#4=0+&*"1}9L)0dž )L䒰D :)i  . (8 !BDE}JK ĩ}  L ԠʯΠ J LL ӠʯΠ JL o")1 )  } eŀ偐LM' :'7? / LLLL6墄,ȱuuL ,Lȱȱ }LL,ҩȱӠ$0 ,Lȱ iiҠLՆԥ֥נȱհ  } J Line errorȱ֪ȱ`ܹ J Label error`Ԇե֥נȱȱհ8ְױօօ`ȱ!}ܑݑ 7L LH Nh-:H NEXT errorL EXIT w/o ...L LOOP errorL UNTIL error"}L WEND errorL# N ENDIF error` Filename for the Compiled Program? 1 D#}  :.CTB@ !0A+19ߐ~ © ƥLɛ%0:A[H h У.C$}TBD:TUZ[ oT"U8oX"Y %} Another copy (J/N)? !)_JN`LG R 0`H I/O Error - h LG 0` éȑ&}ȑȑ 驛 Ģ éȑȩ` ""!B+W!k!}Tɩf{KH-'}2(*oi.LG;3609JNxPSPS(};wU >kQt3J,HNjv;)}>WToU!J 1!^u$`@!r4 %gs*}}8 4"+F 1!^u$`@!r4 %gs:  THE TURBO COMPILER Documentation and Operating Instructions by Dave Arlington Orig,}inal Program by Frank Ostrowski This documentation is provided by the Western New York Atari Users Groupand -}may be reprinted freely provided this credit is included. I know everyone is still rubbing their hands in glee over TU.}RBO-BASIC,the new public domain Basic interpreter imported from Holland and Germany.This month we are proud to present a ne/}w treat from our international friendsoverseas, the TURBO COMPILER. The TURBO COMPILER will increase the speed of your0} TURBO BASIC programs3-5 times and regular Atari BASIC programs can be speeded up to 10-15 timesfaster. Unfortunately, lik1}e TURBO BASIC, the TURBO COMPILER will only run onthe XL/XE series of computers. In addition, the finished compiled programs2}will also only run on the XL/XE series. The TURBO COMPILER is very easy to operate. It can be used with morethan one 3}disk drive, even Drive 8, the 130XE ramdisk. On the TURBO COMPILERdisk, you will find several files. The important ones for 4}the operation of theTURBO COMPILER are COMPILER.COM and RUNTIME.COM. Before you begin, you shouldprepare two disks. The fir5}st one should be a blank formatted disk with DOS.SYSand DUP.SYS written on it. Your second disk should contain your BASIC pr6}ogram(TURBO or ATARI BASIC). To begin, insert the TURBO COMPILER disk into your drive and turn yourcomputer on. When 7}it has finished loading you will be in TURBO BASIC. Type DOSto get to the DOS 2.5 menu. Choose DOS Option 'L', Load Binary F8}ile and loadthe file COMPILER.COM. After a short while, you will see a screen full ofGerman. If you do not read German, do 9}not worry, that is what this article isfor! At any time that you are on this screen, you may reboot your system byhitting :}Control-R or you may return to DOS by hitting Control-D. You will beasked if you really want to do this. If you do, don't fo;}rget to 'J' for Ja andnot 'Y' for Yes!! (Unless you have the English version -JHS) To compile your programs, remove t<}he TURBO COMPILER disk from the driveand insert the disk with the program you want to compile. (If you have twodrives, inse=}rt your disk with the program to compile in Drive 2 and the blankDOS disk in Drive 1.) Press the number 1 key (Number 2 if y>}ou have twodrives). A complete listing of all the files on that drive will appear on thescreen with one highlighted in inve?}rse video. Using the arrow keys, highlightthe file you want to compile and hit Return. That's all there is to it! At t@}he top of the screen, you will see the line numbers fly by as theprogram is compiled. When it is finished, you will be prompA}ted for a file nameto save your compiled program under. It has to have an extender of CTB (forCompiled Turbo Basic). The prB}ogram will not let you use any other extender. Atthis time, if you have one drive, you should remove your disk with yourorC}iginal program on it and replace it with your blank DOS disk. If you wantyour compiled program to be an AUTORUN file, you shD}ould name it AUTORUN.CTB.Then the file will automatically load and run at bootup time. There is one more step that youE} must do to get a completely runnablecompiled program. Go back to DOS and copy the file RUNTIME.COM from the TURBOCOMPILER F}disk to the disk with your compiled program on it. Rename theRUNTIME.COM file to the name AUTORUN.SYS. Your disk is now readG}y to go. TheTURBO COMPILER does not compile to runnable code, you must run the RUNTIME.COMfile to run your compiled programH}. One technical note on the TURBO COMPILER: If you're not familiar withother compilers for the ATARI computers, you shI}ould know that many havetrouble compiling certain types of statements or insist that you organize yourprogram structure in J}a certain way. So far none of these problems have occuredon any programs we have tested with the TURBO COMPILER. The only stK}atementthat wouldn't compile so far is the END statement. The only program structurethat we have had trouble with is a FOR-L}NEXT loop that has two or more NEXTsfor one FOR. For example: 10 FOR X=1 TO 5 20 IF X=3 THEN NEXT X 30 NEXT X OtM}her than those two examples, we have had no problems compiling any typeof program, either TURBO or ATARI BASIC. Please let uN}s know of any problemsyou run into compiling any types of statements or programs. Whether you program in TURBO BASIC oO}r just want to turbocharge our oldAtari BASIC programs to super speed, I'm sure you will find the TURBO COMPILERwill fit alP}l your speed needs. ---------------------------------- NOTE (JHS): DOS 2.5 is probably the safest version of DOS to usQ}e withTurbo BASIC. Versions of DOS which use RAM under the O/S ROM are very likelyNOT to work with Turbo BASIC. DOS to uss} }  Lll L"! L"! VL"! l Lq!! 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